Spektrofotometer Uv-Vis

 

JKEKLKC EBJBK KDKLB]B] BD]Y^WJGDY F_YBE 

“]pgetrf`ftfjgtgr WP-Pbsbnlg‚

Ibsusud Flgc 8

Eglfjpfe = 8

HW^W]KD EBJBK @KEWLYK] JKYGJKYBEK IKD BLJW _GDAGYKCWKD KLKJ WDBPG^]BYK] ]KJ ^KYWLKDAB JKDKIF >?>?

 

EKYK _GDAKDYK^  _uhb ikd syueur pktut ekjb pkdhktekd eg ckibrkt Yuckd Rkda Jkck Gsk, ekrgdk ktks eksbc ikd rkcjkt-Dyk, jkeklkc bdb ikpkt tgrsglgskbekd. Jkeklkc bdb ibnukt igdakd tuhukd udtue jgjgducb tuaks ykda ibngrbekd flgc ifsgd sgrtk jgjkckjb ikd jgdagrtb jgdagrtb tgdtkda tgdtkda spgetrf`ft spgetrf`ftfjgtr fjgtrbb Wv-Pbs Wv-Pbs iklkj nbikda kdklbsbs kdklbsbs bdstrujgd. Dkjud, iklkj pgdulbskd jkeklkc bdb, jksbc tgrikpkt nkdyke egeurkdakd. Wdtue  btu,, ekjb btu ekjb jfcfd jfcfd erbtbe erbtbe ikd skrkd skrkd ykda sb sb`kt `ktdyk dyk jgjnkda jgjnkdaud ud udt udtue ue pgddygj pgddygjpur purdkk dkkd d jkeklkc bdb. Igjbebkdlk Igjbe bkdlkc c jkeklkc jkeklkc bdb ekjb nukt, ktks pgrcktbkd sgrtk erbtbe ikd skrkddyk, skrkddyk, ekjb umkpekd tgrbjk eksbc.

Jkdkif, >2 Kaustus >?>?

Eglfjpfe =

 

IK@YK^ B]B EKYK _GDAKDYK^...........................................................................................................b IK@YK^ B]B.........................................................................................................................bb NKN B _GDIKCWLWKD.....................................................................................................;

;.; Lktkr Nglkekda.................................................... Nglkekda.............................................................................. .................................. ................ ............... .......; ; ;.> Yuhukd.......................................................................................................... Yuhukd.................................................. .................................................................> .........> ;.= ^ujuskd Jksklkc................................................................ Jksklkc.............................................................................. ...................... ................ ..........> ..> NKN BB _GJNKCK]KD......................................................................................................=

>.; Ig`bdbsb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs.................................................................. Wv-Pbs.......................................................... ..............= ......= >.> _rbdsbp egrhk ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs.................................................................= Wv-Pbs................................................................ .= >.= Nkabkd-nkabkd ikd `udasb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs............................................= Wv-Pbs........................................ ....= >.9 Mkrk egrhk ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs....................................................... Wv-Pbs............................................... ................ ............. .....1 1 >.7 _rfsgiur _gjkekbkd ]pgetrf`fjgtgr WP-PB].....................................................3 WP-PB]............................................... ......3 >.0 Ckl-Ckl Rkda Ckrus Ibpgrcktbekd Iklkj Kdklbsbs Kdklbsbs ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv ” Pbs................................................................................................................3 >.1 Eglgnbckd ikd egeurkdakd ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs........................................ Wv-Pbs............................... .........;? ;? >.3 _rfsgs Knsfrnsb Mkckyk pkik ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs........................ Wv-Pbs............... ................. ...........;? ...;? >.2 Eklbnrksb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs....................................................................;= Wv-Pbs....................................................................;= NKN BBB _GDWYW_............................................................................................................;7

=.; Egsbjpulkd............................................................. Egsbjpulkd...................................................................................................... ............................................;7 ...;7 =.> ]krkd........................................................................................................ ]krkd...................................................... ........................................................... ...........;0 ..;0 IK@YK^ _W]YKEK.........................................................................................................;1

 

NKN B _GDIKCWLWKD

;.;. ;.;.

Lktk Lktkrr Nglk Nglkek ekda da   Kdk Kdklbs lbsbs bs ]pgetrf ]pgetrfsef sefpb pb ibiksk ibikskrek rekd d pkik pkik bdtgrk bdtgrkesb esb rkibks rkibksbb igdakd igdakd spgsbg spgsbgss ebjbk. ebjbk.

Ngrprb Ngr prbdsb dsbp p pkik pgdaaud pgdaaudkkd kkd mkckyk/ mkckyk/tgd tgdkak kak jkadgt jkadgt ktku ktku lb lbstr strbe be udtue udtue jgj jgjpgda pgdakru krucb cb sgdykwk ebjbk sgcbdaak jgdbjnulekd jgdbjnulekd tkdaakpkd. Ykdaakpkd tgrsgnut tgrsgnut ikpkt ibueur udtue  jgdgtuekd hujlkc ktku hgdbs sgdykwk. Mkrk bdtgrkesb igdakd suktu skjpgl ikpkt igdakd knsfrpsb, pgjgdikrkd (lujbdgdsmgdmg) gjbsb, ikd pgdackjnurkd (smkttgrbda) tgrakdtuda  pkik sb`kt jktgrb. Ygedbe spgetrfsefpb jglbputb spgetrfsefpb Wv-Pbs, spgetrfsefpb sgrkpkd ktfj, spgetrfsefpb bd`rk jgrkc, spgetrfsefpb `lufrgdsb, spgetrfsefpb DJ^, spgetrfsefpb jkssk. ]pgetrfsefpb kiklkc blju ykda jgjpglkhkrb jktgrb ikd ktrbnutdyk ngrikskrekd mkckyk, sukrk suk rk ktku ktku pkrtbe pkrtbegl gl ykda ibpkdm ibpkdmkre krekd, kd, ibsgrk ibsgrkp p ktku ktku ibpkdt ibpkdtule ulekd kd flgc flgc jktgrb jktgrb tgr tgrsgn sgnut. ut. ]pgetrfsefpb ]pgetr fsefpb huak ikpkt ibig`bdbsbekd ibig`bdbsbekd sgnkakb blju ykda jgjpglkhkrb jgjpglkhkrb bdtgrkesb bdtgrkesb kdtkrk mkckyk ikd jktgrb . Iklkj jksk jfigrd, ig`bdbsb spgetrfsefpb ngregjnkda sgbrbda tgedbetgedbe nkru ykda ibegjnkdaekd udtue jgjkd`kktekd tbike ckdyk mkckyk tkjpke, tgtkpb  huak ngdtue lkbd ikrb rkibksb glgetrfjkadgtbe ikd dfd-glgetrfjkadgtbe sgpgrtb aglfjnkda jberf, aglfjnkda rkibf, glgetrfd, `fdfd,aglfjnkda sukrk, sbdkr x ikd lkbd sgnkakbdyk. ]pget ]pg etrf rfse sefp fpbb ujuj ujujdyk dyk ibau ibaudk dkekd ekd iklkj iklkj eb ebjb jbkk `b `bsb sbe e ikd eb ebjb jbkk kd kdkl klbs bsbs bs ud udtu tue  e  jgdabigdtb`beksb suktu sunstkdsb jglklub spgetruj ykda ibpkdmkrekd ktku ykda ibsgrkp. Klkt udtue jgrgekj spgetruj ibsgnut spgetrfjgtgr. ]pgetrfsefpb huak ibaudkekd sgmkrk bdtgdsb` iklkj kstrfdfjb ikd pgdabdigrkkd hkrke hkuc. Egnkdykekd tglgsefp-tglgsefp ngskr  jgjpudykb spgetrfark` ykda ibaudkekd udtue jgdaueur efjpfsbsb ebjbk ikd ktrbnut `bsbe  lkbddyk lkbddyk ikrb ikrb suktu suktu fnhge fnhge kstrfd kstrfdfjb fjb ktku ktku udtue udtue jgdaue jgdaueur ur egmgpkt egmgpktkd kd fnhge fnhge kstrfd kstrfdfjb fjb  ngrikskrekd pgragsgrkd Ifpplgr akrbs-akrbs spgetrkl. sklkc sktu hgdbs spgetrfsefpb kiklkc spgetrfsefpb bd`rk jgrkc (B^). spgetrfsefpb bdb ibikskrekd pkik vbnrksb suktu jflgeul. ]pgetrf`ftfjgtgr Wv-Pbs kiklkc klkt ykda ibaudkekd udtue jgdaueur trkdsjbtkdsb, rg`l rg`lge getk tkds dsbb ikd ikd kn knsf sfrn rnsb sb ikrb ikrb mu mupl plbe bekd kd sg sgnk nkak akbb `u `uda dasb sb ik ikrb rb pk pkdh dhkd kda a ag aglf lfjn jnkd kda. a.

 

]pgetrf`ftfjgtgr sgsukb igdakd dkjkdyk jgrupkekd klkt ykda tgribrb ikrb spgetrfjgtgr  ikd `ftfjgtgr.

;.> ;. >.

Yuhukd Kikpud tuhukd ikrb pgjnuktkd jkeklkc bdb kiklkc sgnkakb ngrbeut8 ;. Wdtue Wdtue jgdagtkcub jgdagtkcub ig`bdbsb ig`bdbsb ]pgetrf`f ]pgetrf`ftfjgt tfjgtrb rb Wv-Pbs. Wv-Pbs. >. Wdtue Wdtue jgdagtkcub jgdagtkcub prbdsbp prbdsbp egrhk egrhk ]pgetrf`ftfj ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb gtrb Wv-Pbs Wv-Pbs =. Wdtue jgdagtkcub nkabkd-nkabkd ikd `udasb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtgr Wv-Pbs. 9. Wdtue Wdtue jgdagtkcub jgdagtkcub mkrk mkrk egrhk ]pgetrf`f ]pgetrf`ftfjg tfjgtgr tgr Wv-Pbs. Wv-Pbs. 7. Wdtue Wdtue jgdagtkcub jgdagtkcub prfsgiur prfsgiur pgjkekbkd pgjkekbkd spgetf`ftfj spgetf`ftfjgtgr gtgr Wv-Pbs. Wv-Pbs. 0. Wdtue jgdagtkcub jgdagtkcub ckl-ckl ykda ckrus ibpgrcktbekd iklkj kdklbsbs ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs 1. Wdtue jgdagtkcub jgdagtkcub eglgnbckd eglgnbckd ikd egeurkdakd egeurkdakd kdklbsbs kdklbsbs sgmkrk ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs. 3. Wdtue jgdagtkcub prfsgs knsfrnsb knsfrnsb mkckyk mkckyk pkik ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs. 2. Wdtue Wdtue jgdagtkcub jgdagtkcub mkrk Eklbnrksb Eklbnrksb ]pgetrf`f ]pgetrf`ftfjgt tfjgtrb rb Wv-Pbs. Wv-Pbs.

;.=. ^ujuskd jksklkc ^ujuskd jksklkc ikrb jkeklkc bdb kdtkrk lkbd8 ;. Kpk igvbdb igvbdbsb sb ikrb ]pget ]pgetrf`ftf rf`ftfjgtrb jgtrb Wv-Pbs Wv-Pbs 6 >. Nkakbjkdk Nkakbjkdk pr prbdsbp bdsbp egrhk egrhk ]pgetrf`f ]pgetrf`ftfjgt tfjgtrb rb Wv-Pbs Wv-Pbs 6 =. Kpk skhk skhk nkabkd-nkabkd nkabkd-nkabkd ikd `udasb `udasb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs 6 9. Nkakbjkdk Nkakbjkdk mk mkrk rk egrhk ikrb ikrb ]pgetrf`f ]pgetrf`ftfjgt tfjgtrb rb Wv-Pbs Wv-Pbs 6 7. Nkakbjkdk Nkakbjkdk prfsgiur prfsgiur pgjkekbkd pgjkekbkd spgetrf`ft spgetrf`ftfjgtr fjgtrbb Wv-Pbs 6 0. Kpk skhk ykda ykda ckrus ibpgrcktbekd igdak jgdaaudkekd jgdaaudkekd jgtfig spgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs 6 1. Kpk skhk eglgnbckd ikd egeurkdakd egeurkdakd ikrb kdklbsbs sgmkrk ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv- Pbs 6 3. Nkakbjkdk prfsgs prfsgs knsfrnsb knsfrnsb mkckyk pkik pkik ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs 6

2. Nkakbjk mkrk eklbnrksb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs  6

 

NKN BB _GJNKCK]KD

>.;. Ig`bdbsb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs

]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs kiklkc klkt ykda ibaudkekd udtue jgdaueur trkdsjbtkdsb, rg`lgetkdsb ikd knsfrnsb ikrb muplbekd sgnkakb `udasb ikrb pkdhkda aglfjnkda sgrtk udtue   pgdaueurkd ibikgrkc ultrkvbflgt ikd ibikgrkc tkjpke. ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs

(Wltrk

Pbflgt-Pbsbngl) kiklkc sklkc sktu ikrb sgebkd nkdyke bdstrujgd ykda nbksk ibaudkekd iklkj jgdakdklbsk suktu sgdykwk ebjbk. ]pgetrf`ftfjgtgr ujuj ibaudkekd ekrgdk egjkjpukddyk iklkj jgdakdklbsk ngabtu  nkdyke sgdykwk ebjbk sgrtk egprketbskddyk iklkj ckl prgpkrksb skjpgl kpknblk ibnkdibdaekd igdakd ngngrkpk jgtfig kdklbsk. ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs jglbnktekd gdgrab glgetrfdbe ykda mueup ngskr pkik jflgeul ykda ibkdklbsk, glgetrfdbe ibkdklbsk, sgcbdaak sgcbdaak ]pgetrf`ftf ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb jgtrb WvPbs lgnbc nkdyke ibaudkekd udtue kdklbsbs eukdtbtktb` ibnkdibda euklbtktb`. >.>. _rbdsbp egrhk ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs

]pget ]pg etrf rf`f `ftf tfjg jgtr trbb uv-Pb uv-Pbss jgda jgdakmu kmu pk pkik ik cu cueuj euj Lk Lkjn jngr grtt-Ng Nggr gr.. Kpkn Kpknbl blk k mk mkcky ckyk k jfdfer jfd ferfjkt fjktbe be jglklu jglklubb suktu suktu jgibk jgibk (lkrut (lkrutkd) kd),, jkek sgnkab sgnkabkd kd mkckyk mkckyk tgrsgn tgrsgnut ut kekd ibsgrkp, sgnkabkd ibpkdtulekd ikd sgnkabkd lkab kekd ibpkdmkrekd >.=. Nkabkd-nkabkd ikd `udasb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs

Kikpud nkabkd-nkabkd ikd `udasb jksbda-jksbda ikrb ]pgetf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs kiklkc sgnakb ngrbeut8

 

 

Ak jnkr ;. ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs

;. ]ujngr ]ujngr mk mkck ckyk yk ]ujngr sbdkr pflberfjktbs ngr`udasb sgnkakb sujngr sbdkr pflberfjktbs igdakd  ngrnkakb jkmkj rgdtkda pkdhkda aglfjnkda Wdtue ]pgetrf`ftfjgtgr. ]ujngr  mkckyk udtue ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb8 k.  Lkjpu Igutgrbuj  Lkjpu bdb ibpkekb pkik pkdhkda aglfjnkda ;2?-=3? dj. ]pgetruj gdgray rkibksbdyk lurus, ikd ibaudkekd udtue jgdaueur skjpgl ykda tgrlgtke pkik ikgrkc uv. Jgjblbeb wketu 7?? hkj pgjkekbkd.

  Akjnkr >. Lkjpu Igutgrbuj  n. Lkjpu Yudastgd (Qfl`rkj) Lkjpu Lkj pu bdb ibaudk ibaudkekd ekd udtue udtue jgdaueu jgdaueurr skjpgl skjpgl pkik pkik ikgrkc ikgrkc tkjpke tkjpke.. Ngdtue  Ngdtue  lkjpu bdb jbrbp igdakd nflk lkjpu pbhkr nbksk. Jgjblbeb pkdhkda aglfjnkda kdtkrk =7?->>?? dj. ]pgetruj rkibksbkdyk ngrupk akrbs lgdaeuda. Wjujdyk jgjblbeb wketu ;??? hkj pgjkekbkd.

 

  Akjnkr =. Lkjpu Yudastgd >. Jfdfe Jfdferf rfjk jktf tfr  r  Jfdf Jf dfer erfj fjkt ktfr fr ng ngr` r`ud udas asbb sg sgnka nkakb kb pg pgdyg dyglg lges esbb pk pkdh dhkda kda ag aglf lfjn jnkd kda a yk ykbt btu u jgdaunk jgd aunkc c mkckyk mkckyk ykda ngrksk ngrkskll ikrb ikrb sujngr sujngr sbdkr sbdkr pflber pflberfjk fjktbs tbs jgdhki jgdhkibb mkckyk mkckyk jfdkfer jfd kferfjk fjktbs tbs.. Hgdbs Hgdbs jfdfer jfdferfjk fjktfr tfr ykda ykda skkt skkt bdb nkdyke nkdyke ibaudke ibaudkekd kd kiklkd kiklkd arkttbda ktku lgdsk prbsjk ikd `bltgr fptbe. Hbek ibaudkekd arktbda jkek mkckyk kekd ibrunkc jgdhkib spgetruj mkckyk. ]gikdaekd `bltgr fptbe ngrupk lgdsk ngrwkrdk sgcbdaak mkckyk ykda ibtgrusekd sgsukb igdakd wkrdyk lgdsk ykda ibegdkb mkckyk. Kik nkdyke nkdyke lgdsk lgdsk wkrdk wkrdk iklkj iklkj sktu sktu klkt klkt ykda ibaudkekd ibaudkekd sgsukb sgsukb igdakd hgdbs hgdbs  pgjgrbeskkd. _kik akjnkr ib ktks ibsgnut sgnkakb pgdibspgrsb ktku pgdygnkr mkckyk. igdakd kikdyk pgdibspgrsb ckdyk sktu hgdbs mkckyk ktku mkckyk igdakd pkdhkda aglfjnkda tudaakl ykda jgdagdkb sgl skjpgl. _kik akjnkr ib ktks ckdyk mkckyk cbhku ykda jglgwktb jglgw ktb pbdtu eglukr. eglukr. _rfsgs _rfsgs ibspgrsb ibspgrsb ktku pgdygnkrkd pgdygnkrkd mkckyk sgpgrtb sgpgrtb ykda tgrtgrk tgrtgrk  pkik akjnkr ibnkwkc

 

Akjnkr 9. _rfsgs ibspgrsb ktku pgdygnkrkd mkckyk

 

  Kikpud nkabkd-nkabkd ikrb Jfdferfjktfr sgrtk `udasbdyk kdtkrk lkbd8 k. _rbsjk _rbsjk,, ngr`ud ngr`udasb asb jgdibs jgdibspgr pgrsbe sbekd kd rkibks rkibksbb glgetr glgetrfjk fjkadgt adgtbe be sgngsk sgngskrr judaeb judaebd d supkyk ib ikpktekd rgsflusb ykda nkbe ikrb rkibksb pflberfjktbs.  n. Ebsb ib`rkesb, ngr`udasb jgdacksblekd pgdygnkrkd ibspgrsb sbdkr sgmkrk jgrktk, igdakd pgdibspgrsb ykda skjk, cksbl ibspgrsb kekd lgnbc nkbe. ]glkbd btu ebsb ib`rkesb ikpkt ibaudkekd iklkj sgluruc hkdaekukd spgetruj. m. Mglkc fptbs, fptbs, ngr`udasb ngr`udasb udtue jgdakrkcekd jgdakrkcekd sbdkr jfdferfjkt jfdferfjktbs bs ykda ibckrkpekd ibckrkpekd ikrb sujngr rkibksb. Kpknblk mglkc ngrkik pkik pfsbsb ykda tgpkt, jkek rkibksb kekd ibrftksbekd jglklub prbsjk, sgcbdaak ibpgrflgc pkdhkda aglfjnkda ykda ibckrkpekd. =. Efjpkr Efjpkrtgj tgjgd gd skjp skjpgl gl Efjpkr Efj pkrtgj tgjgd gd bdb ibaudke ibaudkekd kd sgnkak sgnkakbb tgjpkt tgjpkt ibl iblgtk gtkeekd eekddyk dyk euvgt. euvgt. Euvgt Euvgt jgrupkekd wkikc ykda ibaudkekd udtue jgdkruc skjpgl ykda kekd ibkdklbsbs. Euvgt ykda nkbe ckrus jgjgducb sykrkt sgnkakb ngrbeut8 k. _grjuekkddyk _grjuekkddyk ckrus sghkhkr sghkhkr sgmkrk sgmkrk fptbs fptbs  n. Ybike ngrwkrdk sgcbdaak sgjuk mkckyk ikpkt ib trkdsjbsbekd m. Ybike beut beut ngrgkesb ngrgkesb tgrckik tgrckikp p nkckd-nkckd nkckd-nkckd ebjbk ebjbk i. Ybik Ybike e rk rkpu puc c g.

Ngdtue Ngdtuedyk dyk sgigrc sgigrckdk kdk Wv,, Pb Wv Pbss ik ikd d Wv-P Wv-Pbs bs jgda jgdaaud audke kekd kd eu euvgt vgt sg sgnka nkakb kb tg tgjp jpkt kt sk skjp jpgl gl.. Euvg Euvgtt

 nbkskdyk tgrnukt ikrb eukrsk ktku aglks, dkjud euvgt ikrb eukrsk ykda tgrnukt ikrb sblbek sblb ek jgjblbeb jgjblbeb euklbtks ykda lgnbc nkbe. Ckl bdb ibsgnknekd ibsgnknekd ykda tgrnukt ikrb ekmk ikd ikd

plks plksttbe

ikpk ikpktt

jgdy jgdygr grkp kp

Wv

sgc gcbbdaak daak

pgda pgdaau audk dkkd kddy dykk

ckdy ckdykk

pkik pkik

spgetrf`ftfj spgetr f`ftfjgtgr gtgr sbdkr tkjpke (Pbs). Muvgt nbkskdyk ngrngdtue pgrsgab pgrsgab pkdhkda igdakd lgnkr ; mj. B^, udtue skjpgl skjpgl mkbr ikd pkikt (iklkj ngdtue pkstk) nbkskdyk ibflgsekd pkik iuk lgjpgda dktrbuj elfrbik. Wdtue skjpgl iklkj ngdtue lkrutkd ibjksuekd eg iklkj sgl dktrbuj elfrbik. ]gl bdb kekd ibpgmkcekd udtue jgdakjnbl

 

egjnkl egj nklbb lkrutk lkrutkd d ykda ibkdkl ibkdklbsb bsbs, s, hbek hbek skjpgl skjpgl ykda ibjbl ibjblbeb beb skdakt skdakt sgibeb sgibebtt ikd ckrakdyk jkckl. 9. Igtg Igtget etfr  fr  Igtg Ig tget etfr fr ng ngr` r`uda udasb sb jgdkd jgdkdae aekp kp mk mkck ckyk yk yk ykda da ib ibtg tgru ruse sekd kd ik ikrb rb sk skjp jpgl gl ikd jgdaunkcdyk jgdhkib krus lbstrbe. ]ykrkt-sykrkt sgnukc igtgetfr 8 k. Egpgekk Egpgekkd d ykda ykda tbdaab tbdaab  n. _grnkdibdakd bsykrkt ktku sbadkl igdakd nbsbda tbdaab m. ^gspfd efdstkd efdstkd pkik ngrnkakb ngrnkakb pkdhkda pkdhkda aglfjnkd aglfjnkda. a. i. Qketu rgspfd rgspfd mgpkt ikd ikd sbadkl jbdbjuj jbdbjuj tkdpk tkdpk rkibksb. rkibksb. Jkmkj-jkmkj igtgmtfr8 k. Igtget Igtgetfr fr `ft `ftf f (_cftf (_cftf igtgmtfr igtgmtfr))  n. _cftfmgll m. _cft _cftft ftun ungg i. Ckdt Ckdtkr krkk @ft @ftf f g. Ibfi Ibfikk @ftf @ftf `. Igtg Igtget etfr fr _kd _kdks ks 7. ^gki ^gki Fut Fut   ^gki fut jgrupkekd jgrupkekd suktu suktu sbstgj sbstgj nkmk ykda jgdkdaekp jgdkdaekp ngskrdyk ngskrdyk bsykrkt lbstrbe ykda ngrkskl ikrb igtgetfr.

>.9. Mkrk egrhk ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs

Mkck Mk ckyk yk yk ykda da ng ngrk rksk skll ik ikrb rb lkjp lkjpu u ig igut utgr grbu buj j jkup jkupud ud wfl` wfl`rk rkj j yk ykda da ng ngrs rsb` b`kt  kt   pflberfjktbs ib tgrusekd jglklub lgdsk jgduhu eg jfdferfjktfr pkik spgetrf`ftfjgtgr  ikd `bltgr `bltgr mkckyk mkckyk pkik pkik `ftfjgt `ftfjgtgr. gr. Jfdfer Jfdferfjk fjktfr tfr egjuibk egjuibkd d kekd kekd jgdaunk jgdaunkc c mkckyk mkckyk  pflberfjktbs jgdhkib mkckyk jfdferfjktbs (tudaakl). Ngreks-ngreks mkckyk igdakd  pkdhkda tgrtgdtu egjuibkd kekd iblgwktekd pkik skjpgl ykda jgdakdiuda suktu zkt  iklkj efdsgdtrksb tgrtgdtu. Flgc ekrgdk btu, tgrikpkt mkckyk ykda ibsgrkp (ibknsfrnsb) ikd kik pulk ykda iblgwktekd. Mkckyk ykda iblgwktekd bdb egjuibkd ib tgrbjk flgc igtgmt igt gmtfr. fr. Igtgmt Igtgmtfr fr egjuib egjuibkd kd kekd jgdacbt jgdacbtuda uda mkckyk mkckyk ykda ykda ibt ibtgrb grbjk jk ikd jgdagt jgdagtkcub kcub mkckyk ykda ibsgrkp flgc skjpgl. Mkckyk ykda ibsgrkp sgnkdibda igdakd efdsgdtrksb zkt 

 

 ykda tgrekdiuda iklkj skjpgl sgcbdaak kekd ibegtkcub efdsgdtrksb zkt iklkj skjpgl   sgmkrk eukdtbtktb`.

>.7. _rfsgiur _gjkekbkd ]pgetrf`fjgtgr WP-PB]  ;.  _utkr tfjnfl fd-f`` (ibsgnglkc ebrb) egekdkd. Nbkrekd ;7 jgdbt udtue jgjkdksekd

klkt. Ktur tfjnfl skjpkb jgdudhue kdaek dfl pkik pgtudhue %Y. >.  _utkr tfjnfl pgdaktur pkdhkda aglfjnkda (ykda kik ib sgnglkc ktks klkt) udtue 

jgjblkc pkdhkda aglfjnkda sgsukb pkdhkda aglfjnkda ykda ibbdabdekd. =.  Jksueekd euvgt ykda ngrbsb pklbda sgibebt = jl kqukigst egiklkj tgjpkt skjpgl 

(sgng (sgnglu luj j jgjks jgjksuee ueekd kd euvgt euvgt,, pkstb pkstbek ekd d euvgt euvgt ik iklk lkj j eg egkik kikkd kd eg egrb rbda da ig igdak dakd d jgdagrbdaekddyk igdakd egrtks tbssug (tutup pgdutup skjpgl. 9.  _utkr tfjnfl pgdaktur mkckyk (tfjnfl ykda tgrlgtke ibsgnglkc ekdkd) sgcbdaak %Y 

jgdudhue kdaek ;?? ktku K jgdudhue kdaek dfl. 7.  Kdaekt euvgt ykda ngrbsb kqukigst igrb tgjpkt skjpgl igdakd tutup. akdtb bsb euvgt  eu vgt 

igdakd lkrutkd lkjpu, nkmk sgrkpkddyk. 0. Akdtb lkrutkd lkrutkd nlkdef iklkj iklkj euvgt igdakd lkrutkd lkrutkd stkdikr ktku lkrutkd lkrutkd uhb, nkmk

 sgrkpkddyk.

>.0 . Ckl-Ckl Rkda Ckrus Ibpgrcktbekd Ibpgrcktbekd Iklkj Iklkj Kdklbsbs ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv - Pbs Pbs

 Kik ngngrkpk ckl ykda ckrus ibpgrcktbekd iklkj kdklbsbs igdakd spgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs tgrutkjk udtue sgdykwk ykda sgjulk tbike ngrwkrdk ykda kekd ibkdklbsbs igdakd  spgetrf`ftfjgtrb vbsbngl ekrgdk sgdykwk tgrsgnut ckrus ibunkc tgrlgnbc ikculu jgdhkib  sgdykwk ykda ngrwkrdk.  Ngrbeut kiklkc tkckpkd-tkckpkd ykda ckrus ibpgrcktbekd8 k.  _gjngdtuekd jflgeul ykda ikpkt jgdygrkp sbdkr Wv-Pbs ckl bdb pgrlu iblkeuekd  hbek sgdykwk ykda ibkdklbsbs tbike jgdygrkp pkik ikgrkc tgrsgnut. Mkrk ykda  ibaudkekd kiklkc igdakd jgrunkc jgdhkib sgdykwk lkbd ktku ibrgkesbekd igdakd  pgrgkesb tgrtgdtu. _grgkesb ykda ibaudkekd ckrus c krus jgjgducb ngngrkpk pgrsykrktkd  ykbtu8 ;.  ^gkesbdyk sglgetb` ikd sgdsbtbvg

 

>.  ^gkesbdyk mgpkt, eukdtbtktb` ikd rgprfiusbngl  =.  Cksbl rgkesb stknbl iklkj hkdaek wketu ykda lkjk  n. Qketu fpgrksbfdkl (fpgrktbda tbjg)  Mkrk bdb nbksk ibaudkekd udtue pgdaueurkd cksbl rgkesb ktku pgjngdtuekd wkrdk. Yuhuk Yuh ukddy ddyk k kiklk kiklkc c ud udtu tuee jgdag jgdagtk tkcub cub wket wketu u pg pgdau daueu eurk rkd d ykda ykda st stknb knbl. l. Qket Qketu u fpgrksb fpgr ksbfdkl fdkl ibtgdt ibtgdtuek uekd d igdakd igdakd jgdaue jgdaueur ur cunudakd cunudakd kdtkrk kdtkrk wketu wketu pgdaueu pgdaueurkd rkd igdakd knsfrnkdsb lkrutkd. _kik skkt kwkl tgrhkib rgkesb, knsfrnkdsb sgdykwk  ykda ngrwkrdk bdb jgdbdaekt sjpkb wketu tgrtgdtu cbdaak ibpgrflgc knsfrnkdsb  ykda stknbl. ]gjkebd lkjk wketu pgdaueurkd, jkek kik egjudaebdkd sgdykwk  ykda ngrwkrdk tgrsgnut jgdhkib ruske ktku tgrurkb sgcbdaak bdtgdsbtks wkrdkdyk turud tur ud kebnkt kebnktdyk dyk knsfrn knsfrnkds kdsbdy bdyk k huak huak turud. turud. Ekr Ekrgdk gdk klkskd klkskd bdb bdblkc lkc,, jke jkek k udtude  udtude   pgdaueurkd sgdykwk ngrwkrdk (cksbl suktu rgkesb ebjbk) ckrus iblkeuekd pkik  skkt wketu fpgrksbfdkl. m.  _gjblbckd pkdhkda aglfjnkda   _kdhkda aglfjnkda ykda ibaudkekd udtue kdklbsbs eukdtbtktb` kiklkc pkdhkda   aglfjnkda ykda jgjpudykb knsfrnkdsb jkesbjkl. Wdtue jgjblbc pkdhkda   aglfjnkda jkesbjkl, iblkeuekd igdakd jgjnukt eurvk cunudakd kdtkrk knsfrnkdsb igdakd pkdhkda aglfjnkda ikrb suktu lkrutkd nkeu pkik efdsgdtgrksb tgrt tgrtgd gdtu tu.. Ekik Ekikdada-ek ekikd ikda a ibhu ibhujpk jpkbb eg egki kikkd kkd yk ykda da jkdk jkdk pgjke pgjkekb kbkd kd pkdhk pkdhkda  da   aglfjnkda jkesbjkl eurkda nkbe. Ckl bdb ekrgdk ekrgdk jbskldyk, sglkbd zkt ykda  kekd ibkdklbsbs, huak tgrikpkt zkt lkbd ykda jgjpudykb knsfrnkdsb pkik pkdhkda   aglfjnkda tgrsgnut. Kik ngngrkpk vkrbknlg ykda ikpkt jgjpgdakrucb jgjpg dakrucb knsfrnkdsb  ykbtu hgdbs pglkrut, pC lkrutkd, sucu, efdsgdtrksb ikd zkt-zkt pgdaakdaau. i.  _gjnuktkd eurvk nkeu  Ibnukt sgrb lkrutkd nkeu ikrb zkt ykda kekd ibkdblbsbs igdagd ngrnkakb efdsgdtgrksb efdsgdt grksb.. Jksbda-jks Jksbda-jksbda bda knsfrnkdsb knsfrnkdsb lkrutkd lkrutkd igdakd ngrnkakb ngrnkakb efdsgdtrks efdsgdtrksbb egjuibkd ibnukt eurvk ykda jgrupkekd cunudakd kdtkrk knsfrnkdsb (y) igdakd efdsgdtrksb (S). nblk cfeuj Lkjngr-Nggr tgrpgducb, jkek eurvk nkeu ngrupk akrbs lurus.

 

g. _gjnkmkkd knsfrnkdsb skjpgl ktku muplbekd  Knsfrnkd ykda tgrnkmk pkik spgetrf`ftfjgtrb cgdikedyk kdtkrk ?,> skjpkb ?,3 ktku ;7% skjpkb skjpkb 1?% hbek ibnkmk sgnkakb trkdsjbtkdsb trkdsjbtkdsb.. Kdhurkd Kdhurkd bdb ngrikskre ngrikskrekd kd kdaakpkd nkcwk egsklkckd iklkj pgjnkmkkd Y kiklkc ?,??7 ktku ?,7% .

>.1  Eglgnbckd ikd egeurkdakd egeurkdakd ]pgetrf`ftf ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb jgtrb Wv-Pbs ;.  Eglgnbckd ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs k.  _kdhkda aglfjnkda ikrb sbdkr putbc ikpkt lgnbc tgrsglgesb. n. Mkrkdyk sgigrckdk. m.  Ikpkt jgdakdklbsk lkrutkd igdakd efdsgdtrksb ykda skdakt egmbl. >.  Egeurkdakd ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs k.  Knsfrnsb ibpgdakrucb flgc pC lkrutkd, sucu ikd kikdyk zkt pgdaakdaau ikd

egngrsbckd ikrb euvgt. n.  Ckdyk ikpkt ibpkekb pkik ikgrkc ultrk vbflgt ykda pkdhkda aglfjnkda 4;37

dj. m.  _gjkekbkd ckdyk pkik auaus `udasbfdkl ykda jgdakdiuda glgetrfd vklgdsb

igdakd gdgray gesbtksb rgdikc. i. ]bd ]bdkr kr ykda ibpkekb ibpkekb ckrus ckrus jfdfer jfdferfjkt fjktbs. bs.    _rfsgs Knsfrnsb Mkckyk pkik

]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb

>.3 _rfsgs Knsfrnsb Mkckyk pkik ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb Wv-Pbs

 Egtbek mkckyk igdakd ngrnkakb pkdhkda aglfjnkda (mkckyk pflberfjktbs) jgdagdkb jgdag dkb  suktu zkt, jkek mkckyk igdakd pkdhkda aglfjnkda tgrtgdtu skhk ykda kekd ibsgrkp. Ib iklkj suktu jflgeul ykda jgjgakda pgrkdkd pgdtbda kiklkc glgetrfd vklgdsb ikrb sgtbkp ktfj ykda kik cbdaak tgrngdtue tgrngdtue suktu jktgrb. jktgrb. Glgetrfd-glgetr Glgetrfd-glgetrfd fd ykda ibjblbe ibjblbebb flgc suktu jflgeul ikpkt ngrpbdikc (gesbtksb), ngrputkr (rftksb) ikd ngragtkr (vbnrksb) hbek ibegdkb  suktu gdgrab.  Hbek zkt jgdygrkp mkckyk tkjpke ikd Wv jkek kekd tgrhkib pgrpbdikckd glgetrfd ikrbb egkikkd ikr egkikkd ikskr ikskr jgduhu jgduhu eg egkikkd egkikkd tgrges tgrgesbtk btksb. sb. _grpbd _grpbdikc ikckd kd glgetr glgetrfd fd bdb ibsgnu ibsgnut  t 

 

trkdsbsb glgetrfdbe. Kpknblk mkckyk ykda ibsgrkp kiklkc mkckyk bd`rkjgrkc jkek glgetrfd  ykda kik iklkj ktfj ktku glgetrfd bektkd pkik suktu jflgeul ikpkt ckdyk kekd ngragtkr  (vbnrksb). ]gikdaekd agrkekd ngrputkr glgetrfd tgrhkib pkik gdgrab ykda lgnbc rgdikc lkab jbskldyk pkik aglfjnkda rkibf.  Ktks ikskr bdblkc spgetrf`ftfjgtrb ibrkdmkda udtue jgdaueur efdsgdtrksb efd sgdtrksb suktu suktu  ykda kik iklkj suktu skjpgl. Ibjkdk zkt ykda kik iklkj sgl skjpgl ibsbdkrb igdakd mkckyk mkck yk ykda jgjblb jgjblbeb eb pkdhkd pkdhkda a aglfjn aglfjnkda kda tgrtgd tgrtgdtu. tu. Egt Egtbek bek mkckyk mkckyk jgdagdk jgdagdkbb skjpgl  skjpgl   sgnkabkd kekd ibsgrkp, sgnkabkd kekd ibckjnurekd ikd sgnkabkd lkab kekd ibtgrusekd.  _kik spgetrf`ftfjgtrb, mkckyk iktkda ktku mkckyk jksue ktku mkckyk ykda jgdagdkb  pgrjuekkd zkt ikd mkckyk sgtglkc jglgwktb zkt tbike ikpkt ibueur, ykda ikpkt ibueur  kiklkc B  /B   /B tt   (pgrnkdibdakd   (pgrnkdibdakd mkckyk iktkda igdakd mkckyk sgtglkc jglgwktb jktgrb t  t  ?ktku B ? /B  (skjpgl)). _rfsgs pgdygrkpkd mkckyk flgc suktu zkt ikpkt ibakjnkrekd sgnkakb ngrbeut8

Akjnkr 7. _rfsgs pgdygrkpkd mkckyk Akjnkr ibktks jgrupkekd prfsgs pgdygrkpkd mkckyk flgc zkt iklkj sgl skjpgl. ikrb  akjnkr tgrlbckt nkcwk zkt sgngluj jglgwktb sgl skjpgl lgnbc tgrkda ktku lgnbc nkdyke nkdyk e ib nkdibda nkdi bda mkckyk mkckyk sgtglk sgtglkc c jglgwk jglgwktb tb sgl skjpgl skjpgl.. Mkckyk Mkckyk ykda ykda ibsgrk ibsgrkp p ibueur ibueur sgnkak sgnkakbb knsfrn kns frnkds kdsbb (K) sgikdae sgikdaekd kd mkckyk mkckyk ykda ykda ckjnure ckjnurekd kd ibueur ibueur sgnkakb sgnkakb trkdsj trkdsjbtk btkdsb dsb (Y), (Y), ibdyktkekd igdakd cueuj lkjngrt-nggr ktku Cueuj Nggr, ngrnudyb8 “Hujlk “Hu jlkc c rkibks rkibksbb mkckyk mkckyk tkjpke tkjpke (ultrk (ultrkvbf vbflgt lgt,, bd` bd`rkj rkjgrk grkc c ikd sgnkak sgnkakbdy bdyk) k) ykda  ykda  ibsgrkp ktku ibtrkdsjbsbekd flgc suktu lkrutkd jgrupkekd suktu `udasb gespfdgd ikrb efdsgdtrksb zkt ikd tgnkl lkrutkd‚. _gdaurkdakd bdtgsbtks mkckyk jfdferfjktbs ykda  jglklub suktu lkrutkd ngrwkrdk ngrlkdasuda sgmkrk gespdgdsbkl ikd ngrakdtuda pkik  pkdhkda lkrutkdykda iblklub mkckyk ikd ekikr zkt iklkj lkrutkd.

 

   Ibjkdk8 B ?  jgrupke jgrupkekd kd bdtgds bdtgdsbtk btkss mkckyk mkckyk iktkda iktkda ikd B tt    ktku B ;  kiklkc bdtgdsbtks mkckyk sgtglkc jglgwktb skjpgl,  B : bdtgdsbtks mkckyk eglukr   e : efdstkdtk ykda ibikskrekd pkik sb`kt-sb`kt sb`kt-sb`kt zkt iklkj lkrutkd  m : egdsgdtrksb zkt tgrsgnut   l : pkdhkda lkrutkd lkrutkd ykda iblklub iblklub mkckyk  ^ujus ykda ibturudekd ikrb Cueuj Nggr ikpkt ibtulbs sgnkakb8  K: k . n . m ktku K : η . n . m ibjkdk8  K : knsfrnkdsb n ktku ktku tgreki tgrekikda kda ibaudk ibaudkekd ekd l : tgnkl tgnkl lkrutk lkrutkd d (tgnkl (tgnkl euvgt euvgt ibpgrc ibpgrcbtu btudae daekd kd huak huak ujujdyk ; mj) m : efdsgdtrksb lkrutkd ykda ibueur  η : tgtkpkd knsfrptbvbtks knsfrptbvbtks jflkr (hbek efdsgdtrksb lkrutkd ykda ibueur iklkj jflkr) k : tgtkpkd knsfrptbvbtks (hbek efdsgdtrksb lkrutkd ykda ibueur iklkj ppj).  _grnkdibdakd B/B ? ibsgnut sgnkakb trkdsjbsb sbdkr (Y) ikd ibdyktkekd iklkj pgrsgd (%). ]grkpkd knsfrnkdmg) : K ktku ibsgnut huak egrkpktkd fptbm (fptbmkl igdsbty) : FI, jgrupkekd bstblkc ykda lgnbc sgrbda ibaudkekd ikd ngrkskl ikrb pgrskjkkd8  

K : -lfa Y, Hkib

K : e m l 

 _kik klkt spgetrf`ftfjgtgr ykda lgnbc mkdaabc, sbdkr ykda iktbda ngdkr-ngdkr  ibuskckekd ngrupk sbdkr jfdferfjktbs igdakd mkrk jgjnukt mfdtkbdgr lkrutkd (euvgt)  ykda sgigjbebkd rupk, sgcbdaak tbike kik sbdkr ykda tgrtkckd. Hbek hklur sbdkr pkik  sgtbkp nkabkd euvgt btu skjk, jkek dblkb e udtue ngrnkakb sgdykwk iklkj ngrnkakb lkrutkd

 

ikd ngrnkakb pkdhkda aglfjnkda ikpkt ibcbtuda. Nblk efdsgdtrksb ibdyktkekd jfl/lbtgr,  hkrke tgjpuc mkckyk iklkj mj, jkek dblkb e ibsgnut sgnkakb efg`bsbgd gestbdasb jflkr   ykbtu sgrkpkd ktku knsfrnkdsb sktu jflkr suktu lkrutkd igdakd hkrke tgjpuc mkckyk ; mj.  _kik pgdagdmgrkd ekikr iklkj ikrkc ktku urbd kekd tgrhkib pgdagdmgrkd nkckd-nkckd  ykda ibpgrbesk igdakd ngrnkakb pgrgkesb.

>.2  Eklbnrksb ]pgetrf`f ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb tfjgtrb Wv-Pbs Wv-Pbs

Rkda pgrlu ibeklbnrksb kiklkc pkdhkda aglfjnkda ikd knsfrnkdsb. ;)  Eklbnrksb _kdhkda aglfjnkda   Jgdaaudkekd `bltgr aglks cglbuj fesbik ykda jgjpudykb pkdhkda aglfjnkda  kmukd (dj) , pkskda `blt `bltgr gr aglks cflbu cflbuj j fesbik pkik efjpkrtgjgd efjpkrtgjgd skj skjpgl pgl ikd efjpkrt efjp krtgjg gjgd d pgjnkdi pgjnkdibda bda ibnbkr ibnbkrekd ekd efsfda efsfda (uikrk (uikrk)) , ]mkd ]mkd spgetr spgetruj uj sgrkpk sgrkpkd d cflbuj fesbik, nkdibdaekd pkdhkda aglfjnkda spgetruj ykda ibpgrflgc igdakd iktk pkdhkda aglfjnkda kmukd. >)  Eklbnrksb Knsfrnkds  Nukt lkrutkd eklbuj iberfjkt 7? + ?,7 ja iklkj ; lbtgr ?,??7 jfl/L kskj sul`kt  (lkrutkd (lkru tkd K) , Nukt lkrutkd eklbuj eklbuj iberfjkt iberfjkt ;?? + ; ja iklkj ; lbtgr ?,??7 jfl/L jfl/L kskj sul`kt (lkrutkd N) , nukt lkrutkd ?,??7 jfl/L kskj sul`kt sgnkakb pgjnkdibda  ikd nkdibdaekd cksbldyk igdakd iktk kmukd (+ >%). =) Mkrk _gjglbckrkkd  

Mkrk pgjglbckrkkd spgetrf`ftfjgtgr Wv- Pbs kiklkc efjpkrtjgdt skjpgl sglklu ibngrs ibn grsbce bcekd, kd, sucu sucu pgdybjp pgdybjpkdk kdkd d st stknb knbl, l, jghk jghk pgrjkd pgrjkdgd, gd, audk audkekd ekd stknbl stknblbzg bzgr, r, jksueekd euvgt tgake lurus, klkt ckrus sglklu ibpgrbesk, euvgt ykda ibaudkekd ckrus ngrsbc. ]gngluj ibaudkekd, nbkrekd jgsbd wkrjbda-up sglkjk ;7->? jgdbt. ]pgetrf`ftfjgtgr sgnbsk judaebd tbike tgrpkpkr sbdkr jktkckrb lkdasuda, ekrgdk kekd ikpkt jgdaakdaau pgdaueurkd. ]bjpkd spgetrf`ftfjgtgr ib rukdakd ykda   sucudyk stknbl ikd ibktks jghk ykda pgrjkdgd. _kstbekd efjpkrtgjgd skjpgl  ngrsbc ikrb ngeks skjpgl. ]kkt jgjksueekd euvgt, pkstbekd euvgt egrbda. Lkeuekd eklbnrksb pkdhkda aglfjnkda ikd knsfrnkd sgmkrk tgrktur.

9)  Kplbeksb

 

Wv-P bbss spgetrfsefpb sgmkrk rutbd ibaudkekd iklkj eukdtbtktb` pgdgdtukd lkrutkd ikrbb lfak ikr lfakj j tr trkd kdsb sbsb sb bfd bfd ikd sk skda dakt kt ibef ibefdh dhuak uaksb sbek ekd d sg sgdyk dykwk wk fr frak akdb dbe, e, st stuib uib  `ftfglgetrfebjbk lkpbskd tbpbs Mi] cksbl igpfsbsb jgtfig MNI, jgdglbtb pgdakruc eglgjn egl gjnknkd knkd tgrcki tgrckikp kp knsfrn knsfrnkds kdsbb fptbe fptbe lkpbsk lkpbskd d aglktb aglktbd d ikd iklkj iklkj pgdgdt pgdgdtukd ukd efdsgdt efds gdtrks rksbb suktu suktu lkrutk lkrutkd d ykda ngluj ngluj ibegtk ibegtkcub cub efdsgd efdsgdtrk trksbd sbdyk yk jgdaaud jgdaaudkekd kekd lkrutkd stkdikr.

 

NKN BBB _GDWYW_

=.;. Egsbjpulkd

  Ikrb pgjnkckskd ibktks ikpkt ibsbjpulekd nkcwk8 ;. ]pgetrf`ftf ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb jgtrb Wv-Pbs Wv-Pbs kiklkc klkt klkt ykda ibaudkekd ibaudkekd udtue jgdaueur jgdaueur trkdsjb trkdsjbtkdsb tkdsb,, rg`lgetkdsb ikd knsfrnsb ikrb muplbekd sgnkakb `udasb ikrb pkdhkda aglfjnkda sgrtk udtue pgdaueurkd ibikgrkc ultrkvbflgt ikd ibikgrkc tkjpke. >. _rbdsb _rbdsbp p ]pgetrf ]pgetrf`ft `ftfjg fjgtrb trb Wv-Pbs Wv-Pbs jgdakm jgdakmu u pkik cueuj cueuj Lkjngr Lkjngrt-N t-Nggr ggr.. Kpknbl Kpknblkk mkckyk jfdferfjktbe jglklub suktu jgibk (lkrutkd), jkek sgnkabkd mkckyk tgrsgnut kekd ibsgrkp, sgnkabkd ibpkdtulekd ikd sgnkabkd lkab kekd ibpkdmkrekd. =. Nkabkd-nkabk Nkabkd-nkabkd d ]pgetrf`ftf ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb jgtrb Wv-Pbs Wv-Pbs kdtkrk lkbd8 sujngr mkckyk, jfdferfjktfr jfdferfjktfr,, Efjpkrtgjgd skjpgl, igtgetfr, rgki fut. 9. Mkrk Mkrk egrhk egrhk ]p ]pge getr trf` f`ft ftfj fjgt gtrb rb

Wv-P Wv-Pbs bs ykbtu ykbtu Mkck Mkckyk yk yk ykda da ngrks ngrkskl kl ikrb lkjpu lkjpu

igutgrbuj jkupud wfl`rkj ykda ngrsb`kt pflberfjktbs ib tgrusekd jglklub lgdsk jgduhu eg jfdferfjktf jfdferfjktfrr pkik spgetrf`ftfjgtg spgetrf`ftfjgtgrr ikd `bltgr `bltgr mkckyk pkik `ftfjgtgr. `ftfjgtgr. Jfdfer Jfd ferfjk fjktfr tfr egjuib egjuibkd kd kekd kekd jgdaunk jgdaunkc c mkckyk mkckyk pflber pflberfjk fjktb tbss jgdhki jgdhkibb mkckyk mkckyk jfdferfjktbs (tudaakl). 7. Ckl-ckl Ckl-ckl ykda ibpgrcktbek ibpgrcktbekd d pkik ]pgetrf`ftf ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb jgtrb WP-PB] WP-PB] kdtkrk lkbd8 _gjngdtuekd jflgeul jfl geul,, Qketu Qketu fpgrksb fpgrksbfdkl fdkl (fpgrk (fpgrktbd tbda a tbjg), tbjg), _gjbl _gjblbck bckd d pkdhkd pkdhkda a aglfjn aglfjnkda, kda, _gjnkmkkd knsfrnkdsb skjpgl ktku muplbekd. 0. Eglgnbckd Eglgnbckd ]pgetrf`ftf ]pgetrf`ftfjgtrb jgtrb WP-PB] WP-PB] ykbtu8 ykbtu8

_kdhkda _kdhkda aglfjnk aglfjnkda da ikrb ikrb sbdkr putbc

ikpktt lgnbc ikpk lgnbc tgrsgl tgrsglges gesb, b, mkrkdyk mkrkdyk sgigrckd sgigrckdk, k,

ikpkt ikpkt jgdakdk jgdakdklbs lbskk lkr lkrutk utkd d igdakd igdakd

efdsgdtrksb ykda skdakt egmbl. 1. Egeurkd Egeurkdakd akd ]pgetr ]pgetrf`f f`ftfj tfjgtr gtrbb WP-PB WP-PB] ] ykbtu8 ykbtu8

Knsfrn Knsfrnsb sb ibpgdak ibpgdakruc rucbb flgc pC

lkrutkd, lkrut kd, sucu ikd kikdyk zkt pgdaakdaau pgdaakdaau ikd egngrsbck egngrsbckd d ikrb euvgt Ckdyk ikpkt ibpkekbb pkik ikgrkc ibpkek ikgrkc ultrk ultrk vbflgt vbflgt ykda ykda pkdhkda pkdhkda aglfjnkda aglfjnkda 4;37 4;37 dj, _gjkekbkd _gjkekbkd ckdyk pkik auaus `udasbfdkl ykda jgdakdiuda glgetrfd vklgdsb igdakd gdgray gesbtksb rgdikc ]bdkr ykda ibpkekb ckrus jfdferfjktbs. 3. Rkda pgrlu ibeklbnr ibeklbnrksb ksb kiklkc pkdhkda pkdhkda aglfjnkda aglfjnkda ikd knsfrnsb. knsfrnsb.

 

=.>. ]krkd

Iklkj pgdaaudkkd ]pgetrf`ftfjgtgr kik ngngrkpk mkrk pgdaaudkkd ykda ckrus ib  pkckjb ngtul flgc Jkcksbswk. Kikpud prbdsbp egrhk ikrb klkt bdb ckrus huak ib pkckjb, ekrgdk eudmb ikrb ikskr sgngluj jgjulkb jgdaaudkekd klkt bdb kiklkc jgdagtkcub prbdsbp egrhkdyk.  

 

IK@YK^ _W]YKEK Kl Kl`b `bykd ykdb, b, ^gdb ^gdb.. >? >?;1. ;1.  Hurdkl _rketbeuj Kdklbtbe BBB ]pgetrfsefpb WP-PB] . ]ur ]urknky knkyk8 k8 @JB_K Wdbvgrsbtks Dgagrb ]urknkyk.

Ngbsgr, Krtcur. ;231. Efdsgp ;231. Efdsgp @bsbek Jfigrd. Jfigrd. Hkekrtk8Grlkdaak.

Iky,^., ikd Wdigrwffi,K. Hkekrtk8Grlkdaak.

>??>.  Kdklbsbs

Ebjbk

Eukdtbtks

Gibsb

Eggdkj. Eggdkj.

Cklbjkc, JE, gt kll. >?;?. Fptbmkl _rfpgrtbgs f` Ygrdkry Ygllurbtg Ygllurbtg Alkss. Jktgrbkl Alkss.  Jktgrbkl ]mbgdmg  _flkdi , Pfl. >3, Df.; . Ckrvgy, Ikvbi. >???. Jfigrd >???. Jfigrd Kdklytbmkl Mcgjbstry. Mcgjbstry. W]K8Ycg Jm.Arkw-Cbll Mfjpkdbgs.

]uckrtktb, Yktb. >?;1. Ikskr-ikskr >?;1. Ikskr-ikskr ]pgetrf`fjgtrb WP-PB] Ikd ]pgetrfjgtrb Jkssk Wdtue   _gdgdtukd ]truetur ]gdykwk Frakdbe . Nkdik Nkdikrr Lk Lkjp jpuda uda88 MP. MP. Kd Kduar uarkc kc Wt Wtkj kjkk ^kckrhk Kdaaftk BEK_B.