DDt-11&1GTl
DEFENSEINTELLIGENCEREPORT
SOVIET TANK BAT'TALION TACTICS
AUGUST1977
SOVIETTANK BATTALIONTACTICS
DDr-1120-10-??
IDfotmation Cutoff Dat€: 30 NoveEber 1976
Ihis is a Deparhent ol DefenseIntellige[ce Document py@aBd by the Soviet/WaEawPact Division, Direc'tonte fo! Intelligence &esearch, Delen6eIntelligence Agency Autho!: Major A. E. Hemedey, Clound FotcesBranch, Tlctics 8!d Otganization Section
PREFACE This study i6 produced pimadly as an inshuctional aid fot usein seFice schoolsand hoop units. It is int€nded a! a "how they fight" Eranualand descliber the tactics of a Soviet tank battslion when it iNdeployed in combined asn6 operationsin the Europeantheate! o! a sihilar environment. Details of t nk equipment in service at the ple8ent time are included as an Appendix. lte dbcus6ion of tactic6 i! at tank company and attached unit level. Tho6e requiling the detrils of bethods of opetrtion of taDk or motolized rifle coEpanies should con6ult Souiet Tank Compan! Ta.tica (U, DDI-1120-129-76 dat€d May ?6, ot The Sovict Moto.bed. Rifle Companf (U) DDI-1100-??-?6 dat€d May ?6. Tank tactics usd in btrilt-up aressare descdbedin Sovict Militarr Opetution| in Built-up Atuos (Ul DDI-1100-155-?7 (to be published). Addresseesare leque6ted to lorward infonation which will 6upplemmt o! co[ect thjs leport. Questions and comments 6hould be lefened in w ting to the Defense Intelligenc€ Agency(A'ITN: DB-1B4),Washineton, D.C, 20301.
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TABLEOF CONTENTS Page
SUMMARY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose Scope
1 1 1
CHAPTER2 ORGANIZATIONFOR COMBAT Subordination Structure Equipment Command Battalion CommandPost Battalion Support Group
3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 6
Conhol Radio Radio Security OrdeIs
CHAPTER3 TACTICAL MOVEMENT Genelal
MarchFormalion Advanceto Contact and Combat Fomation MarchSecuriEy CHAPTER4 THE MEETINGENGAGEMENT Concept Tank Battalion Reinforcement Reconnaissance Deployment
,l 7 7 7 I 11 11 11
13 13
Execution
CHAPTER5 THE OFFENSIVE Section A Concepts Ceneml
Tank Battalion Support Echelons
Attack Frcntagesand Depths Relative Strengths Ffte Support Smoke
SectionB Attack on a PreparedPosition Deployment Reconnaissance Estimat€ Attack Coodination ObstacleCrcssing Assault Action
7',t t7 71 t7 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 2l 2l 27 22 22
Pag€ Section c Second Echelon Tank Battalion in a Resiment's Attack On a PleDared Position Concept SecondEchelonPlanning SectionD Attack on an EnemyHastyDefense Concept Deployment Section E Pusuit Concept Deployment CHAPTER6 WATEROBSTACLECROSSING Concepts Reconnaissance and Initial ftoEsing Fora€d Crossings Orgsnization Deployment Unopposed Deployment Opposed U6eof Smoke CHAPTER? NIGHT OPERATIONS Coneepts Night Observation
22 23 23 23
27 27
2a 28 30 32 34 36 36
Deployment Frontagesand Rate ol Advance CHAPTER 8 DESTRUCTIONOF NUCLEAR DELIVERY MEANS Concept Combat Reinforcement Mission Combat Organization Communications Planning Order8 Execution Significance
37 31 37 39 39 39 39 39 39 40
CHAPTER9 DEFENSE Concept Reinforcement Deployment Delen6ivePositions Defen6eOrganization
41 4l 4L 4l 41 43 43 43 43 43 43 44 44
Reconnaissance and O!de!8
Administrative Planning Conduct of tlle Defense Infanby Suppo ing Fire Countet Penetration
Count€rAttack Withd!awal
Page Service Support in Combat SecondEchelon Defense
44 44 44
Defenseat Night CHAPTER1O DISENGAGEMENTAND WITHDRAWAI Concept Type of Withdrawal
Mtusion6 Rear and Flank Guard Actions Main Body Movement Disengagement Organizationf or Withdrawa-] Orden and Coordination Conductof Witldrawal Conduet of Battalion RearcuardAction WithdrawalTactics
45 45 45 45 45 47 47 47 4A
4a 4a
CHAPTER11 SECURITYDURING HALTS Concepts
49 49 49 49 49 50 50
Location of Rest Areas Camouflageand Concealment Reconnaissance of a Rest Arca Orden for Occupation
SecurityAft€r Occupation RegimentalRest Arcas CHAPTER12 CONCLUSIONS General CombatOrganization Commandand Control TacticalEmployment Assessment of CombatPotential
54 54 APPENDIXES
APPBNDIXA APPENDIXB APPENDIXC APPENDIXD
SOVIETTANKS SOVIETTANK T.?2 TANK ASSOCIATEDEQUIPMENT SOVIETCONVENTIONALSYMBOLS
61
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1.
Oryanizationol a SovietLankbatralion(L , 2 Representative commandnet of a reinforcedtank batta.lion(U,) Tacticalfomations of a Soviettank battalionfU.) 8 A companyof T-62sin combatline 9 Deploymentof a reinforcedtank battalionfor the meetingengagement (U.) 7 2 patrol is bdefed(U.) A combatreconnaissance Stages in committing a reinforced tank battalion in a meeting engagement(U.) t4
vn
Page Figure 8. 9. 10. 11. !2. 13. t4.
t1. 18.
19. 20. 21. 22. 24. 25. 26. 27. 24. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
Tank unit"sare usually reinforced lor a mission (U.) Tank battalion deploybent during an assaulton a plepaled position (tt.) The unit commandero entateshis tank commandehbeforean attack(U.) The stagesof an attack on an enemyhastydefenseposition(U.) Dtect ard pamllel pursuit opention (U.) Tank batttlions in the filst echelon cross wat€r obstacles by snorkell i n g( U . ) . ..... Diaglamatic layout of a tar* battalion's control system for a water crossing(U,) Unopposedcrossingof a wat€robstacle(U.) Opposedcrossingof a waterob6tacleby a tank battalion(U,) Assault crossings are made by tanks using snorkels and a.recoveled by int€nse artillery fire Illustration of the concept of a reinforced tank battalion's attact against enemynucleardeliverymeans(U,) Tank battaliondefensivedeployment(Nuclearconditions) Tank battalion as a reat and flank guard during a legimental \nithdrawal , BMPSol attacbed rifle units may be used in reconnaissance T-?2 in firing position the bottom line--T-5ss in the Att.ck-a "quick concentmtion of tank fire': T-54/55
20 27 26 27
31 33 34 38 42 46 49 50
T42 T.72 The new Soviettank T-72 Designteaturesin contrast to'l-62 BTU dozermountedon T-55 KMT mine plows Mineplow on T-55 T-62 with minerolteE T-72 showingtlre snorkeltube lashedto the rearof the tun€t Soviettanks with the combatsnorkelcontrastlpith the wider traininetube
60 61 61 62 63 63
34.
in this photoglaph T-62 in the water fitted with combat snorkel
36.
T.34-TARV T.54.T ARV
64 64 65
SUMMARY A Souiet tanh battalion, whethet assiEnedto a rifle or tcnk d.ivision,i.snomally organizeil into o headquorters,three tanh companies,a support analmaintenoncephtoon, and a medical Bectipn. Ind.ependent tdnh battaLionsma! be allocated more. than three tanh companies to accomplish specific mi$ions. Bdttalions usually take part in combinealarms operations unaLer the command of a regimental headquorters. The battalion operotes under the closesuperuisionof the regimental commander etcept in the meeting engagement,withdruwal, and.on an operation to destroy enemy nucleor deliuery mean$. The battdlion commander has more opportunity to u6e h's init[atiue in these l'tter opemtians. Fire support for the tanh bdttalion is hormslly aftsnEed b' the rcgimental commanaLeLThe strict control and lach of opportunii! to display initiqtiue by compan! and pla,toon commdnders mdy aLegradethe performance of a tahh bdttalion if tactical plans are seuerelyupset during 4n operdtion. In combat a tank battalion is reinforced by motorized rifle elements, artillery, combat entlinee6, and chemrcal defen$e specialists. The extent of rcinforcement depenils on the mbsion. The reinforced battalion operatesuhen possible as a single maneuverelement in order to concenffate its firepouer. Howeuer, in the meeting engagement, pursuit and in the withdrawal the battalion may use an aduance or rear gudrd to pin the enemy alaun by fire uhile the rcst of the battolion maneuDers. goui.et tactic1l concepts for iLeployment of tank battalions arc sound. Tactical drills are uell rchearsed.and effectiue. Operctions arc designed to exploit the concentrated fiepower, mobilitf, and armor aniL CBR protection of tanhs. Deployment b normally from the line of march, companies use a combct formatinn suitable to the tetain aniL phase of operations. Combat security ia emphaaizedby I elementscf the battalian during operations. Control of the tank battalion in combat normolly is by rodio supplemented by uisual means.Attached. subunih ore on the battalion command net ouer uhich strict railio iLiscipline i$ maintained, The degree of radia security may inhibit the rapid. disseminatian of taryet Ouemll. we judge the Souiet tank battalion, reinforced to execute a particular mission, to be uell-oryanized and troined in sounal tactical concepts; and drills; it has high combat power and.potential
lx
CHAPTEB 1 INTRODUCTION PURPOSE 1. This study presents infomation on the organization,command techniquesand tactics oJ the Soviet medium tank battalion. Details of vehicle pedonnance are limited to those that are relelant to tactical employment. The study is primarily intended to provide instructors at schools and in field units with reJerence material. SCOPE 2.a. The battalion is the badc unit of maneuver in the Soviet tank arm. Battalions are reinforced with detachments ftom other arms to enable them to complete a padicular mission. The descdption of tactics is at company and, in the case of attached arms, detachmert level. Details ol company tactics may be found in DD-l120-129-?6 Souiet Tanh Company ?acfics, and DDI-1100-??-?6, The Souiet Motorized.Rifle Company. b. The study concentmtes on tactics in a European setting in both nonnuclear a.nd nuclear environments. These tactics are designed prima-rily for use in {ast moving combal be{wpenmpchanizedforces. Soviet tactical t€rminology has been used
and deJined only when US terms {ail to describe Soviet concepts, organization and tactics adequately. Unless otherwise stated, military terms in common use have the meaning given them in JCS Publication l dated 3 Sep ?4. Soviet telms which have no US equivalent are defined when first used c. In tactical diagams, the reader should recognize that a radio command net links each company and detachment commander with lhe balLalioncommander.The adminishative and logistic elements of the tank battalion are a.lso able to list€n to the command net, although they are not shown in the majority of diagrams because of space limitations. Company tanks a-re on Lislening watch. d. The tactical diagrams are not templates and should not be used as such. Although scaleshave been included when possible, the deployment of a Soviet tank battalion in combat depends as much on the t€nain as upon tactical concepts. Frontagesused in the diagrams are for nonnuclear operations. In nucleai operations these frontages would be doubled. The diagr:ams are illustrative ol the text and of general principl€s, and are not intended to portray the way in which each and every Soviet operation wil be conducted.
CHAPTER2 ORGANIZATIONFOB COMBAT SUBORDINATION 1. tn both tank ard motorized rifle divi. sions, the tank battalion is subodinat€ to a regiment. In some motorized dfle divisions there is ,lso an independentt3nk battalion subordinateto the division commander.The number o[ Larks in each ba(taiion varies accordingto subordination.Detdiisolpersonnel strcngthsand equipmentcan be found in DIA Soviet Ground Force Organizational Guide,DDI-1100-2-75datedJune 1975.
lnformation conceming the equipment snd performance of these tanl6 is included in Appendix A. Battalions are also equipped with an armoredrecovery vehicle, an almoled command vehicle, an armored scout car, and an ambulance.Each battalion also has nrne mheclearingplow6. Officers and soldiersare equippedwith pei€onalweapons.Hard-held sudace to air missiles and tank mounted anliafcrafi machinegunsare found in va.rying numbersin eachtype of battalion.
STRUCTURE 2. The Soviettank battalionis organizedas shownin Figure1.
EQUIPMEIYT
In the tank batt€lion o4anic to a tank regimentthere are 31 tanks (10 per company plus a battalion comma.rdtank), and in the tank battalion of a motorized rifle r€giment there ale 40 tanks (13 per company plus a batta.lioncommand tank). The independent tank battalionof a motorizedrine division probably is organizedlike the tank battrlion of a motonzedrifle reglment.
3. The main battle tank ol the mecuum tank battalion is still eith€r the T-62 or th€ T-54/55, but growing numbers of the new T-72 are being intrcduced into Soviet units in the USSRand EastemEurope. COMMAND 4, Usualy, a major or a captaincomm.urcls a Soviet tank battalion. Companiesar€ commandedby captainsor seniorlieutenants,and platoons by lieut€nanb or pmporchchihi (a
ol a Tanl ErtialionSubordinalc loa TankReSiment Figure1.Organization
lank roughly equivalent to a US wanant officer). A commarder below battalionlevel has little latitude in the way he executeshis missionexceptwhenhjs unit is employedasa leconnaissancegroup or a march security detachm€nt. The battalion headquarterc is divided into a battalion commandpost (CP) groupand a battalionsupportgtoup.
or evacuatesa damagedt€nk. Medical teams recove!the wounded,administerfirst aid, and evacuate them to regimental aid posts for treatment or movement to the rcar. The battalion'ssupport resourcesare augmented ftom regihent as required.
BATTALION COMMAND POST
8. The battalion commandercontrols th€ battslion by radio, visual, and audio signalsin the employment of well-rehearsed tactical formatiols and dlills. Tenain is identified by leferencepoints. Soviet producedrnaps ate extremely detailed and heated as classified documents.They arc carriedonly by office$. Except in the assault, tank units are usually led by commanders, The Soviets demand a high standard of personal leadershipand examplebe set by unit leaders.
5. The battalion CP is mounted in an armoredpeFonnel carrier (APC). It is controlled by the battalion chief of staJf, nor' mally a captain or seniorlieutenant. The CP is mannd by the opemtionsofficer, communlcations chief, political officer, a chemicalbiological-radiotogical (CBR) specia.list,radio operato$ and clerks. The battalion com_ mander is mounted in a tank for combat opentions. Communicationsare maintained by the CP with the battalion and regimental commanders.The CBR warning net is a.lso maintsined in the CP. A second APC is sometimesheld in the battalion with radios on listeningwatch on th€ samenetsasthe CP but rrithout a radio on the CBR waming net. 6. The battalion CP collatesand disseminates tactical intelligence and preparesoperation ordeE under the battalioncommander's guidance.The chieJof staff organizestraining irnd is responsiblefor keeping both the battalion and regimental commander rnformed as to the combat strendh of the battalion. Out of combat, the chief of staff oiganizesthe daily routine of administration.
CONTROL
RADIO 9. R,adio nets are, when possible, controled at battalion level. Comma.nderstrom the motorizedriflc, artillery, and air defense units attachedto a tank battalion join the battalion command net. Companiestransmit fLe support requ€sts to the battalion commander-andnot directly to the supportunit. Thrs reducesthe time availablefor artillery to engaget€igets of opportunity. The types of radio setsvary accordingto division,but tank battalion'sintemal radio communicationsare net effective.An exampleof a representative is at Figure2.
BAIAALION SUPPOBTGBOIJP 7. This groupconsistsof the deputybattalion commander for technical affais, the medicalsection,and the supply and maintenanceplatoon. When the battalion is on the march, the supportgroup suppliesthe necessary ammunition, fuel, and lubricanf,sby dlect delivery in halt areas.Whenin action, the tanks are resupplied in their lorward positions. The support $oup establishesa technicalobservationpoint in order to maintain visual surveillanceover the battlefield to locate damagedtank6. A lepair and evacua' tion groupthen carriesouLon lle spot repairs
BADIO SECURITY 10. Radio transmissionsecurity in the SovietFound forcesis stdct. Normallyorderi are given by battalion and company commandels of tank and attached units and arc acknowledgedby subordinatecommandeis, Codewotds or numbels are usedlor reference points. Though they have common frequenci€s,it doesnot appea!to be the customfor tanks to transmit info@ation on ta.rgetsof opportunity dilectly to eithe! the infantry or ihe artillery.
RIFTE ARTITTERY COMPANY BAITERY co^ MANDTRCOAA{ANDtt
€NGINEER
IFAII R€CONNAISSANCE
BAIIATION COMMAI.IDERSTANX
REGIMENTCO'IIAAANOER
netduring on receivngmodeonlhe battalion NOTE:ll shouldbe.otedthatthet.nks in thecompaniesoperate mosroperarons. NetotaReinlorced TankBaltalion Fisure2.Represenlalive Command
5
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CHAPTEB 3 TACTICAL IVlOVEMENT GENERAL
MARCH FORMATION
1. Soviet tank bathlions train to move into combat in well-reheaEedformations. position m Eachvehiclehas its predesignated t}le battalion formation. Tank battalions are ableto changefomation rapidly upon either radio, flag, or hand signals. They plactice formations appropdatefor movementin or out of contact with the enemy, Variation6 are designedto take into accountboth the enemy threat and the tenain. Att€ched units are deployeda5 the situationdemands.The purpose of dgid aalherenceto set batde drill is two-fold:
2. Duing movement to coiltsct, a tank battalion moves in column, on roads with commandelsleading their respectivesubunits. Tank battalions move at 15-20 kilometers per hour at night and 20 to 30 kilometersper hour in the da].time. If suitable loads exist, companiesmay move on parallel roads to avoidhaffic congestion.
a. To move as rapidly as possible in all phasesof operations. b. To movein sucha way asto employthe maximum direct and iDdirect fire when contacts,ith the etremyis made, Such deploymentdrill proficiencyalsominimizesthe effect of t}Ie lack of skill of newly conscripted Soviet 6oldiers in maintaining Iinesof the advance.
ADVANCETO CONIACT AND COMBAT FORMATIONS 3. Whenrontact with lhe enemyis imminent, tank batta.lions will move fLst into a Iine of company columns, then a line of platoon columns, and finaly in an assault line. Attached Eotorized ifle units ca.neither precedeor follow tank companies, depending on the situation. The company and platoon columns and lines are echeloned to left or right to use t€nain cover or guard a flank as requir€d. Attached artilery, air defense and engin€er units are given loca.l protection within battalion formations.Figure 3 shows som€ Wpical battalion formation8 (attached armsnot shownfor sakeof clarity).
-+€
- Reinlorcedtant battarion
:e!or)-
_€T}FiSure 12. Directand ParallelPursuitOp€rationsof a Tank Resiment
26
CHAPTER6 WATEROBSTACLECROSSING CONCEPTS 1. Tank battalions may cross water obstacles by fording, snorkeling, or using bridges,or feEiesdependingon the situation. Balta.lionsin first echelon unil,s may be requiredto make opposedcrossingsby fording o! snorkeling.Battalionsin secondechelons, or in support of forward echelons
overbridgesor noImally c!o6swaterobstacles by ferly and are not further discussedin this study. Battalionsleadingrcgimentalcolumns as forward elementsor advanceSuardsanticipatecrossingobstacles independentlyby fording or snorkeling.Main body battalionscross obstaclesa6 a controlledoperation,probably as part ol a regimentaloperation!usuallyover b dsesor feries.
r Fisur€13. tank baflalioB in lhelirsl echelonc.oswaler oblra.|4 bv rnorkgllinq{U,J
RECONNAISSANCE AND INITIAL CROSSING
ORGANIZATION
2. Initial selection of crossingareasis made after reconnaissance by units from division or regiment. These unils arc accompanied by engineer officers who are responsiblefor the technical as6e6smentof the proposed sites. Leading units ivitl attempt io cross u.rdefended obstacles immediately and establish a bddgehead 3 to 4 kms deep on the enemy bank. Helibome troops may be used in securingsuch b dge heads. TORCED CROSSINGS 3. If the obstacle is held by the enemy, or is under enemy observaLion. Lheoperationis considercd a "forced crossing." In this case,a regimental operation is mounted to make a bridgehead and the battalion cross€s the obstacle as ordered,
2a
4. The tank battalion headquarte$ section, in an APC and controled by the chief of staff, collates tactical intelligence from divisional, regimental, and battalion patrols. This section continuously updat€s intelligence on enemy shengths and dispositions and the characteristics of the water obstacl€. An organization is established to control the passage of the battalion ftom its deployment area ovel the crossing. Control points are established both on the ioute to the site(s) and at the crossing. The route from the deployment area to the crossingsite is sometimes marked with colour€d flags. In air underwater crossing the deputy commander for technical affairs establishes a command post at the site. Crcssing control points are supported by engineer units who improve entry and exit points if requtued. Figure 14 depicts the control system for a crossingsite.
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