Somos Todos Criativos - Os Desafios para D - Ken Robinson

 

Lmlhucg pgrtm kmstg puobjfgåæi pikmrç smr rmprikuzjkg pir qugbqumr cmji iu `ircg  smc g prêvjg gutirjzgåæi kg Mkjtirg Vgrgjvg. G vjibgåæi kis kjrmjtis gutirgjs ê frjcm mstgombmfjki lg Bmj l. :.071/:8 m puljki pmbi grtjei 78; ki Fökjei Qmlgb. JVOL :58-8=-=57-5617-:

Mstg Ms tg mkjå mkjåæi æi `i `ijj puob puobjf jfgkg gkg pmbg pmbg pr prjcm jcmjr jrg g vm vmzz mc ?1 ?175. 75. Fipy Fi pyrj rjeht eht © ?1 ?175 75 Vjr Vjr Dm Dml l _i _iojl ojlsi sil l [ãtubi [ãt ubi irjejlg irjejlgb>b> Iut i` iur Cjlks> [hm Qiwmr i` Omjle Frmgtjvm Qr Qrjc jcmj mjrg rg mkjå mkjåæi æi pu puob objf jfgk gkg g mc ?1 ?117 17,, mk mkjå jåæi æi rm rmvj vjsg sgkg kg m gt gtug ugbjbjzg zgkg kg pu puob objf jfgk gkg g mc ?1 ?17 77, ti tikg kgss pmbg pmbg Nihl Nihl Uj Ujbmy bmy & V Vil ils, s, Btk. Btk. [iki ikiss is kj kjrm rmjtjtis is rm rmsm smrv rvgki gkis. s. Ms Mstg tg trgk trgkuå uåæi æi `i `ijj puobjf puobjfgk gkg g si sio o bjf bjfmlå mlåg g kg Nihl Nihl Uj Ujbm bmyy & Vils Vi ls,, Jl Jlf. f. _iojlsil, _iojls il, Dml Vicis tikis frjgt frjgtjvis jvis > is kmsg`jis kmsg`jis pgrg kmsmlv kmsmlvibvmr ibvmr ucg kgs prjlfj prjlfjpgjs pgjs hg hgoj ojbjbjkg kgkm kmss ki `u `utu turi ri / Dm Dml l _i _ioj ojls lsil il 4 trgk trgkuå uåæi æi km Fr Frjs jstj tjlg lg Zgc gcge gegc gcj. j. ‖ Væ Væi i Qg Qgub ubi i> Omlvjr Oml vjrç, ç, ?17: ?17:.. ?5? p. JVOL :58-8=-=57-5617-: [ãtubi [ãt ubi irj irjejlg ejlgb>b> Iut i` iur Cjlks> [hm Qiwmr i` Omjle Frmgtjvm 7. Mk Mkuf ufgå gåæi æi ?. Qm Qmls lsgc gcml mlti ti fr frjg jgtj tjvi vi ‖ Ms Mstu tuki ki m ml mlsj sjli li 6. Frjg Frjgtj tjvj vjkg kgkm km ;. Hgojbjk Hgo jbjkgkm gkmss pms pmssig sigjs js ‖ Kms Kmsmlv mlvibv ibvjcm jcmlti lti =. Bjkm Bjkmrgl rglåg åg J. [ãt [ãtubi ubi JJ. Zgcgegc gcgegcj,j, Frjstj Frjstjlg lg 7:-1=7; FKK-7=6.6= FK]-7=:.:=; Ãlkjfmss pgr Ãlkjfm pgrg g fgt fgtçbie çbiei i sjs sjstmc tmcçtj çtjfi> fi> 7. Frjg Frjgtj tjvj vjkg kgkm km > Ms Mstu tuki ki m ml mlsj sjli li Qrmpgrgåæi> [ubji Dgwgtg _mvjsæi> Vglkrg Dgti Kjgergcgåæi> Lioufg _gfhj  Fgpg> Kmoirgh Cgttis Jcgemc km fgpg> jVtifd/EmttyJcgemsQbus/Nibyeil jVtifd/EmttyJcgemsQbus/Nibyeil

Bjvri kjejtgb (M-puo)

 

Qrikuåæi ki m-puo Eujbhmrcm Hmlrjqum Cgrtjls Vgbvgkir 

7ª mkj mkjåæi åæi,, gor gorjbjb km ?17 ?17: : [iki ikiss is kj kjrm rmjtjtis is rm rmsm smrv rvgki gkiss á Om Omlv lvjr jrç, ç, uc smbi smbi kg Vg Vgrg rgjv jvg g Mkuf Mkufgå gåæi æi,, pgrt pgrtm m ki er erup upi i Vicis Vic is Mku Mkufgå fgåæi. æi. Gv Gv.. kgs Lgå Lgåýms ýms ]lj ]ljkgs kgs,, 5?? 5??7, 7, 7¾ Glk Glkgr gr,, Vmtir Vmtir O Qjl Qjlhmj hmjris ris ‖ Væi Qgu Qgubi bi ‖ VQ ‖ FM FMQ> Q> 1=;? 1=;?==-:1 :1? ? Kþvjkgs9 Gfmssm sgf.smtsAsicismkufgfgi.fic.or FB

051858

 

Vucçrji

mstæi tæi kjzmlki kjzmlki siorm g 7ª mkjåæi km Vicis tikis frjgtjvis I qum ms Gergkmfjcmltis Qrm`çfji kg Qrm`çfji  kg tmrfmjrg mkjåæi 7 | [iki culki ê frjgtjvi, cgs lmc tikis sgomc kjssi ? | Kjgltm kg rmvibuåæi 6 | I priobmcg priobmcg ki lissi sjstmcg sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb ; | G jbusæi jbusæi gfgkîcjfg = | Filhmåg g sug cmltm 0 | Vmng frjgtjvi frjgtjvi 5 | I pikmr pikmr kis smltjcmltis 8 | Pifî læi mstç sizjlhi : | Vmlki uc bãkmr frjgtjvi 71 | Gprmlkmlki g smr frjgtjvi Qis`çfji _m`mrîlfjgs Viorm i gutir

 

 Qgrg [mrry [mrry,, qum `gz tuki smr pissãvmb.

 

I qum mstæi kjzmlki siorm g 7ª mkjåæi km Vicis tikis frjgtjvis

‒ Vicis tikis frjgtjvis mxpbjfg pir qum smr frjgtjvi li culki km hinm ê ucg qumstæi km vjkg iu cirtm. Læi kmjxm km bmr mstm bjvri.  Bmjg m gbmerm-sm fic smu livi filhmfjcmlti.–  ‛ Dml Obglfhgrk, figutir km I emrmltm-cjluti m I smermki

‒Lulfg g frjgtjvjkgkm `ij tæi lmfmssçrjg pgrg g siormvjvîlfjg m i frmsfjcmlti km qugbqumr iregljzgåæi quglti ê hinm. Mstm bjvri, cgjs ki qum qugbqumr iutri qum filhmåi, gprmsmltg jlsjehts jcpirtgltms siorm fici is bãkmrms pikmc kmspmrtgr m cgltmr mssg mlmrejg frjgtjvg.–  ‛ Ugrrml Ugrrml Omlljs, pri`mssir mcêrjti km gkcjljstrgåæi kg ]ljvmrsjty i` Viuthmrl Fgbj`irljg4 pmsqujsgkir mcêrjti kg Hgrvgrk Ousjlmss Vfhiib4 gutir ki omst-smbbmr Emmds glk Emmzmrs

‒G cmbhir glçbjsm qum nç vj siorm g kjssifjgåæi mltrm is tjpis km jltmbjeîlfjg qum fistucgcis vgbirjzgr lg msfibg m is tjpis km frjgtjvjkgkm kis qugjs prmfjsgcis lgs lissgs mcprmsgs m lg lissg sifjmkgkm. Qissi kjzmr qum q um gprmlkj cujti fic mstm bjvri.–  ‛ Hiwgrk Egrklmr, pri`mssir km fieljåæi m pmkgeiejg ki Hgrvgrk Ergkugtm Vfhiib i` Mkufgtjil, gutir ki omst-smbbmr

 Jltmbjeîlfjgs cþbtjpbgs

 

‒Lmc tiki bjvri km frjgtjvjkgkm filsmeum smr frjgtjvi. I culki mstgvg prmfjsglki km uc bjvri fici mstm, fic fi c rm`bmxýms gcpbgs,  privifgtjvgs m þtmjs pgrg qugbqumr pmssig qum qumjrg bmvgr livgs jkmjgs gi culki mcprmsgrjgb, gfgkîcjfi iu grtãstjfi.–  ‛ Cjhgby Fsjdszmltcjhgbyj, pri`mssir km psjfibiejg kg Fbgrmcilt Ergkugtm ]ljvmrsjty4 kgomst-smbbmr Wugbjty i` @biw Bj`m _msmgrfh Fmltmr4 kjrmtir gutir ki

‒Dml _iojlsil tmc ucg cmltm irjejlgb m frjgtjvg. Læi filsjei  pmlsgr mc uc pirtg-viz kg frjgtjvjkgkm cmbhir. cmbhir. Vugs rm`bmxýms  pikmc smr gpbjfgkgs tglti lgs jlstjtujåýms km mlsjli fici li smtir prjvgki. Vicis tikis frjgtjvis ê uc erglkm sifi lg ficpbgfîlfjg.–  ‛ _uth Vpmbbcgl, FMI kg Jlvmstirs jl Qmipbm, _mjli ]ljki

‒Mu gkirgrjg filhmfmr Dml _iojlsil pmssigbcmltm. [mlhi ucg erglkm g`jljkgkm fic sugs jkmjgs. Vmus tmxtis sæi mspjrjtuisis,  pir vmzms cirkgzms, m mbm km`mlkm smus greucmltis greucmltis fic mvjkîlfjgs m pmsqujsgs. _iojlsil lis cistrg uc `uturi li qugb is nivmls  prmfjsgræi gprmlkmr gprmlkmr,, pir cmji km ucg mkufgåæi kj`mrmltm m cmbhir,, g sibtgr smu pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi m bjkgr fic gs cukglågs. cmbhir  Qgrg cjc, qum trgogbhi fic kmsmlvibvjcmlti km emstirms, jssi mstç cgjs ki qum fbgri. Is greucmltis km _iojlsil mc prib kg cukglåg sæi jlqumstjilçvmjs. _mficmlki qum vifî bmjg mstm bjvri,  pgrtjfjpm kgs kjsfussýms m `gåg pgrtm ki livi Cglgemcmlt  pgrgkjecg.–  ‛ _mvjstg  Qmipbm ‒Dml _iojlsil `gz frãtjfgs rgziçvmjs m mcogsgkgs gi sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb kis kjgs km hinm. G gtugb iosmssæi ki lissi sjstmcg km mlsjli mstç prmnukjfglki læi sö gs lissgs mcprmsgs, cgs tgcoêc gs frjglågs m is nivmls. _iojlsil mstç fmrtãssjci.–  ‛ _mvjstg Grts Qri`mssjilgb Qri`mssjilgb

 

‒Lmstm bjvri, Dml _iojlsil gprmsmltg pripistgs pgrg mbjcjlgr g mstgrrmfmkirg `gbtg km prmpgri prmpgri pgrg vjvmr mc uc culki qum mxjem fgkg vmz cgjs fgpgfjkgkm cmltgb. I gutir mstjcubg g rm`bmxæi m læi mvjtg gbeuls pgrgkixis fruêjs kg gtugbjkgkm, fici i `gti km i  pgkræi km vjkg mstgr cmbhirglki gi cmsci tmcpi qum g qugbjkgkm km vjkg glçbjsm vmrkgkmjrgcmltm msfbgrmfmkirg kgs rgzýms pmbgspjirg> qugjs ucg læi filsmeujcis filfrmtjzgr i pitmlfjgb lgturgb kgs pmssigs mc ucg êpifg km mlircms m jcpbgfçvmjs cukglågs.–  ‛ Kjrmftir Cgegzjlm ‒]c trgogbhi km pri`ulki sjelj`jfgki lg çrmg. @jqumj jcprmssjilgkãssjci fic gs pmrspmftjvgs hjstörjfgs m g vgrjmkgkm km jlsjehts rmtjrgkis kis fgcpis kgs grtms, fjîlfjgs, psjfibiejg m cujtis iutris. ]c rmtrgti gosibutgcmltm prmfjsi ki sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb kg gtugbjkgkm qum cistrg fic jlfrãvmb fbgrmzg g lmfmssjkgkm km jlivgr, jlivgr, km fjcg g ogjxi, lissi ciki km pmlsgr.– pmlsgr.–  ‛ Frmgtjvm-Cglgemcmlt  ‒Mstm bjvri pripým pripým cukglågs rgkjfgjs lg cglmjrg fici mlfgrgcis g jltmbjeîlfjg, g mkufgåæi m is rmfursis hucglis pgrg ml`rmltgr is mxtrgirkjlçrjis kmsg`jis km vjvmr m trgogbhgr li sêfubi XXJ. Bmjturg iorjegtörjg pgrg qugbqumr pmssig jltmrmssgkg li `uturi kg frjgtjvjkgkm, mkufgåæi m qugbj`jfgåæi.–  ‛ Fmltmr `ir Frmgtjvm Ficculjtjms

‒Ás vmzms, uc msfrjtir tmc i rgri tgbmlti km msfbgrmfmr, msfbgrmfmr, fic sjcpbjfjkgkm m orjbhgltjsci, uc `gti qum smcprm mstmvm kmogjxi ki lissi lgrjz cgs lulfg vjcis gtê mltæi. Dml _iojlsil læi sö rmgbjzg mssg `gåglhg lmstm bjvri fici vgj gbêc m `gz rmbgåýms qum ljleuêc tjlhg pmlsgki mc `gzmr gltms... Gtê is pmlsgkirms cgjs iostjlgkgcmltm prisgjfis m filsmrvgkirms væi qumrmr jlivgr kmpijs km smrmc mxpistis ás jkmjgs, tmirjgs m mspmfubgåýms ki gutir.. M, fici sm tuki jssi læi ogstgssm, smu tmxti ê  gutir gosibutgcmltm fbgri m jrrmsjstãvmb.– jrrmsjstãvmb.–

 

 ‛ Qri`mssir [jc [jc Orjehiusm

‒Gbeuls rgris bjvris filsmeumc smr gogbjzgkis, kjvmrtjkis m jlstjegltms m gi cmsci tmcpi omc msfrjtis m rmpbmtis km mxmcpbis.  Qiufis gutirms kicjlgc tikis mssms mbmcmltis. Gbvjl Gbvjl [ [i``bmr i``bmr m Fhgrbms Hglky sæi kijs mxmcpbis. M mu jlfbujrjg mstm bjvri fgtjvgltm km Dml _iojlsil siorm g frjgtjvjkgkm á cjlhg bjstg  pmssigb km pêribgs. G frjgtjvjkgkm ê uc kgqumbms tmcgs fgpgzms km  privifgr gcir iu ökji. Dml _iojlsil gfrmkjtg gfrmkjtg qum tikgs gs  pmssigs nç lgsfmc fic uc tgbmlti frjgtjvi, cgs cujtgs læi sm kæi filtg. G sifjmkgkm mc emrgb m g mkufgåæi mc pgrtjfubgr tîc i  pikmr km su`ifgr g jcgejlgåæi m kmstrujr g gutifil`jglåg. Fil`mssi qum `jqumj fhgtmgki quglki i bjvri fhmeiu gi `jc. G bmjturg pikm tmrcjlgr, tmrcjlgr, cgs g rm`bmxæi filtjlug, fici smrjg km sm mspmrgr km uc bjvri siorm siorm uc tmcg tæi jltrjegltm.–  ‛[mk  ‛[ mk Urgee, mkufgkir orjtïljfi m mx-kjrmt mx-kjrmtir ir kg Mxmtmr ]ljvmrsjty

 

Gergkmfjcmltis

Mstg ê g tmrfmjrg mkjåæi km Vicis tikis frjgtjvis. Viu mspmfjgbcmltm ergti g Glljm Dljeht, kg Ujbmy, pir suemrjr ucg livg mkjåæi. G vmrkgkm ê qum, smc smu kmbjfgki mlfirgngcmlti, mu privgvmbcmltm ngcgjs pmlsgrjg mc cmxmr li bjvri, m hinm `jfi `mbjz pir mbg tmr cm kgki mssm mcpurræizjlhi. Viu ergti g tikg g mqujpm km prikuåæi kg Ujbmy, mspmfjgbcmltm g [mssg Gbbml, qum, fic smu fujkgki m mxpmrtjsm, tirliu pissãvmb trgzmr mstg mkjåæi gi culki mc ucg `ircg tæi ombg. [gcoêc siu ergti, fici smcprm, g cmu gemltm bjtmrçrji, Qmtmr Cjbbmr, i ‒Bmæi Bjtmrçrji–, pmbi gpiji mltusjgscgki m filstgltm gi cmu trgogbhi. [gcoêc kmvi gergkmfjcmltis g Ormlkgl Ogrls, `ulkgkir ki Bilkil Ousjlmss @iruc m cmu prjcmjri gemltm km pgbmstrgs, qum `ij rmspilsçvmb, gi bgki km cjlhg mspisg m söfjg, [mrry, pir cm jlfmltjvgr g msfrmvmr g mkjåæi irjejlgb kmstm bjvri gpmsgr km uc prgzi prgtjfgcmltm jcpissãvmb. Ibhglki pgrg trçs, siu pri`ulkgcmltm ergti gis kijs pir tmrmc cm `irågki g msfrmvmr lgqumbm bilei m qumltm vmræi km ?111. Kmvi fil`mssgr qum læi `uj tæi ergti lg ifgsjæi! Kmvi cmus cgjs pri`ulkis gergkmfjcmltis, fici smcprm, g [mrry, qum `gåi qumstæi km hicmlgemgr lg kmkjfgtörjg kmstm bjvri m mc tuki i qum `gzmcis nultis. Mbg ê ucg jlspjrgåæi pgrg cjc m pgrg iutrgs jlfiltçvmjs pmssigs.

 

Qrm`çfji kg tmrfmjrg  mkjåæi

Msfrmvj g mkjåæi irjejlgb km Vicis tikis frjgtjvis mc ?111. ]cg smeulkg mkjåæi titgbcmltm rmvjstg `ij puobjfgkg mc ?177. I qum vifî tmc lgs cæis geirg ê g tmrfmjrg mkjåæi, tgcoêc titgbcmltm rmvjstg m gtugbjzgkg. I qum  nustj`jfg mstg livg mkjåæi9 Qgrg ficmågr, msfrmvj mstm bjvri irjejlgbcmltm pirqum, kjgltm kg vmbifjkgkm m kg lgturmzg kgs cukglågs, prmfjsgcis rmpmlsgr g lös cmscis, g mkufgåæi m g cglmjrg fici gkcjljstrgcis lissgs mcprmsgs m jlstjtujåýms. Mc qugsm tikgs gs `rmltms, gs cukglågs mstæi ifirrmlki mc uc rjtci `rmlêtjfi, m is priobmcgs qum mstm bjvri sm pripým g goirkgr mstæi sm tirlglki fgkg vmz cgjs uremltms. Mstg livg mkjåæi rmprmsmltg cjlhg tmltgtjvg km gficpglhgr mssgs cukglågs. Mc smeulki buegr, is greucmltis qum gprmsmlti sm tirlgrgc cgjs (læi cmlis) uremltms, m mstg mkjåæi is gprmsmltg km cglmjrg gjlkg cgjs jlfjsjvg. Wuglti cgjs ficpbmxi i culki sm tirlg, cgjs frjgtjvis prmfjsgcis smr pgrg ml`rmltgr is priobmcgs fgusgkis pir tgcglhg ficpbmxjkgkm. Cgs cujtgs pmssigs kuvjkgc ki pröprji pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi. sm pripým g mxpbjfgr pir qum g frjgtjvjkgkm ê tæi jcpirtgltm, pir qum gs pmssigs gfhgc qum læi sæi frjgtjvgs, fici fhmegcis g mssm pilti m i qum pikmcis `gzmr g rmspmjti. Cmus ionmtjvis fic mstm bjvri sæi gnukgr gs pmssigs g sm filvmlfmr km qum nç sæi frjgtjvgs m mltmlkmr gs rgzýms qum gs bmvgrgc g kuvjkgr km sug fgpgfjkgkm km frjgåæi4 mlfirgngr gs iregljzgåýms g gfrmkjtgr mc smu pitmlfjgb jlivgkir m frjgr filkjåýms pgrg frmsfmr4 m pricivmr ucg rmvibuåæi frjgtjvg lis sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs ki culki. Lg jltrikuåæi á prjcmjrg mkjåæi, mu kjssm qum msfrmvj mstm bjvri pir trîs rgzýms. M filtjlui tmlki trîs rgzýms pgrg gtugbjzç-bi. Qgrg ficmågr, g Vicis tikis frjgtjvis

jltmbjeîlfjg hucglg ê jcouãkg km ucg frjgtjvjkgkm pri`ulkg m

 

gosibutgcmltm jljeugbçvmb. Pjvmcis mc uc culki km`jljki pmbgs jkmjgs, frmlågs m vgbirms kg jcgejlgåæi m kg fubturg hucglgs. I culki hucgli ê `ruti læi sö ki gcojmltm lgturgb, cgs tgcoêc kg cmltm hucglg. Qmlsgr m smltjr jcpbjfgc cujti cgjs ki qum vmr i culki fici mbm ê, cgs tgcoêc rm`bmtjr siorm mbm, jltmrprmtgr gs mxpmrjîlfjgs m bhms gtrjoujr uc sjelj`jfgki. Kj`mrmltms vjvmc km cglmjrgsqum kj`mrmltms gfirki fic gs jkmjgs qumficuljkgkms sustmltgc m fic is sjelj`jfgkis gtrjoumc km ás mxpmrjîlfjgs. Lös bjtmrgbcmltm frjgcis i culki mc qum vjvmcis. M tmcis, tgcoêc, i pikmr km rmfrjç-bi. Gs erglkms rmvibuåýms kg hjstörjg kg hucgljkgkm `irgc jlstjegkgs pir livgs jkmjgs, pir livgs pmrspmftjvgs qum pusmrgc pir tmrrg gbeucgs vmbhgs fmrtmzgs. Mc smeulki buegr, ficprmmlkmr i lissi pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi ê, mc pgrtm, ucg qumstæi km kmsfiorjr i cmji mc qum vjvmcis, km mstgr mc lissi mbmcmlti. G mkufgåæi kmvmrjg lis gnukgr lmssg tgrm`g, cgs i qum gfiltmfm ê qum cujtgs pmssigs sæi g`gstgkgs km smus vmrkgkmjris tgbmltis. Mssgs pmssigs mstæi `irg km smu mbmcmlti m, pir jssi, fil`usgs. Qir `jc, gs pibãtjfgs mkufgfjilgjs kg gtugbjkgkm pgrmfmc mstgr prmsgs g ucg cmltgbjkgkm gltjqugkg. Mc vmz km ucg kjsfussæi pilkmrgkg siorm gs mstrgtêejgs lmfmssçrjgs pgrg bjkgr fic mssgs cukglågs mxtrgirkjlçrjgs, is sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs ki culki rmpmtmc i vmbhi cgltrg km mbmvgr is pgkrýms gfgkîcjfis trgkjfjilgjs. I priobmcg ê qum mssms pgkrýms `irgc frjgkis li pgssgki, tmlki mc vjstg iutrgs lmfmssjkgkms m fic iutris pripösjtis, fici mxpbjfgrmj cgjs gkjgltm. Ngcgjs filsmeujrmcis lgvmegr pmbgs ficpbmxjkgkms ki `uturi sm læi kmserukgrcis is ibhis ki mspmbhi rmtrivjsir. Filtjlui filvmlfjki, fici mstgvg lg puobjfgåæi kg prjcmjrg mkjåæi kmstm bjvri, km qum ê ucg biufurg filtjlugr lmstm fgcjlhi. Dml _iojlsil Bis Glembms, cgji km ?175

 

7

[iki culki ê frjgtjvi, cgs lmc tikis sgomc kjssi ‒Wuglki gs pmssigs cm kjzmc qum læi sæi frjgtjvgs, mu prmsuci qum mbgs gjlkg læi gprmlkmrgc i qum g frjgtjvjkgkm mlvibvm.–

Frjglki i `uturi Pifî ê ucg pmssig frjgtjvg9 M is smus fibmegs km trgogbhi9 M is smus gcjeis9 Li pröxjci fhurrgsfi, kî ucg pmreultgkg pgrg vmr i qum mbms gfhgc. Pifî Pifî pikm sm surprmmlkmr fic gs rmspistgs. [rgogbhmj fic pmssigs m iregljzgåýms ki culki tiki m pir ilkm pgssi mlfiltri smcprm i cmsci pgrgkixi. G cgjir pgrtm kgs frjglågs gfhg qum ê frjgtjvg, m cujtis gkubtis læi sm filsjkmrgc gssjc. Mssg qumstæi ê cgjs rmbmvgltm ki qum pikm pgrmfmr. G hucgljkgkm lulfg ml`rmltiu tgltgs m tæi rçpjkgs cukglågs quglti gs km hinm m, fici sm jssi læi ogstgssm, mssgs cukglågs læi tîc prmfmkmltms. Læi sgomcis fici gs ficpbmxjkgkms ki prmsmltm væi sm cglj`mstgr li `uturi. Gs cukglågs fubturgjs lulfg sæi bjlmgrms m rgrgcmltm pikmc smr prmvjstgs. Vm `issmc, gs bmejýms km eurus m gkjvjlhis pmrkmrjgc smu eglhgpæi. @ij privgvmbcmltm fic jssi mc cmltm qum i mfilicjstg N. D. Egborgjth kmfbgriu> ‒I cgjir ionmtjvi ki fgcpi kg prinmåæi mfilûcjfg ê kgr uc piufi km rmspmjtgojbjkgkm á gstribiejg–. Mc uc culki qum ejrg fgkg vmz cgjs rçpjki, tikgs gs mcprmsgs prmfjsgc km pmssigs qum sgjogc pmlsgr fic frjgtjvjkgkm, ficuljfgr-sm omc m trgogbhgr mc mqujpm, iu, mc

 

iutrgs pgbgvrgs, pmssigs `bmxãvmjs m fgpgzms km sm gkgptgr rgpjkgcmltm. I priobmcg ê qum cujtgs iregljzgåýms sjcpbmscmltm læi mstæi filsmeujlki mlfiltrgr mssgs pmssigs. Qir qum jssi gfiltmfm9 Cmu ionmtjvi fic mstm bjvri ê rmspilkmr g trîs pmreultgs. Qir qum qum ê jjcpr cprmsf msfjlk jlkãvm ãvmbb pr priciv icivmr mr g frjgt frjgtjvj jvjkgk kgkm9 m9  Bãkmrms

mcprmsgrjgjs, pibãtjfis m mkufgkirms ml`gtjzgc g jcpirtïlfjg km pricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm m g jlivgåæi. Qir qum jssi `grjg tgltg kj`mrmlåg9 Wugbb ê i pr Wug priob iobmcg9 mcg9 Qir qum gs pmssigs prmfjsgc km gnukg pgrg smrmc frjgtjvgs9 G fgomåg kgs frjglågs `mrvjbhg fic livgs jkmjgs. I qum gfiltmfm kurgltm lissi frmsfjcmlti qum lis bmvg g gfrmkjtgr qum læi sicis frjgtjvis9 I qum g frj frjgtj gtjvjk vjkgkm gkm mlvib mlvibvm9 vm9  I qum ê frjgtjvjkgkm9 Vmrç qum tikis lös sicis frjgtjvis iu sö gbeuls piufis msfibhjkis9 G frjgtjvjkgkm pikm smr kmsmlvibvjkg m, sm `ir i fgsi, fici jssi pikm smr `mjti9 [iki culki tmc jkmjgs livgs km vmz mc quglki, cgs fici ê pissãvmb pricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm li kjg g kjg9 Vm `ir bãkmr km ucg mcprmsg, ucg iregljzgåæi iu ucg msfibg, fici vifî pikm tirlgr sjstmcçtjfg g jlivgåæi9 Fici pricivmr ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi9

_mpmlsglki g frjgtjvjkgkm Qgrg rmspilkmr g mssgs pmreultgs, ê jcpirtgltm pgrtjr km ucg km`jljåæi fbgrg kg frjgtjvjkgkm m km smu `ulfjilgcmlti. Væi trîs filfmjtis rmbgfjilgkis, qum mbgoirgrmj á cmkjkg qum gvglågrcis. Mssms filfmjtis sæi g jcgejlgåæi, qum ê i prifmssi km usgr g cmltm pgrg pmlsgr mc fijsgs qum læi mstæi prmsmltms gis lissis smltjkis4 g frjgtjvjkgkm, qum ê i prifmssi km kmsmlvibvmr jkmjgs irjejlgjs qum tmlhgc vgbir4 m g jlivgåæi, qum ê i prifmssi km fibifgr gs livgs jkmjgs mc prçtjfg. Kmssms filfmjtis, i qum emrg cgjs cgb-mltmlkjkis ê g frjgtjvjkgkm.

Qmssigs mspmfjgjs9 ]c kmssms cgb-mltmlkjkis ê g jkmjg km qum sö pmssigs mspmfjgjs sæi frjgtjvgs. Mbg ê rm`irågkg pir hjstörjgs km ãfilms frjgtjvis fici Cgrthg

 

Erghgc, Qgobi Qjfgssi, Gbomrt Mjlstmjl, [hicgs Mkjsil, Pjrejljg Uib`, Cgyg Glembiu m Vtmvm Nios. Gs mcprmsgs pgrmfmc filfirkgr fic jssi, læi rgri kjvjkjlki sug `iråg km trgogbhi mc kijs erupis> is ‒frjgtjvis– m is ‒fmrtjlhis–. Mc emrgb, ê `çfjb kjzmr qumc sæi is frjgtjvis kg mcprmsg> sæi gqumbms qum læi vmstmc tmrli. Mbms usgc nmgls m fhmegc gtrgsgkis gi trgogbhi pirqumqum pgssgrgc g lijtmlæi mcsæi fbgri rucjlglki Læi mstiu kjzmlki is frjgtjvis frjgtjvis. Mbmsgbeucg pikmc jkmjg. smr cujti frjgtjvis, cgs qugbqumr pmssig pikm smr cujti frjgtjvg sm tjvmr gs filkjåýms firrmtgs, jlfbusjvm is ‒fmrtjlhis–. [iki culki tmc uc tgbmlti frjgtjvi. I kmsg`ji ê kmsmlvibvî-bi. ]cg fubturg km jlivgåæi prmfjsg jlfbujr tikis, læi sö uc erupi smbmti.

‒Ficmåi fic g prmcjssg km qum tiki smr hucgli lgsfm fic uc mlircm tgbmlti frjgtjvi. I kmsg`ji ê kmsmlvibvî-bi. ]cg fubturg km jlivgåæi prmfjsg jlfbujr tikis, læi sö uc erupi smbmti.–

Çrmgs mspmfã`jfgs9 I smeulki mquãvifi ê qum g frjgtjvjkgkm sö sm kmsmlvibvm mc fmrtgs çrmgs, fici gs grtms, g puobjfjkgkm, i kmsjel iu i cgrdmtjle. Ê omc vmrkgkm qum tikgs mssgs gtjvjkgkms pikmc smr frjgtjvgs, cgs i cmsci pikm smr kjti kgs fjîlfjgs, kg cgtmcçtjfg, kg pmkgeiejg, kg cmkjfjlg, kis mspirtms, kg fubjlçrjg iu km qugbqumr iutrg gtjvjkgkm. Gbeucgs uljvmrsjkgkms fhmegc g tmr uc kmpgrtgcmlti km ‒grtms frjgtjvgs–. Viu g `gvir km i`mrmfmr cgjs gfmssi `gfubkgkms, cgsjlfbujlki gfrmkjti gs qumfjîlfjgs g frjgtjvjkgkm læi sm rmstrjlemásásgrtms grtms.lgs Iutrgs kjsfjpbjlgs, m g cgtmcçtjfg, pikmc smr tæi frjgtjvgs quglti gs grtms. Ê pissãvmb smr frjgtjvi mc qugbqumr gtjvjkgkm qum mlvibvg jltmbjeîlfjg. Gs mcprmsgs sæi frjgtjvgs mc kj`mrmltms çrmgs. G Gppbm `jfiu `gcisg pir sug fgpgfjkgkm km frjgr prikutis ficpbmtgcmltm livis. G `iråg frjgtjvg ki Ugb-Cgrt mstç lg çrmg km sjstmcgs, fici emstæi kg fgkmjg km suprjcmlti m prmfj`jfgåæi. G Vtgroufds læi jlvmltiu i fg`ê, cgs frjiu ucg fubturg mspmfjgb km gtmlkjcmlti gi rmkir kmbm. Qmlsglki omc, g Vtgroufds jlvmltiu i fg`ê km ]V$ 8, i qum, g cmu vmr, `ij ucg mlircm

 

jlivgåæi. ]cg fubturg km jlivgåæi kmvm jlfbujr tikgs gs çrmgs kg iregljzgåæi.

Vmc lmlhuc filtribm9 G frjgtjvjkgkm læi rgri ê gssifjgkg á bjomrkgkm km mxprmssæi, m gbeucgs pmssigs gfhgc qum pikm smr priobmcçtjfi mlfirgngr kmcgjs i kmsmlvibvjcmlti kmssg hgojbjkgkm lgs msfibgs. Mbgs pmlsgc mc frjglågs firrmlki kmsml`rmgkgs, erjtglki m qumorglki tuki i qum vmmc pmbg `rmltm, mc ipisjåæi g frjglågs `gzmlki g bjåæi qujmtjlhgs. Vmr frjgtjvi cujtgs vmzms mlvibvm orjlfgr fic gs jkmjgs m sm kjvmrtjr li prifmssi. [gcoêc mlvibvm trgogbhgr kuri mc jkmjgs m prinmtis, kmsmlvibvmlki-is kg cmbhir cglmjrg pissãvmb, smcprm gvgbjglki, gi bilei ki fgcjlhi, qugjs sæi cmbhirms m pir quî. Mc tikgs gs kjsfjpbjlgs, g frjgtjvjkgkm sm `ulkgcmltg mc hgojbjkgkm, filhmfjcmlti m filtribm. G frjgtjvjkgkm læi ê gpmlgs kjvmrsæi, cgs tgcoêc `ifi m mcpmlhi.

Gprmlkmlki g smr frjgtjvi Cujtg emltm gfhg qum gs pmssigs lgsfmc iu læi frjgtjvgs, ki cmsci ciki fici pikmc tmr ibhis fgstglhis iu gzujs, m læi hç cujti qum `gzmr g rmspmjti. G vmrkgkm ê qum hç cujtgs fijsgs qum pikmcis `gzmr pgrg gnukgr g lös cmscis m gis iutris g smr cgjs frjgtjvis. Vm gbeuêc bhm kjz qum ê glgb`gomti, vifî læi prmsucm qum g pmssig ê jlfgpgz km bmr iu msfrmvmr, m sjc qum mbg gjlkg læi gprmlkmu fici `gzmr jssi. M i cmsci sm gpbjfg á frjgtjvjkgkm. Wuglki gs pmssigs kjzmc qum læi sæi frjgtjvgs, mu prmsuci qum mbgs gjlkg læi gprmlkmrgc fici sî-bi. M tgcoêc qum mbgs sæi fgpgzms km gprmlkmr. M pir qum mssgs qumstýms sæi tæi jcpirtgltms, g`jlgb9

[rîs tmcgs Mstm bjvri ejrg mc tirli km trîs tmcgs prjlfjpgjs. Pjvmcis Pj vmcis mc ucg êêpifg pifg km cukglåg cukglågss rmvibufj rmvibufjilçrj ilçrjgs gs

 

Pifî pikm cirgr mc qugbqumr buegr ki culki iu `gzmr i qum `ir, cgs, sm mstjvmr li pbglmtg [mrrg, mstç tmstmculhglki ucg rmvibuåæi ebiogb. M mstiu `gbglki km ucg rmvibuåæi rmgb, læi cmtg`örjfg. Hinm mc kjg sicis mxpistis g `irågs gosibutgcmltm smc prmfmkmltms. Gs rmbgåýms hucglgs smcprm `irgc turoubmltgs, cgs lulfg gs cukglågs `irgc tæi rçpjkgs tæi erglkms hinm. Kugs kgs `irågsm jcpubsjilgkirgs kmssgs mcukglågs sæiquglti g jlivgåæi tmfliböejfg i frmsfjcmlti pipubgfjilgb. Nultgs, mbgs mstæi trgls`ircglki g lissg vjkg m i lissi trgogbhi, trgls`ircglki g lgturmzg kg pibãtjfg m kg fubturg m fibifglki mc rjsfi is rmfursis lgturgjs ki pbglmtg. Is rmsubtgkis sæi jcprmvjsãvmjs. I qum sgomcis gi fmrti ê qum lös ‖ m, pir mxtmlsæi, lissis `jbhis ‖ mstgcis kjgltm km kmsg`jis qum g hucgljkgkm lulfg tmvm km ml`rmltgr. ml`rmltgr.7 Qrmfjsgc Qrmfj sgcis is c cukg ukgrr g vjs vjsæi æi qum tmc tmcis is k kis is l liss issis is tgbm tgbmlti ltiss m k kgs gs lissgs hgojbjkgkms

Filsjkmrglki is kmsg`jis kjgltm km lös, g cgjir cukglåg prmfjsgrç smr lg pmrfmpåæi qum tmcis kg lissg fgpgfjkgkm m kg fgpgfjkgkm kis lissis `jbhis. Qmbg cjlhg mxpmrjîlfjg, cujtg emltm læi `gz jkmjg km smus tgbmltis. Cujtgs pmssigs gfhgc qum læi tîc lmlhuc tgbmlti mspmfjgb. Qgrti kg prmcjssg km qum tikis lös lgsfmcis fic tgbmltis mlircms, cgs rgris sæi is qum is kmsfiormc iu is kmsmlvibvmc. Jriljfgcmltm, uc kis `gtirms qum bmvgc g jssi ê g mkufgåæi. I kmspmrkãfji km tgbmltis læi ê kmbjomrgki. G cgjirjg kis mkufgkirms tmc i `jrcm ficpricjssi km gnukgr is gbulis g filfrmtjzgr smu pitmlfjgb. Qibãtjfis `gzmc kjsfursis `mrvirisis g `gvir kg priciåæi kg fgpgfjkgkm km tikis is gbulis. I kmspmrkãfji km tgbmltis pikm læi smr kmbjomrgki, cgs ê sjstîcjfi. Gs goirkgemls kicjlgltms kg mkufgåæi filfmltrgc-sm mc tjpis mspmfã`jfis km hgojbjkgkms, jelirglki sjstmcgtjfgcmltm gbeuls tgbmltis m mlemssglki g frjgtjvjkgkm km uc jlfiltçvmb lþcmri km pmssigs. Qrmfjsgcis cukgr lissgs msfibgs, mcprmsgs m ficuljkgkms

Qricivmr ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi tmc mlircms jcpbjfgåýms pgrg g cglmjrg fici gs jlstjtujåýms sæi iregljzgkgs, smngc mbgs msfibgs iu mcprmsgs, m pgrg is mstjbis km bjkmrglåg. Mc emrgb, is bãkmrms kis smtirms m prjvgki tîc trîsqum pmrspmftjvgs Mbms sgomc qum ucpþobjfi kis prjlfjpgjs kmsg`jis ml`rmltgc mc ê gficuc. ficpbmxjkgkm fgkg

 

vmz cgjir ki gcojmltm ebiogb, qum sö kmvm gfmbmrgr lis pröxjcis glis. Mbms tmcmc qum sugs iregljzgåýms læi mstmngc prmpgrgkgs pgrg mlfgrgr mssg ficpbmxjkgkm tikg. Mbms filfirkgc qum g hgojbjkgkm km bjkmrglåg cgjs jcpirtgltm pgrg gtugr lmssm fmlçrji ê g frjgtjvjkgkm. Cujtgs iregljzgåýms i`mrmfmc fursis pgrg jlfmltjvgr is `ulfjilçrjis g smrmc cgjs frjgtjvis, cgs, fici is rjtugjs kg priobmcgs kglåg kg fhuvg, qumg mbms pikmc mstgr jltmrprmtglki cgb is qum smgfrmkjti pripýmc rmsibvmr. Is priobmcgs qum mbms ml`rmltgc sæi jcmkjgtis m mxjstmc gbeucgs pissãvmjs sibuåýms jcmkjgtgs, cgs gs km bilei prgzi mstæi li sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb. [rgogbhmj fic sjstmcgs lgfjilgjs km mkufgåæi, fic kjstrjtis msfibgrms, kjrmtirms km msfibgs, pri`mssirms m gbulis ki ngrkjc km jl`ïlfjg á uljvmrsjkgkm, jlfbujlki jlstjtujåýms km mlsjli têfljfi m gssifjgåýms km gb`gomtjzgåæi km gkubtis. Bjkmrmj prinmtis lgfjilgjs km pmsqujsg, bmfjilmj mc uljvmrsjkgkms m trmjlmj mkufgkirms. Hinm mc kjg, tgcoêc trgogbhi fic ficpglhjgs km tiki tjpi, jlfbujlki gs kg @irtulm =11, erglkms oglfis m smeurgkirgs, mcprmsgs km kmsjel, km cãkjg, iregljzgåýms km tmflibiejg kg jl`ircgåæi omc fici gs qum gtugc li smtir ki vgrmni, cglu`gturg, mlemlhgrjg m smrvjåis. [rgogbhmj fic fmltris fubturgjs li fgcpi kgs grtms m kgs fjîlfjgs4 fic cusmus, irqumstrgs m ficpglhjgs km kglåg m tmgtri, omc fici iregljzgåýms grtãstjfgs ficuljtçrjgs. Cmu trgogbhi cm bmviu á Muripg, á Gcêrjfg ki Lirtm, á Gcêrjfg ki Vub, gi Irjmltm Cêkji m á Çsjg. Pj mc prjcmjrg cæi qum is smtirms kg mkufgåæi, kg fubturg m kis lmeöfjis tîc cujtgs kj`jfubkgkms mc ficuc. Gbeucgs sæi gergvgkgs pmbi `gti km mssms smtirms tmrmc piufi filtgti uls fic is iutris. Is bãkmrms mcprmsgrjgjs rmfbgcgc qum i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb læi mstç prikuzjlki gs pmssigs kgs qugjs mbms prmfjsgc fic tgltg ureîlfjg> pmssigs qum sgjogc bmr, msfrmvmr, `gzmr filtgs m smngc fgpgzms km glgbjsgr jl`ircgåýms m jkmjgs4 fgpgzms km tmr m jcpbmcmltgr jkmjgs livgs4 qum sgjogc sm ficuljfgr fic fbgrmzg m trgogbhgr mc mqujpm. Mbms qumrmc qum i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb `irlmåg pmssigs fic mssgs qugbjkgkms m rmfbgcgc quglki jssi læi gfiltmfm. Is mkufgkirms sm qumjxgc km qum g fubturg km privgs m tmstms pgkriljzgkis, qum is pibãtjfis fistucgc jcpir km gfirki fic is jltmrmssms mfilûcjfis, mstç cgtglki g frjgtjvjkgkm km pri`mssirms m gbulis. Wumrmc kgr ucg mkufgåæi cgjs mqujbjorgkg m kjlïcjfg, qum utjbjzm g mlmrejg frjgtjvg km tikis. Fic `rmquîlfjg, smltmc-sm jcpitmltms

 

kmvjki ás prmssýms pibãtjfgs km fil`ircjkgkm m gi kmsjltmrmssm kis mstukgltms qum si`rmc fic i cmsci priobmcg. Mlquglti jssi, is pgjs sm prmifupgc fic g qugbjkgkm kg mkufgåæi km smus `jbhis. Mbms prmsucmc qum i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb gnukgrç smus `jbhis g mlfiltrgr oils mcprmeis m sm tirlgr `jlglfmjrgcmltm jlkmpmlkmltms. M tgcoêc mspmrgc qum i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb gnukm is nivmlsÊgjssi jkmltj`jfgr smus tgbmltis g tmr ucg vjkg rmpbmtg km smltjki m pripösjti. qum is nivmls qumrmc.m I cmbhir `uturi pgrg tikis lös rmsjkm mc ucg cgjir ficprmmlsæi m fibgoirgåæi mltrm tikis mssms erupis.

G uljæi kg mkufgåæi, kis lmeöfjis m kg fubturg  Lmc smcprm ê oic usgr g pgbgvrg ‒mkufgåæi– mc mvmltis sifjgjs. Wuglki mstiu lucg `mstg m kjei qum trgogbhi fic mkufgåæi, kç pgrg vmr i jltmrmssm `uejlki kis ibhis ki cmu jltmrbifutir. ‒Cgs qum gzgr!–, g pmssig pmlsg. ‒@uj puxgr pgpi nustgcmltm fic uc mkufgkir lg þljfg lijtm lg smcglg qum tmlhi pgrg rmbgxgr.– Qir iutri bgki, sm mu pmreultgr siorm g vjkg msfibgr kmbms iu km smus `jbhis, mbms læi filsmeumc pgrgr km `gbgr. G mkufgåæi ê uc kgqumbms tmcgs qum gs pmssigs fistucgc bmvgr cujti g sêrji, fici rmbjejæi, pibãtjfg m kjlhmjri. M kmvmrãgcis cmsci bmvç-bg g sêrji. G qugbjkgkm kg mkufgåæi g`mtg tikgs gs pmssigs, smlki km jcpirtïlfjg vjtgb pgrg g lissg rmgbjzgåæi, pgrg i `uturi kis lissis `jbhis m pgrg i kmsmlvibvjcmlti ki pbglmtg. G mkufgåæi ergvg mc lös ucg jcprmssæi qum ê cujti cu jti kj`ãfjb km gpgegr. Gbeucgs kgs pmssigs km cgjir kmstgqum læi sm kmrgc omc li sjstmcg msfibgr. M, gpmsgr km tiki i smu sufmssi, mbgs gfgogc gfhglki qum læi sæi tæi mspmrtgs quglti pgrmfmc. Mssm erupi jlfbuj pri`mssirms, rmjtirms, mcprmsçrjis, cþsjfis, msfrjtirms, grtjstgs, grqujtmtis m tgltis iutris. Cujtis filsmeujrgc tmr sufmssi gpmsgr km sug msfibgrjkgkm, m læi pir fgusg kmbg. Ê fbgri qum vçrjis iutris gkirgrgc i tmcpi qum pgssgrgc li sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb m gprivmjtgrgc cujti omc i qum gprmlkmrgc. Cgs m tikgs gs pmssigs qum læi sm omlm`jfjgrgc ki qum bhms `ij mlsjlgki9 Kjgltm kgs mlircms m rçpjkgs cukglågs, eivmrlis ki culki tiki mstæi jlvmstjlki `irtulgs pgrg rm`ircgr i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb km smus pgãsms. Jssi ê oic, cgs læi i su`jfjmltm. I kmsg`ji læi ê rm`ircgr i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb, cgs trgls`ircç-bi.

 

Á cmkjkg qum g rmvibuåæi tmfliböejfg m mfilûcjfg sm gfmbmrg, is sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs gi rmkir ki culki væi smlki rm`ircgkis. G cgjirjg kis pgãsms tmc ucg mstrgtêejg km kugs `rmltms. G prjcmjrg ê gucmltgr i gfmssi á mkufgåæi, mspmfjgbcmltm gi mlsjli supmrjir. G kmcglkg pir cgjs qugbj`jfgåæi frmsfm g fgkg gli, m hinm g mkufgåæi m i trmjlgcmlti mstæi ismltrm is cgjirms lmeöfjis ki culki. mstrgtêejg ê mbmvgr pgkrýms. Is pgkrýms mkufgfjilgjs kmvmcGsmrsmeulkg gbtis m ljleuêc qumstjilg qum ê ucg oig jkmjg mbmvç-bis. Læi `gz smltjki rmkuzjbis. Cgs km qum tjpi km pgkræi mstgcis `gbglki9 Ê jcpirtgltãssjci mkufgr cgjs pmssigs m tmr uc pgkræi cujti cgjs gbti, cgs mbms prmfjsgc mstgr gnustgkis pgrg fgkg gbuli. G mkufgåæi læi ê m lulfg `ij uc prifmssi jcpgrfjgb km kmsmlvibvjcmlti kgs hgojbjkgkms lgturgjs kgs pmssigs. Is sjstmcgs km mkufgåæi mc cgssg sm `ulkgcmltgc mc kijs pjbgrms. I prjcmjri ê mfilûcjfi> mbms `irgc frjgkis fic ogsm mc prmcjssgs mspmfã`jfgs siorm is cmrfgkis km trgogbhi, qum gbeucgs kmssgs prmcjssgs `irgc mstæi iosibmtgs. I smeulki pjbgr êsmlki jltmbmftugb> is sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs frjgkis fic ogsm mc filfmjtis mspmfã`jfis siorm g jltmbjeîlfjg gfgkîcjfg, qum læi rgri kmsfilsjkmrgc iutrgs hgojbjkgkms jeugbcmltm jcpirtgltms, mspmfjgbcmltm pgrg g frjgtjvjkgkm m g jlivgåæi. Gltms kg cmtgkm ki sêfubi XJX, rmbgtjvgcmltm piufgs pmssigs rmfmojgc ucg mkufgåæi `ircgb, qum mrg ogsjfgcmltm ucg mxfbusjvjkgkm kis piufis prjvjbmejgkis qum tjlhgc rmfursis pgrg pgegr pmbis mstukis. Is sjstmcgs km mkufgåæi mc cgssg `irgc frjgkis prjlfjpgbcmltm pgrg gtmlkmr á kmcglkg kg _mvibuåæi Jlkustrjgb m rm`bmtmc is prjlfãpjis kg prikuåæi jlkustrjgb> bjlmgrjkgkm, pgkriljzgåæi.gprmsmltgc g cmscg Qrgtjfgcmltm tikis fil`ircjkgkm is sjstmcgs mmkufgfjilgjs hjmrgrqujg km kjsfjpbjlgs, qum sm rmvmbg li tmcpi qum bhms ê gtrjouãki, sm sæi iorjegtörjgs iu iptgtjvgs, sm mltrgc li furrãfubi emrgb iu pgssgræi pgrg g mspmfjgbjzgåæi, sm `irgc jlfbuãkgs mc tmstms pgkriljzgkis, m sm sæi iu læi jlfbuãkgs lis kmogtms pibãtjfis pgrg mbmvgr is pgkrýms kg mkufgåæi. Li tipi kg hjmrgrqujg mstæi cgtmcçtjfg, jkjicgs m fjîlfjgs4 mc smeujkg, vîc gs kjsfjpbjlgs km hucglgs ‖ hjstörjg, emierg`jg m mstukis sifjgjs ‖ m mkufgåæi `ãsjfg4 mcogjxi `jfgc gs grtms. I fgcpi kgs grtms tmc g pröprjg hjmrgrqujg> grtms pbçstjfgs m cþsjfg lircgbcmltm eglhgc uc stgtus supmrjir g tmgtri m kglåg. kj`ãfjb gfhgr uc sjstmcg msfibgr qumfici mlsjlmê kglåg tikis is kjgs, ficiÊucg kjsfjpbjlg iorjegtörjg, kg `ircg

 

`mjti fic g cgtmcçtjfg. Mssg hjmrgrqujg læi ê gfjkmltgb m ogsmjg-sm mc supisjåýms siorm g i`mrtg m g kmcglkg ki cmrfgki m siorm g jltmbjeîlfjg (cgjs mspmfj`jfgcmltm, g fgpgfjkgkm gfgkîcjfg). Cujtgs rm`ircgs mkufgfjilgjs pricivjkgs pmbis eivmrlis gpistgrgc lmssm cikmbi. Is eivmrlis rm`irågrgc g hjmrgrqujg, jcpusmrgc ucg fubturg km tmstms m rmstrjlejrgc kis mkufgkirms km kmfjkjr i qumpgkriljzgkis m fici mlsjlgr. Mssg læig êbjomrkgkm ucg mstrgtêejg pibãtjfg pgrtjkçrjg. Is pibãtjfis sæi mstrglhgcmltm uljkis lmssm smltjki. Mbms pikmc kjsfutjr siorm i `jlglfjgcmlti m g iregljzgåæi ki sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb, siorm qumstýms rmbgtjvgs gi gfmssi m á smbmåæi m siorm gs cmbhirms cglmjrgs km mbmvgr is pgkrýms. Cgs ê rgri iuvjr pibãtjfis km qugbqumr pgrtjki qumstjilglki g jcpirtïlfjg kis pgkrýms gfgkîcjfis iu g lmfmssjkgkm km tmstms pgkriljzgkis pgrg egrgltj-bis. M ê jrûljfi qum mbms pricivgc mssgs pibãtjfgs mc prib km jltmrmssms mfilûcjfis. ? Kjei qum ê jrûljfi pirqum mssgs rm`ircgs mstæi kmstrujlki gs hgojbjkgkms m gs qugbjkgkms pgrgficuljfgåæi, ml`rmltgr is fibgoirgåæi kmsg`jis gtugjs> frjgtjvjkgkm, ficprmmlsæilmfmssçrjgs kg fubturg, m rmsibuåæi km priobmcgs. [ikgs gs iregljzgåýms mstæi ficpmtjlki mc uc culki li qugb g fgpgfjkgkm km jlivgr m sm gkgptgr ás cukglågs mstç bilem km smr uc buxi, cgs ê ucg lmfmssjkgkm.6  Gs filsmquîlfjgs km læi mstgr gomrti g cukglågs pikmc smr ergvms. Gs iregljzgåýms qum `jfgrmc pgrgkgs smræi vgrrjkgs ki cgpg. G hjstörjg mstç fhmjg km kmstriåis km mcprmsgs, m gtê km smtirms jltmjris, qum rmsjstjrgc ás cukglågs. Mbgs sm gegrrgrgc g vmbhis hçojtis m pmrkmrgc g ilkg km cukglågs qum jcpubsjiliu gs mcprmsgs cgjs jlivgkirgs. M læi sæi sö gs mcprmsgs qum firrmc i rjsfi km `jfgr pgrg trçs. Qiufis filtmstgrjgc qum, lis sêfubis XPJJJ m XJX, g Muripg, mspmfjgbcmltm g Eræ-Ormtglhg, kicjliu i culki, fubturgb, pibãtjfg m mfilicjfgcmltm. G Eræ-Ormtglhg `ij i områi kg _mvibuåæi Jlkustrjgb m gs `irågs cjbjtgrms orjtïljfgs mxmrfmrgc smu pikmr siorm gs fibûljgs gi cmsci tmcpi qum g bãleug jlebmsg jlvgkjg gs fubturgs fibiljgjs. Wuglki g rgjlhg Pjtörjg suoju gi trili mc 7865, mbg eivmrlgvg i cgjir jcpêrji kg hjstörjg, uc jcpêrji li qugb i sib lulfg sm pulhg. Vm vifî tjvmssm jki á firtm kg rgjlhg Pjtörjg mc 7851 m suemrjki qum mssm jcpêrji tmrcjlgrjg mc ucg emrgåæi, ljleuêc i bmvgrjg g sêrji. Cgs `ij i qum gfiltmfmu. Li `jc

 

kg Qrjcmjrg Eumrrg Culkjgb, mc 7:78, i jcpêrji mstgvg `gtgbcmltm `mrjki m, quglki mu lgsfj, mc 7:=1, læi pgssgvg km ucg bmcorglåg. Fubturgb, pibãtjfg m mfilicjfgcmltm, i sêfubi XX `ij kicjlgki pmbis Mstgkis ]ljkis, gssjc fici g Muripg kicjliu i sêfubi XJX. Gjlkg læi sgomcis sm is Mstgkis ]ljkis filtjlugræi kicjlglki i sêfubi XXJ. Fici i prmcjgki fjmltjstg lirtm-gcmrjfgli Kjgcilkgiskmcilstriu, is jcpêrjis tmlkmc g kmscirilgr mc vmz Ngrmk km kmsgpgrmfmr piufis. ; Qmlsm lg ]ljæi Vivjêtjfg m sug rçpjkg kjssibuåæi lis glis 7:81 m 7::1. Lmlhucg iregljzgåæi ê jcirtgb. Mbgs sæi frjgkgs pir pmssigs m prmfjsgc smr filtjlugcmltm rmvjtgbjzgkgs pgrg siormvjvmr. Wuglki gs iregljzgåýms mltrgc mc fibgpsi, is mcprmeis m gs ficuljkgkms qum kmpmlkmc kmbgs tgcoêc gfgogc smlki prmnukjfgkis. Hinm mc kjg, is cgjs g`mtgkis sæi is nivmls. Gs tgxgs km kmsmcprmei mltrm mbms sæi cgjs smlsãvmjs ás turoubîlfjgs mfilûcjfgs ki qum mltrm is gkubtis, m i cmrfgki km trgogbhi kis nivmls tmlkm g bmvgr cgjs tmcpi pgrg sm rmfupmrgr. Qgrg cjbhýms i `uturi pgrmfm sicorji m kmsmspmrgkir. mstæi smc mcprmeikmm nivmls, læi vmmc pmrspmftjvgs km mlfiltrgr uc. GMbms Iregljzgåæi Jltmrlgfjilgb ki [rgogbhi læi sm fglsg km rmpmtjr qum g frjgåæi km mcprmeis pgrg is cjbhýms km nivmls qum mltrgc glugbcmltm li cmrfgki km trgogbhi ê frufjgb pgrg cmbhirgr g mfilicjg. M læi gpmlgs g qugltjkgkm, cgs tgcoêc g qugbjkgkm kis mcprmeis ê jcpirtgltm. Mc uc culki km cukglågs goruptgs, ilkm ljleuêc cgjs pgssg g vjkg jltmjrg mc uc þljfi mcprmei, g frjgtjvjkgkm m g jlivgåæi læi sæi buxis, m sjc mbmcmltis mssmlfjgjs pgrg g smeurglåg kgs pmssigs m g sgþkm kgs ficuljkgkms. ê pbgli, greucmltg qum ‒gs [hicgs @rjmkcgl, gutir km Ikmculki pmssigs m iregljzgåýms fgpgzms vjsbucorgr livis smrvjåis, livgs ipirtuljkgkms m livgs cglmjrgs km rmfrutgr tgbmltis T…S sæi is livis Jltifçvmjs. Gs pmssigs m iregljzgåýms qum tjvmrmc jcgejlgåæi m siuomrmc jlvmltgr cglmjrgs cgjs jltmbjemltms km kmsmcpmlhgr gltjegs `ulåýms, cglmjrgs km piupgr mlmrejg pgrg prmstgr livis smrvjåis, livgs cglmjrgs km gtrgjr gltjeis fbjmltms iu livgs `ircgs km ficojlgr tmflibiejgs mxjstmltms væi sm kmstgfgr–. G sibuåæi pgrg jssi ê cmbhirgr g mkufgåæi. M, tgcoêc lmssm fgsi, læi ogstg lis gtmr ás vmbhgs `örcubgs. ‒Læi sö prmfjsgcis km ucg pgrfmbg cgjir km nivmls fic mlsjli cêkji m supmrjir

 ‖fmrtg. cgjsGs msfibgrjkgkm ‖, fici tgcoêc km cgjs g mkufgåæi lissgs jlstjtujåýms km mlsjli mstæi nivmls kjgltm fic km ucg tgrm`g

 

kupbgcmltm kj`ãfjb m prmfjsgc læi sö cmbhirgr g bmjturg, g msfrjtg m g grjtcêtjfg, fici tgcoêc kmvmc rm`irågr i mcprmmlkmkirjsci, g jlivgåæi m g frjgtjvjkgkm. Ngcgjs vibtgrmcis gis oils m vmbhis tmcpis smc filsmrtgr lissgs msfibgs m oglfis.– =

‒I kmsg`ji geirg ê trgls`ircgr is sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs mc gbei cgjs gkmqugki ás vmrkgkmjrgs lmfmssjkgkms lmfmssjkgkms ki sêfubi XXJ. I fmltri kmssg trgls`ircgåæi kmvm smr ucg vjsæi rgkjfgbcmltm livg kg jltmbjeîlfjg hucglg m kg  frjgtjvjkgkm.– ]cg kgs rgzýms pmbgs qugjs is vmbhis sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs kmjxgrgc km `ulfjilgr ê qum g vjkg rmgb læi ê bjlmgr lmc pgkriljzgkg. Qmbi filtrçrji, g vjkg smcprm `ij m smcprm smrç ireïljfg, frjgtjvg m kjvmrsj`jfgkg. Gbeucgs smcglgs gltms km i lissi `jbhi mltrgr lg uljvmrsjkgkm, mc Bis Glembms, mu m cjlhg mspisg `icis fic mbm filhmfmr g `gfubkgkm. Fhmeiu uc cicmlti mc qum is gbulis `irgc bmvgkis g ucg sgbg smpgrgkg pgrg smrmc jl`ircgkis kgs ipåýms km fursis m is pgjs `irgc bmvgkis gi kmpgrtgcmlti `jlglfmjri pgrg sgomr fici smus oibsis jrjgc kimr lis pröxjcis glis. Kmpijs, uc kis pri`mssirms `mz ucg gprmsmltgåæi pgrg `gbgr siorm i pgpmb kis pgjs mlquglti is `jbhis mstæi lg `gfubkgkm. Mbm lis gfilsmbhiu g sgjr ki fgcjlhi kis `jbhis m kmjxç-bis msfibhmr g pri`jssæi pir filtg pröprjg. I `jbhi kmbm tjlhg sm `ircgki lgqumbg `gfubkgkm glis gltms m, quglki mltriu, qumrjg mstukgr is fbçssjfis. I pri`mssir m sug mspisg læi `jfgrgc cujti itjcjstgs fic gs pmrspmftjvgs pri`jssjilgjs ki `jbhi, cgs `jfgrgc gbjvjgkis quglki, li `jc ki prjcmjri gli, i `jbhi glulfjiu qum kmfjkju sm `ircgr mc gbei ‒cgjs þtjb–. Wuglki mbms pmreultgrgc i qum i `jbhi tjlhg mc cmltm, g rmspistg `ij> `jbisi`jg. I pri`mssir ficmltiu qum lmlhucg kgs erglkms ‒mcprmsgs km `jbisi`jg– mstgvg filtrgtglki `jbösi`is lgqumbm cicmlti. Cmsci gssjc, i `jbhi `mz gbeuls fursis km `jbisi`jg, gfgoiu sm `ircglki mc hjstörjg kg grtm m `ij filtrgtgki pgrg trgogbhgr mc ucg fgsg km bmjbýms jltmrlgfjilgb. Mbm tmvm g fhglfm km vjgngr pmbi culki, eglhgvg uc oic sgbçrji m gkirgvg smu trgogbhi m sugkm vjkg. Mbmgltjegs, filsmeuju i mcprmeijltmbmftugb mc vjrtukm km smu filhmfjcmlti fubturgs smu trmjlgcmlti mc `jbisi`jg

 

m sug pgjxæi pmbg hjstörjg kg grtm. Lmc mbm lmc is pgjs pikmrjgc jcgejlgr qum mbm smeujrjg pir mssm fgcjlhi quglki mltriu lg `gfubkgkm. Mssm cmsci prjlfãpji sm gpbjfg g tikgs gs pmssigs. G vjkg læi ê bjlmgr. Li kmfirrmr kmbg gfmjtgcis iu rmnmjtgcis ipirtuljkgkms, filhmfmcis pmssigs kj`mrmltms, tmcis mxpmrjîlfjgs jlmspmrgkgs m vgcis frjglki ucg ojierg`jg þljfg. Lissi `uturi ê pri`ulkgcmltm g`mtgki pmbgs lissgs mxpmrjîlfjgs gquj m geirg. G mkufgåæi læi ê ucg bjlhg rmtg mc kjrmåæi gi `uturi, mbg rmqumr fubtjvgr is tgbmltis m g smlsjojbjkgkm lmfmssçrjis pgrg bmvgrcis g cmbhir vjkg pissãvmb li prmsmltm.

Gbêc kg jcgejlgåæi Mc kmzmcori km 780?, Gorghgc Bjlfibl `mz smu smeulki kjsfursi glugb gi Filermssi kis Mstgkis ]ljkis. Lg ifgsjæi, `gbtgvg uc cîs pgrg mbm gssjlgr g Qrifbgcgåæi km Mcglfjpgåæi, goibjlki g msfrgvjkæi li tmrrjtörji fil`mkmrgki, m mc sug cmlsgemc mbm jlfjtiu i Filermssi g vmr g sjtugåæi fic livis ibhis. Mbm kjssm i smeujltm> ‒Is kiecgs km uc pgssgki trglqujbi sæi jlgkmqugkis pgrg i prmsmltm tmcpmstuisi. G ifgsjæi mstç rmpbmtg km kj`jfubkgkms. G livg sjtugåæi rmqumr jkmjgs m gåýms livgs. Qrmfjsgcis lis kmsgpmegr sm qujsmrcis sgbvgr lissi pgãs–. Mu gkiri mstg pgbgvrg, ‒kmsgpmegr–. [ikis lös vjvmcis gpmegkis g jkmjgs qum pikmc tmr kmjxgki km smr vmrkgkmjrgs iu rmbmvgltms. @jfgcis `gsfjlgkis iu gpmegkis g mbgs. Vö pikmcis gvglågr sm lis kmsvmlfjbhgrcis, sm lis bjvrgrcis kmbgs. Lis þbtjcis sêfubis km jlkustrjgbjsci, uc lþcmri fgkg vmz cgjir km pmssigs goglkiliu i fgcpi m cjeriu pgrg gs fjkgkms lg frmlåg km qum sm pikm vjvmr smpgrgki kg lgturmzg. G gtugb frjsm fbjcçtjfg lis bmcorg km qum mssg frmlåg ê mqujvifgkg. Mc qugsm tikis is smltjkis, sicis fici g cgjirjg kis iutris iregljscis qum vjvmc lmstm pbglmtg. Lissg vjkg ê ormvm4 pgssgcis pmbi cmsci fjfbi km cirtgbjkgkm, ficmåglki pmbg filfmpåæi, pgssglki pmbi lgsfjcmlti, gtê fhmegr á cirtm4 tmcis gs cmscgs lmfmssjkgkms `ãsjfgs qum gs iutrgs mspêfjms m kmpmlkmcis kis lutrjmltms `irlmfjkis pmbg tmrrg pgrg siormvjvmr.

‒Qikmcis læi smr fgpgzms km prmvmr i `uturi, cgs pikmcis `irnç-bi.–

 

Ojibiejfgcmltm, gtê pikmcis mstgr mvibujlki lg cmscg vmbifjkgkm qum gs iutrgs mspêfjms, cgs fubturgbcmltm mstgcis mvibujlki mc ucg vmbifjkgkm `rmlêtjfg. G vjkg fubturgb kis fgfhirris m kis egtis læi mstç cukglki cujti. Qgrmfm qum mbms filtjlugc `gzmlki i qum smcprm `jzmrgc. Læi hç lmfmssjkgkm km `jfgr smcprm ibhglki pgrg vmr sm i ficpirtgcmlti kmbms mcukiu. Nç lg lissg vjkg, mstgcis smcprm kmpgrglki fic sjtugåýms livgs, g vmbifjkgkm kgs cukglågs gucmltg g fgkg kjg qum pgssg. Jssi gfiltmfm pirqum, mc pmbi cmlis uc gspmfti, lös, smrms hucglis, sicis titgbcmltm kj`mrmltms kgs iutrgs mspêfjms ki pbglmtg. [mcis uc mlircm pikmr jcgejlgtjvi m ucg frjgtjvjkgkm smc bjcjtms. ]sglki g jcgejlgåæi, pikmcis vjsjtgr i pgssgki m læi sö ucg sjcpbms vjsæi ki pgssgki. Qikmcis gvgbjgr m rmjltmrprmtgr i pgssgki. Qikmcis rmpmlsgr lissi prmsmltm pmbis ibhis kis iutris. Qikmcis lis gkjgltgr g `uturis pissãvmjs m usgr g frjgtjvjkgkm pgrg filfrmtjzgr i `uturi qum qumrmcis. Qikmcis læi smr fgpgzms km prmvmr i `uturi, cgs pikmcis `irnç-bi. Ê pissãvmb qum smngcis vmlfjkis pir gbeuls kis priobmcgs qum mstgcis frjglki, li cmji gcojmltm, lg pibãtjfg m fic gs lissgs frmlågs fil`bjtgltms, m ê pissãvmb qum jssi sufmkg gltms ki qum pmlsgcis. Vm jssi gfiltmfmr, smrç pirqum læi usgcis omc g lissg jcgejlgåæi. Hinm, cgjs ki qum lulfg, prmfjsgcis mxmrfjtgr mssms pikmrms frjgtjvis þljfis qum lis kj`mrmlfjgc kgs iutrgs mspêfjms ki pbglmtg. Is kmsg`jis qum mstgcis ml`rmltglki pikmc smr ebiogjs iu pmssigjs. Fici siu mu qum mstiu msfrmvmlki mstm bjvri, vgcis ficmågr ficjei.

 

?

Kjgltm kg rmvibuåæi ‒Bç pir ?1;1, vgj hgvmr uc ogfdup ki smu fêrmori mc gbeuc ficputgkir4 gssjc, quglki vifî cirrmr, læi vgj prmfjsgr jltmrricpmr g sug fgrrmjrg.– f grrmjrg.–

JGL QMG_VIL0

Mxpbirglki i culki Cmu pgj lgsfmu mc 7:7; mc Bjvmrpiib, lg Jlebgtmrrg. Qgssiu g vjkg tikg lg fjkgkm m mrg rgri sm g`gstgr cgjs km 61 qujbûcmtris km bç. Cjlhg cæm lgsfmu mc 7:7:, tgcoêc mc Bjvmrpiib. @ij sö mc jkgkm gvglågkg qum mbg ficmåiu g vjgngr km `êrjgs pgrg `irg ki pgãs. Mu lgsfj mc Bjvmrpiib mc 7:=1. Cmsci lgqumbg êpifg, gs pmssigs læi vjgngvgc cujti. ]cg vjsjtg á fjkgkm vjzjlhg mrg uc pgssmji km uc kjg. Mc gbeucgs rmejýms, is kjgbmtis mrgc tæi kjstjltis qum mrg pissãvmb sgomr km qugb vjbgrmni iu pgrtm kg fjkgkm g pmssig vjlhg. Mu tmlhi fjlfi jrcæis m ucg jrcæ, tikis lgsfjkis mc Bjvmrpiib. Cmu jrcæi Nihl mstç ciltglki g lissg çrvirm emlmgböejfg. Mbm kmsfiorju qum, mltrm i cmji m i `jc ki sêfubi XJX, smtm kis lissis ijti ojsgvös tgcoêc frmsfmrgc mc Bjvmrpiib, tikis g piufis qujbûcmtris km kjstïlfjg uls kis iutris, mc gbeuls fgsis, cirglki mc rugs vjzjlhgs. @ij gssjc qum mbms sm filhmfmrgc. Kurgltm g cgjir pgrtm kg hjstörjg kg hucgljkgkm, gs pmssigs vjvjgc, trgogbhgvgc m sm fgsgvgc lg cmscg fjkgkm m mspmrgvgc bmvgr i tjpi km vjkg qum smus pgjs bmvgrgc. Mbgs læi mrgc fmrfgkgs pmbgs jcgemls km fmbmorjkgkms m mstrmbgs km rmgbjty shiws  qum pikmrjgc bmvç-bgs g læi sm filtmltgr fic g pmssig qum gfgogrgc km filhmfmr li ogr kg fjkgkm.

 

Hinm mc kjg, mu vjgni tglti g trgogbhi qum ás vmzms læi filsjei bmcorgr ilkm `uj lmc quglki. Gbeuls glis gtrçs, `uj g Isbi, lg Lirumeg, kgr ucg pgbmstrg. Qmeumj uc vii liturli sgjlki km Bis Glembms, fic filmxæi mc Livg Zird. I gvjæi gtrgsiu m fhmeumj g Isbi fjlfi hirgs gtrgsgki, fglsgki, cgs gljcgki fic i mvmlti. Mlquglti cm prmpgrgvg pgrg suojr gi pgbfi, ucg iregljzgkirg cm pmreultiu sm mrg cjlhg prjcmjrg vmz mc Isbi. _mspilkj qum sjc, m qum Isbi pgrmfjg smr gucg fjkgkm `gsfjlgltm. Gbeucgs hirgs kmpijs, bmcormj qum mu nç tjlhg pgssgki lgkg cmlis qum ucg smcglg mc Isbi. [uki omc qum tjlhg sjki uls qujlzm glis gltms, cgs cmsci gssjc. Læi ê ficuc glkgr pmbg Lirumeg smc pmrfmomr. Mc ucg smcglg, vifî `gz tiki tjpi km fijsg> ficm, ticg oglhi, filhmfm pmssigs, filvmrsg m rm`bmtm siorm i pgãs. Mu tjlhg jki á Egbmrjg Lgfjilgb m vjsti iorgs km Mkvgrk Culfh, jlfbujlki I erjti, qum `ij i qum kmj quglki pmrfmoj qum g vjgemc tikg tjlhg fgãki li msqumfjcmlti. Jssi pikm smr uc sjlgb km qum mstiu vjgnglki kmcgjs. M gfhi qum tgcoêc ê uc sjlgb kis tmcpis. Mu cirgvg lg Jlebgtmrrg, mc ucg fjkgkmzjlhg fhgcgkg Vljttmr`jmbk, qum `jfg g fjlfi qujbûcmtris km Vtrgt`irk-upil-Gvil, g tmrrg lgtgb km Ujbbjgc Vhgdmspmgrm. Vljttmr`jmbk `ij g fjkgkm ilkm i pgj km Vhgdmspmgrm, Nihl, lgsfmu, mc 7=67. Gis ?1 glis, Nihl sgju km Vljttmr`jmbk pgrg tmltgr g vjkg mc Vtrgt`irk. Ê qugsm jcpissãvmb mltmlkmr gs kj`mrmlågs mltrm g vjsæi km culki kgqumbg êpifg m g lissg, qugsm qujlhmltis glis kmpijs, quglki ê ficuc vjgngr g trgogbhi km uc filtjlmltm g iutri pgrg pgrtjfjpgr km rmuljýms li `jc km smcglg m lmc bmcorgr qum mstmvm bç. Kurgltm g cgjir pgrtm kg hjstörjg hucglg, gs cukglågs sifjgjs gvglågrgc mc rjtci km bmscg mc ficpgrgåæi fic g vmbifjkgkm gtugb. Fici vmrmcis gkjgltm, i sêfubi XJP tgcoêc `ij cgrfgki pir kmsfiomrtgs rmvibufjilçrjgs, mxpmkjåýms m jlvmlåýms tmfliböejfgs. Cmsci i kjg g kjg km Nihl privgvmbcmltm `ij piufi kj`mrmltm kg gssjc, vjkg fitjkjglg km smus pgjs,Vhgdmspmgrm gvös iu ojsgvös. Cmu pgj lulfg tmvm g fhglfm km sgjr kg Jlebgtmrrg m filhmfmr iutri pgãs. G trgogbhi iu g bgzmr, mu nç `uj á cgjirjg kis pgãsms kg Muripg m ki Mxtrmci Irjmltm m filhmfj cujtgs fjkgkms kis Mstgkis ]ljkis m kg Gustrçbjg. Gltms km mltrgr lg gkibmsfîlfjg, cmus `jbhis nç filhmfjgc cgjs pgãsms ki qum mu fic ;1 glis. Wuglki mu tjlhg uls 71 glis, gfhgvg qum g jl`ïlfjg kis cmus pgjs lis glis 7:?1 tjlhg sjki fici g Jkgkm Cêkjg> fgvgbis lg rug, piufis fgrris, trmls g vgpir, erglkms trglsgtbïltjfis, lmlhuc gvjæi, lgkg km tmbmvjsæi m rgris tmbm`ilms. Wuglki lissg `gcãbjg ficpriu g prjcmjrg [P mc prmti m orglfi, mc 7:=:, pgrmfjg qum tãlhgcis gtjlejki i guem kg mvibuåæi hucglg. Cmus `jbhis cgb filsmeumc jcgejlgr fici smrjg vjvmr lg êpifg mc

 

qum mu mrg frjglåg> sö kijs fglgjs km [P, mc prmti m orglfi, smc surriulk siulk, smc vjkmiegcms, scgrtphilms, tgobmts  iu cãkjgs sifjgjs. I culki kmbms ê gosibutgcmltm kj`mrmltm ki culki kis cmus gvös m ojsgvös. Qgrg mltmlkmr fici ê kj`ãfjb prmvmr i `uturi geirg, Qgrg

‒ 

ogstg pmlsgr mc fici sjki kj`ãfjb prmvmr i `uturi li tmrjg pgssgki.–

Gs kj`mrmlågs læi mstæi sö lg lgturmzg kgs cukglågs, cukgl ågs, cgs tgcoêc mc sug vmbifjkgkm. Gs cukglågs cgjs pri`ulkgs læi ifirrmrgc lis þbtjcis qujlhmltis glis, g cgjirjg ifirrmu lis þbtjcis kuzmltis, mspmfjgbcmltm lis þbtjcis fjlqumltg, m mstæi gfmbmrglki fgkg vmz cgjs. Km gfirki fic ucg mstjcgtjvg> • mc 7:=1, gs pmssigs vjgngvgc mc cêkjg 71 qujbûcmtris pir kjg4 •

mc ?111, gs pmssigs vjgngvgc mc cêkjg =1 qujbûcmtris pir kjg4

mc ?1?1, gs pmssigs vjgngræi mc cêkjg 711 qujbûcmtris pir kjg. Jcgejlm is þbtjcis 6 cjb glis kjvjkjkis mc uc rmböeji glgböejfi, smlki qum fgkg uc kis smssmltg cjlutis rmprmsmltg uc pmrãiki km fjlqumltg glis. Gtê trîs cjlutis gtrçs, g hjstörjg ki trglspirtm mrg kicjlgkg pmbis fgvgbis, pmbg rikg m pmbg vmbg. Li `jc ki sêfubi XPJJJ, Ngcms Ugtt gprjciriu g cçqujlg g vgpir, i qum cukiu tuki. G cçqujlg g vgpir rmprmsmltiu uc erglkm trmcir li tmrrmciti sifjgb kg _mvibuåæi Jlkustrjgb. I citir g vgpir gprjcirgki pir Ugtt Ugtt gucmltiu filsjkmrgvmbcmltm fil sjkmrgvmbcmltm g pitîlfjg kjspilãvmb pgrg g prikuåæi jlkustrjgb. Gorju fgcjlhi pgrg cmjis cgjs rçpjkis km trglspirtm rikivjçrji m cgrãtjci m pissjojbjtiu i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km `mrrivjgs, i sjstmcg vjçrji ki jlãfji ki culki jlkustrjgb. G cçqujlg g vgpir pissjojbjtiu erglkms ilkgs cjergtörjgs mc ucg vmbifjkgkm gltms filsjkmrgkg jcpissãvmb. G pgrtjr kgã, g furvg kg cukglåg suoju prgtjfgcmltm lg vmrtjfgb> •

; cjlutis gtrçs

Citir km ficoustæi jltmrlg (@rglåijs Jsggf km _jvgz, 7815)

?,0 cjlutis

Guticövmb (Dgrb Omlz, 788=)

?,6 cjlutis

Qrjcmjri vii fic uc gvjæi citirjzgki (jrcæis Urjeht, 7:16)

? cjlutis

Qripubsæi km `ieumtm (_iomrt Eikkgrk, 7:7=)

 

7,8 cjluti

Citir g ngti (Hgls vil Ihgjl m @rgld Uhjttbm, 7:61)

7,? cjluti

Qrjcmjri ionmti `mjti pmbi hicmc g irojtgr g [mrrg (Vputljd 7, 7:=5)

=8 smeulkis

Qrjcmjri piusi trjpubgki lg Bug m prjcmjri hicmc g pjsgr lg Bug (Gpibbi 77, 7:0:)

;6 smeulkis

Ûljous mspgfjgb rmutjbjzçvmb rmutjbjzç vmb (Kjsfivmry, 7:87)

71 smeulkis

Cikmb V kg [msbg (?11:)

8 smeulkis

Lgvm mspgfjgb læi trjpubgkg (X-65O, ?171)

G rmvibuåæi lis trglspirtms ê sö uc kis vçrjis jlkjfgkirms kg vmbifjkgkm kgs cukglågs, m lmc `ij g cukglåg cgjs rçpjkg.

Cmlsgemc rmfmojkg  G hucgljkgkm tmvm gfmssi g sjstmcgs km msfrjtg pir pmbi cmlis 6 cjb glis. Qmbg cgjir pgrtm kmssm tmcpi, mssms sjstmcgs prgtjfgcmltm læi cukgrgc. Gs pmssigs sm ficuljfgvgc `gzmlki cgrfgs mc supmr`ãfjms, usglki fglmtgs mc pgpmb, fjlzêjs mc pmkrg iu pjecmltis mc tçougs. Fgkg föpjg km qugbqumr kifucmlti prmfjsgvg smr `mjtg á cæi. Vö uls piufis prjvjbmejgkis tjlhgc gfmssi g mssms kifucmltis m lmc tikis sgojgc bmr. Mltrm 7;;1 m 7;=1, fmrfg km ilzm cjlutis gtrçs li lissi rmböeji, Nihgllms Eutmlomre jlvmltiu g prmlsg tjpierç`jfg. G pgrtjr kgã, g cukglåg mltriu mc cgrfhg gfmbmrgkg. Qmlsm lgs cgjs jcpirtgltms jlivgåýms lg ficuljfgåæi lis þbtjcis kuzmltis glis m vmng fici is jltmrvgbis li rmböeji `irgc `jfglki fgkg vmz cgjs furtis> 77,= cjlutis gtrçs

Qrmlsg tjpierç`jfg (7;;1-=1)

6,= cjlutis

Fökjei Cirsm (7868-;;)

?,8 cjlutis

[mbm`ilm (785=)

?,0 cjlutis

_çkji (788=)

7,8 cjluti

[mbmvjsæi mc prmti m orglfi (7:?:)

7 cjluti

@gx (7:00)

 

;8 smeulkis

Ficputgkir pmssigb (7:55)

;0 smeulkis

Fmbubgr glgböejfi (7:5:)

6? smeulkis

Uirbk Ujkm Umo (7::1)

?8 smeulkis

Cmlsgemls km VCV (7::6)

?1 smeulkis

Oglkg bgreg (?111)

7? smeulkis

jQhilm/scgrtphilms (?115)

8 smeulkis

jQgk/tgobmts (?171)

Wuglki mu lgsfj, mc 7:=1, ljleuêc tjlhg ficputgkir mc fgsg. Lg êpifg, uc ficputgkir tjlhg mc cêkjg i tgcglhi km ucg sgbg km ngltgr. M i tgcglhi mrg ucg kgs rgzýms pmbgs qugjs gs pmssigs læi tjlhgc uc ficputgkir mc fgsg. Ljleuêc sm kjspulhg g kmkjfgr tglti mspgåi pgrg uc kjspisjtjvi mc erglkm pgrtm jlþtjb. ]cg smeulkg rgzæi mrg i fusti. Is ficputgkirms fustgvgc fmltmlgs km cjbhgrms km köbgrms m sö eivmrlis m gbeucgs mcprmsgs pikjgc sm kgr gi buxi km tmr uc. Mc 7:=1, i trglsjstir `ij jlvmltgki. Mc 7:51, i fhjp km sjbãfji `ij kmsmlvibvjki. Mssgs jlivgåýms læi sö rmkuzjrgc i tgcglhi kis ficputgkirms, fici tgcoêc gucmltgrgc sug vmbifjkgkm m pitîlfjg. G fgpgfjkgkm km cmcörjg pgkræi gucmltiu mxpilmlfjgbcmltm kmskm mltæi, km gbeucgs fmltmlgs km djbioytms  g vçrjis ejegoytms. I pikmr km ficputgåæi ki fmbubgr qum vifî bmvg li oibsi ê cgjir ki qum i kjspilãvmb li pbglmtg mc 7:;1. Mc 7:01, Nmricm Orulmr m Emirem Cjbbmr `ulkgrgc Hgrvgrkfieljtjvg. Fmltmr `ir Fieljtjvmfiltgvg Vtukjms, prjcmjri kmkjfgki ái fjîlfjg I jlstjtuti fici ucg oig jlstjtuti vmrog m gkqujrju i prjcmjri ficputgkir utjbjzgki lis Mstgkis ]ljkis pgrg rmgbjzgr mxpmrjcmltis psjfiböejfis, uc cjljficputgkir QKQ;. I ficputgkir fustiu ]V$ 0= cjb mc 7:0? m vjlhg fic ?D km cmcörjg, mxpglsãvmjs pgrg 0;D. 5 Hinm mc kjg, cujtis orjlqumkis km frjglåg tîc cgjs pikmr km ficputgåæi qum jssi. ]c rmböeji km pubsi kjejtgb tmc mc cêkjg cujti cgjs pikmr km ficputgåæi qum i Cökubi Bulgr Gpibbi, km 7:0:, i vmãfubi mspgfjgb ki qugb Lmjb Grcstrile kmsmcogrfiu pgrg kgr smu ‒pmqumli pgssi pgrg i hicmc, cgs uc erglkm sgbti pgrg g hucgljkgkm–. 75

qumqum gbei irkmc smr km 71   smngc `gorjfgkis tiki gli,Mstjcg-sm uc lþcmri cmlgkjssmrgc cgjs  cjfrifhjps iu cmlis mqujvgbmltm mq ujvgbmltm á pipubgåæi

 

culkjgb km `ircjegs. Vmj qum læi ê pissãvmb vmrj`jfgr jssi, cgs `ij i qum cm kjssmrgc. Mssg prikjejisg tgxg km prikuåæi rm`bmtm g gcpbg egcg km gpbjfgåýms kis ficputgkirms lis kjgs km hinm. G vmbifjkgkm kg mxpglsæi kg tmflibiejg kis ficputgkirms lis þbtjcis smtmltg glis tmc sjki gosibutgcmltm mstiltmgltm. Pmng Pmng ucg frilibiejg gprixjcgkg> 7:65 7:;?

Qrjcmjri ficputgkir kjejtgb mbmtrûljfi, kmsmlvibvjki lg Jiwg Vtgtm ]ljvmrsjty.

7:=7

Qrjcmjri ficputgkir prikuzjki ficmrfjgbcmltm, i @mrrgltj Cgrd 7, vmlkm livm uljkgkms mltrm 7:=7 m 7:=5.

7:0=

Qrjcmjrg rmkm tmbm`ûljfg fil`jeurgkg mltrm kijs ficputgkirms.

7:5?

Frjgåæi ki prjcmjri priergcg km m-cgjb.

7:5;

Qrjcmjrg utjbjzgåæi ki tmrci ‒jltmrlmt–.

7:5=

I ficputgkir pmssigb Gbtgjr jlgueurg g fubturg kg ficputgåæi kicêstjfg.

7:50

Vtmvm Uizljgd kmsmlvibvm i Gppbm J fic Vtmvm Nios.

7:87

G JOC mltrg li cmrfgki km ficputgåæi kicêstjfg m vmlkm 760 cjb uljkgkms lis prjcmjris kmzijti cmsms.

7:86

I Cjfrisi`t Uirk ê bglågki.

7:8;

Cjb ficputgkirms filmftgkis lg jltmrlmt (hist ). ).

7:8:

711 cjb hists lg jltmrlmt.

7::1

Li Ngpæi, sæi jlvmltgkis cjfrifhjps  fgpgzms km grcgzmlgr =?1 cjb fgrgftmrms mc uc pmkgåi km sjbãfji km 7= cc pir = cc.

7::?

I lþcmri km hists lg jltmrlmt ubtrgpgssg g cgrfg ki 7 cjbhæi.

7::5

I lþcmri km hists  lg jltmrlmt siom km 70 cjbhýms pgrg ?1 cjbhýms mc nubhi. I kicãlji www.eiiebm.fic ê  ê rmejstrgki. www.eiiebm.fic

?11?

I @rjmlkstmr, prjcmjri sjtm km rmkm sifjgb, ê bglågki lis Mstgkis ]ljkis.

?116

G tmbm`iljg PIJQ ki Vdypm ê bglågkg lg Vuêfjg fic ogsm mc uc si`twgrm  frjgki pir priergcgkirms kg Mstûljg.

 

?11;

I tmrci Umo ?.1 ê fulhgki pgrg kmsfrmvmr i gucmlti ki filtmþki kg Umo emrgki pmbis usuçrjis.

?11;

I @gfmoiid ê bglågki.

?11=

I Ziu[uom ê bglågki.

?110

I [wjttmr ê bglågki.

?115

I Eiiebm supmrg g Cjfrisi`t fici g cgrfg cgjs vgbjisg ki culki.

?171

I lþcmri ebiogb km usuçrjis kg jltmrlmt fhmeg g qugsm ? ojbhýms.

?175

I @gfmoiid gtjlem 7,8 ojbhæi km usuçrjis.

?175

I lþcmri ebiogb km usuçrjis kg jltmrlmt fhmeg g qugsm ; ojbhýms.

Lmlhuc iutri sjstmcg km ficuljfgåæi ê cgjs m`jfgz m kj`ulkjki qum g jltmrlmt. kjgrjgcmltm, ficikm ucfilmxýms iregljscisæi mc gkjfjilgkgs mxpglsæi qumglulfg pgrg km Mbg sm frmsfm cubtjpbjfgr, m cjbhýms ucg vmbifjkgkm fgkg vmz cgjir mc pgkrýms qum bmcorgc eïlebjis li fêrmori. Kg cmscg `ircg qum i fêrmori, gs sjlgpsms cgjs rioustgs sæi gs gfjilgkgs fic cgjs `rmquîlfjg. I jlvmltir m `uturjstg _gy Durzwmjb iosmrvg qum g mvibuåæi kg vjkg ojiböejfg m g mvibuåæi kg tmflibiejg smeumc mxgtgcmltm i cmsci pgkræi. Gcogs bmvgc uc oic tmcpi pgrg kmsbglfhgr, cgs is gvglåis sæi mxpilmlfjgjs m i priermssi pgssg g sm kmsmlribgr mc uc rjtci fgkg vmz cgjs `rmlêtjfi> ‒Li sêfubi XJX, g vmbifjkgkm ki priermssi tmfliböejfi læi `ij kj`mrmltm kis kmz sêfubis gltmrjirms. Is gvglåis rmgbjzgkis lgs kugs prjcmjrgs kêfgkgs ki sêfubi XX firrmspilkmrgc gis gvglåis ki sêfubi XJX jltmjri. Hinm mc kjg, erglkms trgls`ircgåýms tmfliböejfgs bmvgc gpmlgs gbeuls glis pgrg smr kmsmlvibvjkgs... M g tmflibiejg kg ficputgåæi mstç pgssglki pmbi cmsci frmsfjcmlti mxpilmlfjgb–.8 Mc cmgkis kg kêfgkg km 7:01, Eirkil Ciirm fi`ulkiu g Jltmb. Mbm mstjciu qum g kmlsjkgkm km trglsjstirms lgs pbgfgs km fjrfujti jltmergki mstgvg kiorglki g fgkg kizm cmsms m qum is ficputgkirms kiorgvgc pmrjikjfgcmltm tglti g fgpgfjkgkm quglti g vmbifjkgkm pir fusti uljtçrji. Mc cmgkis kg kêfgkg km 7:51, Ciirm gnustiu sug mstjcgtjvg pgrg fmrfg km ?; cmsms. G Bmj km Ciirm pikmrç tmr gtjlejki sug filfbusæi lgturgb cgjs iu cmlis li gli ?1?1. Gtê bç, is trglsjstirms pikmc fhmegr g gpmlgs gbeuls çticis bgreurg.kj`mrmltms. G pitîlfjgG kis ficputgkirms frmsfmlki, cgs km km`ircgs pripösjti, sm g pmrcglmfmrç tmflibiejg kis fgrris

 

citirjzgkis tjvmssm gvglågki lg cmscg vmbifjkgkm, hinm uc fgrri rikgrjg mc cêkjg g smjs vmzms g vmbifjkgkm ki sic, `grjg cgjs km qugtrifmltis qujbûcmtris pir bjtri m fustgrjg cgjs iu cmlis uc köbgr. Jcgejli qum vifî tmrjg uc. Mu sö ticgrjg fujkgki gi pjsgr li gfmbmrgkir.

M jssi ê sö i ficmåi Qir cgjs gtirkigltm qum tmlhg sjki g vmbifjkgkm kg jlivgåæi tmfliböejfg lis þbtjcis fjlqumltg glis, g rmvibuåæi sö mstç ficmåglki. Lgs pröxjcgs fjlfi kêfgkgs, pikmrmcis vmr cukglågs qum sæi tæi jljcgejlçvmjs hinm quglti i jQgk `ij pgrg Nihl Vhgdmspmgrm. ]c kis pirtgjs pgrg mssm `uturi rgkjfgb ê g lglitmflibiejg, g cgljpubgåæi km fijsgs cjlþsfubgs. Is lglitmflöbieis mstæi nultglki çticis jlkjvjkugjs pgrg filstrujr cçqujlgs. Qgrg cmlsurgr gs vgstgs kjstïlfjgs ki mspgåi, is fjmltjstgs usgc i gli-buz  ‖ g kjstïlfjg qum g buz pmrfirrm mc uc gli, qum mqujvgbm g piufi cmlis km 71 km qujbûcmtris. Qmreultmjkjstïlfjgs g uc pri`mssir km lglitmflibiejg qumg mbmstrjbhýms usgc pgrg cmkjr gs cjlþsfubgs ki lglimspgåi. Mbm kjssm iqum cmkjkg utjbjzgkg mc sug çrmg ê i lglûcmtri, qum mqujvgbm g uc ojbjilêsjci km uc cmtri. ]c ojbjilêsjci  km uc cmtri. Ê qugsm jcpissãvmb jcgejlgr ucg kjstïlfjg tæi pmqumlg. Cgtmcgtjfgcmltm, mssg cmkjkg mqujvgbm g 71 ‖: cmtri, iu 1,111111117 cmtri. Cgs, pgrg g fgomåg km uc bmjei fici mu, mssg gostrgåæi læi gnukg mc lgkg. Mu gtê mltmlki rgfjilgbcmltm i filfmjti, cgs læi filsjei vjsugbjzç-bi. Qmreultmj> ‒I qum smrjg mssg cmkjkg, cgjs iu cmlis9–. Mbm pmlsiu pir uc cicmlti m rmspilkmu> ‒]c lglûcmtri ê cgjs iu cmlis i tglti qum g ogrog km uc hicmc frmsfm mc uc smeulki–. Mu lulfg tjlhg pmlsgki li qum gfiltmfm fic g ogrog mc uc smeulki, kmvm gfiltmfmr gbeucg fijsg. ]c `ji km ogrog bmvg i kjg tiki pgrg frmsfmr cgjs iu cmlis uc cjbãcmtri, m tiki culki sgom qum g ogrog læi frmsfm km rmpmltm. G ogrog læi gpgrmfm km rmpmltm ás 5 hirgs kg cglhæ. Geirg tmcis uc ciki km kjzmr quæi kmvgegr frmsfm uc `ji km ogrog> fmrfg km uc lglûcmtri pir smeulki. ]c lglûcmtri ê ucg cmkjkg cjlþsfubg, cgs læi ê g cmlir cmkjkg pissãvmb. G`jlgb, sm vifî tjvmr uc lglûcmtri, lgkg i jcpmkm km tmr cmji lglûcmtri. M gjlkg tmcis i pjfûcmtri, qum mqujvgbm g uc cjbêsjci km uc lglûcmtri4 uc gttûcmtri, qum mqujvgbm g uc cjbjilêsjci km uc lglûcmtri4 m uc `mctûcmtri, qum mqujvgbm g uc ojbjilêsjci km uc lglûcmtri. ]c ojbjilêsjci km uc ojbjilêsjci km cmtri. Jssi qumr kjzmr qum, sm g sug ogrog tjvmssm ucg ogrog...

 

Mc 7::=, i pri`mssir Hgrry Driti `ij gergfjgki fic i Qrîcji Liomb km Wuãcjfg. Mbm m smus fibmegs kmsfiorjrgc g tmrfmjrg `ircg ki fgroili, uc lglituoi km fgroili fhgcgki km cibêfubg F01, tgcoêc filhmfjki fici oufdyogbb, mc hicmlgemc gi grqujtmti gcmrjfgli Oufdcjlstmr @ubbmr. @ubbmr usiu cujti `ircgs emikêsjfgs smcmbhgltms ás mstruturgs kg cibêfubg F01. I F01 tmckiqugbjkgkms litçvmjs. Ê fmc fici vmzmssmcgjs qum i G gåi, tmc uc kêfjci pmsi m filkuz mbmtrjfjkgkm `issm`irtm uc cmtgb. kmsfiomrtg bmviu g ucg ilkg km pmsqujsgs lis fgcpis kg mlemlhgrjg, gmrimspgåi, cmkjfjlg, mltrm cujtis iutris. Vm `issm prikuzjki mc qugltjkgkms jlkustrjgjs, i F01 pissjojbjtgrjg g filstruåæi km gvjýms vjltm iu fjlqumltg vmzms cgjirms, cgs cujti cgjs bmvms m mfilûcjfis mc tmrcis km filsuci km ficoustãvmb. Vmrjg pissãvmb filstrujr prêkjis gbtãssjcis m piltms fruzglki i Erglk Fglyil. Fgrris m trmls smrjgc bmvãssjcis m piupgrjgc gjlkg cgjs ficoustãvmb usglki mlmrejg sibgr. sibgr. G lglitmflibiejg pissjojbjtg g frjgåæi km qugbqumr suostïlfjg iu ionmti ki lãvmb gtûcjfi pgrg fjcg. Mlquglti is fjmltjstgs mspmfubgc siorm gs pissjojbjkgkms prçtjfgs, iutris mspmfjgbjstgs sm pmreultgc siorm gs filsmquîlfjgs pibãtjfgs m mfilûcjfgs. Fhgrbms Istcgl, cmcori sîljir ki Jlstjtutm `ir Ebiogb @uturms, iosmrvg> ‒Lmstm mxgti cicmlti, i pikmr m g jl`buîlfjg li culki ogsmjgc-sm li filtribm km rmfursis lgturgjs m jlkustrjgjs. Wuglki g lglitmflibiejg pissjojbjtgr sjltmtjzgr qugbqumr ionmti `ãsjfi fic `gfjbjkgkm m ogjxi fusti, lissis gtugjs sjstmcgs mfilûcjfis `jfgræi iosibmtis. Ê kj`ãfjb jcgejlgr uc fgcpi cgjs gcpbi km kmsmlvibvjcmlti `uturi ki qum g lglitmflibiejg–.: G lglitmflibiejg pricmtm jlivgåýms rgkjfgjs mc fgcpis tæi kjstjltis quglti g mlemlhgrjg m g cmkjfjlg. Vugs gpbjfgåýms jlfbumc ‒ficputgåæi cibmfubgr, bjegs qum cukgc km `ircg, ficpistis ireïljfis sjltêtjfis, filstruåæi km emlms pmrsilgbjzgkis m cçqujlgs ubtrgcjljgturjzgkgs–. Lg cmkjfjlg, lglicçqujlgs fic bïcjlgs ritgtjvgs kg msfgbg ki fgombi hucgli pikmræi pmrfirrmr vmjgs m grtêrjgs bjcpglki kmpösjtis km fibmstmrib. Mc iutrgs gpbjfgåýms cêkjfgs, ‒gs jcpbjfgåýms kg cikj`jfgåæi kg quãcjfg fmbubgr km prgtjfgcmltm qugbqumr öreæi ki firpi hucgli pgrg furgr kimlågs, pribilegr g vjkg iu pissjojbjtgr hgojbjkgkms smlsirjgjs m cmltgjs gprjcirgkgs sæi prgtjfgcmltm jljcgejlçvmjs–. Fubturgs km pmbm fubtjvgkgs grtj`jfjgbcmltm  nç mstæi smlki prikuzjkgs m pmsqujsgs siorm i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km uc firgåæi grtj`jfjgb ireïljfi mstæi smlki `mjtgs mc vçrjis pgãsms. G lglitmflibiejg pissjojbjtg g mxtrmcg ficputgåæi m rmvibufjilgrç i ciki ficicjljgturjzgåæi is utjbjzgcis.kis Lisjstmcgs `uturi, km is

 

ficputgkirms smræi tæi pmqumlis qum pikmrmcis vmstj-bis m mbms usgræi g mbmtrjfjkgkm kg supmr`ãfjm kg lissg pmbm fici `iltm km mlmrejg. I priobmcg smrç i qum `gzmr fic i ciljtir> ljleuêc vgj qumrmr bmvgr ucg `jlg pmbãfubg filtmlki cjfriprifmssgkirms li pubsi m uc ciljtir prmsi li pmjti. ]cg sibuåæi ê usgr prinmtirms km rmtjlg qum utjbjzgc bgsmrs km ogjxg pitîlfjg ciltgkis mc tmflibiejg grcgåýms km m qumusgkg prinmtgc g tmbg lisgvglågkis ibhis. ]cg vmrsæi kmssg nç öfubis mstç smlki mc sjstmcgs km gmrilgvms. Is kjspbgys km lgvmegåæi sæi prinmtgkis li jltmrjir kg vjsmjrg kis pjbitis, qum pikmc cukgr g kjrmåæi kg gmrilgvm civmlki is ibhis. Vö lis ogstg mspmrgr qum mbms læi kmmc uc mspjrri mc mspgåi gêrmi histjb. Qgrg ucg utjbjzgåæi cgjs fitjkjglg, is ficputgkirms pikmrjgc smr jlfbuãkis mc riupgs. Fgcjsgs pikmrjgc smr mqujpgkgs fic smlsirms km ciljtirgcmlti ki ogtjcmlti fgrkãgfi m iutris sjlgjs vjtgjs. Lg pissjojbjkgkm km sêrjis priobmcgs km sgþkm, uc cêkjfi pikmrjg smr gbmrtgki. Vgpgtis jltmbjemltms trgls`ircgrjgc is pgssis mc mlmrejg pgrg gbjcmltgr is ficputgkirms vmstãvmjs. Iutrgs jlivgåýms væi suostjtujr i tmfbgki filvmlfjilgb. Nç mxjstmc jltmr`gfms filtribgkgs sö pmbi pmlsgcmlti.  Hmgksmts  pikmc ciljtirgr ilkgs fmrmorgjs m filvmrtî-bgs mc jlstruåýms. [ikis mssms kjspisjtjvis `ulfjilgc `irg ki firpi kis usuçrjis. Mc piufi tmcpi, gs tmflibiejgs kg jl`ircgåæi pikmc cjergr pgrg kmltri ki lissi firpi m gtê ki lissi fêrmori. Is ficputgkirms pikmc mstgr prmstms g sm `ulkjr fic g lissg filsfjîlfjg.

]sglki i smu fêrmori Gs jcpbjfgåýms cgjs rmvibufjilçrjgs kgs pmsqujsgs lis fgcpis kis sjstmcgs km jl`ircgåæi, fjîlfjg kis cgtmrjgjs m lmurifjîlfjg mstæi lis fruzgcmltis mltrm mssgs çrmgs. Nç pikmcis pmlsgr mc tmflibiejgs kg jl`ircgåæi jlspjrgkgs lis prifmssis lmurgjs ki fêrmori. Gs `uturgs emrgåýms km ficputgkirms pikmc ogsmgr-sm læi mc fökjeis kjejtgjs m mc sjbãfji, cgs mc prifmssis ireïljfis m KLG> ficputgkirms qum jcjtgc i pmlsgcmlti hucgli. Iutri kjg mu mstgvg filvmrsglki fic uc tmflöbiei sîljir km ucg kgs prjlfjpgjs mcprmsgs km ficputgkirms ki culki. Mbm kjssm qum gtugbcmltm is ficputgkirms cgjs pitmltms ki pbglmtg tîc i pikmr km prifmssgcmlti ki fêrmori km uc erjbi. Læi smj sm jssi ê vmrkgkm, lmc mbm. Læi filhmåi lmlhuc erjbi m, (sm cmsci sm sm filhmfmssm, læi tmrjg fici kjzmr i qum sm pgssg li fêrmori kmbm ê qum pgssg gbeucg fijsg). I qum i tmflöbiei qujs

 

kjzmr ê qum gtê is supmrficputgkirms cgjs pitmltms gjlkg læi pgssgc km sjcpbms fgbfubgkirgs. Mbms rmgbjzgc tgrm`gs qum is smrms hucglis læi filsmeumc rmgbjzgr, cgs læi tîc qugbqumr ipjljæi siorm mbgs. Mbms læi pmlsgc, mc qugbqumr smltjki ki tmrci. Is gvjýms sm sgmc cujti cmbhir qum lös viglki g 6= cjb pês, cgs læi `gz smltjki pmreultgr fici mbms sm smltmc g rmspmjti. Mbms læi Cgs jssiistuki mstç cukglki. Luc `uturi læi smltmc. cujti kjstgltm, ficputgkirms cgjs pitmltms pikmræi tmr i pikmr km prifmssgcmlti ki fêrmori km uc omoî hucgli km smjs cmsms. Mc gbeuls smltjkis, is ficputgkirms pikmræi sm tirlgr filsfjmltms mc ormvm. Biei smrç pissãvmb ficprgr uc ficputgkir pmssigb ogrgti fic i cmsci pikmr km prifmssgcmlti km uc fêrmori hucgli gkubti. 71  Fici vgj smr trgogbhgr fic uc ficputgkir tæi jltmbjemltm quglti vifî9 Mbm pikm læi smr tæi gtrgmltm quglti vifî m lmc tmr tgltis gcjeis, cgs vgj smr tæi jltmbjemltm quglti vifî... fici vifî gfhg qum vgj sm smltjr9 Pifî kgrç ucg jlstruåæi g mssm ficputgkir, mbm hmsjtgrç m kjrç> ‒Pifî tmc fmrtmzg kjssi9 Gfhi qum vifî læi pmlsiu kjrmjti...–. Mc ?161, is ficputgkirms pmssigjs, læi jcpirtg sug `ircg, pikmræi tmr i pikmr km prifmssgcmlti læi km uc, cgs km cjb fêrmoris hucglis. Jcpbgltms lmurgjs qum `irlmfmc mstjcubgåæi fmrmorgb pri`ulkg (KOV, lg sjebg mc jlebîs) mstæi smlki usgkis pgrg lmutrgbjzgr is trmcirms privifgkis pmbg kimlåg km Qgrdjlsil m pmbg msfbmrism cþbtjpbg. Jcpbgltms fifbmgrms pikmc suostjtujr gs `ulåýms km uc iuvjki jltmrli kglj`jfgki. Jcpbgltms km rmtjlg pikmc rmstgurgr pgrtm kg pmrfmpåæi vjsugb, ficpbmcmltglki fêbubgs `itirrmfmptirgs kglj`jfgkgs lis ibhis. Jcpbgltms lmurgjs m ‒kriegs jltmbjemltms– pikmræi cmbhirgr lissgs mxpmrjîlfjgs smlsirjgjs mc emrgb m lissg fgpgfjkgkm km cmcörjg m rgfjifãlji. Li `uturi, sm vifî tjvmr ucg privg jcpirtgltm pgrg `gzmr, pikmrç ficprgr cgjs ijtmltg cmegoytms km cmcörjg _GC m jcpbgltç-bis li smu fêrmori. Qikmrç smr pissãvmb tmr jcpbgltms km jkjicgs. Mc vmz km pgssgr fjlfi glis gprmlkmlki `rglfîs, vifî pikmrç jcpbgltgr i jkjicg kjrmtgcmltm li smu fêrmori gltms kg sug vjgemc á @rglåg. Pifî privgvmbcmltm vgj tmr km kmsmcoibsgr uc piufi cgjs pmbi jcpbgltm km mstjbi. _gy Durzwmjb gfrmkjtg qum ‒lg tmrfmjrg kêfgkg ki sêfubi XXJ mstgrmcis mc filkjåýms km frjgr cgpgs ficpbmtis m kmtgbhgkis kis ‘gspmftis ficputgfjilgbcmltm rmbmvgltms ki fêrmori hucgli‚ m km rmfrjgr mssms kmsjels mc ficputgkirms lmurgjs gvglågkis–. Lissgs cçqujlgs tgcoêc pikmræi km kmfirpis, ‒fici firpis vjrtugjs lg rmgbjkgkm gssucjr vjrtugb m ucg firpisvgrjmkgkm ficpistis mlxgcms km lglirrioûs...–. _ioûs

 

hucglijkms qum glkgc m tîc mxprmssýms `gfjgjs rmgbjstgs mstæi smlki kmsmlvibvjkis mc vçrjis bgoirgtörjis. Gltms ki `jc kmstm sêfubi, ‒smeulki g bmj kis rmtirlis gfmbmrgkis, g mspêfjm frjgkirg kg tmflibiejg lg [mrrg ‖ lös ‖  vgj sm `ulkjr fic g pröprjg tmflibiejg. Wuglki jssi gfiltmfmr, pikmrmcis pmreultgr> qugb ê g kj`mrmlåg mltrm uc fêrmori hucgli cjb vmzms cmbhirgki pir jcpbgltms lmurgjs m ucgmjltmbjeîlfjg ojiböejfg ogsmgkg lg mlemlhgrjg rmvmrsg ki fêrmori hucgli cmbhirgkg mlæi mxpglkjkg9–. Fici Durzwmjb iosmrvg, ‒uc prifmssi mvibutjvi gfgog sm gfmbmrglki pirqum sm ogsmjg mc sj cmsci pgrg mvibujr gjlkg cgjs T...S G jltmbjeîlfjg qum mstgcis frjglki geirg pgrg is ficputgkirms biei supmrgrç g jltmbjeîlfjg km smus frjgkirms–. Qikm fhmegr uc cicmlti, kjz Istcgl, ‒mc qum gs cçqujlgs mxjojræi tikg g egcg ki jltmbmfti, kgs mciåýms m kgs hgojbjkgkms hucglgs, jlfbujlki tgbmltis cusjfgjs m iutris tgbmltis frjgtjvis m civjcmltis `ãsjfis–. Lmssm fgsi, ‒gs `riltmjrgs kgs qumstýms `jbisö`jfgs ‖ pir mxmcpbi, ilkm g vjkg tmrcjlg m ilkm tiki i rmsti ficmåg ‖, lg cmbhir kgs hjpötmsms, biei ficmågræi g `jfgr lmoubisgs, m i cmsci vgj gfiltmfmr fic i lissi filfmjti gtugb km jltmbjeîlfjg–. ‒]c prifmssi mvibutjvi gfgog sm gfmbmrglki pirqum sm ogsmjg mc sj cmsci pgrg mvibujr gjlkg  cgjs.–

Gbeucgs kmssgs prmvjsýms pikmc sigr jcprivçvmjs, cgs, sm gbeuêc tjvmssm bhm kjti, vjltm glis gtrçs, qum uc kjg vifî pikmrjg usgr uc gpgrmbhjlhi smc `ji lg prgjg pgrg `gzmr pmsqujsgs mc qugbqumr ojobjitmfg ki culki, mlvjgr fgrtgs jlstgltïlmgs, ogjxgr cþsjfgs m vãkmis, ficprgr pgssgemls m rmsmrvgr hitêjs, uc mcprêstjci oglfi m fhmfgr smus lãvmjskmkmgvjæi fibmstmrib, vifî tmrjg `gzmr pmlsgki qum g pmssiglilæi ogtjg cujti omc kg fgomåg. M hinm gfhgcis qum tikgs mssgs fijsgs sæi cgjs ki qum lgturgjs. Vm vifî pukmssm vibtgr li tmcpi m cistrgr i smu jQhilm gis smus ojsgvös, mbms gfhgrjgc qum vifî ê i Fgpjtæi Djrd. I jcpissãvmb km iltmc ê i lircgb km hinm. Mspmrm gtê gcglhæ.

]c pbglmtg supmrbitgki I kmsmlvibvjcmlti tmfliböejfi ê gpmlgs uc kis vçrjis jcpubsjilgkirms kg cukglåg. I iutri ê g cubtjkæi km pmssigs qum i pbglmtg mstç smlki iorjegki

 

g gficikgr. Vicis km bilem g cgjir pipubgåæi km pmssigs qum nç vjvmu lmstm pbglmtg gi cmsci tmcpi. Mc cmgkis ki sêfubi XPJJJ, li jlãfji kg _mvibuåæi Jlkustrjgb, êrgcis gpmlgs 7 ojbhæi km pmssigs lg [mrrg. Mc 7:61, g pipubgåæi tjlhg kiorgki pgrg ? ojbhýms. Bmviu tikg g hjstörjg kg hucgljkgkm gtê fmrfg km 7811 pgrg g pipubgåæi gtjlejr i prjcmjri m gpmlgs 761giglis pgrg ojbhæi, gtjlejr imc smeulki ojbhæi. M sö bmvgcis trjltg ojbhæi glis pgrg fhmegr tmrfmjri 7:01, fgtirzm glis pgrg jlfbujr i qugrti ojbhæi, mc 7:5;, m trmzm pgrg gkjfjilgr i qujlti, mc 7:85. Lg lijtm kg vjrgkg ki cjbîlji, mc 7:::, g pipubgåæi ki culki nç tjlhg gtjlejki is 0 ojbhýms m filtjlugvg frmsfmlki g ucg vmbifjkgkm gbufjlgltm. Mc ?175, g pipubgåæi fhmeiu g 5,= ojbhýms, m gs Lgåýms ]ljkgs mstjcgc qum, mc ?1=1, fhmegrç pmrti kis 71 ojbhýms. G qumstæi læi ê sö i frmsfjcmlti kg pipubgåæi hucglg, cgs tgcoêc gs ilkgs cjergtörjgs. Mc 7811, g erglkm cgjirjg kgs pmssigs cirgvg li fgcpi m sö =% cirgvgc mc çrmgs uroglgs. Mc 7:11, mssg pripiråæi nç tjlhg suojki pgrg 7?%. Mc ?111, qugsm =1% kis 0 ojbhýms km pmssigs kg [mrrg nç cirgvgc mc fjkgkms. Mstjcg-sm qum, mc ?1=1, cgjs km 01% kg pipubgåæi (fmrfg km 0 ojbhýms km pmssigs) smrç uroglg. M gs fjkgkms qum rmfmomræi mssgs cubtjkýms læi sæi gs fjkgkms omc prinmtgkgs ki Vilhi Gcmrjfgli. Cujtgs smræi cmegfjkgkms km frmsfjcmlti kmsfiltribgki, fic cgjs km ?1 cjbhýms km hgojtgltms. Is lþcmris sæi gssustgkirms. Mstjcg-sm qum, mc ?1=1, i pbglmtg tmrç cgjs km qujlhmltgs fjkgkms fic cgjs km 7 cjbhæi km hgojtgltms m cgjs km fjlqumltg cmegfjkgkms fic pipubgåæi supmrjir g 71 cjbhýms. G Erglkm [öquji, ucg cmtröpibm uroglg mc mxpglsæi, nç tmc ucg pipubgåæi km 68 cjbhýms (cgjs ki qum tikg g pipubgåæi ki Fglgkç). Gi cmsci tmcpi, i mjxi ki culki hucgli mstç mc kmsbifgcmlti. I fmltri ki frmsfjcmlti pipubgfjilgb læi `jfg cgjs lgs gltjegs mfilicjgs jlkustrjgjs kg Muripg ifjkmltgb m kg Gcêrjfg ki Lirtm, cgs sjc lgs mfilicjgs mcmremltms kg Gcêrjfg ki Vub, ki Irjmltm Cêkji m kg Çsjg. Gtugbcmltm, 8; cjbhýms km pmssigs sæi gkjfjilgkgs glugbcmltm ás pipubgåýms kis pgãsms cmlis kmsmlvibvjkis, mc ficpgrgåæi fic fmrfg km 7,= cjbhæi lis pgãsms cgjs kmsmlvibvjkis, ilkm g pipubgåæi kmvm pmrcglmfmr rmbgtjvgcmltm filstgltm gi bilei kmstm sêfubi.77 G Fhjlg tmc g cgjir pipubgåæi ki culki, fic 7,; ojbhæi km pmssigs. G pipubgåæi fhjlmsg gucmltg 7% gi gli, prmsucjlki ucg cjergåæi cãljcg, mcoirg mssm frmsfjcmlti kmvg sm gfmbmrgr fic g mbjcjlgåæi ergkugb kg pibãtjfg ki `jbhi þljfi g pgrtjr km ?17=.

 

G Ãlkjg tmc ucg pipubgåæi km cgjs km 7,6 ojbhæi m, fic ucg tgxg km frmsfjcmlti km fmrfg km ?%, pikm ubtrgpgssgr g Fhjlg mc cmgkis kmstm sêfubi. Mc gbeucgs mfilicjgs mcmremltms, qugsm cmtgkm kg pipubgåæi tmc cmlis km ?= glis. Mlquglti jssi, lis pgãsms jlkustrjgbjzgkis cgjs gltjeis, g pipubgåæi mstç mlvmbhmfmlki. Cujtis gprmsmltgc tgxgs ogjxãssjcgs km frmsfjcmlti pipubgfjilgb gtê i km `mlûcmli filhmfjki fici ‒frmsfjcmlti lgturgb lmegtjvi–, quglki iu gs tgxgs cirtgbjkgkm supmrgc gs km lgtgbjkgkm. Gtugbcmltm, jssi gfiltmfm mc vjltm pgãsms, jlfbujlki g _þssjg, i Ngpæi, g Gbmcglhg, g Bmtûljg, g Çustrjg m g Jtçbjg. Mc gbeuls pgãsms, g þljfg `iltm km frmsfjcmlti pipubgfjilgb ê g jcjergåæi. Is Mstgkis ]ljkis sæi i tmrfmjri pgãs cgjs pipubisi ki culki, fic 6?; cjbhýms km hgojtgltms, pikmlki fhmegr g ;?? cjbhýms mc ?1=1. Mstjcg-sm qum ; cjbhýms km omoîs lgsfmrgc lis Mstgkis ]ljkis mc ?17=, filstjtujlki g cmlir tgxg km `mfulkjkgkm kmskm is prjcmjris rmejstris, mc 7:1:. (G tgxg km `mfulkjkgkm emrgb ê i lþcmri km lgsfjcmltis pir cjb cubhmrms mltrm 7= m ;: glis km jkgkm.) G cgjir `iltm km frmsfjcmlti pipubgfjilgb kis Mstgkis ]ljkis privêc kgs cjergåýms vjlkgs kgs Gcêrjfgs Fmltrgb m ki Vub.7? Fic i gvglåi ki sêfubi, mssgs ejegltmsfgs cukglågs pipubgfjilgjs prmssjilgræi g usi km rmfursis lgturgjs, gogstmfjcmlti km çeug m mlmrejg, prikuåæi km gbjcmltis m g qugbjkgkm ki gr qum rmspjrgcis. Is rjsfis km mpjkmcjgs m livgs kimlågs lulfg `irgc tæi erglkms. G gtjvjkgkm mfilûcjfg m i ficêrfji smræi g`mtgkis km cglmjrg pri`ulkg. Vm gprmlkmcis gbeucg fijsg fic i pgssgki, tgcoêc sgomcis qum hç i rjsfi km ml`rmltgrcis gs filsmquîlfjgs km erglkms fil`bjtis fubturgjs. G sibuåæi kmssms priobmcgs mlvibvmrç cglmjrgs rgkjfgbcmltm livgs km prmsmrvgr is rmfursis lgturgjs, livgs tmflibiejgs km emrgåæi km mlmrejg, cêtikis sustmltçvmjs km prikuåæi km gbjcmltis m livgs Lmstm goirkgemls pgrgfici prmvmljr m trgtgriskimlågs, omc fici pibãtjfgs jlivgkirgs. filtmxti, mc tikis iutris, jlivgr smrç `ulkgcmltgb.

Is rjsfis kgs prinmåýms Li kjg 61 km gorjb km 7:6:, uc kicjlei, @rgldbjl K. _iismvmbt, i prmsjkmltm kis Mstgkis ]ljkis, suoju gi pgbfi m `gbiu pgrg ucg pbgtmjg km cgjs km ?11 cjb pmssigs mc Livg Zird, fic ucg fïcmrg gpiltgkg pgrg mbm. Vmu pgpmb lgqumbm kjg `ij jlgueurgr g Mxpisjåæi Culkjgb km Livg Zird km 7:6:. I tmcg kg mxpisjåæi mrg ‒Filstrujlki i gtrgãrgc culki km gcglhæ–kmmvjsjtgltms. gs kugs tmcpirgkgs km gtjvjkgkms, mc 7:6: m 7:;1, ;= cjbhýms

 

G _gkji Firpirgtjil i` Gcmrjfg (_FG) `ij ucg kgs fmltmlgs km mxpisjtirms, fic uc pgvjbhæi mxjojlki kmcilstrgåýms ki prjcmjri sjstmcg tmbmvjsjvi ficmrfjgb ki culki. I kjsfursi km _iismvmbt kgqumbm kjg `ij i prjcmjri kjsfursi prmsjkmlfjgb tmbmvjsjilgki. Gbêc ki pþobjfi kg mxpisjåæi, mbm `ij vjsti pir fmrfg km cjb pmssigs kjgltm km gbeucgs fmltmlgs km tmbmvjsirms mspgbhgkis pmbg fjkgkm km prmsjkmltm Livg Zird.kgKmz kjgs kg gomrturg i`jfjgb kgi mxpisjåæi, Kgvjk Vgrli``, _FG, `mzgltms uc kjsfursi glulfjglki sjstmcg tmbmvjsjvi fici i kmspmrtgr km ucg livg mrg kg rgkjikj`usæi. I pgvjbhæi fhgciu gtmlåæi, cgs lmc tiki culki sm filvmlfmu km qum g [P ‒pmegrjg–. ]c grtjei km nirlgb siorm i mvmlti filfbuju qum g tmbmvjsæi ngcgjs smrjg uc sêrji filfirrmltm ki rçkji. ]c kis greucmltis `ij qum kç pgrg `gzmr iutrgs fijsgs mlquglti iuvjcis rçkji. Cgs, pgrg vmr [P, prmfjsgcis lis smltgr m `jfgr fic is ibhis erukgkis lg tmbg ‖ i qum, lgturgbcmltm, gfgogrjg sm tirlglki i erglkm gpmbi ki sjstmcg tmbmvjsjvi. Qgrmfjg fbgri pgrg i gutir ki grtjei qum gs `gcãbjgs gcmrjfglgs sjcpbmscmltm læi tmrjgc tmcpi pgrg jssi. Vö qum, qumc kjrjg, i pþobjfi grrglniu tmcpi. Mc cêkjg, gs `gcãbjgs gcmrjfglgs fgvgrgc fmrfg km ?= hirgs pir smcglg km sugs gemlkgs bitgkgs pgrg `jfgr smltgkgs li si`ç fic is ibhis erukgkis lg tmbmvjsæi. I gutir ki grtjei mrriu gi gvgbjgr g tmbmvjsæi fic ogsm lis vgbirms fubturgjs kg êpifg, qum pgrmfjgc læi tmr fici gficikgr g [P. Lg vmrkgkm, g tmbmvjsæi læi `ij gficikgkg lg fubturg gcmrjfglg kg êpifg, m sjc g rmvibufjiliu ficpbmtgcmltm. I culki lulfg cgjs `ij i cmsci kmpijs ki gkvmlti kg tmbmvjsæi. G [P `ij ucg tmflibiejg trgls`ircgkirg, gssjc fici g prmlsg tjpierç`jfg, i citir g vgpir, g mbmtrjfjkgkm, i guticövmb m iutrgs jlvmlåýms rmvibufjilçrjgs. qugsmkgjcpissãvmb prmvmr tgltgs i lissi `uturi fic qugbqumr ergu km fmrtmzg. Gs Ê`irågs cukglåg frjgc filtrgfirrmltms qum sö pikmcis cgpmçbgs uc piufi gkjgltm. Læi ê `çfjb prmvmr is m`mjtis kgs tmflibiejgs trgls`ircgkirgs nustgcmltm pirqum mssgs tmflibiejgs sæi trgls`ircgkirgs. Qgrg mltmlkmr fici ê kj`ãfjb prmvmr i `uturi geirg, ogstg pmlsgr mc fici tmrjg sjki kj`ãfjb prmvmr i `uturi li pgssgki.

Pjrglki g pçejlg  Mlquglti Eutmlomre firrjejg gs `gbhgs têfljfgs km sug prmlsg tjpierç`jfg mc 7;=1 mc Cgjlz, lg Gbmcglhg, kuvjki qum gmbm tmlhgli prmvjsti tikgs gs filsmquîlfjgs kg jlvmlåæi qum mstgvg prmstms bglågr culki. [rmjlgki

 

pgrg smr iurjvms, Eutmlomre ficojliu gs tmflibiejgs mxjstmltms fic gbeucgs cmbhirjgs qum mbm cmsci filfmomu m frjiu uc sjstmcg km jcprmssæi rçpjki, gkgptçvmb m m`jfjmltm. Vmu sjstmcg pissjojbjtiu, pmbg prjcmjrg vmz lg hjstörjg kg hucgljkgkm, rmprikuzjr kifucmltis mc erglkm qugltjkgkm m kjstrjouã-bis pir tiki i filtjlmltm muripmu m, cgjs tgrkm, pir tiki i culki. G prmlsg tjpierç`jfg Eutmlomre cukiuuctuki, ficpirtgs Qir ki filhmfjcmltikmm kgs jkmjgs m emrglki gpmtjtmgorjlki virgz pmbggsgb`gomtjzgåæi. vibtg km 7=11, erç`jfgs mspgbhgkgs pir tikg g Muripg nç prikuzjgc jlfiltçvmjs kifucmltis siorm tikis is tmcgs m km tikis is piltis km vjstg, fic jcpbjfgåýms sãscjfgs pgrg g pibãtjfg, g rmbjejæi m g fubturg. Li sêfubi XPJ, i `jbösi`i m pibãtjfi jlebîs @rglfjs Ogfil kmsmlvibvmu is prjlfãpjis ki cêtiki fjmltã`jfi mc uc culki qum tjlhg sjki trgls`ircgki pmbg pribj`mrgåæi km jkmjgs m pmbg mlmrejg jltmbmftugb qum `buãrg kgs prmlsgs kg Muripg. Cgjs pgrg i `jc kg vjkg, Ogfil ficmltiu qum g jlvmlåæi km Eutmlomre ‒cukiu i mstgki km tikgs gs fijsgs li culki jltmjri–.

Vgjlki kg filfhg  I citir km ficoustæi jltmrlg `ij frjgki qugtrifmltis glis kmpijs kg prjcmjrg prmlsg tjpierç`jfg km Eutmlomre. M, fici g prmlsg, ljleuêc tmvm fici prmvmr i jcpgfti kmssg jlvmlåæi. Lg êpifg, cujtg emltm vjg i guticövmb fici ucg jlivgåæi jltmrmssgltm, cgs læi `gzjg cujti smltjki suostjtujr is fgvgbis m gs fgrrugemls, qum nç mstgvgc kglki filtg ki rmfgki. ]cg pmssig fung furjisjkgkm `ij kmspmrtgkg pmbgs livgs fgrrugemls smc fgvgbis gfgoiu eglhglki uc buegr kmsvmlturgki lg hjstörjg kis trglspirtms. Vmu licm mrg Orjkemt Krjsfibb, m mbg `ij ucg kgs prjcmjrgs pmssigs g cirrmr mc uc gfjkmltm km guticövmb. Mc 75 km geisti km 78:0, Orjkemt, mltæi fic ;; glis, vjsjtgvg ucg mxpisjåæi li Qgbçfji km Frjstgb, mc Bilkrms, fic sug `jbhg gkibmsfmltm, Cgy. G mxpisjåæi jlfbuãg vibtgs km kmcilstrgåæi mc guticövmjs kg Glebi-@rmlfh Citir Fgrrjgem Ficpgly. Mlquglti pgssmgvg pmbg mxpisjåæi, g smlhirg Krjsfibb `ij gtripmbgkg pir uc kis vmãfubis m læi siormvjvmu gi gfjkmltm. I jlfjkmltm læi tjlhg prmfmkmltms m uc nþrj km cêkjfis bmejstgs `ij gfjilgki pgrg gvgbjgr i fgsi. [mstmculhgs `jzmrgc rmbgtis fil`bjtgltms ki gfjkmltm, jlfbujlki g vmbifjkgkm ki vmãfubi. ]cg tmstmculhg kjssm qum i vmãfubi gvglågvg ‒g ucg vmbifjkgkm jcprukmltm, fici uc fgrri km oicomjris–. I citirjstg, Grthur Ngcms Mksgbb, rm`utiu i tmstmculhi m g`jrciu qum mstgvg kjrjejlki g piufi cgjs km smjs qujbûcmtris pir hirg. G pgssgemjrg, Gbjfm

 

Vtglkjle, kjssm qum i citir tjlhg sjki cikj`jfgki pgrg pissjojbjtgr qum i fgrri glkgssm g cgjs km smjs qujbûcmtris pir hirg, cgs uc mspmfjgbjstg qum glgbjsiu i vmãfubi rmnmjtiu mssg gbmegåæi. Gpös smjs hirgs km kmbjomrgåýms, i nþrj vibtiu fic i vmrmkjfti km cirtm gfjkmltgb. Gi rmsucjr i fgsi, i cêkjfi bmejstg Qmrfy Cirrjsil rm`bmtju siorm g lgturmzg ojzgrrg ki trçejfi gfjkmltm m kjssm qum mspmrgvg qum Li ‒gbei pgrmfjki  ngcgjs vibtgssm g gfiltmfmr–. Omc, gqujbi gfiltmfmu km livi. sêfubi XX, cgjs km 01 cjbhýms km pmssigs cirrmrgc mc gfjkmltms km guticövmb m iutris cjbhýms ngcgjs sm rmfupmrgrgc kis `mrjcmltis. Fici g prmlsg tjpierç`jfg, i guticövmb trgls`irciu i culki km cglmjrgs qum smus jlvmltirms kj`jfjbcmltm pikmrjgc jcgejlgr. jcgejlgr. M g fubturg kjejtgb mstç rmvibufjilglki i culki fic g cmscg pri`ulkjkgkm qum mssgs tmflibiejgs gltmrjirms. Is m`mjtis sæi fucubgtjvis. Jlivgåýms rgkjfgjs mc emrgb jltmrgemc mltrm sj m frjgc livis pgkrýms km ficpirtgcmlti. Wuglki [jc Omrlmrs-Bmm bglåiu gs ogsms kg Uirbk Ujkm Umo mc 7::1, smu ionmtjvi mrg gnukgr is gfgkîcjfis g fibgoirgr mltrm sj, gfmssglki i trgogbhi uls kis iutris. Mbm ngcgjs pikmrjg tmr prmvjsti g rçpjkg mxpglsæi ebiogb kg jltmrlmt, g kjssmcjlgåæi vjrgb kgs cãkjgs sifjgjs m smus m`mjtis trgls`ircgkirms siorm g fubturg m i ficêrfji. G mvibuåæi kg jltmrlmt `ij jcpubsjilgkg læi sö pmbgs jlivgåýms tmfliböejfgs, cgs tgcoêc pmbg jcgejlgåæi m pmbi gpmtjtm km ojbhýms km usuçrjis, qum, pir sug vmz, mstæi jcpubsjilglki iutrgs jlivgåýms tmfliböejfgs.

G livg lgturmzg ki trgogbhi Lmc smcprm tmcis fici prmvmr i `uturi, cgs nç sgomcis km gbeucgs fijsgs. ]cg kmbgs ê qum g lgturmzg ki trgogbhi filtjlugrç g cukgr pgrg cujtgs pmssigs. Lissis `jbhis læi sö trifgræi km mcprmei vçrjgs vmzms fici privgvmbcmltm tgcoêc cukgræi km fgrrmjrg. Mc cmlis km ucg emrgåæi, g lgturmzg ki trgogbhi cukiu pri`ulkgcmltm pgrg cjbhýms km pmssigs m, fic mbg, g mstruturg kgs mfilicjgs culkjgjs. Wuglki mu mrg frjglåg, lis glis 7:=1 m 7:01, g cgjirjg kgs pmssigs sm ifupgvg km trgogbhis cglugjs m usgvg uc cgfgfæi, m rmbgtjvgcmltm piufgs pmssigs trgogbhgvgc mc msfrjtörjis m usgvgc tmrli. Mspmfjgbcmltm lis þbtjcis trjltg glis, cgjs pmssigs pgssgrgc g trgogbhgr li smtir km smrvjåis m km tmflibiejg kg jl`ircgåæi ki qum mc pistis cgjs trgkjfjilgjs km trgogbhi, mlvibvmlki cæi km iorg cglugb m cglu`gturg. Li pgssgki, gs prjlfjpgjs mcprmsgs ebiogjs gtugvgc lg

 

cglu`gturg m li pmtröbmi, cgs hinm cujtgs kgs prjlfjpgjs mcprmsgs gtugc li smtir km ficuljfgåýms, jl`ircgåæi, mltrmtmljcmlti, fjîlfjg m tmflibiejg. G Fjsfi Vystmcs `irlmfm hgrkwgrm km rmkm pgrg g jltmrlmt. Mc livmcori km ?111, smu vgbir li cmrfgki km gåýms mrg km ]V$ ;11 ojbhýms, bmvglki g Fjsfi g vgbmr cgjs ki qum tikgs gs ciltgkirgs km guticövmjs, cmtgbþrejfgs, prikutirgs `gorjfgltms km gvjýms culkimcprmsgs nultgs lg kg ifgsjæi. M gqujbi `ij sökmigbucãlji ficmåi. mMc ?175, fjlfi kgs kmzkicgjirms @irtulm =11, jlfbujlki gs trîs prjcmjrgs fibifgkgs, mrgc mcprmsgs km tmflibiejg. G mcprmsg cgjs vgbjisg ê g Gppbm, fic uc vgbir km cmrfgki km ]V$ 5?= ojbhýms, smeujkg pmbg Gbphgomt (Eiiebm), gvgbjgkg mc ]V$ =15 ojbhýms, m pmbg Cjfrisi`t, gvgbjgkg mc ]V$ 6?0 ojbhýms. I qujlti fibifgki kg bjstg ê i @gfmoiid, fic uc vgbir km cmrfgki km ]V$ 6?7 ojbhýms. G Gcgzil ê g sêtjcg fibifgkg, fic ]V$ ?=1 ojbhýms. Fici vifî gfhg qum smrç g bjstg @irtulm =11 km ?1?5, sm ê qum g bjstg vgj filtjlugr mxjstjlki9 Ê sjcpbmscmltm jcpissãvmb kjzmr. I gkvmlti ki m-ficcmrfm  m ki trgkjle  km gåýms pmbg jltmrlmt lis glis 7:81 pgssiu kmstrujlki `ircgs trgkjfjilgjs m filsibjkgkgs km `gzmr lmeöfjis. G jl`ircgtjzgåæi kis cmrfgkis `jlglfmjris m g sjlfriljzgåæi kgs mfilicjgs ebiogjs rmvibufjilgrgc is smrvjåis `jlglfmjris, jlfbujlki oglfis, smeurgkirgs, firrmtirgs m trgkmrs. Kmskm i fhgcgki Oje Ogle mc Bilkrms, mc 7:88, erglkms firpirgåýms jltmrlgfjilgjs mleibjrgc pmqumlis oglfis trgkjfjilgjs, vgrmnjstgs ficmågrgc g i`mrmfmr fgrtýms km frêkjti m oglfis sm trgls`ircgrgc mc smeurgkirgs m `jlglfjgkirms jciojbjçrjis. G `irtm mxpglsæi ki smtir km smrvjåis `jlglfmjris km ?111 g ?11= m smu sþojti fibgpsi mc ?118 sæi cgjs uc mxmcpbi, fici sm prmfjsçssmcis km iutri, km qum i `uturi, mc emrgb, kmsg`jg gs prmvjsýms m supmrg g jcgejlgåæi.

Vgfglki g jkmjg  Lis þbtjcis trjltg glis, sureju ucg livg m jcpilmltm `iråg lgs mfilicjgs culkjgjs. Cujtgs vmzms kmsfrjtgs fici ‒smtir km priprjmkgkm jltmbmftugb–, iu ás vmzms fhgcgkgs km ‒jlkþstrjgs frjgtjvgs–, mssgs `irågs jlfbumc puobjfjkgkm, grqujtmturg, grtms m gltjeujkgkms, trgogbhis cglugjs, kmsjel, cikg, fjlmcg, egcms, cþsjfg, grtms fîljfgs, mkjtirgåæi, si`twgrm m smrvjåis km jl`ircçtjfg, tmbmvjsæi m rçkji. Mssm smtir eglhg gjlkg cgjs jcpirtïlfjg quglki jlfirpirg pgtmltms kg fjîlfjg m kg tmflibiejg, fici gfiltmfm lg jlkþstrjg `grcgfîutjfg, mbmtrûljfis, ojitmflibiejg m kmcæi sjstmcgs 76 Gs jlkþstrjgs km frjgtjvgs usgc cujtg km iorgkmm jl`ircgåæi, mltrm iutris.km

 

kmpmlkmc km cujtis tjpis km filhmfjcmlti mspmfjgbjzgki. G prikuåæi tmbmvjsjvg m fjlmcgtierç`jfg, pir mxmcpbi, mcprmeg gtirms, ritmjrjstgs, fgcmrgcml  m ipmrgkirms km sic, omc fici mspmfjgbjstgs mc jbucjlgåæi, cgqujgemc, kmsjel, mkjåæi m pös-prikuåæi. G rmvibuåæi kgs ficuljfgåýms m is livis cmrfgkis ebiogjs pir mbg frjgkis cubtjpbjfgrgc is fglgjs km kjssmcjlgåæi frjgtjvi m gfgogrgc pir gucmltgr kmcglkg kis filsucjkirms.km I filtmþki gucmlti kg jcpirtïlfjg `jlglfmjrg ki smtir êg gficpglhgki ki gucmlti km sug ogsm km mcprmeis, læi sö lg Muripg m lis Mstgkis ]ljkis fici tgcoêc lg Çsjg.

]c livi tjpi km cæi km iorg  Mc tiki i culki, i smtir prjvgki m i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb mstæi kjgltm km uc livi gojsci mltrm emrgåýms. Gi cmsci tmcpi qum i lþcmri km pmssigs li pbglmtg mstç gucmltglki, gs kj`mrmlågs mltrm gs emrgåýms mstæi sm gpri`ulkglki. Fic g cmbhirjg kg cmkjfjlg m kis cmkjfgcmltis m i gucmlti kg mxpmftgtjvg km vjkg, i erupi kis fgombis erjsgbhis filtjlug frmsfmlki m sm cgltêc mc pbmlg gtjvjkgkm. Li _mjli ]ljki, pir mxmcpbi, mc ?1?1, i lþcmri km pmssigs fic cgjs km =1 glis smrç ? cjbhýms cgjir, mlquglti i lþcmri km pmssigs fic cmlis km =1 glis smrç ? cjbhýms cmlir. M gs pmssigs fic cgjs km =1 glis læi sæi fici smus gltmpgssgkis. Mbms rmspilkmc pir 81% kg rjqumzg ki pgãs, eizgc km ucg sgþkm cmbhir m sæi cgjs gomrtis ki qum is pgjs km frjglågs pmqumlgs gtibgkis mc kãvjkgs, ml`rmltglki livis kmsg`jis m tmltglki sm gkgptgr g livgs `ircgs km trgogbhi. Mssgs fgrgftmrãstjfgs `gzmc kg emrgåæi erjsgbhg trgogbhgkirms mxtrmcgcmltm m`jfgzms kg livg mfilicjg. Km gfirki fic uc mstuki> ‒G qumkg kgs tgxgs km lgtgbjkgkm `irågrç is mcprmegkirms smrmc cgjsprmfjsgc. frjgtjvisMsmpgrg qujsmrmc tmr gfmssi gis trgogbhgkirms mspmfjgbjzgkisg kis qugjs jssi mbms tmræi km sm bjvrgr kis prmfilfmjtis prmfilfm jtis kg kjsfrjcjlgåæi mtçrjg–.7;

]cg sifjmkgkm ifjisg9 G pricmssg km ucg sifjmkgkm mltrmeum gi öfji rmsubtgltm km tmflibiejgs kjejtgjs qum suostjtujræi g cæi km iorg hucglg læi sm filfrmtjziu gtê geirg. G cgjirjg kgs pmssigs qum filhmåi mstç sm mcpmlhglki cgjs li trgogbhi, pgssg cgjs tmcpi trgogbhglki m ê `irågkg g fucprjr prgzis cgjs furtis ki qum hç kmz glis. G pissjojbjkgkm km sm ficuljfgr fic pmssigs mc kj`mrmltms `usis hirçrjis sjelj`jfg qum, quglki vifî mstç jlki kircjr, gbeuêc gfgoiu km

 

fhmegr gi msfrjtörji m qumr `gbgr gbeucg fijsg. Gbêc kg ciltglhg kjçrjg km mcgjbs, gjlkg sicis filstgltmcmltm jcpirtulgkis pmbgs jlsjstmltms litj`jfgåýms km cmlsgemls km tmxti, tmbm`ilmcgs m gtugbjzgåýms lgs cãkjgs sifjgjs. ]c mxmfutjvi sîljir km ucg erglkm ficpglhjg km pmtröbmi cm filtiu qum, lgs `mstgs km `jc km gli, mrg fistucm kg mcprmsg kgr ucg kmsgfmbmrgkg gtjvjkgkms pgrtjr kmkmcmgkis kmzmcori m sö cgrfgc rmticgr pbmlgcmltm gslgs gtjvjkgkms mcg cmgkis nglmjri.kmHinm gs pmssigs rmuljýms lg smcglg ki Lgtgb m gs gtjvjkgkms vibtgc gi `rmlmsj km smcprm nç lg prjcmjrg smcglg ki Gli-Livi. Mbm kmsfrmvm gssjc g sjtugåæi> ‒I pgkræi km vjkg cmbhiriu cujti mc ficpgrgåæi fic g êpifg mc qum mu ficmfmj g trgogbhgr, cgs g qugbjkgkm km vjkg fgju cujti–. Mlquglti jssi, cujtgs pmssigs mstæi kmsmcprmegkgs. Cgs mssm ê uc priobmcg kj`mrmltm, qum rmticgrmcis li Fgpãtubi 6. [gcoêc mstgcis mxpistis gi kjbþvji filstgltm km litãfjgs m jl`ircgåýms m á prmssæi km lis cgltmr g pgr km tuki. ]c `gcisi nirlgbjstg orjtïljfi filtiu siorm g êpifg mc qum mbm ficmåiu g trgogbhgr li litjfjçrji km ucg mstgåæi km rçkji. Mbm mltriu lg OOF lg kêfgkg km 7:61, quglki gjlkg læi mxjstjgc litjfjçrjis rmeubgrms. Mc sug prjcmjrg smcglg li mcprmei, uc litjfjçrji `ij gemlkgki m mbm `ij gi mstþkji gssjstjr á trglscjssæi. I gprmsmltgkir smltiu-sm á cmsg, kjgltm ki cjfri`ilm, mspmriu kgr g hirg mxgtg km ficmågr i litjfjçrji m glulfjiu, sibmlmcmltm> ‒Mstg ê g OOF Hicm Vmrvjfm km Bilkrms. Ê ucg hirg. Læi hç lmlhucg litãfjg–. I litjfjçrji mrg trglscjtjki km qugbqumr cglmjrg, fic iu smc litãfjgs.7= Ficpgrm jssi fic i fjfbi `morjb km hinm mc kjg, gprmsmltglki litãfjgs ?; hirgs pir kjg mc ucg jl`jljkgkm km fglgjs m cãkjgs. Læi ê qum i culki km hinm tmlhg cgjs gfiltmfjcmltis ki qum i kis glis 7:61. Hinm tmcis ucg jlkþstrjg km litãfjgs germssjvgcmltm ficpmtjtjvg, qumjssi emrg litãfjgspgrg m ipjljýms ?; hirgs pir kjg pgrg gbjcmltgr smus bufris. [uki filtrjouj ucg smlsgåæi km frjsm qum pmrcmjg tikg g fubturg ki sêfubi XXJ.

Gltmfjpglki i `uturi Mc 7:51, Gbvjl [i``bmr puobjfiu smu rmvibufjilçrji bjvri I fhiqum ki `uturi.  Is psjföbieis filhmfmc omc i filfmjti km fhiqum fubturgb. _m`uejgkis pibãtjfis m jcjergltms mfilûcjfis pikmc si`rmr uc fhiqum fubturgb quglki sm cukgc pgrg uc pgãs kj`mrmltm m sæi niegkis mc uc gcojmltm ilkm ‖tikgs gs sugs rm`mrîlfjgs ‖ jkjicg, vgbirms, pikm ficjkg, riupgs, rjtugjs sifjgjs kmjxgc km smr vçbjkgs. I fhiqum fubturgb kmslirtmgr

 

ucg pmssig gi mxtrmci m bmvgr, mc fgsis ergvms, á psjfism. [i``bmr litiu uc `mlûcmli ebiogb smcmbhgltm lgs rçpjkgs cukglågs sifjgjs fgusgkgs pmbg tmflibiejg. Mbm greucmltiu qum smr jcpmbjkgs fic cujtg rgpjkmz g uc `uturi kmsfilhmfjki pikmrjg tmr i cmsci m`mjti trgucçtjfi siorm gs pmssigs. I priobmcg læi ê g cukglåg mc sj, cgs g vmbifjkgkm, g lgturmzg m g msfgbg kg cukglåg. Hinm mc kjg ml`rmltgcis ‒uc `buxi km cukglågs tæi gfmbmrgki qum g`mtg lissi smlsi km tmcpi, rmvibufjilg i rjtci kg lissg vjkg fitjkjglg m g`mtg g lissg mxpmrjîlfjg km culki. Læi vjvmlfjgcis cgjs g vjkg fici gs pmssigs `gzjgc li pgssgki. Mssg ê g cgjir kj`mrmlåg, g erglkm kjstjlåæi qum smpgrg ucg pmssig vmrkgkmjrgcmltm filtmcpirïlmg km tikgs gs iutrgs–. Mbm gfrmkjtgvg qum mssg gfmbmrgåæi mstç pir trçs kg ‒jcpmrcglîlfjg, kg trglsjtirjmkgkm, qum pmlmtrg m sm jcprmelg lg lissg filsfjîlfjg, g`mtglki rgkjfgbcmltm g lissg rmbgåæi fic gs pmssigs, gs fijsgs m tiki i uljvmrsi km jkmjgs, grtm m vgbirms–. Ê jltmrmssgltm litgr qum, lg kêfgkg km 7:51, quglki Gbvjl [i``bmr [i``bmr kmsmlvibvmu sugs vjsýms gpifgbãptjfgs rmsubtgltms kg vmbifjkgkm kgs cukglågs sifjgjs, i ficputgkir pmssigb gjlkg læi tjlhg sjki jlvmltgki, cujti cmlis g jltmrlmt. Mbm msfrmvmu I fhiqum ki `uturi  usglki ucg cçqujlg km msfrmvmr cmfïljfg.

I qum i `uturi lis rmsmrvg  Li sêfubi XXJ, g hucgljkgkm ml`rmltg gbeuls km smus cgjirms kmsg`jis. Lissg cmbhir sibuåæi ê fubtjvgr lissis tgbmltis km jcgejlgåæi, frjgtjvjkgkm m jlivgåæi. Mstg kmvmrjg smr ucg kgs cgjirms prjirjkgkms kg mkufgåæi li culki tiki. G mkufgåæi ê g sibuåæi pgrg i `uturi m is rjsfis kj`jfjbcmltm pikmrjgc smr cgjirms. Mc 7:6;, i erglkm psjföbiei suãåi Nmgl Qjgemt g`jrciu qum ‒sö g mkufgåæi ê fgpgz km sgbvgr gs lissgs sifjmkgkms km uc pissãvmb fibgpsi, smng vjibmlti iu ergkugb–. Læi `gbtgc mxmcpbis lg hjstörjg. Li tmcpi rmbgtjvgcmltm furti mc qum g hucgljkgkm ifupg g [mrrg, cujtgs erglkms sifjmkgkms m fjvjbjzgåýms jltmjrgs surejrgc m kmsgpgrmfmrgc. Frjgcis lissgs fubturgs læi sö fic ogsm lgs rmgbjzgåýms kis qum vjmrgc gltms, cgs tgcoêc mc sugs ruãlgs. I ricglfjstg vjsjilçrji H. E. Umbbs kjssm g cmscg fijsg qum Qjgemt, cgs km cglmjrg cgjs jlfjsjvg> ‒G fjvjbjzgåæi–, mbm kjssm, ‒ê ucg firrjkg mltrm g mkufgåæi m g fgtçstri`m–. Mvjkîlfjgs suemrmc qum mbm m Qjgemt tjlhgc rgzæi.

 

6

I priobmcg ki lissi sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb ‒Is sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs gtugjs læi `irgc filfmojkis pgrg rmsibvmr is kmsg`jis qum ml`rmltgcis hinm. Mbms `irgc frjgkis pgrg gtmlkmr g kmcglkgs iosibmtgs. Læi ogstg `gzmr ucg rm`ircg> i sjstmcg prmfjsg pgssgr pir ucg trgls`ircgåæi.–

Jl`bgåæi gfgkîcjfg  Mu mltrmj lg `gfubkgkm mc 7:08. Vm vifî cm vjssm lg êpifg, læi cm rmfilhmfmrjg. Mu læi mrg i fgrg si`jstjfgki m mbmegltm qum vifî pikm vmr lg `iti ki cmu sjtm. Mu jkibgtrgvg i Bmk ^mppmbjl m tmltgvg jcjtgr, pmbi cmlis lg gpgrîlfjg, i vifgbjstg, _iomrt Qbglt. Mu tjlhg fgombis lg gbturg kis icoris, usgvg nmgls m ucg ngqumtg ki mxêrfjti rgsegkg m mrg (qugsm) pmrjeisgcmltm jrrmsjstãvmb pgrg gs cubhmrms. Qmbi cmlis mrg i qum mu gfhgvg. Mu tjlhg ?? glis m gjlkg læi sgojg i qum `gzmr kg vjkg. Vmrjg cmbhir prifurgr uc mcprmei9 Gjlkg læi, pmlsmj. Læi tjlhg prmssg. Lgqumbg êpifg, qugbqumr pmssig fic uc kjpbicg uljvmrsjtçrji tjlhg uc mcprmei kmfmltm prgtjfgcmltm egrgltjki m i fursi mc sj læi `gzjg cujtg kj`mrmlåg. Mu pikmrjg tmr cm `ircgki mc bãleug lörkjfg gltjeg iu qugbqumr iutri fursi mxötjfi. M cmsci gssjc gs mcprmsgs `gzjgc `jbg pgrg filtrgtgr qumc tjlhg uc kjpbicg uljvmrsjtçrji. ‒Wumr kjzmr qum vifî sgom `gbgr g bãleug kis vjdjles9–, mbms pmreultgrjgc. ‒Qir qum vifî læi vmc trgogbhgr gquj, pgrg gkcjljstrgr g lissg `çorjfg9 G`jlgb, kmpijs km tmr pgssgki qugtri glis lg `gfubkgkm, vifî nç kmvm sgomr tuki i qum ê lmfmssçrji.–

 

Lgqumbg êpifg, sm ucg pmssig fic kjpbicg uljvmrsjtçrji læi trgogbhgssm mrg pirqum privgvmbcmltm prm`mrjg læi `gzî-bi. Mu læi qumrjg trgogbhgr. Mu qumrjg ‒cm mlfiltrgr–. Lis glis 7:51, gjlkg kgvg pgrg `gzmr mssm tjpi km fijsg. Kmfjkj jr á Ãlkjg, ilkm gfhmj qum cm mlfiltrgrjg. Gfiltmfm qum gfgomj lmc fhmeglki á Ãlkjg, fhmeumj gpmlgs g Bilkrms (ilkm, nustjåg smng `mjtg, læi `gbtgc rmstgurgltms jlkjglis). Mu sgojg qum tmrjg uc mcprmei mspmrglki pir cjc gssjc qum rmsibvmssm trgogbhgr, m `ij i qum gfiltmfmu. ]c kjpbicg uljvmrsjtçrji mrg uc pgssgpirtm pgrg ucg oig pisjåæi pri`jssjilgb. Hinm mc kjg, læi ogstg sm `ircgr pgrg tmr uc mcprmei egrgltjki, m qumc mlfiltrg trgogbhi læi mspmrg pgssgr cujti tmcpi lg cmscg mcprmsg lmc mspmrg qum g mcprmsg siormvjvg cujti tmcpi. Læi mstiu kjzmlki qum ê cmbhir lmc sm kgr gi trgogbhi km iotmr qugbj`jfgåýms gfgkîcjfgs. I sjcpbms `gti km mstukgr pgrg iotmr mssgs qugbj`jfgåýms nç kmvmrjg vgbmr g pmlg, m is cmbhirms priergcgs sæi cujti oils. Gs qugbj`jfgåýms gfgkîcjfgs tgcoêc sæi uc tjpi km cimkg m tîc ucg tgxg km fïcoji li cmrfgki km trgogbhi iu li culki gfgkîcjfi. M, fici tikgs gs cimkgs, i vgbir pikm suojr iu fgjr km gfirki fic gs filkjåýms ki cmrfgki m g qugltjkgkm km cimkg mc fjrfubgåæi. Is kjpbicgs uljvmrsjtçrjis fistucgvgc tmr uc gbti vgbir km cmrfgki mc pgrtm pirqum piufgs pmssigs mrgc `ircgkgs. I frmsfjcmlti kg pipubgåæi m g mxpglsæi kg ‒mfilicjg ki filhmfjcmlti– bmvgrgc g uc lþcmri smc prmfmkmltms km pmssigs pgrg g `gfubkgkm. Lg kêfgkg km 7:51, gprixjcgkgcmltm ucg g fgkg vjltm pmssigs `rmqumltgvg uc fursi supmrjir. Hinm mc kjg, ucg g fgkg trîs vgj á `gfubkgkm, m mssg pripiråæi mstç suojlki ucg gmstç fgkg kugs. Nç I læi qum ogstg gfiltmfm qum i vgbir cmrfgki kis pgrg kjpbicgs fgjlki. smr ê`ircgki pgrg km sm kmstgfgr lg cubtjkæi. Mcprmeis qum fistucgvgc mxjejr gpmlgs ergkugåæi geirg mstæi mxjejlki cmstrgki iu kiutirgki. Pçrjis glis gtrçs, pgrtjfjpmj ki ficjtî km smbmåæi km pri`mssirms km ucg uljvmrsjkgkm. Qmreultmj gi prmsjkmltm ki ficjtî qugjs mrgc is frjtêrjis km smbmåæi kis fglkjkgtis. Mbm cmlfjiliu gs vçrjgs qugbjkgkms m qugbj`jfgåýms mxjejkgs pgrg i fgrei m ficpbmtiu> ‒Gfhi qum tgcoêc smrjg oic tmr gbeuêc fic uc oic kiutirgki–. Mu kjssm> ‒Mc ipisjåæi g quî9 ]c kiutirgki tmrrãvmb9–. Mbm mstgvg sm rm`mrjlki, ê fbgri, g uc kiutirgki mc ucg uljvmrsjkgkm . Li pgssgki, mrg rgrãssjci tmr kiutirgki. Wumc tjlhg tip uc kjpbicg km kiutirgki mrg gbeuêc vjsti fic

 

rmvmrîlfjg. Hinm mc kjg, læi gfmjtgcis ‒qugbqumr– kjpbicg km kiutirgki. Wumrmcis ‒oils– kiutirgkis. M geirg9 Wugb vgj smr i pröxjci pgssi9 Qrîcjis Liomb9 Vmrç qum uc kjg vgcis vmr eglhgkirms ki Liomb sm fglkjkgtglki pgrg trgogbhgr mc uc msfrjtörji m smlki jl`ircgkis pmbi _H> ‒Fmrti... Mstiu vmlki gquj qum vifî tmc uc Qrîcji Liomb... Cujti oic... Cgs vifî sgom usgr i Mxfmb9 Qrmfjsgcis km gbeuêc pgrg fujkgr kg `ibhg km pgegcmlti–. G prmcjssg ê qum tuki vgj `jfgr omc sm mxpglkjrcis g mkufgåæi m mbmvgrcis is pgkrýms. Wum, quglki tiki culki tjvmr uc kjpbicg km kiutirgki, ljleuêc ngcgjs `jfgrç kmsmcprmegki. Cgs læi ê jssi qum vgj gfiltmfmr. Is cmrfgkis sm gkgptgræi ás tgxgs km fïcoji mc qumkg m is mcprmegkirms sgjræi mc ousfg km iutrgs cimkgs, cgjs vgbjisgs. Ê i qum nç mstç gfiltmfmlki. I priobmcg læi ê qum is pgkrýms gfgkîcjfis mstæi mc qumkg. I priobmcg ê qum gs ogsms qum `ulkgcmltgc is lissis sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs gtugjs mstæi sm kmsbifglki sio is lissis pês.

Qjbgrms eîcmis Hinm prmsucjcis qum is eivmrlis ê qum kmvmrjgc sm mlfgrrmegr km `irlmfmr gcpbis sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs4 qum g mkufgåæi kmvmrjg smr `jlglfjgkg fic rmfursis pþobjfis4 qum tikgs gs frjglågs kmvmrjgc mstukgr gtê pmbi cmlis is 70 glis m qum ucg erglkm pgrfmbg km nivmls kmvmrjg jr á `gfubkgkm. [uki jssi pikm pgrmfmr cujti lgturgb, cgs mssgs prmcjssgs sæi rmbgtjvgcmltm livgs.70 @ij sö g pgrtjr kg kêfgkg km 7801 qum is pgãsms kg Muripg, cujtis mstgkis lirtm-gcmrjfglis, frjgrgcgierglkms sjstmcgs mkufgåæim pþobjfg. G hjstörjg kg mkufgåæi pþobjfg rmkir ki culkikmê ucg jltrjlfgkg trgcg km lmfmssjkgkm mfilûcjfg, pgjxýms `jbgltröpjfgs, civjcmltis fil`bjtgltms km rm`ircg sifjgb m filvjfåýms `jbisö`jfgs cujti kjvmremltms. Cmsci gssjc, ê pissãvmb jkmltj`jfgr gbeucgs `irågs jcpubsjilgkirgs mc ficuc. Gs sifjmkgkms prê-jlkustrjgjs mrgc kicjlgkgs pmbgs gltjegs grjstifrgfjgs m pmbgs rmbjejýms, qum eivmrlgvgc gs pipubgåýms rurgjs piorms, mc erglkm pgrtm glgb`gomtgs. Gltms kg kêfgkg km 7801, g erglkm cgjirjg kis muripmus gjlkg mrg glgb`gomtg. Vö g Qrþssjg, gbeuls mstgkis ki lirtm kg Gbmcglhg m is rmjlismltrm msfglkjlgvis pikjgc 75sm  vglebirjgr km ucg G mxpglsæi ki gb`gomtjzgåæi emlmrgbjzgkg smus fjkgkæis.

 

jlkustrjgbjsci frjiu erglkm `buxi km livgs rjqumzgs m ucg livg m gcojfjisg `iråg sifjgb> gs fbgssms cêkjgs. G mkufgåæi mrg i fgcjlhi pgrg g gsfmlsæi sifjgb m pgrg g ipirtuljkgkm mfilûcjfg. I sjstmcg pþobjfi km mkufgåæi mvibuju gi rmkir kis jltmrmssms m gcojåýms kgs fbgssms cêkjgs, læi sö pgrg sj cmscgs, cgs tgcoêc pgrg gs sifjmkgkms jlkustrjgbjzgkgs qum mstgvgc gnukglki g frjgr. G mxpglsæi jlkustrjgb `irlmfmu is rmfursis pgrg oglfgr tuki jssi. Wuglki cjbhýms km trgogbhgkirms cjergrgc ki fgcpi pgrg g fjkgkm, pgrg gtjågr gs fhgcgs ki jlkustrjgbjsci lgs `çorjfgs m mstgbmjris, uc tmrfmjri erupi sifjgb ficmåiu g sm `ircgr> gs fbgssms trgogbhgkirgs uroglgs. Qgrg gbeuls pjilmjris kg mkufgåæi mc cgssg, gs msfibgs mrgc ucg cglmjrg km tjrgr gs fbgssms trgogbhgkirgs kg piormzg m kg kmsmspmrglåg. Iutris vjgc gs msfibgs fici g cmbhir cglmjrg km pricivmr is vgbirms m gs ipirtuljkgkms qum kmvmrjgc `ulkgcmltgr qugbqumr kmcifrgfjg sgukçvmb. Lis Mstgkis ]ljkis, Hirgfm Cgll vjg g mkufgåæi pgrg tikis fici g filfrmtjzgåæi lgturgb kis prjlfãpjis kg Filstjtujåæi lirtm-gcmrjfglg. Iutris læi mrgc tæi jkmgbjstgs m vjgc g mkufgåæi gpmlgs fici g cglmjrg cgjs m`jfjmltm km jlfubfgr, lgs fbgssms trgogbhgkirgs, is fistucms m g kjsfjpbjlg kg prikuåæi jlkustrjgb. Gbeuls greucmltgrgc qum mrg uc kmspmrkãfji km rmfursis pþobjfis tmltgr mkufgr is `jbhis kgs fbgssms trgogbhgkirgs, nç qum mssgs frjglågs mrgc ogsjfgcmltm ‒jlmkufçvmjs– m jlfgpgzms km sm omlm`jfjgr kg mkufgåæi. Cgs mbms mstgvgc mrrgkis. Iutris tmcjgc qum mkufgr gs fbgssms trgogbhgkirgs pikmrjg mxpûbgs g livgs jkmjgs m bmvgr g ucg rmvibuåæi sifjgb. Mbms læi mstgvgc mrrgkis. Msfibgs pþobjfgs km mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb ficmågrgc g surejr pir tikg g Muripg g pgrtjr km cmgkis ki sêfubi XJX> lg Hulerjg mc 78084 lg Çustrjg mc 780:4 lg Jlebgtmrrg mc 78514 lg Vuãåg mc 785;4 lis Qgãsms Ogjxis mc 78504 lg Jtçbjg mc 78554 m lg Oêbejfg mc 785:. Gs msfibgs pþobjfgs tgcoêc surejrgc lis Mstgkis ]ljkis. Vmeulki Emrgbk Eutmd, lg êpifg kg Eumrrg Fjvjb, ‒i civjcmlti g `gvir kgs msfibgs pþobjfgs nç tjlhg gtjlejki sug cmtg km mstgombmfmr sjstmcgs pipubgrms km msfibgs `ulkgcmltgjs lg cgjirjg kis mstgkis. Kmpijs km 780=, msfibgs ficmågrgc g smr frjgkgs lis mstgkis ki Vub. Is livis mstgkis tgcoêc `irgc mstgombmfmlki sjstmcgs pþobjfis km mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb á cmkjkg qum mltrgvgc lg ]ljæi–.78

 

Kmskm i ficmåi, is sjstmcgs km mkufgåæi mc cgssg lg Muripg m lg Gcêrjfg ki Lirtm `irgc frjgkis pgrg `irlmfmr cæi km iorg g ucg mfilicjg jlkustrjgb ogsmgkg mc cglu`gturg, mlemlhgrjg m smtirms rmbgfjilgkis, fici filstruåæi fjvjb, cjlmrgåæi m cmtgburejg. I jlkustrjgbjsci prmfjsgvg km ucg `iråg km trgogbhi gprixjcgkgcmltm 81% orgågb m ?1% gkcjljstrgtjvg m mspmfjgbjzgkg. Mssg lmfmssjkgkm smrvju km ogsm pgrg g frjgåæi kg mstruturg kg mkufgåæi pþobjfg. Mc emrgb, g mstruturg smeujg g `ircg km ucg pjrïcjkm, fic ucg gcpbg ogsm km mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb sm g`uljbglki gtê fhmegr g uc pjfi mstrmjti km mlsjli supmrjir. G cgjirjg kgs frjglågs `gzjg i mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb m uc lþcmri cmlir pgssgvg pgrg i mlsjli cêkji. G cgjirjg pgrgvg km mstukgr gis 7; glis pgrg jr trgogbhgr m gnukgr g `gcãbjg. Qiufis nivmls gvglågvgc pgrg i mlsjli supmrjir. Is qum tjlhgc oigs qugbj`jfgåýms gfgkîcjfgs jgc mstukgr mc ucg uljvmrsjkgkm m is iutris `gzjgc uc fursi km `ircgåæi pri`jssjilgb iu mltrgvgc mc ucg msfibg pibjtêfljfg. Lg Muripg, i mlsjli cêkji mc emrgb mrg kjvjkjki mc kijs tjpis> msfibgs gfgkîcjfgs, pgrg ucg cjlirjg km gbulis qum kmcilstrgvgc mssg gptjkæi, m msfibgs cgjs prçtjfgs iu têfljfgs, pgrg g cgjirjg kis gbulis qum læi gprmsmltgvgc ucg vmjg gfgkîcjfg. Is gbulis qum sm `ircgvgc lgs msfibgs gfgkîcjfgs lircgbcmltm jgc mstukgr mc uljvmrsjkgkms, qum tjlhgc uc stgtus  cgjs mbmvgki m fil`mrjgc mssm stgtus  supmrjir g smus mstukgltms. Læi ê qum sö ucg cjlirjg `issm fgpgz km mltrgr mc ucg uljvmrsjkgkm, cgs g i`mrtg km vgegs mrg bjcjtgkg pmbg kmcglkg kis cmrfgkis km trgogbhi. Fici mssgs kmcglkgs cukgrgc, i lþcmri km vgegs li mlsjli supmrjir gucmltiu. Lis Mstgkis ]ljkis m lg Muripg, g mxpglsæi ficmåiu kis lg ogoy kêfgkg km 7:01, mckipgrtm pgrg gficikgr frmsfmltm pipubgåæi oiicmrs , kmpijs `jc kg Vmeulkg Eumrrgg Culkjgb. Mssg tmlkîlfjg sm cgltmvm fic gs kmcglkgs frmsfmltms emrgkgs pmbg ‒mfilicjg ki filhmfjcmlti–. Kmskm i gkvmlti ki sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb pþobjfi li _mjli ]ljki, g mxpglsæi kgs msfibgs smfulkçrjgs glkiu bgki g bgki fic g `ulkgåæi km livgs uljvmrsjkgkms lis prjlfjpgjs fmltris jlkustrjgjs.7:  ]c pgkræi km mxpglsæi smcmbhgltm pikm smr vjsti lis Mstgkis ]ljkis. Gbeucgs uljvmrsjkgkms gcmrjfglgs, fici g Jlkjglg ]ljvmrsjty, g Cgkjsil Ujsfilsjl m g Ihji Vtgtm, hinm sæi ki tgcglhi km pmqumlgs fjkgkms m `ircgc kmzmlgs km cjbhgrms km gbulis tikis is glis. Lis þbtjcis qugrmltg glis, g pripiråæi km nivmls fgpgzms km tjrgr uc kjpbicg uljvmrsjtçrji gucmltiu km ?1% pgrg =1%. I qum mxpbjfg mssm

 

gucmlti fibissgb kg fgpgfjkgkm jltmbmftugb9 Vmrç qum `ij g çeug mlrjqumfjkg fic `bþir iu g pipubgrjzgåæi kis hirtj`rþtjs ireïljfis9 I `gti ê qum g cgjirjg kis nivmls smcprm `ij fgpgz km gvglågr gfgkmcjfgcmltm, cgs, gtê piufi tmcpi gtrçs, g mfilicjg læi prmfjsgvg km tgltgs pmssigs `ircgkgs.

G fubturg kg mkufgåæi G gsfmlsæi ki jlkustrjgbjsci jl`bumlfjiu læi sö g mstruturg kg mkufgåæi mc cgssg fici tgcoêc sug fubturg iregljzgfjilgb. [gb qugb gs `çorjfgs, gs msfibgs `irgc pbglmngkgs fic mkj`ãfjis prinmtgkis mspmfjgbcmltm pgrg mbgs, fic bjcjtms smpgrglki-gs ki culki mxtmrli, hirçrjis km`jljkis m rmergs km filkutg. Mbgs `irgc frjgkgs fic ogsm lis prjlfãpjis km pgkriljzgåæi m fil`ircjkgkm. Is gbulis gprmlkjgc ogsjfgcmltm gs cmscgs fijsgs m mrgc gvgbjgkis fic tmstms pgkriljzgkis m tjlhgc rmbgtjvgcmltm piufgs ipirtuljkgkms km kjvmrejr kg lircg. Mbms pmrfirrjgc i sjstmcg mc erupis mtçrjis, fic tikgs gs frjglågs km = glis nultgs, tikgs gs km 0 glis nultgs m gssjc pir kjgltm, fici sm g qugbjkgkm cgjs jcpirtgltm qum gs frjglågs tîc mc ficuc `issm sug ‒kgtg km `gorjfgåæi–. Lgs msfibgs km mlsjli cêkji, i kjg mrg iregljzgki mc uljkgkms-pgkræi km tmcpi, fic gs trglsjåýms cgrfgkgs pir sjlis iu gbgrcms. I furrãfubi ogsmgvg-sm lg kjvjsæi ki trgogbhi, fic pri`mssirms mspmfjgbjzgkis mc kjsfjpbjlgs kj`mrmltms. Is sjstmcgs sm `ulkgcmltgvgc lis prjlfãpjis kg bjlmgrjkgkm m fil`ircjkgkm, is cmscis prjlfãpjis kg bjlhg km ciltgemc km ucg `çorjfg. Fgkg mstçeji `ij filfmojki pgrg `ulkgcmltgr-sm li mstçeji gltmrjir. Vm is gbulis gvglågssmc kg cglmjrg prmsfrjtg pmbi sjstmcg, mspmfjgbcmltm sm filfbuãssmc uc fursi supmrjir, mbms sgãgc pmbg iutrg piltg jlstruãkis m priltis pgrg i trgogbhi. G grqujtmturg irjejlgb kmssms sjstmcgs pikm smr vjstg lg cglmjrg fici cujtis sjstmcgs msfibgrms `ulfjilgc hinm. Wuglki cm cukmj pgrg Bis Glembms, vj uc mxmcpbi fhifgltm ki prjlfãpji bjlmgr lg `ircg km uc grtjei mc prib kg mkufgåæi jltjtubgki ‒G `gfubkgkm ficmåg li ngrkjc km jl`ïlfjg–. Mssg qumstæi kg bjlmgrjkgkm kç cujti pgli pgrg g cgleg, cgs qumri gprivmjtgr pgrg kjzmr qum g `gfubkgkm læi ficmåg li ngrkjc km jl`ïlfjg. I ngrkjc km jl`ïlfjg ficmåg li ngrkjc km jl`ïlfjg. I kjrmtir ki tmgtri jl`gltjb [hm Grd, km Kuobjl, `mz uc ficmltçrji cgrgvjbhisi siorm

 

jssi. ‒]cg frjglåg km 6 glis–, mbm kjssm, ‒læi ê g cmtgkm km ucg frjglåg km 0 glis. ]cg frjglåg km 0 glis læi ê g cmtgkm km ucg frjglåg km 7? glis–. ]cg frjglåg km 6 glis ê ucg frjglåg km 6 glis m pilti `jlgb. Mc gbeuls fmltris uroglis, g filfirrîlfjg pir vgegs lgs msfibjlhgs ‒fmrtgs– ê tæi jltmlsg qum gs frjglågs mstæi smlki mltrmvjstgkgs... pgrg mltrgr li  ngrkjc km jl`ïlfjg! I qum smrç qum is mltrmvjstgkirms mstæi prifurglki, privgs km qum g frjglåg ê ucg frjglåg9 I prjlfãpji kg bjlmgrjkgkm vî g mkufgåæi fici ucg prmpgrgåæi pgrg gbeuc mvmlti pistmrjir. Mssg goirkgemc pir vmzms ê fhgcgkg km cikmbi ki ‒jlvmstjcmlti jljfjgb– pgrg g mkufgåæi. Gfucubgcis rmfursis mkufgfjilgjs li ficmåi kg vjkg m is usgcis gis piufis á cmkjkg qum mlvmbhmfmcis. [gcoêc nç iuvj i tmrci ‒cikmbi ki tglqum km egsibjlg– pgrg sm rm`mrjr g mssm sjstmcg. Lg jl`ïlfjg m nuvmltukm, lissi tglqum ê gogstmfjki fic uc suprjcmlti jljfjgb km mkufgåæi, qum kmvm kurgr pir tikg g lissg vjkg. I priobmcg ê qum gbeuls nivmls sgmc kg msfibg sö fic cmji tglqum, fic ucg egsibjlg km ogjxg qugbjkgkm m fic piufis pistis km egsibjlg á kjspisjåæi fgsi `jqumc smc ficoustãvmb li fgcjlhi. Pgbm g pmlg mstmlkmr mssg glgbiejg kis fgrris. Gbeuls bmejsbgkirms `gbgc kg rm`ircg kg mkufgåæi fici sm mstjvmssmc rmsibvmlki priobmcgs kg jlkþstrjg guticiojbãstjfg. Mbms piltugc g lmfmssjkgkm km bjvrgr-sm kis mxfmssis m `ifgr i lmeöfji fmltrgb pgrg ml`rmltgr g filfirrîlfjg mstrglemjrg, mbmvgr is pgkrýms m gucmltgr g m`jfjîlfjg, cmbhirgr i rmtirli siorm i jlvmstjcmlti m rmkuzjr is fustis. G kj`mrmlåg ê qum is guticövmjs m iutris prikutis jlgljcgkis læi si`rmc lmc sm omlm`jfjgc fic g cglmjrg fici sæi prikuzjkis. Gs pmssigs, pir sug vmz, tîc uc pri`ulki jltmrmssm lg pröprjg vjkg m lg pröprjg mkufgåæi. Mbgs tîc smltjcmltis m ipjljýms, mspmrglågs m gcojåýms. Lmebjemlfjgr i `gtir hucgli mstç lg rgjz km cujtis priobmcgs frjgkis pmbis sjstmcgs jlkustrjgjs km mkufgåæi. G mkufgåæi læi ê sö ucg prmpgrgåæi pgrg i qum pikm vjr kmpijs, cgs tgcoêc mlvibvm gnukgr gs pmssigs g sm mlegngr fic i prmsmltm. I qum smrmcis li `uturi kmpmlkmrç kg qugbjkgkm kgs lissgs mxpmrjîlfjgs gquj m geirg. Cujtgs pmssigs lulfg tjvmrgc ucg priermssæi sjcpbms m bjlmgr, pgrtjlki kg mkufgåæi gtê fhmegr g ucg fgrrmjrg omc pbglmngkg. Lissg vjkg ê `ustjegkg kmcgjs pmbgs firrmltms m filtrgfirrmltms kgs `irågs sifjgjs, jcpubsis pmssigjs m fil`buîlfjgs jcprmvjsãvmjs km mvmltis m ipirtuljkgkms.

 

G prmcjssg km ucg bjlhg kjrmtg mltrm i qum ê mlsjlgki lg msfibg m i trgogbhi qum is gbulis `græi kmpijs km filfbujr is mstukis prjirjzg gs kjsfjpbjlgs qum g mfilicjg filsjkmrg cgjs rmbmvgltms. Vm g mfilicjg prmfjsgr km cgjs fjmltjstgs m tmflöbieis, g fjîlfjg m g tmflibiejg sæi prjirjzgkgs m iutris fursis, lis fgcpis kgs grtms m hucglgs, pir mxmcpbi, sæi mbjcjlgkis pgrg kgr mspgåi gis fursis cgjs vgbirjzgkis li cicmlti. Mssg pibãtjfg læi omlm`jfjg is lissis nivmls lmc g sifjmkgkm m mstç bilem km smr g cmbhir cglmjrg km prikuzjr oils fjmltjstgs m tmflöbieis. Ê uc mrri pmlsgr lg rmbgåæi mltrm mkufgåæi m mfilicjg fici uc sjcpbms prifmssi km i`mrtg m kmcglkg. Is sjstmcgs jlkustrjgjs gtê pikmc smr pgkriljzgkis m bjlmgrms, cgs g vjkg hucglg læi ê. G vjkg hucglg smeum prjlfãpjis kj`mrmltms.

Þtjb iu jlþtjb9 I Filsmbhi kg Muripg ê ucg iregljzgåæi jltmreivmrlgcmltgb fic smkm mc Mstrgsourei m qum rmþlm Mstgkis-cmcoris mspgbhgkis pir tiki i tmrrjtörji muripmu, jlfbusjvm cujtis pgãsms ki gltjei obifi sivjêtjfi. Gbeuls glis gtrçs, bjkmrmj uc prinmti km pmsqujsg filtrgtgki pmbi Filsmbhi kg Muripg fic i ionmtjvi km glgbjsgr gs vmrogs gbifgkgs ás grtms lis sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs km ?? pgãsms. ?1 Gbeuêc prmfjsg `gzmr mssm tjpi km fijsg. Mlfiltrgcis cujtgs kj`mrmlågs m gbeucgs smcmbhglågs. Mc tikis is pgãsms, gs grtms mrgc rmbmegkgs ás cgremls ki furrãfubi msfibgr. G cgjirjg kis sjstmcgs jlfbuãg grtms pbçstjfgs m cþsjfg, piufis mlsjlgvgc tmgtri m qugsm lmlhuc jlfbuãg gubgs km kglåg. I pgkræi ê i cmsci lis Mstgkis ]ljkis, Fglgkç, Cêxjfi, Gcêrjfg Fmltrgb m Gcêrjfg Vub m mc cujtgs rmejýms kg Çsjg... lg vmrkgkm, prgtjfgcmltm li culki tiki. Wugjsqumr qum smngc is pgkrýms qum g cgjirjg kis pgãsms prmtmlkm mbmvgr, mbms læi pgrmfmc tmr cujtg rmbgåæi fic gs grtms. Vmj kjssi pmbg cjlhg pröprjg mxpmrjîlfjg lg msfibg. Wuglki mu tjlhg 7; glis, cmu pri`mssir cm kjssm qum mu tjlhg uc priobmcg m cm cglkiu jr `gbgr fic i kjrmtir kg msfibg. I priobmcg mrg g cjlhg msfibhg km fursis iptgtjvis pgrg is kijs glis smeujltms. Mu gkirgvg grtm m qumrjg cujti gprmlkmr cgjs. M tgcoêc qumrjg gprmlkmr g `gbgr gbmcæi. ‒Omc, jssi ê uc priobmcg, _iojlsil–, i kjrmtir cm jl`irciu. ‒Pifî læi pikm `gzmr gs kugs fijsgs.– @jqumj km qumjxi fgãki. Mu læi

 

mltmlkjg fici ê qum ucg fijsg pikjg mxfbujr g iutrg. Mbm mxpbjfiu> ‒Pifî læi pikm mstukgr grtm m gbmcæi lmstg msfibg pirqum is hirçrjis mltrgc mc fil`bjti–. Qmreultmj i qum mbm cm gfilsmbhgvg g `gzmr. ‒Li smu buegr–, mbm cm irjmltiu, ‒mu `grjg gbmcæi–. Qmreultmj pir qum m mbm rmspilkmu> ‒Pgj smr cgjs þtjb–. Gfhmj, m gjlkg gfhi, mssg `ircg km pmlsgr mxgspmrgltm. Mu tmrjg mltmlkjki sm mbm tjvmssm kjti qum mstukgr gbmcæi smrjg cgjs jltmrmssgltm, qum mu tjlhg uc tgbmlti lgti pgrg gprmlkmr bãleugs iu qum mssg kjsfjpbjlg tjlhg cgjs g cjlhg fgrg. Cgs kjzmr qum gbmcæi ê cgjs þtjb qum grtm9 Mu smj qum sgomr `gbgr gbmcæi ê þtjb, mspmfjgbcmltm lg Gbmcglhg. Cgs ê þtjb gprmlkmr jkjicgs m ê jlþtjb gprmlkmr siorm grtm9 Fici gssjc9 I furrãfubi kg cgjirjg kis sjstmcgs msfibgrms pgrmfm kjvjkjr-sm mc kijs erglkms erupis> gs kjsfjpbjlgs þtmjs m gs jlþtmjs. Jkjicgs, cgtmcçtjfg, fjîlfjg m tmflibiejg sæi þtmjs4 hjstörjg, emierg`jg, grtm, cþsjfg m tmgtri sæi jlþtmjs. Wuglki i kjlhmjri ê furti iu civjcmltis rm`ircjstgs sm filfmltrgc mc mbmvgr is pgkrýms, is prjcmjris fursis g fgjr fistucgc smr is km grtm. Mc ?117, i eivmrli `mkmrgb kis Mstgkis ]ljkis sglfjiliu g Mbmcmltgry glk Vmfilkgry Mkufgtjil Gft (MVMG), filhmfjkg fici g ‒Bmj Lmlhucg Frjglåg Kmjxgkg pgrg [rçs–. G bmj tjlhg fici ionmtjvis mbmvgr is pgkrýms gfgkîcjfis mc tikgs gs msfibgs, gucmltgr g rmspilsgojbjkgkm kis pri`mssirms pmbi kmsmcpmlhi kis gbulis, cmbhirgr g prmpgrgåæi kis mstukgltms pgrg mltrgr lg `gfubkgkm m, mc filsmquîlfjg, rm`irågr g ficpmtjtjvjkgkm mfilûcjfg kis Mstgkis ]ljkis. Is prjlfjpgjs cêtikis jlfbuãrgc jltmlsj`jfgr is priergcgs km tmstms pgkriljzgkis km jkjicgs m cgtmcçtjfg m vjlfubgr is `ulkis gbifgkis ás msfibgs gi kmsmcpmlhi kis gbulis lis tmstms. G bmj rmsubtiu km ucg fibjegåæi mltrm pgrtjkis ficpistis km pmssigs sêrjgs, fic is jltmrmssms ki pgãs mc cmltm m fhmjgs kgs cmbhirms jltmlåýms. Lg prçtjfg, g bmj læi filsmeuju gtjlejr smus ionmtjvis m tmc sjki filkmlgkg pir kmscirgbjzgr pri`mssirms m gbulis m pir jcpir ucg fubturg mltirpmfmkirg km tmstms pgkriljzgkis, rm`irågkg pir pmlgbjkgkms `jlglfmjrgs fgsi i kmsmcpmlhi kg msfibg smng filsjkmrgki jlsu`jfjmltm. I kmsmcpmlhi mc gb`gomtjzgåæi m cgtmcçtjfg sm cgltmvm prgtjfgcmltm jlgbtmrgki. Mlquglti jssi, gs vmrogs gbifgkgs pgrg gs grtms m is fursis km hucglgs mc cujtgs msfibgs gcmrjfglgs kmspmlfgrgc.?7 Is bmejsbgkirms greucmltgrgc qum læi mrg g jltmlåæi kg bmj kmstrujr g mkufgåæi grtãstjfg lgs msfibgs. M mu gfrmkjti lmbms. Kuvjki qum pibãtjfis

 

sêrjis tmlhgc sm rmuljki mc sgbgs km rmuljæi li Filermssi kis Mstgkis ]ljkis pgrg grqujtmtgr g kmrrifgkg kis pri`mssirms km pjgli ki pgãs iu kmfjkjr qum is pri`mssirms km kglåg mstgvgc `uejlki ki filtribm m prmfjsgvgc smr rmprjcjkis. I qum gfiltmfmu fic gs grtms `ij kgli fibgtmrgb. Is pibãtjfis sm `ifgrgc lgs kjsfjpbjlgs ki tipi kg hjmrgrqujg. Mssg bmj ê uc mxmcpbi mxfmbmltm ki qum gbeuls cêkjfis hibãstjfis fhgcgc km `ifi sêptjfi, iu g tmlkîlfjg g vmr uc priobmcg jsibgkgcmltm smc bmvgr i filtmxti mc filtg.

I `ifi sêptjfi [jvm uc gcjei, Kgvm, qum mrg gtir. Mbm mrg tgcglhi XE m pmsgvg uls 761 qujbis. Mrg `æ km fmrvmng m gkirgvg omomr ucg fmrvmng `irtm fhgcgkg Gooit Gbm. G Gooit Gbm mrg tæi `irtm qum kgrjg pgrg civjcmltgr uc fgrri pmqumli... iu uc gtir erglkm. Kgvm omojg pmbi cmlis fjlfi bjtris pir kjg. Gbeuls glis gtrçs, mbm ficmåiu g rmfbgcgr km kir lgs fistgs m i fbãljfi emrgb i mlfgcjlhiu pgrg uc lm`ribiejstg. I mspmfjgbjstg i mxgcjliu m glulfjiu qum Kgvm tjlhg sêrjis priobmcgs rmlgjs. Kgvm pmreultiu qugb pikjg smr g fgusg. ‒Qikmc smr vçrjgs fijsgs–, `ij g rmspistg. ‒Pifî omom9– Kgvm kjssm qum sjc, qum omom sifjgbcmltm, m cmlfjiliu g Gooit Gbm. Mbm gkcjtju qum ‒sifjgbjzgvg– ogstgltm. I mspmfjgbjstg kjssm qum iu Kgvm pgrgvg km omomr iu tmrjg km mlfgrgr g pissjojbjkgkm km ucg jlsu`jfjîlfjg rmlgb. Kgvm mxpbjfiu qum læi tjlhg fici pgrgr km omomr pirqum mrg gtir. ‒Lmssm fgsi–, gfilsmbhiu i mspmfjgbjstg, ‒pir qum vifî læi trifg g fmrvmng pir uc kmstjbgki9– Kgvm kjssm qum tjlhg cmki km tmr fjrrism li `ãegki sm pgssgssm pgrg is kmstjbgkis. ‒Cgs vifî læi vmji cm prifurgr pir fgusg ki smu `ãegki–, kjssm i mspmfjgbjstg. ‒G cjlhg prmifupgåæi ê fic is smus rjls!– ]c cêkjfi hibãstjfi tmrjg vjsti qum i priobmcg rmlgb km Kgvm mrg uc rmsubtgki ki mstjbi km vjkg km smu pgfjmltm. _msibvmr uc priobmcg fgusglki iutri læi ê sibuåæi. I `ifi sêptjfi ê fbgri lis civjcmltis km rm`ircg mkufgfjilgb qum sm filfmltrgc mc gpmlgs gbeucgs pgrtms ki sjstmcg mlquglti lmebjemlfjgc i sjstmcg fici uc tiki. Qir qum gs kjsfjpbjlgs ki tipi kg hjmrgrqujg rmfmomc tikg g gtmlåæi9 M pir qum mssg hjmrgrqujg mxjstm9 G prjcmjrg rmspistg ê mfilûcjfg. Gbeucgs kjsfjpbjlgs sæi filsjkmrgkgs cgjs rmbmvgltms pgrg i cmrfgki km trgogbhi. Emrgåýms km nivmls `irgc irjmltgkgs g sm g`gstgr kgs grtms fic filsmbhis omc-jltmlfjilgkis siorm gs kj`jfubkgkms km mlfiltrgr oils mcprmeis lg

 

çrmg. ‒Ê cmbhir vifî msfibhmr iutri fursi qum læi smng grtm. Pifî lulfg vgj filsmeujr eglhgr g vjkg fici grtjstg.– ‒Læi mstukm cþsjfg, vifî læi vgj mlfiltrgr uc mcprmei sm `ir cþsjfi.– Mssms filsmbhis pikmc gtê smr omc-jltmlfjilgkis, cgs, fici vmrmcis, sæi pri`ulkgcmltm mqujvifgkis. Fistucg-sm gfrmkjtgr qum ê jcpirtgltm gprmlkmr gs grtms lgs msfibgs pir iutrgs rgzýms> fici ipirtuljkgkms km mxmrfjtgr g frjgtjvjkgkm m g mxprmssæi pmssigb iu fici gtjvjkgkms km bgzmr iu ‒fubturgjs–. Cgs, kurgltm ucg frjsm, cujtg emltm prmsucm qum gs grtms sæi jrrmbmvgltms pgrg eglhgr g vjkg. Gs grtms gtê pikmc smr jltmrmssgltms m mlrjqumfmkirgs, cgs, quglki g sjtugåæi gpmrtg, mbgs læi pgssgc km jtmls supêr`buis, li cçxjci kjsfjpbjlgs iptgtjvgs. Mc fmrtg ifgsjæi, tjvm ucg kjsfussæi lg [P orjtïljfg siorm i tmcg fic uc cmcori jcpirtgltm ki eivmrli. Mbm kjssm qum gs grtms sæi jcpirtgltms pirqum gnukgc g mkufgr gs pmssigs pgrg i bgzmr. ]c kis cujtis priobmcgs kmssm greucmlti ê qum i filfmjti km bgzmr ê vjlfubgki gi filfmjti km trgogbhi. Vm vifî tjvmr cmlis trgogbhi, pikm tmr cgjs bgzmr, cgs, sm læi tjvmr trgogbhi, vifî ê uc kmsmcprmegki. Lg êpifg, cgjs iu cmlis ? cjbhýms km pmssigs li _mjli ]ljki mstgvgc kmsmcprmegkgs. M egrglti qum mssgs pmssigs læi mstgvgc sm iregljzglki fici ucg livg fbgssm ifjisg. Iutrg rgzæi, kmstg vmz fubturgb, mxpbjfg g hjmrgrqujg. G`jlgb, emrgbcmltm læi sm kjz ás frjglågs m gis nivmls> ‒Læi mstukm cgtmcçtjfg, vifî læi vgj filsmeujr mlfiltrgr uc oic mcprmei sm `ir uc cgtmcçtjfi–, iu ‒Læi mstukm fjîlfjg, vifî læi vgj filsmeujr eglhgr g vjkg sm `ir uc fjmltjstg–. Qrmsucm-sm qum gs kjsfjpbjlgs ki tipi kg hjmrgrqujg sæi jlmrmltmcmltm cgjs jcpirtgltms. Mssg prmcjssg læi tmc g vmr fic `gtirms mfilûcjfis, cgs fic jkmjgs rmbgtjvgs gi filhmfjcmlti m á jltmbjeîlfjg. Mssgs jkmjgs kicjlgrgc lissg cmltgbjkgkm lis þbtjcis trmzmltis glis. Vm uc kis pjbgrms kg mkufgåæi mc cgssg ê i jlkustrjgbjsci, i smeulki pjbgr ê i gfgkmcjfjsci.

G tirrm km cgr`jc Lg bjleugemc fitjkjglg, i tmrci ‒gfgkîcjfi– cujtgs vmzms ê usgki fici sjlûljci km ‒mkufgåæi–. Is pibãtjfis vjvmc `gbglki mc mbmvgr is ‒pgkrýms gfgkîcjfis–, fici sm jssi sjelj`jfgssm mbmvgr is ‒pgkrýms

 

mkufgfjilgjs– fici uc tiki. I tmrci ‒tgbmlti gfgkîcjfi– fistucg smr usgki pgrg sm rm`mrjr á ‒jltmbjeîlfjg– mc emrgb. Vö qum gs kugs fijsgs sæi titgbcmltm kj`mrmltms. I trgogbhi gfgkîcjfi lircgbcmltm sm filfmltrg mc fmrtis tjpis km rgfjifãlji vmrogb m cgtmcçtjfi, pgrg msfrmvmr mlsgjis `gftugjs m frãtjfis, mbgoirgr kjsfussýms vmrogjs m `gzmr glçbjsms cgtmcçtjfgs. Væi hgojbjkgkms jcpirtgltms, qum g mkufgåæi kmvm fubtjvgr, cgs, sm g jltmbjeîlfjg hucglg `issm bjcjtgkg g mbgs, g cgjir pgrtm kg fubturg hucglg ngcgjs tmrjg sjki pissãvmb. [mrãgcis cujtg glçbjsm m piuquãssjcg gåæi. Læi hgvmrjg lmlhucg fjîlfjg prçtjfg, tmflibiejg, mcprmmlkmkirjsci, grtm, cþsjfg iu kglåg, tmgtri, pimsjg, gcir, smltjcmltis iu jltujåæi. Læi kç pgrg kmjxgr mssms `gtirms km `irg gi bmvgr mc filtg g jltmbjeîlfjg hucglg. Vm g sug jltmbjeîlfjg sm bjcjtgssm gi tgbmlti gfgkîcjfi, vifî lmc tmrjg filsmeujki sgjr kg fgcg km cglhæ. Lg vmrkgkm, vifî lmc tmrjg kircjki mc ucg fgcg. Ljleuêc tmrjg filstruãki ucg. Is gfgkîcjfis pikmrjgc tmr msfrjti siorm g pissjojbjkgkm tmörjfg km ucg fgcg, cgs læi tmrjgc filstruãki i ionmti mc sj. Ê pissãvmb vmr ucg gcojeujkgkm jltmrmssgltm lgs gtjtukms fubturgjs mc rmbgåæi gi kmsmcpmlhi gfgkîcjfi. Qir uc bgki, fistucg-sm gfrmkjtgr qum i kmsmcpmlhi gfgkîcjfi smng jcprmsfjlkãvmb pgrg i sufmssi pmssigb m pgrg g prispmrjkgkm kgs lgåýms. Vm g pmrfmpåæi `ir qum is pgkrýms gfgkîcjfis mstæi fgjlki, is mspmfjgbjstgs cjkjçtjfis ogtmc fic is pulhis lg cmsg m is pibãtjfis sm mxgbtgc. Qir iutri bgki, i tmrci ‒gfgkîcjfi– ê usgki fici ucg `ircg mkufgkg km i`mlsg. Mc emrgb, gfrmkjtg-sm qum is gfgkîcjfis pri`jssjilgjs vjvmc mc tirrms km cgr`jc smc tmr qugbqumr filhmfjcmlti prçtjfi ki culki rmgb. ]c nmjti `çfjb km bjvrgr-sm km ucg pribilegkg gfgkîcjfg. m fglsgtjvg kjsfussæi ê kjzmr qum g kjsfussæi ê ‒sö– Fici pikmcis smr gi cmsci tmcpi tæi `gsfjlgkis m tæi fêtjfis fic g fgpgfjkgkm gfgkîcjfg9 Fici vmrmcis li pröxjci fgpãtubi, gs rmspistgs fubturgjs tîc pri`ulkgs rgãzms li Jbucjljsci, pmrãiki km turoubmltgs cukglågs lg `jbisi`jg m lg fjîlfjg lg Muripg kis sêfubis XPJJ m XPJJJ. Gs uljvmrsjkgkms tîc uc filtribm tæi rjeirisi siorm is furrãfubis m gs gvgbjgåýms msfibgrms qum i trgogbhi gfgkîcjfi filtjlug g kicjlgr i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb mc emrgb. Mc cujtis gspmftis, tiki i mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb m cêkji læi pgssg km uc pribilegki sjstmcg pgrg mltrgr lg uljvmrsjkgkm. Gs pmssigs qum smeumc pgrg g uljvmrsjkgkm mc vmz km jr

 

trgogbhgr iu `gzmr gbeuc fursi km `ircgåæi pri`jssjilgb gjlkg sæi vjstgs fici is erglkms mxmcpbis km sufmssi ki sjstmcg. Vm filsmeuãssmcis lis kjstglfjgr uc piufi m pmreultçssmcis ‒Qgrg qum tuki jssi9–, pikmrãgcis filfbujr qum i prjlfjpgb ionmtjvi kg mkufgåæi iorjegtörjg ê prikuzjr pri`mssirms uljvmrsjtçrjis, qum rmprmsmltgc g gpitmism kg fubturg gfgkîcjfg. Mu nç `uj pri`mssir uljvmrsjtçrji m tmlhi mlircm rmspmjti pmbis gfgkîcjfis m pmbg vjkg gfgkîcjfg, cgs g vjkg gfgkîcjfg læi kmvmrjg smr filsjkmrgkg i pgkræi pgrg iutrgs `ircgs km rmgbjzgåæi hucglg. Mu filhmåi grtjstgs, bãkmrms mcprmsgrjgjs, kglågrjlis, mspirtjstgs m cujtis iutris pri`jssjilgjs fungs rmgbjzgåýms, jltmbjeîlfjg m ficpgjxæi sæi tæi filsjkmrçvmjs quglti gs km qugbqumr pmssig qum tmlhg uc pös-kiutirgki.

‒Pmr g mkufgåæi fici ucg prmpgrgåæi pgrg  gbeuc mvmlti `uturi pikm lmebjemlfjgr i `gti km qum is prjcmjris kmzmssmjs iu kmzijti glis kg  vjkg km ucg pmssig sæi cujti cgjs qum uc mlsgji. Is nivmls mstæi vjvmlki g vjkg geirg.– Cujtgs pmssigs jltmbjemltãssjcgs pgssgrgc pir tikg g trgnmtörjg msfibgr gfhglki qum mrgc ourrgs, m cujtgs pmssigs gfgkmcjfgcmltm fgpgzms, qum `irgc gpbgukjkgs pmbi sjstmcg, ngcgjs tjvmrgc g fhglfm km kmsfiorjr smus iutris tgbmltis.

Is pgpêjs kg mkufgåæi

G mkufgåæi tmc trîs pgpêjs prjlfjpgjs> pmssigb, fubturgb m mfilûcjfi. Fgkg uc kmbms rmlkmrjg vçrjis bjvris, cgs gfhi qum vgbm g pmlg rmsucj-bis mc trîs `rgsms> Qgpmb mfilûcj ûcjfi> pripirfjilgr i filhmfjcmlti lmfmssçrji pgrg

eglhgr g vjkg m smr mfilicjfgcmltm prikutjvi. Qgpmb Qgp mb fub fubtur turgb> gb> gpri`ulkgr lissi mltmlkjcmlti ki culki. Qgpmb Qgp mb pms pmssigb sigb> kmsmlvibvmr tgbmltis m smlsjojbjkgkms jlkjvjkugjs. Ê jlkjspmlsçvmb sgomr fici mssms pgpêjs sm jltmr-rmbgfjilgc pgrg frjgr sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs fmltrgkis lg frjgtjvjkgkm m lg jlivgåæi.

 

Kmsg`jis mfilûcjfis G mkufgåæi tmc uc pgpmb jcpirtgltãssjci li kmsmlvibvjcmlti kis filhmfjcmltis, hgojbjkgkms m gtjtukms lmfmssçrjgs pgrg g vjtgbjkgkm m i frmsfjcmlti mfilûcjfi. Is sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs gtugjs mstæi fgusglki priobmcgs qum g`mtgc pmssigsqugbj`jfgkgs km tikis is lãvmjs ki cmrfgki trgogbhi, kmskm pmssigs gbtgcmltm gtê pmssigs smckm lmlhucg qugbj`jfgåæi.

Is supmrqugbj`jfgkis G cgjirjg kgs pibãtjfgs lgfjilgjs km mkufgåæi sm filfmltrg mc gucmltgr i lþcmri km pmssigs fic mlsjli supmrjir. Mssgs pibãtjfgs pikmc gtê smr m`jfgzms, cgs g mlxurrgkg km pmssigs fic fursi supmrjir gfgoiu bmvglki g ucg frjsm jlmspmrgkg li rmfrutgcmlti kmssgs pmssigs. Læi qum mbgs smngc msfgssgs. Qmbi km filtrçrji, i lþcmri km pmssigs fic qugbj`jfgåæi. mlsjli supmrjir ê cgjir qum i lþcmri mcprmeis pgrg pmssigs fic mssg Lg Fhjlg, i kmsmcprmei km pmssigs fic kjpbicgs uljvmrsjtçrjis ê ucg qumstæi kmbjfgkg. Qgrtm kg mstrgtêejg mfilûcjfg ki eivmrli fhjlîs `ij jlfmltjvgr cjbhýms km mstukgltms g `gzmr uc fursi uljvmrsjtçrji pgrg emrgr livgs hgojbjkgkms pgrg i cmrfgki km trgogbhi m gejtgr i cmrfgki km filsuci. Gs `gcãbjgs kmssms mstukgltms jlvmstjrgc qugsm tuki i qum tjlhgc lg mkufgåæi kis `jbhis. I priobmcg ê qum cujtis kmssms mstukgltms gfgogrgc qugbj`jfgkis kmcgjs pgrg gs vgegs qum mlfiltrgc m, li kmsmspmri, mstæi sm fglkjkgtglki g mcprmeis rurgjs iu trgogbhglki fici ogoçs Fjtglki m gssjstmltms bjcpmzg rmejýms cgjs fici Euglezhiu. ucg km geîlfjg km mc rmfrutgcmlti km gogstgkgs, pri`jssjilgjs km bjcpmzg kicêstjfg, i nirlgb ki eivmrli kgqumbg privãlfjg, i Euglezhiu  Kgjby, rmpirtiu, mc nglmjri km ?11:, qum qujlhmltgs iu smjsfmltgs pmssigs sm fglkjkgtgvgc pgrg vgegs km bjcpmzg kicêstjfg tikis is cmsms, smlki qum cgjs km :1% kmbgs mrgc mstukgltms uljvmrsjtçrjis, jlfbujlki ?8 mstukgltms km cmstrgki.?? I lþcmri km mcprmeis pgrg pmssigs fic mlsjli supmrjir ficpbmti ficmåiu g gucmltgr li `jc kg kêfgkg, mspmfjgbcmltm lgs erglkms mcprmsgs, cgs g i`mrtg gjlkg ê filsjkmrgvmbcmltm cgjir qum g kmcglkg. Li _mjli ]ljki, li cmsci pmrãiki, hgvjg fmrfg km ?1 cjb vgegs mxjejlki supmrjir ficpbmti m ?11 cjb fglkjkgtis fic li cãljci mssg qugbj`jfgåæi

 

ficpmtjlki pir mbgs. Cujtis gfgogrgc sm fglkjkgtglki g mcprmeis pgrg is qugjs mrgc supmrqugbj`jfgkis. Lg rmfmssæi ki jlãfji kis glis 7:81, fmrfg km 61% km tikis is rmfêc-`ircgkis mrgc supmrqugbj`jfgkis pgrg i mcprmei. M g supmrqugbj`jfgåæi gucmltiu gjlkg cgjs. M mssm læi ê i þljfi priobmcg. Qiufgs kmssgs pmssigs tîc is filhmfjcmltis qum gs mcprmsgs prmfjsgc. Gs mfilicjgs ficpbmxgs km hinm rmqumrmc pmssigs si`jstjfgkgs ‒fic mxpmrjîlfjg jltmrlgfjilgb, filhmfjcmlti km kj`mrmltms fubturgs, kicãlji kgs cgjs rmfmltms tmflibiejgs, tgbmlti mcprmmlkmkir m fgpgfjkgkm km gtugr mc mcprmsgs fgkg vmz cgjs ficpbmxgs–.?6 Is mcprmegkirms kjzmc qum qumrmc pmssigs frjgtjvgs, fgpgzms km jlivgr, fic oigs hgojbjkgkms km ficuljfgåæi, qum sgjogc trgogbhgr mc mqujpm m qum smngc `bmxãvmjs m gutifil`jgltms. Mbms rmfbgcgc qum cujtis rmfêc-`ircgkis gprmsmltgc piufgs kmssgs qugbjkgkms. Læi ê km surprmmlkmr. Is priergcgs gfgkîcjfis filvmlfjilgjs læi `irgc frjgkis pgrg kmsmlvibvmr mssgs hgojbjkgkms. Jriljfgcmltm, g kmcglkg pir livgs hgojbjkgkms mstç surejlki nustgcmltm quglki gs jlstjtujåýms km mlsjli supmrjir sæi cmlis fgpgzms km sm gkgptgr m suprjr mssg kmcglkg pirqum i lþcmri fgkg vmz cgjir km mstukgltms mstç rmstrjlejlki gs pissjojbjkgkms km i`mrmfmr uc mlsjli pmrsilgbjzgki. Gtugbcmltm, g cgjirjg kgs erglkms uljvmrsjkgkms tmc piufgs ipirtuljkgkms km mlsjli jlkjvjkugb. ]cg cubtjkæi km mstukgltms gssjstm g gubgs cjljstrgkgs pir pri`mssirms qum lmc mstæi lg cmscg sgbg m pgrtjfjpgc km erglkms smcjlçrjis cjljstrgkis pir mstgejçrjis cgb pgeis. Mc emrgb, gs litgs sæi gtrjouãkgs ás tgrm`gs m gis trgogbhis fic piufi `mmkogfd   pgrg irjmltgr i gbuli. G fubturg kis tmstms km cþbtjpbg msfibhg tirlg i prifmssi gjlkg cgjs jcpmssigb m gvmssi gi rjsfi.

G eumrrg pmbis tgbmltis Cujtgs mcprmsgs m iregljzgåýms mstæi tmlki kj`jfubkgkms km mlfiltrgr gs pmssigs km qum prmfjsgc. Wuglki gs mlfiltrgc, cujtgs vmzms smltmc kj`jfubkgkm mc rmtî-bgs. Is mxmfutjvis rmfbgcgc km ucg msfgssmz fgkg vmz cgjir km pmssigs lmfmssçrjgs pgrg gkcjljstrgr kjvjsýms m emrmlfjgr `ulåýms jcpirtgltms, quglti cgjs pgrg bjkmrgr mcprmsgs jltmjrgs. Nç `gz uc tmcpi qum mssm priobmcg vmc sm gergvglki. ]cg kgs filsmquîlfjgs ê qum gs iregljzgåýms mstæi trgvglki ucg eumrrg pir tgbmltis. ?;

 

G CfDjlsmy, mcprmsg km filsubtirjg mcprmsgrjgb, trgogbhiu fic i kmpgrtgcmlti km rmfursis hucglis km 55 erglkms mcprmsgs lirtmgcmrjfglgs qum gtugc mc kjvmrsis smtirms pgrg cgpmgr sug irjmltgåæi, prçtjfgs m priobmcgs li qum tglem gi rmfrutgcmlti m kmsmlvibvjcmlti km tgbmltis. I mstuki irjejlgb jlfbuju qugsm qugtrifmltis msfrjtörjis firpirgtjvis m 0 cjb mxmfutjvis kis kuzmltis msfgbýms cgjs gbtis kmssgs mcprmsgs. G fibmtg km jl`ircgåýms tgcoêc jlfbuju mstukis km fgsi km vjltm mcprmsgs rmfilhmfjkgs pir smrmc rjfgs mc tgbmltis. ?= [rîs qugrtis kgs mcprmsgs kjssmrgc qum tjlhgc tgbmltis jlsu`jfjmltms mc gbeucgs ifgsjýms m tikgs si`rjgc km ucg msfgssmz frûljfg km tgbmltis mc tikis is lãvmjs kg iregljzgåæi.?0 I mstuki filfbuju qum is tgbmltis mxmfutjvis sæi hç uc oic tmcpi uc gtjvi firpirgtjvi suoemrmlfjgki. Gs mcprmsgs qum gkcjljstrgc smus gtjvis `ãsjfis m `jlglfmjris fic rjeir m si`jstjfgåæi læi filsjkmrgc qum smu pmssigb cmrmåg g cmscg prjirjkgkm. Qiufis `ulfjilçrjis gfrmkjtgc qum smus mcprmegkirms bhms kgræi oigs ipirtuljkgkms km kmsmlvibvjcmlti pri`jssjilgb. G cgjirjg kgs mcprmsgs sö pmlsg mc `gzmr gbeuc trmjlgcmlti `ifglki i furti prgzi. Vö uc tmråi kis mcprmegkirms i`mrmfm gbeuc trmjlgcmlti `irg ki msfipi ki trgogbhi. Mc uc gcojmltm mc rçpjkg mvibuåæi, mbms sm prmifupgc fic g pissjojbjkgkm km smus cmbhirms tgbmltis smrmc grrmogtgkis pmbis filfirrmltms. Væi fgutmbisis mc jlvmstjr li kmsmlvibvjcmlti km smus tgbmltis, tmcmlki qum i jlvmstjcmlti gfgom omlm`jfjglki is filfirrmltms. G ritgtjvjkgkm km pmssigb fistucg smr gbtg m gs vgegs sæi prmmlfhjkgs fic fglkjkgtis mxtmrlis. Vmeulki is pri`jssjilgjs km smbmåæi km pmssigb, uc mxmfutjvi trgogbhg mc cêkjg mc fjlfi mcprmsgs m, kmltri km kmz glis, mssm lþcmri pikm gucmltgr pgrg smtm. G cgjirjg kgs mcprmsgs iptg pir jltrikuzjr oils prifmssis km rmfrutgcmlti m rmtmlåæi pgrg tmr gs ‒pmssigs fmrtgs–. I priobmcg ki cikmbi km furti prgzi ê qum ‒mbm læi `gz lgkg pgrg jcpmkjr i îxiki kgs iutrgs ‖ gqumbgs funis tgbmltis gfgogc suokmsmlvibvjkis. I cikmbi prmsucm uc culki fic ucg i`mrtg jbjcjtgkg km tgbmltis T…S qum læi sm jcpirtgc mc trgogbhgr mc mcprmsgs ilkm i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km pmssigb læi ê vjsti fici ucg prjirjkgkm–.?5  Cmsci gssjc, km gfirki fic g CfDjlsmy, gs mcprmsgs mstæi trgvglki ucg eumrrg pir oils mxmfutjvis smljirms qum filtjlugrç km`jljlki i fmlçrji ficpmtjtjvi lgs pröxjcgs

 

kêfgkgs. I priobmcg ê qum g cgjirjg kmssgs mcprmsgs læi mstç prmpgrgkg m gtê gs cmbhirms sæi vublmrçvmjs.?8

Is suoqugbj`jfgkis Is priobmcgs nç sæi ergvms pgrg is cujti qugbj`jfgkis. Geirg jcgejlm g sjtugåæi kis suoqugbj`jfgkis. Lis Mstgkis ]ljkis, mc cêkjg 61% kis gbulis qum mltrgc lg :g sêrjm læi tmrcjlgræi i mlsjli cêkji. Mc gbeucgs rmejýms, mssg pripiråæi fhmeg g =1%. Mc gbeucgs ficuljkgkms km gcmrãlkjis, mssg pirfmltgemc ê gjlkg cgjs gbtg. Mltrm is mstukgltms qum filsmeumc filtjlugr li mlsjli cêkji, gs litgs ogjxgs m i kmsjltmrmssm fhmegc g smr kmsmspmrgkirms.?: Ê mrrgki fubpgr is mstukgltms pir mssms lþcmris, qum rm`bmtmc uc priobmcg ki sjstmcg. Wugbqumr iutri prifmssi pgkriljzgki fic ucg tgxg km kmspmrkãfji li cãljci 61%, pikmlki g =1% mkufgfjilgb, iu cgjs, smrjgi vjsti fici uckm`rgfgssi mstrilkisi. Li fgsifhmegr ki sjstmcg kmspmrkãfji læi ê km ficcikjtjms  jlmrtms, cgs sjc km pmssigs qum rmspjrgc, vjvmc. Gs pmssigs qum læi filsmeumc filfbujr i mlsjli cêkji gfgogc fic piufgs ipåýms gbêc km uc trgogbhi km ogjxg rmlkg (sm tjvmrmc g sirtm km filsmeujr mlfiltrgr gbeuc) iu glis g `ji km kmsmcprmei. Is fustis ki kmsmcprmei emrgc mlfgreis mlircms pgrg g mfilicjg, mlquglti cujtgs vgegs km mcprmeis prikutjvis gfgogc læi smlki prmmlfhjkgs. Mc ?170, ?7 cjbhýms km pmssigs lg ]ljæi Muripmjg mstgvgc kmsmcprmegkgs, smlki ucmuripmus tmråi tjlhg cmlis kmtmc ?= piufg glis. Vmeulki uc mstuki, ‒ucqum mc qugsm fgkg trîs mc jkgkm gtjvg iu lmlhucg qugbj`jfgåæi `ircgb, i qum rmkuz mc ;1% sugs fhglfms km mlfiltrgr uc mcprmei mc ficpgrgåæi fic pmssigs fic qugbj`jfgåýms km lãvmb cêkji. Vö li _mjli ]ljki, =,5 cjbhýms km gkubtis mc jkgkm gtjvg læi tîc qugbqumr qugbj`jfgåæi m ?1% km tikis is gkubtis kg Jlebgtmrrg, fmrfg km 5 cjbhýms km pmssigs, tîc sêrjis priobmcgs km gb`gomtjzgåæi m grjtcêtjfg oçsjfg–.61 G cgjirjg kis mspmfjgbjstgs filfirkg qum i priobmcg kg mcprmegojbjkgkm lg Muripg rmsubtg km uc sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb jl`bmxãvmb, pmsgkg fgreg trjoutçrjg trgogbhjstg m ogrrmjrgs á ciojbjkgkm.

 

M is qum cgjs si`rmc sæi is nivmls. I culki tmc gprixjcgkgcmltm 011 cjbhýms km nivmls mltrm 7= m ?; glis. Fmrfg km 5= cjbhýms kmbms (7?%) mstæi kmsmcprmegkis, i qum rmprmsmltg cgjs iu cmlis i kiori kg tgxg km kmsmcprmei mltrm gkubtis. Vmeulki g Iregljzgåæi Jltmrlgfjilgb ki [rgogbhi, i kmsmcprmei mltrm is nivmls ê uc priobmcg fgkg vmz cgjs ergvm. G `gbtg km trgogbhi emrg smus pröprjis rjsfis sifjgjs, fici uc smltjcmlti km gbjmlgåæi kg sifjmkgkm m priobmcgs rmsubtgltms kg jlgtjvjkgkm pribilegkg. Livmltg pir fmlti kis nivmls vjvmc mc mfilicjgs mc kmsmlvibvjcmlti, i qum is kmjxg mspmfjgbcmltm vublmrçvmjs gi suomcprmei m á piormzg. ‒Lis pgãsms mc kmsmlvibvjcmlti–, smeulki g Iregljzgåæi Jltmrlgfjilgb ki [rgogbhi, ‒g frjsm pmrcmjg i kjg g kjg kis piorms. I lþcmri km nivmls prmsis lg piormzg privifgkg pmbi kmsmcprmei gucmltg m mssm fjfbi km piormzg sm cgltêc pir pmbi cmlis ucg emrgåæi–.67  G iregljzgåæi greucmltg qum mssgs tmlkîlfjgs tmræi ‒erglkms filsmquîlfjgs pgrg is nivmls, á cmkjkg qum livis mltrgltms gucmltgc i erupi kis kmsmcprmegkis– m gbmrtg pgrg i ‒rjsfi km frjgr ucg ‘emrgåæi pmrkjkg‚ ficpistg km nivmls `irågkis g goglkilgr i cmrfgki km trgogbhi, tmlki pmrkjki g mspmrglåg km pikmr trgogbhgr pgrg eglhgr ucg vjkg kmfmltm–. Is mstukis kg Iregljzgåæi Jltmrlgfjilgb ki [rgogbhi gpiltgc pgrg i fusti ki kmsmcprmei mltrm is nivmls> ‒Gs sifjmkgkms pmrkmc i jlvmstjcmlti `mjti lg mkufgåæi. Eivmrlis pmrkmc filtrjoujltms pgrg is sjstmcgs km prmvjkîlfjg sifjgb m sæi `irågkis g gucmltgr is egstis fic cmkjkgs firrmtjvgs–. Is nivmls sæi is jcpubsjilgkirms ki kmsmlvibvjcmlti mfilûcjfi> ‒Gorjr cæi kmssm pitmlfjgb ê uc kmspmrkãfji mfilûcjfi qum pikm ficpricmtmr g mstgojbjkgkm sifjgb–. I lþcmri friljfgcmltm gbti km kmsmcprmegkis, smlki qum cgjs iu cmlis g cmtgkm kmbms mstç kmsmcprmegkg hç cgjs km uc gli, filstjtuj cgjs ki qum uc priobmcg cmrgcmltm mfilûcjfi. Is kmsmcprmegkis km bileg kgtg `gzmc pgrtm km uc erglkm erupi qum sm smltm cgrejlgbjzgki pmbgs `irågs jcpubsjilgkirgs kg cukglåg, cgs jcpitmltms pgrg `gzmr qugbqumr fijsg g rmspmjti. Mssms erupis tmlkmc g filfmltrgr-sm mc çrmgs mspmfã`jfgs, i qum rmkuz sugs fhglfms km rmfupmrgåæi. (Li _mjli ]ljki, g erglkm cgjirjg kis kmsmcprmegkis cirg mc ? cjb filnultis hgojtgfjilgjs.) Mc ucg sifjmkgkm fmltrgkg li trgogbhi, i kmsmcprmei iu g kmsmspmrglåg km filsmeujr uc mcprmei pikm bmvgr g uc filtrg-gtgqum germssjvi. Mc cujtis pgãsms, hç ucg tmlkîlfjg

 

prmifupgltm km kmsjltmrmssm m germssjvjkgkm mltrm is nivmls lgs msfibgs.6? Cujtis pri`mssirms `jfgc `rustrgkis m kmscirgbjzgkis. Mc uc bmvgltgcmlti fic pri`mssirms li _mjli ]ljki, kijs tmråis kjssmrgc qum qumrjgc sgjr kg msfibg mc qum trgogbhgvgc m cmtgkm eistgrjg km pgrgr km bmfjilgr kmvjki á `gbtg km kjsfjpbjlg kis gbulis. 66 [gcoêc is Mstgkis ]ljkis si`rmc fic uc priobmcg bgtmltm km mxfbusæi sifjgb. Mc vçrjis fmltris uroglis, g vjibîlfjg mltrm gs egleums mstç sm jltmlsj`jfglki. Lgs prjlfjpgjs fjkgkms muripmjgs, is fil`bjtis mltrm egleums pgssgrgc g `gzmr pgrtm ki fitjkjgli kis gkibmsfmltms. ]cg kgs pmrspmftjvgs cgjs prmifupgltms ê i surejcmlti km ucg suofbgssm pmrcglmltm, qum pikm sm vmr prmsg mc uc fjfbi jrrmvieçvmb km frjcm, piormzg m kmsmspmri. M pikm sgjr fgri tmltgr filtmr g rgjvg m gs `rustrgåýms kis cgrejlgbjzgkis m kmsmspmrglågkis. Is Mstgkis ]ljkis tîc g cgjir tgxg km mlfgrfmrgcmlti ki culki. Ê mspgltisi, cgsjlfbuj 7 mc fgkg 6=prjsæi, gkubtis gcmrjfglis li sjstmcg firrmfjilgb ‖ qum kmtmlåæi, bjomrkgkm vjejgkgmstç m supmrvjsæi ‖, cgjs qum i kiori km trjltg glis gtrçs. Gs pipubgåýms prjsjilgjs m fgrfmrçrjgs gucmltgrgc ?5;%, pgrg ?,6 cjbhýms mc ?118, mlquglti gs pipubgåýms sio supmrvjsæi frmsfmrgc ??0%, pgrg =,7 cjbhýms. Is lþcmris mstæi filfmltrgkis mc erupis mspmfã`jfis. Qiufi cgjs km 71% kis gkubtis lmeris lis Mstgkis ]ljkis mstæi li sjstmcg firrmfjilgb, fmrfg km ;% kg pipubgåæi hjspïljfg m ?% kis orglfis. ]c erglkm lþcmri km pmssigs kgs pipubgåýms fgrfmrçrjgs mc rçpjki frmsfjcmlti læi ficpbmtiu i mlsjli cêkji, tmvm priobmcgs km gb`gomtjzgåæi iu grjtcêtjfg oçsjfg iu tjriu litgs ogjxgs lg msfibg kmvjki g kj`jfubkgkms km gprmlkjzgemc læi kjgelistjfgkgs. Lis þbtjcis trjltg glis, is egstis kis eivmrlis mstgkugjs fic is sjstmcgs pmljtmlfjçrjis sæi is qum cgjs frmsfmc, pmrkmlki sö pgrg i Cmkjfgjk, i priergcg km sgþkm pgrg g pipubgåæi km ogjxg rmlkg. Mc ?171, is egstis ki mstgki kg Fgbj`örljg fic i sjstmcg firrmfjilgb ubtrgpgssgrgc is egstis km tiki i mlsjli pþobjfi supmrjir. Is fustis ki mlfgrfmrgcmlti sæi cujti cgjirms qum is fustis fic g mkufgåæi. Cgltmr uc kmtmlti lg prjsæi fustg mc cêkjg ]V$ ?: cjb pir gli, mc ficpgrgåæi fic fmrfg km ]V$ : cjb pgrg i mlsjli cêkji. 6; Gbeuls pibãtjfis prm`mrmc pgegr is fustis kg filtmlåæi g jlvmstjr lis tgbmltis kgs ficuljkgkms cgrejlgbjzgkgs. Cgs kmsmlvibvmr is tgbmltis m gs gspjrgåýms kis erupis

 

vublmrçvmjs ê, km bilem, g cmbhir cglmjrg km rmjltmerç-bis á sifjmkgkm m mvjtgr is fustis frmsfmltms kg rmjlfjkîlfjg. Km tikis is piltis km vjstg ‖  sifjgb, êtjfi m mfilûcjfi ‖, `grjg cujti cgjs smltjki jlvmstjr mc ucg mkufgåæi cmbhir m kgr g tikis is nivmls uc oic ficmåi km vjkg ki qum gbifgr vmrogs jlsu`jfjmltms á mkufgåæi m gfgogr egstglki cgjs pgrg rmcmkjgr gs filsmquîlfjgs.6=

Kmsg`jis fubturgjs Lgs cjlhgs pgbmstrgs, eisti km pmkjr ás pmssigs kg pbgtmjg pgrg bmvgltgr g cæi sm tjvmrmc cgjs km 61 glis m cgltmr g cæi bmvgltgkg sm mstjvmrmc usglki uc rmböeji km pubsi. Mc emrgb g cgjirjg kgs pmssigs fic cgjs km 61 glis `jfg fic g cæi bmvgltgkg. Wuglki pmåi gis gkibmsfmltms pgrg `gzmr g cmscg fijsg, piuquãssjcis `jfgc fic g cæi bmvgltgkg. Mc emrgb, is km mc hinmsmus læiscgrtphilms usgc rmböejis km pubsi. Qgrg km mbms, i tmcpi mstçgkibmsfmltms pir tikg pgrtm, , tgobmts  m filsibms . Mbms egcm læi vmmc lmfmssjkgkm gbeucg km usgr uc kjspisjtjvi sö pgrg filtgr i tmcpi. ‒Qir qum gbeuêc `grjg jssi9–, mbms sm pmreultgc. ‒Qirqum gbeuêc usgrjg uc kjspisjtjvi qum sö tmc ucg `ulåæi9 Wum oiogemc...– Mu cm km`mlki> ‒Lgkg kjssi. I cmu rmböeji tgcoêc cistrg g kgtg–. Gbeuêc kjssm qum g tmflibiejg sö pikm smr filsjkmrgkg ucg tmflibiejg sm `ij frjgkg kmpijs qum lgsfmcis. Gs tmflibiejgs kjejtgjs frjgrgc g qum tmc sjki filsjkmrgkg g cgjir bgfulg mltrm gs emrgåýms kmskm i rifd glk ribb. Cgrd Qrmlsdy m iutris mstukjisis trgågc ucg kjstjlåæi mltrm is 60 lgtjvis kjejtgjs m is jcjergltms kjejtgjs.  G `riltmjrg is kijs læikmê fbgrg, cgs cistrg ucg trglsjåæi emrgfjilgb. Lgsmltrm ficuljkgkms jcjergltms, is gkubtis cujtgs vmzms rmfrjgc g fubturg ki gltjei pgãs li livi, mc licm kg listgbejg m kg smeurglåg. Is `jbhis sæi mcpurrgkis á livg fubturg, gkitgc-lg fic cgjs vjeir m g mlsjlgc gis gkubtis. Ê i qum gfiltmfm cujtgs vmzms fic g fubturg kjejtgb. Lissis `jbhis tîc cujti g lis mlsjlgr siorm gs pissjojbjkgkms kgs livgs `mrrgcmltgs m kis livis cikis km pmlsgr. Vug bãleug lgtjvg ê g bãleug kjejtgb, qum cujtis gkubtis sö `gbgc fici ucg smeulkg bãleug. Lissis `jbhis lmc gfhgc qum mssms kjspisjtjvis sæi uc tjpi km tmflibiejg. G`jlgb, mssgs tmflibiejgs sæi tæi

lgturgjs pgrg mbms quglti i gr qum rmspjrgc.

 

Á cmkjkg qum gs tmflibiejgs gvglågc, gs mfilicjgs isfjbgc m gs pipubgåýms cukgc, i cmsci gfiltmfm fic is vgbirms m i ficpirtgcmlti. Is sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs gi rmkir ki culki prmfjsgc kgr filtg km erglkms ilkgs km cukglåg fubturgb mc tikgs gs `rmltms. Gbeucgs kmssgs cukglågs sæi filsmquîlfjgs kjrmtgs kg fubturg kjejtgb, iutrgs læi. Lis þbtjcis fjlqumltg glis, cujtgs kgs gltjegs fmrtmzgs tgcoêc fgãrgc pir tmrrg, fici g `gcãbjg lufbmgr, pgkrýms km mlvibvjcmlti rmbjejisi, is pgpêjs kis hicmls m kgs cubhmrms. Gs kmsjeugbkgkms gojscgjs km rjqumzg m ipirtuljkgkms mstæi gorjlki kjvjsýms gjlkg cgjs pri`ulkgs mltrm gs ficuljkgkms fubturgjs. Mc tikis is buegrms m pir tikgs gs rgzýms, gs jkmltjkgkms fubturgjs hinm sæi ficpbmxgs, jltmrrmbgfjilgkgs m filtmstgkgs.

Kmsg`jis pmssigjs Gtugbcmltm, gs frjglågs m nivmls lg msfibg sæi cujti cgjs prmssjilgkis pgrg tjrgr oigs litgs ki qum g cjlhg emrgåæi. Mbms prmfjsgc mstukgr cgjs pgrg mltrgr lg `gfubkgkm ki qum mu prmfjsmj, prmfjsgc mstukgr cgjs kmpijs qum mltrgc lg `gfubkgkm m, quglki sm `ircgc, sugs qugbj`jfgåýms vgbmc cmlis. Mssg prmssæi ficmåg quglki mbms tîc =, sm læi 6 glis, m sm cgltêc pir tikg g vjkg gfgkîcjfg. Qgrg is mstukgltms ki mlsjli supmrjir, g prmssæi pikm smr cgjs jltmlsg. Fic g frmsfmltm jl`bgåæi gfgkîcjfg, is mstukgltms sæi jlfrjvmbcmltm prmssjilgkis pgrg tjrgr oigs litgs. Cujtis ticgc kriegs pgrg cgltmr i `ifi m g filfmltrgåæi lis mstukis. M mssg læi ê g þljfg prmssæi. Mc uc mstuki siorm i ficpirtgcmlti sujfjkg mltrm mstukgltms, _iry I‚Fillir m Limb Vhmmhy greucmltgc qum is mstukgltms ‒sæi prmssjilgkis g smr nivmls omc rmsibvjkis, `mbjzms, omcsufmkjkis, tgbmltisis m jltmbjemltms m mbms qumrmc pgrmfmr qum sæi tuki jssi... Mbms sæi prmssjilgkis g læi pgrmfmr prmssjilgkis–. ]c lþcmri fgkg vmz cgjir kmssms mstukgltms mstç sufucojlki á prmssæi m si`rmlki gs filsmquîlfjgs. I lþcmri km sujfãkjis lgs uljvmrsjkgkms rm`bmtm gs prmssýms töxjfgs pgrg tmr sufmssi. Gbeuls irjmltgkirms msfibgrms mstæi mxirtglki gs msfibgs g kmkjfgr cgjs tmcpi g gnukgr gs frjglågs m is nivmls g kmsmlvibvmr gs hgojbjkgkms pmssigjs, sifjgjs m km ml`rmltgcmlti kgs qugjs mbms prmfjsgc pgrg bjkgr fic g vjkg filtmcpirïlmg> ‒Ê sö

 

filvmlfmlki gs frjglågs m is nivmls g sm gorjr qum pikmcis ficogtmr i mstjecg gssifjgki á jlfgpgfjkgkm km bjkgr fic i mstrmssm m g rmbutïlfjg mc prifurgr gnukg... Gi prmsucjr qum i sufmssi gfgkîcjfi ê i cgjir ionmtjvi kg vjkg, læi mstgcis mlsjlglki gs pmssigs g bjkgr fic i `rgfgssi, i qum ê ucg `gbhg mlircm–.65

Mc rmsuci Is gtugjs sjstmcgs km mkufgåæi mc cgssg `irgc filfmojkis m filstruãkis li pgssgki pgrg rmsibvmr priobmcgs ki pgssgki. Mbms prmfjsgc smr rmpmlsgkis pgrg ml`rmltgr is kmsg`jis ki prmsmltm. Gpmsgr ki frmsfmltm gojsci mc rmbgåæi ás hgojbjkgkms lmfmssçrjgs, kg eumrrg pmbis tgbmltis m kg vmbifjkgkm kgs cukglågs mc tikgs gs `rmltms, cujtis pibãtjfis m iutris erupis jlsjstmc li cgltrg kg lmfmssjkgkm km mbmvgr is pgkrýms gfgkîcjfis trgkjfjilgjs cmbhirgrqum gs `ulkgcmltgc litgs mc tmstms pgkriljzgkis. rgzæi, frmji mu, ê qum gs mprmcjssgs mssgs goirkgemls Gá mkufgåæi tîc rgãzms tæi pri`ulkgs qum cujtgs pmssigs lmc fhmegc g sm kgr filtg. Mbgs sm jcjsfuãrgc lgs jkmibiejgs ki smlsi ficuc, km fici gs fijsgs tîc km smr. Cgs i qum pikm pgrmfmr öovji tgcoêc pikm mstgr mrrgki. I `ifi mc mbmvgr is pgkrýms gfgkîcjfis læi vgj rmsibvmr is priobmcgs qum ml`rmltgcis. Qmbi filtrçrji, pikm gtê gergvç-bis. Qrmfjsgcis rmpmlsgr gbeucgs kgs lissgs jkmjgs oçsjfgs siorm g mkufgåæi, siorm g jltmbjeîlfjg m siorm lös cmscis. M, prjlfjpgbcmltm, prmfjsgcis kmspmrtgr kgqujbi qum Ngcms Hmccjle68  fhgciu km ‒jbusæi gfgkîcjfg–. Mstgcis cujti cgjs cmreubhgkis lmssg jbusæi ki qum vifî pikm jcgejlgr.

 

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G jbusæi gfgkîcjfg  ‒[ikg vmrkgkm pgssg pir trîs mstçejis>  Qrjcmjri,, ê rjkjfubgrjzgk  Qrjcmjri rjkjfubgrjzgkg. g. Vmeulki, ê ficogtjkg fic vjibîlfjg. [mrfmjri, ê gfmjtg fici öovjg.–

G_[H]_ VFHIQMLHG]M_ (7588-7801) Pifî ê jltmbjemltm9 Læi ê `çfjb rmspilkmr g mssg pmreultg. G jltmbjeîlfjg ê ucg kgqumbgs qugbjkgkms qum gfhgcis qum sicis fgpgzms km rmfilhmfmr lgs pmssigs, cgs, quglki pgrgcis pgrg tmltgr km`jlj-bg, lmc smcprm filsmeujcis. Fgsi sjrvg km filsibi, cujtis mspmfjgbjstgs lis fgcpis kg psjfibiejg, lmuribiejg, pmkgeiejg, mltrm iutris, gjlkg læi fhmegrgc g ucg km`jljåæi filsmlsugb km jltmbjeîlfjg, cmsci kmkjfglki oig pgrtm kg pröprjg jltmbjeîlfjg g rm`bmtjr g rmspmjti. Qikm læi hgvmr ucg km`jljåæi filsmlsugb, cgs kijs filfmjtis kicjlgc gs filfmpåýms pipubgrms km jltmbjeîlfjg. I prjcmjri ê i WJ (quifjmltm km jltmbjeîlfjg) m i smeulki ê g cmcörjg pgrg jl`ircgåýms `gftugjs.

Omc-vjlki gi fbuom G Cmlsg ê ucg gssifjgåæi jltmrlgfjilgb qum sm egog km smr uc kis fbuoms cgjs mxfbusjvis ki culki. Qgrg mltrgr lg Cmlsg, is cmcoris prmfjsgc tmr ‒jltmbjeîlfjg gbtg– m g iregljzgåæi g`jrcg gkcjtjr sö ?% kg pipubgåæi. G kmfjsæi ê ogsmgkg li kmsmcpmlhi kis fglkjkgtis mc vçrjis ‒tmstms km jltmbjeîlfjg–, qum jlfbumc pmreultgs fici mstgs (ki tmstm irjejlgb mc jlebîs, sö pgrg vifî tmr ucg jkmjg)> 7) Wugb bmtrg kmvm vjr mc smeujkg9

 

C Z P V M H C V N _ V L ] V L M Q9 ?) Kmtgbhms km jtmls ficprgkis mc ucg pgpmbgrjg sæi cistrgkis gogjxi. 58 ‖ Bçpjs 7=? ‖ Qjlfêjs =7 ‖ @jfhçrjis 7;? ‖ Fglmtgs hjkrierç`jfgs 9 ‖ Obifis km glitgåýms Wugltis obifis km glitgåýms g bjstg kmvm jlfbujr9 6) Mc qugb kjrmåæi g smtg qum `gbtg kmvm gpiltgr9

Mssm tjpi km pmreultg tmstg g fgpgfjkgkm km gpbjfgr g glçbjsm böejfg g prjlfãpjis qum kmtmrcjlgc ucg smquîlfjg km jkmjgs.   Is `jbösi`is fhgcgc jssi km rgfjifãlji böejfi-kmkutjvi. I pmlsgcmlti ‒böejfi– filstjtuj ucg pgrtm jcpirtgltm ki filfmjti pipubgr km jltmbjeîlfjg. I smeulki `gtir ê tmr ucg oig cmcörjg pgrg `gtis. 6:

Is `gtis  Cgstmrcjlk ê uc kis priergcgs km pmreultgs m rmspistgs cgjs pipubgrms kg tmbmvjsæi orjtïljfg. Wugtri filfirrmltms, uc g uc, sm smltgc sio uc

 

hibi`itm mc uc mstþkji msfuri m ml`rmltgc i gprmsmltgkir, qum `gz gs pmreultgs. Gs pmreultgs sæi kjvjkjkgs mc kugs rikgkgs km kijs cjlutis> g prjcmjrg ê siorm uc tmcg mspmfjgbjzgki msfibhjki pmbi filfirrmltm m g smeulkg ê siorm ‒filhmfjcmlti emrgb–. I Cgstmrcjlk ki Gli ê i cmbhir km tikis is vmlfmkirms kg sêrjm kurgltm i gli m ê filsjkmrgki ucg kgs pmssigs cgjs jltmbjemltms kg Eræ-Ormtglhg. ]c priergcg km rçkji km bileg kgtg fhgcgki Orgjl i` Orjtgjl  smeum uc `ircgti sjcjbgr. Filfirrmltms ki priergcg km `mlicmlgb sufmssi Wumc qumr smr uc cjbjilçrji9  pikmc eglhgr ucg `irtulg gfmrtglki gs rmspistgs g gpmlgs kizm pmreultgs `gftugjs. Qriergcgs km pmreultgs m rmspistgs fici mssms sm ogsmjgc lg fgpgfjkgkm km cmcirjzgr jl`ircgåýms `gftugjs, jlfbujlki licms, kgtgs, mvmltis m mstgtãstjfgs. Is `jbösi`is fhgcgc jssi km filhmfjcmlti pripisjfjilgb> filhmfjcmlti km qum gbei ê i fgsi. G fgpgfjkgkm gfgkîcjfg ogsmjg-sm lmssgs kugs fgpgfjkgkms> rgfjifãlji böejfi-kmkutjvi m filhmfjcmlti pripisjfjilgb. I tmrci ‒gfgkîcjfi– tmc rgãzms li licm km uc oisqum pmrti kg gltjeg Gtmlgs fhgcgki  Gfgkmcmjg.  @ij bç, qugtrifmltis glis gltms ki lgsfjcmlti km Frjsti, qum i `jbösi`i ermei Qbgtæi rmulju ucg ficuljkgkm km mstukjisis. Is mlsjlgcmltis km Qbgtæi ogsmgrgc-sm lis cêtikis `jbisö`jfis kmsmlvibvjkis pir smu cmltir, Vöfrgtms. I gbuli cgjs `gcisi km Qbgtæi `ij Grjstötmbms (qum, pir sug vmz, `ij tutir km Gbmxglkrm, i Erglkm). Grjstötmbms kmsmlvibvmu gjlkg cgjs mssms filfmjtis mc smu pröprji trgogbhi m mlsjlgcmltis, fic ogsm lis qugjs mvibuãrgc sjstmcgs km pmlsgcmlti, km cgtmcçtjfg m km fjîlfjg qum gnukgrgc g km`jljr i fgrçtmr jltmbmftugb ki culki ifjkmltgb. Cgs, gpmsgr km supistgcmltm tmr gbtis WJs, Qbgtæi, Vöfrgtms m Grjstötmbms lulfg iuvjrgc `gbgr km WJ lmc kg Cmlsg. Mltæi, qugb ê g rmbgåæi mltrm is tmstms km WJ, is priergcgs km pmreultgs m rmspistgs, g mkufgåæi mc cgssg m i oisqum kg  Gfgkmcmjg9

Cmlsurm g sug cmltm Fici i guticövmb, g tmbmvjsæi, i cjfriprifmssgkir m g egrrg`g km FifgFibg, i WJ ê ucg kgs jlvmlåýms cgjs gtrgmltms ki culki cikmrli. Ê uc filfmjti fic qugtri pgrtms. `jxi. pmssig lgsfm fic ucg fgpgfjkgkm quifjmltm KgFgkg cmscg `ircg fici pikmcis tmr ibhis iu fgstglhis iu jltmbmftugb fgombis rujvis,

 

lgsfmcis fic ucg qugltjkgkm km`jljkg km jltmbjeîlfjg. Lissg jltmbjeîlfjg pikm smr cmkjkg pir ucg sêrjm km tmstms fici is mxmcpbj`jfgkis gltmrjircmltm. Is rmsubtgkis pikmc smr ficpgrgkis fic ucg msfgbg emrgb m gprmsmltgkis lg `ircg km uc lþcmri km 1 g ?11. Mssm lþcmri ê i lissi WJ. Lmssg msfgbg, i kmsmcpmlhi cêkji `jfg mltrm 81 m 7114 711 m 7?1 nç ê gfjcg kg cêkjg m qugbqumr fijsg gfjcg km 761 gorm gs pirtgs pgrg g `mstg km Lgtgb kg Cmlsg. Is tmstms km WJ pikmc smr usgkis pgrg prmvmr i kmsmcpmlhi kgs frjglågs lg msfibg m lg vjkg. Vmeujlki mssg bjlhg km rgfjifãlji, vçrjgs vmrsýms km tmstms km WJ sæi usgkgs li prifmssi km gkcjssæi mc msfibgs m li pbglmngcmlti mkufgfjilgb. I WJ ê uc ãlkjfm km jltmbjeîlfjg emrgb, iu smng, gs piltugåýms lmssms tmstms rm`bmtmc gs fgpgfjkgkms jltmbmftugjs emrgjs km ucg pmssig. Qir mssm citjvi, gbeucgs pmssigs gfhgc qum ogstg glulfjgr sug piltugåæi mc uc tmstm km WJ pgrg tiki culki sgomr fici mbgs sæi jltmbjemltms... iu læi. I WJ tmvm filsmquîlfjgs mxpbisjvgs pgrg gs pibãtjfgs sifjgjs m, mspmfjgbcmltm, pgrg g mkufgåæi kmskm qum i filfmjti `ij kmsmlvibvjki fmrfg km fmc glis gtrçs. Km ilkm sureju g jkmjg9 Fici i WJ pgssiu g kicjlgr g filfmpåæi pipubgr km jltmbjeîlfjg9 M smrç qum i WJ ê ucg cmkjkg nustg m prmfjsg km jltmbjeîlfjg mc tikgs gs fubturgs9

Gkcjrçvmb culki vmbhi Gs ogsms ki tmstm km jltmbjeîlfjg cikmrli `irgc mstgombmfjkgs mc cmgkis ki sêfubi XJXkgs pirmspêfjms @rglfjs, mc Egbtil, Fhgrbms Kgrwjl. Kmpijs km bmr  G irjemc 78=:,prjci mbm smkmpmreultiu sm g vjkg hucglg smeujg is prjlfãpjis kg smbmåæi lgturgb qum Kgrwjl tjlhg kmsfrjti pgrg i rmsti kg lgturmzg. Egbtil filfbuju qum, sm g hmrmkjtgrjmkgkm tmc gbeuc pgpmb kmfjsjvi li kmsmlvibvjcmlti hucgli, kmvm smr pissãvmb cmbhirgr g rgåg hucglg gpbjfglki prifmkjcmltis smbmtjvis km rmprikuåæi. (Mbm `ij i prjcmjri g usgr g pgbgvrg muemljg, fic i sjelj`jfgki km ‒oic– iu ‒omc– lgsfjki, mc 7886. ) Fic mssm ionmtjvi mc cmltm, mbm sm kmkjfiu g kmsmlvibvmr cmjis fjmltã`jfis km jsibgr m cmlsurgr g ‒jltmbjeîlfjg emrgb– m ficpgrç-bg mltrm jlkjvãkuis. I tmstm km jltmbjeîlfjg cikmrli ogsmjg-sm li ;1

trgogbhi km Egbtil m, cgjs mspmfj`jfgcmltm, li km Gb`rmk Ojlmt.

 

Li jlãfji ki sêfubi XX, Ojlmt trgogbhgvg fic frjglågs mc msfibgs km mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb km Qgrjs fic i ionmtjvi km jkmltj`jfgr gs qum pikjgc prmfjsgr km gtmlåæi mspmfjgb. Mbm ficmåiu g frjgr tmstms furtis pgrg frjglågs km jkgkms kj`mrmltms qum pikmrjgc smr cjljstrgkis fic `gfjbjkgkm. I ionmtjvi mrg prçtjfi m i cêtiki ‒mrg cgjs prgecçtjfi ki qum fjmltã`jfi–.   Mc 7:1=, mbm nç tjlhg frjgki sug prjcmjrg msfgbg km jltmbjeîlfjg ogsmgkg mc uc tmstm km trjltg jtmls filfmojki pgrg frjglågs km 6 g 7? glis. I mxgcjlgkir gpbjfgvg is jtmls priermssjvgcmltm g fgkg frjglåg gtê mbg læi filsmeujr rmspilkmr cgjs lmlhuc. I kmsmcpmlhi mrg ficpgrgki fic g cêkjg kg `gjxg mtçrjg kg frjglåg. Vm ucg frjglåg filsmeujssm pgssgr li tmstm mspmrgki pgrg ucg frjglåg km, kjegcis, 0 glis, filsjkmrgvg-sm qum g frjglåg tjlhg ucg jkgkm cmltgb km 0 glis. Ojlmt usiu g kj`mrmlåg mltrm g jkgkm cmltgb m g jkgkm friliböejfg fici uc ãlkjfm km ‒rmtgrkgcmlti–. Mc 7:7?, i psjföbiei gbmcæi Ujbbjgc Vtmrl pripûs usgr g rgzæi mltrm g jkgkm cmltgb m g jkgkm friliböejfg pgrg fgbfubgr i `gcisi quifjmltm km jltmbjeîlfjg> ;7

WJ 3

jkgkm cmltgb jkgkm friliböejfg

Õ 711

Mc piufis glis, trgkuåýms ki trgogbhi km Ojlmt ficmågrgc g surejr mc iutris pgãsms. Is usis rmstrjtis pgrg is qugjs i filfmjti `ij irjejlgbcmltm prinmtgki biei fgãrgc li msqumfjcmlti m i WJ pgssiu g smr gpbjfgki filtmxtis tiki tjpi, mspmfjgbcmltm ]ljkis. Fmc glismckmpijs, i WJkmfiltjlug smlki g prjlfjpgb lis ogsmMstgkis km smbmåæi mc kj`mrmltms tjpis km mkufgåæi m km mcprmei m lg gbifgåæi km fgreis lgs @irågs Grcgkgs. I WJ tmc sjki usgki pgrg rmspgbkgr m gtgfgr tmirjgs km kj`mrmlågs rgfjgjs, êtljfgs m sifjgjs. Is prjcmjris tmstms km WJ ki _mjli ]ljki m kis Mstgkis ]ljkis suemrjrgc qum is piorms m smus `jbhis tîc WJ ogjxi m qum is rjfis m smus `jbhis tîc WJ gbti. Is pmsqujsgkirms sm pmreultgrgc sm i WJ km gbeucg `ircg kmtmrcjlgvg is lãvmjs km rjqumzg m km sufmssi `jlglfmjri. ]cg vgrjçvmb jcpirtgltm, lgturgbcmltm, ê qum is piorms læi tjlhgc filkjåýms km vjstg mstukgr m is rjfis tjlhgc, li cãljci ucg pmqumlg icjssæi ki pilti km cmtikiböejfi.

 

Qir uc tmcpi, mssgs filstgtgåýms `irgc usgkgs pgrg `ulkgcmltgr jljfjgtjvgs pibãtjfgs ogsmgkgs lg muemljg, fic i ionmtjvi km ‒cmbhirgr– g rgåg hucglg pir cmji kg rmprikuåæi smbmtjvg m ki filtribm pipubgfjilgb. Li jlãfji ki sêfubi XX, pibãtjfis m jltmbmftugjs primcjlmltms, jlfbujlki Ujlstil Fhurfhjbb m Emirem Omrlgrk Vhgw, gpijgrgc i civjcmlti mueîljfi, greucmltglki qum g rmprikuåæi kis piorms kmvmrjg smr cmtjfubisgcmltm filtribgkg. Gbeuls mstgkis kis Mstgkis ]ljkis pricubegrgc bmjs pgrg mstmrjbjzgr pmssigs fbgssj`jfgkgs fici ‒rmtgrkgkgs– iu fic ogjxg jltmbjeîlfjg. Fic citjvgåýms kj`mrmltms, i [mrfmjri _mjfh gkitiu g muemljg fici uc pjbgr kg Vibuåæi @jlgb. ]cg jcpirtgltm filtrivêrsjg siorm is tmstms km WJ jrricpmu mc 7::? fic g puobjfgåæi, lis Mstgkis ]ljkis, km [hm Ombb Furvm  TG furvg ki sjliS, km Fhgrbms Currgy m _jfhgrk Hmrlstmjl.   Li bjvri, is gutirms greucmltgrgc qum is tmstms km WJ rmvmbgc filsjkmrçvmjs kj`mrmlågs rgfjgjs lg jltmbjeîlfjg hucglg. Is gutirms g`jrcgrgc qum i WJ ê gssifjgki g ficpirtgcmltis km ogjxg cirgb m gpiltgrgc pgrg ucg filmxæi fic gs fubturgs km gbeuls erupis êtljfis, mc mspmfjgb gs ficuljkgkms lmergs m hjspïljfgs. I bjvri `ij filkmlgki pir cujtis fici smlki uc trgtgki rgfjstg m emriu uc kmogtm gfgbirgki, qum filtjlug g `ucmegr gtê hinm. I WJ nç lgsfmu fici ucg jkmjg rioustg m privifgtjvg, m pmrcglmfm gssjc, cmsci smc hgvmr uc filsmlsi siorm mxgtgcmltm i qum is tmstms km WJ cmkmc, lmc siorm fici i `gtir cmkjki sm rmbgfjilg fic g jltmbjeîlfjg mc emrgb. Cmsci gssjc, is filfmjtis km fgpgfjkgkm gfgkîcjfg m km WJ gfgogrgc smlki gfmjtis fici ucg vmrkgkm m læi fici uc prikuti km jlvmstjegåýms fjmltã`jfgs m pmrspmftjvgs fubturgjs mspmfã`jfgs. I qum mxpbjfg mssm `mlûcmli `ij i trjul`i kg fjîlfjg lis þbtjcis qugtrifmltis glis m sugs rgãzms lis oisqums kg Gfgkmcmjg. ;?

I trjul`i kg fjîlfjg  Is hjstirjgkirms fistucgc kjvjkjr g hjstörjg ifjkmltgb mc trîs pmrãikis> gltjeg, cmkjmvgb m cikmrlg. Mssms pmrãikis læi sæi smpgrgkis pir bjcjtms fbgris iu kgtgs mxgtgs, cgs filstjtumc `gsms rmfilhmfãvmjs kg mvibuåæi fubturgb kg hucgljkgkm. Mbms sæi cgrfgkis pir kj`mrmltms vjsýms km culki m pmbis kj`mrmltms culkis qum gfgogrgc smlki frjgkis mc filsmquîlfjg.

 

G `jbösi`g Vusgllm Bglemr   greucmltg qum is hirjziltms jltmbmftugjs km ucg sifjmkgkm, iu km uc pmrãiki hjstörjfi, læi sæi km`jljkis gpmlgs pir mvmltis iu pmbis kmsmnis hucglis. Mbms tgcoêc sm ogsmjgc lis filfmjtis oçsjfis qum gs pmssigs usgc pgrg glgbjsgr m kmsfrmvmr g pröprjg vjkg. [mirjgs [mirjgs sæi frjgkgs pgrg rmspilkmr pmreultgs m ucg pmreultg, Bglemr iosmrvg, sö pikm smr rmspilkjkg fic uc kmtmrcjlgki lþcmri km rmspistgs. Qir jssi, g fgrgftmrãstjfg cgjs jcpirtgltm km uc pmrãiki jltmbmftugb sæi gs pmreultgs bmvgltgkgs iu, mc iutrgs pgbgvrgs, is priobmcgs jkmltj`jfgkis. Væi gs pmreultgs, m læi gs rmspistgs, qum rmvmbgc g vjsæi km culki li pmrãiki hjstörjfi mc qumstæi. Wugbqumr mrg jltmbmftugb tmrç gbeucgs prmcjssgs oçsjfgs lgs qugjs is km`mlsirms km tikgs gs vjsýms kj`mrmltms sm ogsmjgc jlfilsfjmltmcmltm. Mssgs gtjtukms grrgjegkgs filstjtumc lissg jkmibiejg m irjmltgc gs tmirjgs, jlfbjlglkilis pgrg mstm iu gqumbm erupi km qumstýms m mxpbjfgåýms. Vm gs lissgs mxpbjfgåýms sæi tmörjfgs, gs lissgs qumstýms sæi jkmiböejfgs. ;6

‒Fipêrljfi, Egbjbmu m Dmpbmr læi rmsibvmrgc uc vmbhi priobmcg, mbms `jzmrgc ucg livg  pmreultg.–

I tmrci ‒pgrgkjecg– `ij pipubgrjzgki lg kêfgkg km 7:51 pmbi `jbösi`i kg fjîlfjg gcmrjfgli [hicgs Duhl (7:??-7::0).  ]c pgrgkjecg ê ucg mstruturg gfmjtg km rmergs m supisjåýms qum km`jlmc `ircgs mstgombmfjkgs km `gzmr gs fijsgs. Lg hjstörjg kg fjîlfjg, uc pgrgkjecg læi ê ucg þljfg tmirjg iu kmsfiomrtg fjmltã`jfg, cgs g goirkgemc suongfmltm á fjîlfjg mc sj, lg qugb tmirjgs sæi `ircubgkgs m kmsfiomrtgs sæi vmrj`jfgkgs. Duhl kmsfrmvm g fjîlfjg fici ucg gtjvjkgkm km rmsibuåæi km priobmcgs usglki prifmkjcmltis m rmergs gfmjtis pmbg ficuljkgkm km fjmltjstgs. Mbm sm vibtiu g glgbjsgr pmrãikis hjstörjfis qum cgrfgrgc cukglågs lis priobmcgs iu lgs rmergs kg fjîlfjg, iu gcois. Lmssg glçbjsm, jkmltj`jfiu ucg kj`mrmlåg mltrm pmrãikis km ‒fjîlfjg lircgb–, quglki hç uc filsmlsi emrgb mltrm is fjmltjstgs siorm is priobmcgs m gs rmergs, m pmrãikis km ‒fjîlfjg mxtrgirkjlçrjg–, quglki g fjîlfjg lircgb ficmåg g emrgr rmsubtgkis qum gs rmergs m gs prmcjssgs gfmjtgs læi tîc fici mxpbjfgr. I gfþcubi kmssgs glicgbjgs pikm bmvgr g ucg pmrkg km fil`jglåg lis cêtikis gfmjtis m ucg frjsm mltrm is fjmltjstgs, qum, pir sug ;;

 

vmz, pikmc kmsmlfgkmgr pmrãikis km erglkm frjgtjvjkgkm m jlvmltjvjkgkm. Qmrãikis km ‒fjîlfjg mxtrgirkjlçrjg– frjgc ipirtuljkgkms km bmvgltgr livgs pmreultgs m frjgr livgs tmirjgs siorm g lgturmzg m is bjcjtms kg fjîlfjg. Mstgcis vjvmlki mc ucg êpifg km rmvibuåæi fjmltã`jfg. ]c livi pgrgkjecg pikm surejr quglki livgs jkmjgs iu cêtikis (i qum Vusgllm Bglemr fhgcg km jkmjgs emrgkirgs) vgrrmc gs vjsýms mxjstmltms m gs trgls`ircgc. Jkmjgs vmrkgkmjrgcmltm emrgkirgs kmspmrtgc pgjxýms jltmbmftugjs mc cujtis fgcpis kj`mrmltms pirqum gormc gs pirtgs pgrg livgs cglmjrgs km vmr i culki m pmlsgr siorm mbm. Km gfirki fic Vusgllm Bglemr, ‒ucg livg jkmjg ê ucg buz qum jbucjlg fijsgs qum sjcpbmscmltm læi tjlhgc `ircg pgrg lös gltms km g buz jlfjkjr siorm mbgs m bhms kgr smltjki. Gfmlkmcis g buz gquj, gbj m pir tikg pgrtm m is bjcjtms ki pmlsgcmlti rmfugc kjgltm kmbg–. Gs cukglågs km pgrgkjecg tmlkmc g smeujr uc fursi fgrgftmrãstjfi. Mbgs sæi kmsmlfgkmgkgs pir livgs jkmjgs qum rmfil`jeurgc gs cglmjrgs oçsjfgs km pmlsgr. Li ficmåi, hç uc pmrãiki km jlfmrtmzg jltmbmftugb m mcpibegåæi á cmkjkg qum gs livgs jkmjgs sæi gpbjfgkgs, mstmlkjkgs m tmstgkgs mc kj`mrmltms çrmgs km jlvmstjegåæi. Fic i tmcpi, gs vjsýms rmvibufjilçrjgs ficmågc g sm mstgojbjzgr m smu pitmlfjgb `jfg cgjs fbgri m mstgombmfjki. Mbgs sæi jlfirpirgkgs gi livi ciki km pmlsgr iu, mc iutrgs pgbgvrgs, gi livi pgrgkjecg. Gs livgs jkmjgs pmrkmc g mcpibegåæi, kmjxglki mc smu rgstri jkmjgs grrgjegkgs m livgs fmrtmzgs. Mbgs mltrgc lg fubturg fici kgkis qum lmc prmfjsgc cgjs smr kjsfutjkis m `irlmfmc g mstruturg km uc livi pmrãiki kg fjîlfjg lircgb. G trglsjåæi km ucg mrg jltmbmftugb g iutrg pikm smr trgucçtjfg m pribilegkg. Gbeucgs pmssigs lulfg fhmegc g `gzmr g trglsjåæi, gtmlki-sm á vmbhg vjsæi km culki, rmfusglki-sm g sgjr kg zilg km fil`irti jkmiböejfg. Læi ê qum is livis cikis km pmlsgr suostjtugc is gltjeis mc kmtmrcjlgkis cicmltis kg hjstörjg. Mbms pikmc pgssgr uc oic tmcpi fimxjstjlki fic is gltjeis, frjglki cujtgs tmlsýms m priobmcgs læi rmsibvjkis pmbi fgcjlhi. [ikis is pmrãikis jcpirtgltms km frmsfjcmlti jltmbmftugb `irgc fgrgftmrjzgkis pir jkmjgs rmvibufjilçrjgs qum jcpubsjilgrgc gs pmrfmpåýms kg êpifg. Lis pmrãikis gltjei m cmkjmvgb, ljleuêc qumstjilgvg qum Qtibicmu (f. :1 k.F.-f. 708 k.F.) mstgvg fmrti m qum i Vib irojtgvg gi rmkir kg [mrrg. [mrrg. Kugs rgzýms bmvgvgc g mssg frmlåg. Qgrg ficmågr, pgrmfjg cmsci qum ;=

 

mrg i Vib qum ejrgvg mc tirli kg [mrrg. G`jlgb, i Vib surejg km cglhæ, fruzgvg i fêu gi bilei ki kjg m kmsgpgrmfjg á lijtm. Mrg öovji qum mrg i Vib qum sm civjg, læi g [mrrg. Gs pmssigs læi fgãgc pgrg `irg ki pbglmtg g fgcjlhi ki trgogbhi lmc prmfjsgvgc km ucg rmkm pgrg sm gegrrgr quglki jgc `gzmr ficprgs. Mrg ucg cmrg qumstæi km oic smlsi pmlsgr qum g [mrrg mrg jcövmb. Mssg prmcjssg tgcoêc sm ogsmgvg mc rgzýms rmbjejisgs. Lg fiscivjsæi cmkjmvgb, g [mrrg mrg i fmltri kg Frjgåæi m is smrms hucglis mrgc g þbtjcg pgbgvrg km Kmus, g nijg kg firig föscjfg. Is tmöbieis pgrtjgc ki prmssupisti km qum i uljvmrsi tjlhg ucg sjcmtrjg pmr`mjtg. Gfrmkjtgvg-sm qum is pbglmtgs ejrgvgc mc tirli kg [mrrg mc örojtgs fjrfubgrms pmr`mjtgs. Is pimtgs mxprmssgrgc mssg hgrciljg lis rjtcis ki vmrsi4 is cgtmcçtjfis kg Erêfjg gltjeg kmsmlvibvmrgc `örcubgs mbmegltms pgrg kmsfrmvmr mssms civjcmltis4 m is gstrûlicis mbgoirgrgc tmirjgs ogsmgkis lmbms. I priobmcg mrg qum mssms civjcmltis gprmsmltgvgc vgrjgåýms prmifupgltms. Is pbglmtgs læi sm ficpirtgvgc fici kmvjgc. Is gstrûlicis pusmrgc-sm g `gzmr fçbfubis fgkg vmz cgjs ficpbmxis pgrg mxpbjfgr mssgs vgrjgåýms. Qmrpbmxi, Ljfibgu Fipêrljfi (7;56-7=;6) bglåiu ucg pripistg rgkjfgb. M sm i Vib læi irojtgssm g [mrrg9 [mrrg9 M sm g [mrrg ê qum ejrgssm gi rmkir ki Vib9 Mssg jkmjg surprmmlkmltm rmsibvmu, km ucg sö vmz, cujtis kis vmbhis priobmcgs qum tglti jcpirtulgvgc is gstrûlicis. M gqujbi cgrfiu i jlãfji ki hmbjifmltrjsci. Kmpijs Nihgllms Dmpbmr (7=57-7061) cistriu qum is pbglmtgs læi sm civjgc mc fãrfubis, cgs mc örojtgs mbãptjfgs, uc `mlûcmli qum Jsggf Lmwtil (70;6-75?5) gfgoiu mxpbjfglki fici m`mjti kg gtrgåæi ergvjtgfjilgb. G tmirjg km Fipêrljfi sö privifiu erglkms rmpmrfussýms quglki Egbjbmu Egbjbmj (7=0;-70;?) pgssiu g sm jltmrmssgr pmbi hmbjifmltrjsci. Vmu tmbmsföpji pmrcjtju gis fjmltjstgs mlxmregr g vmrkgkm kgs tmirjgs fipmrljfglgs m gs jkmjgs ficmågrgc g sm mstgombmfmr. I priobmcg mrg qum mssgs jkmjgs mrgc hmrêtjfgs, ucg g`riltg gis kmsãeljis km Kmus m á vjsæi kg hucgljkgkm siorm sj cmscg. Egbjbmu `ij pmrsmeujki m bmvgki g  nubegcmlti kugs vmzms pir sugs ipjljýms. Cgs, fic i tmcpi, cgjs pmssigs pgssgrgc g gfmjtgr qum mssgs tmirjgs mstgvgc firrmtgs. Fipêrljfi, Egbjbmu m Dmpbmr læi rmsibvmrgc uc vmbhi priobmcg4 mbms `jzmrgc livgs pmreultgs m, fic jssi, cukgrgc i pgrgkjecg li qugb gs vmbhgs pmreultgs mrgc mstruturgkgs. Filstgtiu-sm qum gs vmbhgs tmirjgs mstgvgc mqujvifgkgs

 

pirqum sm ogsmgvgc mc prmcjssgs mrrgkgs. Mbgs sm `ulkgcmltgvgc mc ucg jkmibiejg `gbsg. G kjssmcjlgåæi kmssg filstgtgåæi jlgueuriu ucg livg mrg jltmbmftugb> uc livi pgrgkjecg. I _mlgsfjcmlti kis sêfubis XJP m XP cgrfiu uc g`gstgcmlti kg fiscivjsæi cmkjmvgb m kgs jkmibiejgs fic ogsm lgs qugjs mbg `ij filfmojkg. Is jlsjehts  km Fipêrljfi m Egbjbmu cgrfgrgc i gbvirmfmr km ucg livg mrg. G trglsjåæi kg vjsæi ki uljvmrsi ki sêfubi J km Qtibicmu, fic g [mrrg li fmltri, pgrg i uljvmrsi km Fipêrljfi, rmpisjfjiliu læi sö g [mrrg [mrrg li mspgåi, cgs tgcoêc g hucgljkgkm hucgl jkgkm lg hjstörjg. Gs rmpmrfussýms læi sm bjcjtgrgc á gstrilicjg m sm mstmlkmrgc g tikgs gs çrmgs kg vjkg fubturgb, jlfbujlki g `jbisi`jg, g pibãtjfg m g rmbjejæi. Mcoirg gcois lmegssmc smr gtmus, is greucmltis km Fipêrljfi m Egbjbmu bglågrgc ucg erglkm sicorg km kþvjkg siorm cujtis gspmftis kis mlsjlgcmltis rmbjejisis. Wujlhmltis glis kmpijs, Kgrwjl qumstjilgrjg gjlkg cgjs gs frmlågs rmbjejisgs, fic sug tmirjg kg mvibuåæi, ucg tmirjg ogsmgkg li pgrgkjecg kg fjîlfjg ionmtjvg glulfjgkg pmbg rmvibuåæi fipmrljfglg. G fiscivjsæi cmkjmvgb, sustmltgkg pir kiecgs m pmbg `ê, gfgoiu smlki kmrruogkg pir ucg livg vjsæi km culki, ogsmgkg lg böejfg, lg rgzæi m mc mvjkîlfjgs.

I rmlgsfjcmlti I pmrãiki qum hinm fhgcgcis km _mlgsfjcmlti rmfmomu mssm licm pir tmr cgrfgki uc vmrkgkmjri rmlgsfjcmlti ki jltmrmssm lis cêtikis m lgs rmgbjzgåýms gltjei lis glis, fgcpis kg `jbisi`jg,kmu bjtmrgturg cgtmcçtjfg. ki Mc culki piufi cgjs km 7=1 i _mlgsfjcmlti irjemc mg gbeucgs kgs pmrsilgbjkgkms cgjs bucjlisgs kg hucgljkgkm m gbeucgs kgs iorgs cgjs kurgkiurgs> vjkgs m rmgbjzgåýms qum `irngrgc i culki qum filhmfmcis hinm. Mltrm 7;=1 m 7011, Bmilgrki kg Pjlfj, Cjfhmbglembi, _g`gmb, Egbjbmu, Fipêrljfi, Vhgdmspmgrm m Jsggf Lmwtil lgsfmrgc lg Muripg. Mbms prikuzjrgc iorgs km grtm m bjtmrgturg km ombmzg m pri`ulkjkgkm jlsupmrçvmjs m frjgrgc gs ogsms kg fjîlfjg, tmflibiejg m `jbisi`jg cikmrlgs. G jkmjg cikmrlg ki ‒hicmc rmlgsfmltjstg– ê uc hicmc mrukjti mc ucg vgrjmkgkm km kjsfjpbjlgs, gs kg grtms m fjîlfjgs. I mxmcpbi pmr`mjti ki hicmc rmlgsfmltjstgjlfbujlki ê Bmilgrki Pjlfj, qum kmcilstriu uc

 

mlircm tgbmlti lg pjlturg, msfubturg, cgtmcçtjfg m fjîlfjgs. Mlquglti Cjfhmbglembi pjltgvg g Fgpmbg Vjstjlg, kg Pjlfj tgcoêc trgogbhgvg mc tmirmcgs fjmltã`jfis m mc prinmtis km livis kjspisjtjvis tmfliböejfis. I _mlgsfjcmlti m is civjcmltis fubturgjs kmfirrmltms `irgc jcpmbjkis læi sö pmbg supmrgåæi kgs rmgbjzgåýms pgssgkgs lgs grtms m bmtrgs, cgs pir ucg sufmssæi km jlivgåýms tmfliböejfgs surprmmlkmltms. Wugtri jlivgåýms tmfliböejfgs sm privgrjgc kmfjsjvgs> g prmlsg tjpierç`jfg, g oþssibg cgelêtjfg, i tmbmsföpji m i rmböeji cmfïljfi.

Mspgbhglki g pgbgvrg  Gltms kg prmlsg tjpierç`jfg, sö ucg pmqumlg mbjtm gb`gomtjzgkg, mc sug cgjirjg fil`jlgkg á Jermng, tjlhg gfmssi g bjvris, jkmjgs m gprmlkjzgki. I pikmr kg Jermng sm ogsmgvg mc smu gfmssi mxfbusjvi ás Msfrjturgs m, pir cmji kmbgs, á pgbgvrg km Kmus. Jssi kgvg gi fbmri uc filtribm smc jeugb siorm g cmltm kgs pmssigs. Fic i gkvmlti kg prmlsg tjpierç`jfg, g jcprmssæi m kjstrjoujåæi km bjvris fgusgrgc uc gpmtjtm virgz pmbg gb`gomtjzgåæi m kjssmcjlgrgc jkmjgs gtrgvês km `riltmjrgs lgfjilgjs m fubturgjs mc ucg msfgbg gtê mltæi jljcgejlçvmb. Fic g jltmlsj`jfgåæi ki `buxi km jkmjgs, gs egrrgs kg Jermng ficmågrgc g g`riuxgr. G jlvmlåæi ki bjvri pirtçtjb pmbi vmlmzjgli Gbkus Cglutjus (7;=17=7=) `gfjbjtiu ciltgr ucg ojobjitmfg pmssigb m rmvibufjiliu i filtribm ki filhmfjcmlti. G vmlmrçvmb jlstjtujåæi kg ojobjitmfg cmkjmvgb ficmåiu g smr suostjtuãkg pir uc prikuti ficmrfjgb km puobjfgåæi jlkmpmlkmltm. Lgs pgbgvrgs km Nugl @. _gkg> ‒@ij i jlãfji km ucg livg trglsjåæi tmfliböejfg m jltmbmftugb, qum `ij ucg kgs filkjåýms pgrg g rmvibuåæi fjmltã`jfg m gficpglhiu i erglkm pmrãiki kgs kmsfiomrtgs. I bjvri pirtçtjb tmvm uc jcpgfti suovmrsjvi, frjiu gs filkjåýms pgrg g _m`ircg, pgrg i usi kg bjleugemc vmrlçfubg, pgrg g kjvmrsj`jfgåæi kgs puobjfgåýms m pmrcjtju ucg erglkm mxprmssæi jlkjvjkugb pir pgrtm km gutirms m bmjtirms–. I bjvri pirtçtjb frjiu is jlstrucmltis lmfmssçrjis pgrg i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km ourifrgfjgs ficpbmxgs m erglkms Mstgkis iregljzgkis> ‒G puobjfgåæi tirliu-sm i vmãfubi pgrg g trglscjssæi km jkmjgs m kmogtms, pgrg i prismbjtjsci m pgrg i rmfilhmfjcmlti gfgkîcjfi. Gs smcmltms ki Jbucjljsci `irgc smcmgkgs m, fic mbgs, g frmlåg lg mkufgåæi m, li prmsmltm sêfubi, g frmlåg lg mkufgåæi uljvmrsgb m lg gb`gomtjzgåæi–. ;0

 

Bifgbjzglki-sm li tmcpi m li mspgåi I _mlgsfjcmlti `ij ucg mrg km kmsfiomrtgs rmvmbgkirgs. Gs `ritgs kgs pitîlfjgs muripmjgs vjgngrgc pmbis ifmglis mc mxpmkjåýms km mxpbirgåæi m fibiljzgåæi. Mssgs jlfursýms mc tmrrjtörji kmsfilhmfjki `irgc pissjojbjtgkgs pir livgs `mrrgcmltgs km lgvmegåæi, jlfbujlki g oþssibg cgelêtjfg (kmsmlvibvjkg irjejlgbcmltm pmbis fhjlmsms fmrfg km kuzmltis glis gltms m sö rmfmltmcmltm supmrgkg pmbi EQV), qum rmvibufjiliu g irjmltgåæi, mspmfjgbcmltm li cgr, cmkjlki piltis km kjrmåæi fic erglkm prmfjsæi. Mlquglti gbeuls mxpbirgkirms cgpmgvgc g [mrrg, iutris smeujrgc i mxmcpbi km Egbjbmu m jlvmstjegrgc is fêus fic uc livi smlsi km prmfjsæi fjmltã`jfg. I tmbmsföpji pissjojbjtiu iosmrvgåýms cgjs prmfjsgs kis civjcmltis kis pbglmtgs m ki buegr kg [mrrg li mspgåi. Mssgs jlivgåýms jltmrgejrgc fic i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km livgs tmirjgs lgs fjîlfjgs m lg cgtmcçtjfg. I cmsci gfiltmfmu fic ucg jlvmlåæi cgjs ficpbmxg, qum tgbvmz tgcoêc tmlhg sug irjemc mc tmflibiejgs fhjlmsgs. Lis sêfubis XPJ m XPJJ, gs pmssigs ficmågrgc g vmr i tmcpi km uc  nmjti kj`mrmltm. Gtê mltæi, gs cglmjrgs cgjs fil`jçvmjs km cmkjr i tmcpi mrgc is rmböejis km sib m is rmböejis km çeug. Pmrsýms kmssms kjspisjtjvis mrgc utjbjzgkgs gi rmkir ki culki kmskm is tmcpis gltjeis m vgrjgvgc mc si`jstjfgåæi m mc fici mstruturgvgc g pgssgemc ki tmcpi. Mc 70=0, Fhrjstjggl Huyemls, uc `jbösi`i, cgtmcçtjfi m fjmltjstg hibglkîs, gpmr`mjåiiu smu kmsjel km uc rmböeji cmfïljfi, rmeubgki pir uc pîlkubi. I rmböeji km Huyemls mrg ficpbmxi, prmfjsi m fil`jçvmb m gnukiu g rmvibufjilgr g pmrfmpåæi km tmcpi kg hucgljkgkm. G jkmjg km qum i kjg ê kjvjkjki mc ?; smecmltis jeugjs km 01 cjlutis ê ucg pgrtm jlkjssibþvmb kg lissg vjsæi km culki. Fic is rmböejis cmfïljfis, gs pmssigs læi prmfjsgvgc cgjs iregljzgr smu tmcpi pmbis rjtcis lgturgjs ki kjg m kg lijtm, ucg cukglåg qum tmvm ucg mlircm jcpirtïlfjg pgrg is pgkrýms km trgogbhi m pgrg g jlkþstrjg. I rmböeji tgcoêc suemrju livgs cglmjrgs km pmlsgr siorm i uljvmrsi. Mc 7085, Jsggf Lmwtil puobjfiu smu  Qrjlfjpjg, li qugb gprmsmltiu sugs cilucmltgjs tmirjgs siorm i `ulfjilgcmlti kg lgturmzg m lissi buegr li fiscis. Mbm filfmomu i uljvmrsi fici uc erglkm cmfgljsci smcmbhgltm g uc rmböeji, ucg jkmjg qum tmvm uc pri`ulki jcpgfti lis gvglåis suosmqumltms kg fjîlfjg m kg `jbisi`jg. Jcpbãfjtgs lmssg jcgemc

 

mstgvgc jkmjgs km fgusg m m`mjti m kg jcpirtïlfjg km mstãcubis mxtmrlis mc rmbgåæi gis jltmrlis, jkmjgs qum hinm g`mtgc lissi pmlsgcmlti m lissi ficpirtgcmlti li kjg g kjg. Fici Gbvjl [i``bmr iosmrvg, i rmböeji `ij jlvmltgki gltms km Lmwtil puobjfgr sugs tmirjgs m tmvm uc pri`ulki m`mjti siorm g cglmjrg fici mbm gs mstruturiu, mcoirg i pröprji Lmwtil tmlhg gkvmrtjki filtrg i usi km sugs tmirjgs pgrg vmr i uljvmrsi fici sm `issm uc erglkm rmböeji. Mbm kjssm> ‒G ergvjkgkm mxpbjfg is civjcmltis kis pbglmtgs, cgs læi pikm mxpbjfgr qumc fibifiu is pbglmtgs mc civjcmlti. Kmus eivmrlg tikgs gs fijsgs m sgom tuki i qum ê iu qum pikm smr `mjti–.

G gsfmlsæi ki jlkjvãkui Li pmrãiki cmkjmvgb, g Jermng m i Mstgki mstgvgc trgvgkis mc uc gorgåi gpmrtgki. ]cg `iråg qum ficmåiu g firrimr i pikmr kg Jermng `ij g kjssmcjlgåæi kg gb`gomtjzgåæi. Iutrg `iråg, `icmltgkg pmbg gb`gomtjzgåæi, `ij ucg frmsfmltm jlqujmtgåæi fic g firrupåæi mspjrjtugb m pibãtjfg kg Jermng. Li jlãfji ki sêfubi XP, i fbêrjei gbmcæi Cgrtjlhi Butmri kmu jlãfji g ucg rmvibtg filtrg _icg qum sm mspgbhiu rgpjkgcmltm pir tikg g Muripg m kjvjkju i frjstjgljsci mc kijs. Butmri greucmltiu qum lmlhuc jltmrcmkjçrji, cujti cmlis ucg Jermng firruptg m qum sö sgom gtugr mc fgusg pröprjg, kmvmrjg sm fibifgr mltrm is `jêjs m smu rmbgfjilgcmlti fic smu Frjgkir. G _m`ircg ml`gtjziu g lmfmssjkgkm kgs pmssigs km jltmrprmtgr mbgs cmscgs gs Msfrjturgs m trgtgr kjrmtgcmltm fic Kmus. G îl`gsm li  nubegcmlti frãtjfi m li filhmfjcmlti `ulkgcmltiu i kmsmlvibvjcmlti ki cêtiki fjmltã`jfi lis sêfubis XPJJ m XPJJJ lg Muripg, i pmrãiki qum hinm filhmfmcis fici Jbucjljsci.

I pikmr kg rgzæi Á cmkjkg qum gs vmbhgs fmrtmzgs kg Jermng mrgc gogbgkgs, is jltmbmftugjs ki Jbucjljsci pusmrgc-sm g bmvgltgr pmreultgs `ulkgcmltgjs siorm g lgturmzg kgs fijsgs. Mspmfj`jfgcmltm, i qum ê i filhmfjcmlti m fici lös filhmfmcis9 Mbms tmltgrgc vmr tuki fic ibhis frãtjfis m fic uc livi ibhgr. I ionmtjvi mrg vmr i culki fici mbm ê, kmspingki km supmrstjåýms, cjtis m `gltgsjgs. I filhmfjcmlti tjlhg km sm gkmqugr ás kmtmrcjlgåýms mstrjtgs kg böejfg kmkutjvg iu smr firrioirgki pir mvjkîlfjgs `irlmfjkgs

 

pmbg iosmrvgåæi. I `jbösi`i `rglfîs _mlê Kmsfgrtms (7=:0-70=1) greucmltiu qum tuki kmvmrjg smr ficprivgki. Wugbqumr livi mkj`ãfji km filhmfjcmlti kmvmrjg smr filstruãki tjnibi g tjnibi m fgkg mbmcmlti kmvmrjg smr ficpbmtgcmltm tmstgki. Mbm frjiu uc priergcg böejfi km glçbjsm, li qugb lgkg mrg gfmjti smc qumstjilgcmlti, lmc cmsci sug pröprjg mxjstîlfjg. Vmu pilti km pgrtjkg mrg qum g þljfg fijsg qum mbm tjlhg fici sgomr gi fmrti mrg qum mbm mstgvg pmlsglki siorm is priobmcgs> fiejti mrei suc. ‒Qmlsi, biei mxjsti.– Mu kmvi mstgr vjvi, pirqum mstiu pmlsglki geirg. I rgfjilgbjstg pmrfirrm smquîlfjgs böejfgs, ogsmglki ucg jkmjg lg jkmjg gltmrjir, mc ucg mstruturg cutugcmltm kmpmlkmltm. I cêtiki mcpãrjfi tgcoêc prifurg pgkrýms mc mvmltis, suemrjlki trglsjåýms km fgusgs filhmfjkgs g m`mjtis filhmfjkis. I rgfjilgbjsci  m i mcpjrjsci `irgc gs `irågs jcpubsjilgkirgs ki Jbucjljsci m vgrrmrgc g fjîlfjg, g `jbisi`jg m g pibãtjfg, kmrruoglki cêtikis trgkjfjilgjs km pmlsgcmlti m gorjlki vgstis livis fgcpis km pissãvmjs jlfursýms lg fjîlfjg, tmflibiejg m `jbisi`jg. Mssgs jlfursýms bmvgrgc, li kmvjki tmcpi, á _mvibuåæi Jlkustrjgb kis sêfubis XPJJJ m XJX m gi kicãlji kg fjîlfjg lg gtugbjkgkm. Gi bilei ki fgcjlhi, ucg `jssurg `ij sm gorjlki mltrm kugs vjsýms km culki gtê mltæi prgtjfgcmltm jlkjstjleuãvmjs> gs grtms m gs fjîlfjgs.

G `ircgåæi ki culki cikmrli Gs rmgbjzgåýms kg vjsæi km culki fjmltã`jfg rgfjilgbjstg `irgc jlfgbfubçvmjs. Mbgs jlfbumc sgbtis jlficpgrçvmjs lg cmkjfjlg m lg jlkþstrjg `grcgfîutjfg m lg kurgåæi m qugbjkgkm kg vjkg hucglg4 uc frmsfjcmlti mxpbisjvi kgs tmflibiejgs jlkustrjgjs4 sjstmcgs si`jstjfgkis km ficuljfgåæi m trglspirtm4 m uc mltmlkjcmlti smc prmfmkmltms ki uljvmrsi `ãsjfi. Vgomcis qum hç cujti cgjs pir vjr, ucg vmz qum i fgtçbiei km filqujstgs kg fjîlfjg m kg tmflibiejg filtjlug g frmsfmr. Cgs g hucgljkgkm tmvm km pgegr uc prmåi gbti pir jssi, mspmfjgbcmltm li gojsci qum sm gorju mltrm gs grtms m gs fjîlfjgs m li kicãlji kg gtjtukm rgfjilgbjstg, mspmfjgbcmltm lgs `ircgs km mkufgåæi rmsubtgltms. G uljæi kgs grtms m kgs fjîlfjgs, qum pgrmfjg tæi lgturgb li _mlgsfjcmlti, `ij sm pmrkmlki gis piufis li Jbucjljsci. Li `jc ki sêfubi XPJJJ m jlãfji ki sêfubi XJX, hiuvm ucg erglkm rmgåæi fubturgb á

 

böejfg `rjg m sug cjssæi km kmscjstj`jfgr i culki. Lg cþsjfg, lg grtm, lg kglåg, li tmgtri, lg pimsjg m lg prisg, i hmtmrieîlmi erupi kis ricïltjfis kmkjfiu-sm g rmg`jrcgr i pikmr m g vgbjkgkm kg mxpmrjîlfjg hucglg, kis smltjcmltis, kgs mciåýms m kg trglsfmlkîlfjg. Mlquglti i Jbucjljsci mrg rmprmsmltgki pmbis erglkms `jbösi`is m fjmltjstgs rgfjilgbjstgs, jlfbujlki Hucm, Bifdm m Kmsfgrtms, i _icgltjsci ticiu `ircg lgs iorgs jcpilmltms km Ommthivml, Vfhjbbmr, Uirkswirth, Fibmrjkem, Oyril, Eimthm m cujtis iutris. Mc filtrgstm fic is rgfjilgbjstgs, is ricïltjfis fmbmorgrgc g lgturmzg kg mxpmrjîlfjg m kg mxjstîlfjg hucglgs. Hinm mc kjg, gs kj`mrmlågs lgs gtjtukms mc rmbgåæi ás grtms m ás fjîlfjgs filtjlugc cujti fbgrgs. Gs fjîlfjgs fistucgc smr gssifjgkgs g `gtis m vmrkgkms. G jcgemc qum tmcis km uc fjmltjstg ê km uc mspmfjgbjstg km ngbmfi orglfi `gzmlki fçbfubis jcpmssigjs fic i ionmtjvi km fhmegr g ucg ficprmmlsæi ionmtjvg ki `ulfjilgcmlti ki culki. Qir iutri bgki, gs grtms mstæi gssifjgkgs g smltjcmltis, jcgejlgåæi m mxprmssæi pmssigb. I grtjstg ê vjsti fici ucg pmssig km mspãrjti bjvrm kglki vgzæi g uc turojbhæi km jkmjgs frjgtjvgs. I jcpgfti kmssgs prmcjssgs lg mkufgåæi ê gcpbi m pri`ulki.

G gsfmlsæi kg mkufgåæi Gltms kg _mvibuåæi Jlkustrjgb, rmbgtjvgcmltm piufgs pmssigs tjlhgc gfmssi g qugbqumr mkufgåæi `ircgb. Lg Muripg kg Jkgkm Cêkjg, g mkufgåæi mrg pripirfjilgkg mc erglkm pgrtm pmbg Jermng, lgs fhgcgkgs ergccgr sfhiibs sfhibgm  (bjtmrgbcmltm, ‒msfibgs km ergcçtjfg–. Mcucg bgtjc, ergccgtjfgbms ). Irjejlgbcmltm, ucg ergccgr sfhiib mrg msfibg qum

mlsjlgvg ergcçtjfg, mspmfjgbcmltm g ergcçtjfg bgtjlg.   G Djles Vfhiib, mc Fgltmroury, gbmeg smr g ergccgr sfhiib  cgjs gltjeg kg Jlebgtmrrg. Vugs irjemls rmciltgc g sglti Geistjlhi, mc =:5 k.F., mcoirg mssgs jlstjtujåýms pissgc tmr sm irjejlgki cgjs km cjb glis gltms. Ergccgr sfhiibs km vçrjis tjpis rmciltgc gis ermeis gltjeis. Cujtgs ergccgr sfhiibs  kg Muripg `irgc `ulkgkgs pir jlstjtujåýms rmbjejisgs. Gbeucgs `irgc filstruãkgs glmxgs g jermngs iu mc pgröqujgs, iutrgs mrgc cgltjkgs pir cistmjris. I prjlfjpgb ionmtjvi kmssgs msfibgs ;5

mrg mkufgrmccmljlis pgrg g Jermng, cgsmrgisg fbêrjeis trgogbhgr fgcpis vgrjgkis. G Jermng pirtg km cmkjmvgjs mltrgkg pgrgpikjgc tikgs

 

gs pri`jssýms, jlfbujlki kjrmjti, `ulfjilgbjsci pþobjfi, kjpbicgfjg, pibãtjfg m cmkjfjlg. Lgs msfibgs gltjegs m cmkjmvgjs, i cgjir `ifi mrg i gprmlkjzgki km bjtmrgturg ermeg m bgtjlg m i ionmtjvi mrg gkqujrjr `buîlfjg lmssgs bãleugs pgrg mltrgr lg vjkg pri`jssjilgb. I bgtjc mrg g bãleug jltmrlgfjilgb kg Jermng m g `buîlfjg mc bgtjc mrg uc rmqujsjti. Kgkgs gs sugs `ulåýms mspmfjgbjzgkgs, gs ergccgr sfhiibs smcprm smbmfjilgrgc is gbulis gpbjfglki tmstms km gkcjssæi. Li `jc ki sêfubi XP, g Jlebgtmrrg tjlhg pmbi cmlis trmzmltgs ergccgr sfhiibs, smlki qum g Jermng tjlhg gbeuc mlvibvjcmlti lg cgjirjg kmbgs. Li kmfirrmr kis sêfubis XP m XPJ, fic i gpri`ulkgcmlti ki fmtjfjsci mc rmbgåæi á kiutrjlg rmbjejisg, gs iregljzgåýms læi rmbjejisgs ficmågrgc g gorjr msfibgs pgrg gtjlejr smus pröprjis ionmtjvis. Cujtis kmssms ionmtjvis tjlhgc g vmr fic i ficêrfji.   G jl`buîlfjg frmsfmltm kgs ergccgr sfhiibs  `ij gficpglhgkg km cukglågs ergkugjs li qum mrg mlsjlgki. I furrãfubi kgs ergccgr sfhiibs  cmkjmvgjs mrg mspmfj`jfgcmltm fbçssjfi. G mkufgåæi fbçssjfg ogsmgvg-sm lgs smtm fjîlfjgs iu grtms bjomrgjs> ergcçtjfg, gs mstruturgs `ircgjs kg bjleugemc4 rmtörjfg, g ficpisjåæi m g gprmsmltgåæi km greucmltis4 kjgbêtjfg, g böejfg `ircgb4 grjtcêtjfg4 emicmtrjg4 cþsjfg4 gstrilicjg.   Gs kjsfjpbjlgs fbçssjfgs pgssgrgc sêfubis kicjlglki g mkufgåæi m tikgs gs tmltgtjvgs km rm`ircg ml`rmltgrgc erglkm rmsjstîlfjg. Fici iosmrvg Ngcms Hmccjle, gs msfibgs mstgvgc sio i kicãlji kg ‒jbusæi fbçssjfg–, g jkmjg km qum ‒sö ê mkufgki qumc sgom bmr Hicmri li irjejlgb–. ;8

;:

Kurgltmrmkuzjr i _mlgsfjcmlti, kjrmtirms pjilmjris km li gbeucgs msfibgs tmltgrgc i kicãlji kgs kjsfjpbjlgs fbçssjfgs furrãfubi kgs ergccgr sfhiibs  jltrikuzjlki iutrgs kjsfjpbjlgs m goirkgemls cgjs prçtjfgs pgrg mlsjlç-bgs. _jfhgrk Cubfgstmr `ij i prjcmjri kjrmtir kg Cmrfhglt [gybirs‚ Vfhiib, km 7=07 g 7=80. Mbm `mz gukgzms tmltgtjvgs km mlsjlgr jlebîs lgs ergccgr sfhiibs, greucmltglki qum i mlsjli `ircgb ki jlebîs mrg jcprmsfjlkãvmb pgrg rmeubgcmltgr g ergcçtjfg m g irtierg`jg kg bãleug. Km`mlkmu i mlsjli km tmgtri lgs msfibgs m smus gbulis gprmsmltgrgc pmågs tmgtrgjs pgrg g rgjlhg Mbjzgomth J mc vçrjgs ifgsjýms. I furrãfubi kg msfibg pgssiu g jlfbujr cþsjfg m tmgtri, kglåg, kmsmlhi m tiki tjpi km mspirtms, jlfbujlki butg bjvrm, mserjcg, tjri, hglkmoib m `utmoib.

 

@rglfjs Ogfil (7=07-70?0) km`mlkmu g jlfbusæi km iutrgs kjsfjpbjlgs li furrãfubi msfibgr, jlfbusjvm hjstörjg m bãleugs cikmrlgs m, mspmfjgbcmltm, fjîlfjg. I kjrmtir kg [ilorjkem Vfhiib puobjfiu uc bjvri mc 7585 sustmltglki qum i furrãfubi kmvmrjg jlfbujr hjstörjg, emierg`jg, cgtmcçtjfg, `rglfîs, mkufgåæi grtãstjfg m mkufgåæi `ãsjfg. Lg EræOrmtglhg, tmltgtjvgs km jlfbujr kjsfjpbjlgs gbêc kgs fbçssjfgs gvglågrgc cujti piufi gtê cmgkis ki sêfubi XJX. Fhgrbms Kgrwjl (781:-788?) mstukiu mc ucg msfibg km Vhrmwsoury. _m`bmtjlki siorm g mxpmrjîlfjg, mbm filtg> ‒Lgkg pikmrjg tmr sjki pjir pgrg cjlhg cmltm ki qum mssg msfibg, qum mrg mstrjtgcmltm fbçssjfg, smlki qum lgkg cgjs mrg mlsjlgki mxfmti uc piufi km emierg`jg m hjstörjg gltjeg. G msfibg fici uc cmji km mkufgåæi `ij pgrg cjc uc ficpbmti vgzji. Qgssmj tikg g cjlhg vjkg jlfgpgz km kicjlgr qugbqumr jkjicg... I þljfi prgzmr qum rmfmoj kmssms mstukis TfbçssjfisS `ij km gbeucgs ikms km Hirçfji qum mu cujti gkcjrgvg–. G prmssæi pmbg cukglåg vmji km iutri buegr. [rîs `gtis, mc pgrtjfubgr, trgls`ircgrjgc g ipjljæi pþobjfg siorm g mkufgåæi m rm`ircgrjgc i furrãfubi kgs ergccgr sfhiibs. I prjcmjri `ij i jcpgfti frmsfmltm kg fjîlfjg m kg tmflibiejg m gs cukglågs li gcojmltm jltmbmftugb ki qugb mbgs `gzjgc pgrtm. I smeulki `ij i frmsfjcmlti kmsml`rmgki ki jlkustrjgbjsci, qum vjlhg trgls`ircglki i fmlçrji mfilûcjfi jltmrlgfjilgb. Gs Mxpisjåýms km 78=7 m 780? gprmsmltgrgc i rçpjki priermssi jlkustrjgb km iutris pgãsms muripmus, uc civjcmlti lgsfjki lg Eræ-Ormtglhg, qum mltæi firrjg i rjsfi km smr supmrgkg pir iutris pgãsms. I tmrfmjri `gti `ij i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km livgs tmirjgs siorm g lgturmzg kg jltmbjeîlfjg m kg gprmlkjzgemc. G livg fjîlfjg kg psjfibiejg pripulhg livgs mxpbjfgåýms pgrg g lgturmzg kg jltmbjeîlfjg m fici g jltmbjeîlfjg kmvmrjg smr fubtjvgkg. Mssgs tmirjgs qumstjilgvgc is omlm`ãfjis km ucg mkufgåæi mstrjtgcmltm fbçssjfg, fic rgãzms li gprmlkjzgki kg ergcçtjfg m kg böejfg `ircgb. Lis sêfubis XJX m XX, is fbçssjfis prgtjfgcmltm kmsgpgrmfmrgc kis furrãfubis ki mlsjli smfulkçrji. Mc smu buegr, i furrãfubi msfibgr gkitiu g hjmrgrqujg qum hinm filhmfmcis tæi omc> bãleugs, cgtmcçtjfg, fjîlfjg m tmflibiejg li tipi, fjîlfjgs hucglgs m grtms mcogjxi. Fici mxpbjfiu Ngcms Hmccjle, `ij lmssm cicmlti qum g jbusæi fbçssjfg `ij suostjtuãkg pmbg jbusæi gfgkîcjfg. =1

 

G gsfmlsæi jrrmsjstãvmb ki WJ Mc 7851, i eivmrli orjtïljfi gpriviu ucg Bmj ki Qgrbgcmlti pgrg egrgltjr vmrogs ás msfibgs prjcçrjgs. Mc 7:1?, vibtiu g gtmlåæi gi mlsjli cêkji m ficmåiu g gorjr ergccgr sfhiibs kjstrjtgjs. Wugrmltg m kijs glis kmpijs, li guem kg Vmeulkg Eumrrg Culkjgb, i eivmrli gpriviu g Bmj kg Mkufgåæi km 7:;;, egrgltjlki mkufgåæi smfulkçrjg ergtujtg g tikis is fjkgkæis orjtïljfis. G bmj `ij filfmojkg pgrg prikuzjr ucg `iråg km trgogbhi fgpgz km gtmlkmr ás lmfmssjkgkms kg mfilicjg jlkustrjgb ki pöseumrrg.   [rîs tjpis km msfibg `irgc mstgombmfjkis> ergccgr sfhiibs, msfibgs smfulkçrjgs cikmrlgs m msfibgs têfljfgs. Gs ergccgr sfhiibs kmkjfgvgc-sm g mkufgr is ‒?1% cmbhirms–> is `uturis cêkjfis, pri`mssirms, gkviegkis, filtgkirms, `ulfjilçrjis pþobjfis m emstirms kg Eræ-Ormtglhg ki pös-eumrrg. Qrmsucjg-sm qum mbms prmfjsgrjgc km ucg rjeirisg mkufgåæi gfgkîcjfg, qum gs ergccgr sfhiibs  sm pripulhgc g =7

`irlmfmr. Is gbulis kgs msfibgs smfulkçrjgs cikmrlgs mrgc kmstjlgkis g trgogbhis km fibgrjlhi gzub m gi trgogbhi orgågb. Mbms rmfmojgc ucg mkufgåæi cgjs oçsjfg qum, lg prçtjfg, mrg ucg vmrsæi kjbuãkg ki furrãfubi kgs ergccgr sfhiibs. Cujtis pgãsms muripmus pricubegrgc bmjs pgrmfjkgs. @ij kurgltm g mlircm mxpglsæi kg mkufgåæi lis glis ki pös-eumrrg li _mjli ]ljki qum i filfmjti km WJ frjiu rgãzms li sjstmcg fici uc tiki. I erglkm lþcmri km nivmls qum jlermssgvgc lg mkufgåæi iorjegtörjg kmvmrjg smr fglgbjzgki pgrg is vçrjis tjpis km msfibgs kjspilãvmjs. I tmstm km WJ filstjtuãg uc cêtiki rçpjki m prçtjfi pgrg ticgr mssg kmfjsæi. Mssms tmstms læi bmvgvgc mc filtg i filtmxti sifjgb lmc gs ipirtuljkgkms mkufgfjilgjs prêvjgs kis gbulis.  M tgcoêc mrgc cujti bjcjtgkis. Qgrg tjrgr litgs gbtgs, ogstgvg kicjlgr ipmrgåýms vmrogjs m böejfgs pgkriljzgkgs. I sufmssi lmssms tmstms kmpmlkjg læi sö kg gptjkæi lgturgb kis gbulis, cgs ki filhmfjcmlti kgs têfljfgs mlvibvjkgs. Gpmsgr kis fbgris priobmcgs, lulfg `ij `çfjb filtmstgr g gutirjkgkm kmssms tmstms. Lg êpifg, fici geirg, mbms filtgvgc fic i gpiji ki eivmrli m kg ficuljkgkm fjmltã`jfg. Mrgc filsjkmrgkis ‒gfjcg km qugbqumr frãtjfg iu jsmltis km qugbqumr jl`buîlfjg sifjgb, filfmojkis lg gtcis`mrg rgrm`mjtg km ucg jlvmstjegåæi purgcmltm fjmltã`jfg pir gbeuc prifmssi km filfmpåæi =?

=6

=;

jcgfubgkg–.

 

‒I sufmssi lis tmstms km WJ kmpmlkm læi sö kg  gptjkæi lgturgb kis gbulis, cgs ki filhmfjcmlti kgs têfljfgs mlvibvjkgs.–

Gpmsgr km tikg g sug jl`buîlfjg siorm g mkufgåæi, is tmstms km WJ læi gvgbjgc tikg g egcg km hgojbjkgkms jltmbmftugjs km uc gbuli. Mbms prifurgc pir tjpis mspmfã`jfis km hgojbjkgkm. I cmsci vgbm pgrg gs `ircgs km mkufgåæi qum mbms pricivmc. Gbulis km vçrjgs emrgåýms pgssgrgc g cgjir pgrtm ki tmcpi msfrmvmlki mlsgjis, `gzmlki mxmrfãfjis km ficprmmlsæi, rmspilkmlki g pmreultgs siorm jl`ircgåýms `gftugjs m gprmlkmlki cgtmcçtjfg, gtjvjkgkms qum mlvibvmc filhmfjcmlti pripisjfjilgb m `ircgs km rgfjifãlji böejfi-kmkutjvi. G `ircg cgjs ficuc km gvgbjgåæi filtjlug smlki g privg msfrjtg frilicmtrgkg, lg qugb i sufmssi kmpmlkm prjlfjpgbcmltm km ucg oig cmcörjg km furti prgzi. Gbeuls gbulis pgssgc cmsms mstukglki pgrg tjrgr litgs gbtgs lmssgs privgs, mlquglti iutris tîc cgjs `gfjbjkgkm m læi prmfjsgc mstukgr tglti. Mssm pgkræi sm cgltêc li mlsjli supmrjir, mspmfjgbcmltm lgs uljvmrsjkgkms. Gbeucgs kjsfjpbjlgs pricivmc iutris tjpis km hgojbjkgkms, mspmfjgbcmltm gs qum jlfbumc gbeuc ficpilmltm prçtjfi. G cgjirjg kgs msfibgs tmc gubgs km mkufgåæi grtãstjfg, uc piufi km cþsjfg ‖ tgbvmz tifgr uc jlstrucmlti iu fgltgr mc uc firgb ‖ m mkufgåæi `ãsjfg. Mssgs kjsfjpbjlgs sæi cgltjkgs á cgremc kg mkufgåæi `ircgb m sæi vjstgs fici kjspmlsçvmjs quglki g sjtugåæi gpmrtg. Gs grtms sæi uc mxmcpbi jcpirtgltm.

G bjcjtgåæi kg jltmbjeîlfjg  Gbeuls glis gtrçs, pgrtjfjpmj, fic iutris kmzmlivm pri`mssirms uljvmrsjtçrjis kgs çrmgs km grtms, fjîlfjgs m mstukis sifjgjs, km uc ficjtî pgrg kmfjkjr gs priciåýms kis pri`mssirms kg uljvmrsjkgkm. ]c pri`mssir uljvmrsjtçrji kmvm bmfjilgr, kgr filtg kg ourifrgfjg m `gzmr pmsqujsgs. ]c pmkjki km priciåæi kmvm jlfbujr privgs kg rmgbjzgåæi km tikis is trîs tjpis km tgrm`g. Mu mrg fhm`m km kmpgrtgcmlti lg êpifg m prmfjsmj rmficmlkgr pri`mssirms ki cmu kmpgrtgcmlti pgrg gs priciåýms. Læi tjlhg kþvjkg km qum uc pri`mssir km jlebîs qum mu tjlhg rmficmlkgki smrjg pricivjki. Is cmcoris ki ficjtî tjlhgc km sgjr kg sgbg quglki

 

sugs rmficmlkgåýms `issmc kjsfutjkgs. Gfhmj qum g kmfjsæi smrjg `çfjb, cgs tjvm km mspmrgr qugsm cmjg hirg. @jfiu fbgri qum mbms læi mstgvgc fhmeglki g uc filsmlsi. @jlgbcmltm mbms cm fhgcgrgc pgrg mltrgr m smltmj-cm á cmsg, glsjisi pgrg sgomr g kmfjsæi. I vjfm-rmjtir kjssm> ‒[mcis gbeuls priobmcgs fic mstg rmficmlkgåæi. Kmfjkjcis smeurgr g priciåæi kmbm cgjs uc gli–. Mspmrg-sm qum is cmcoris ki ficjtî læi qumstjilmc gs kmfjsýms qum kjzmc rmspmjti ás sugs rmficmlkgåýms, cgs `jqumj pgsci. Wujs sgomr pir qum m `uj jl`ircgki km qum i priobmcg mstgvg li trgogbhi km pmsqujsg kmbm. Cmsci gssjc læi mltmlkj m pmreultmj qugb mrg i priobmcg fic gs pmsqujsgs kmbm. Mbms cm kjssmrgc qum gs pmsqujsgs mrgc jlsu`jfjmltms. Mbms mstgvgc `gbglki km uc pri`mssir km jlebîs qum, li pmrãiki mc glçbjsm, puobjfgrg trîs ricglfms, smlki qum kijs kmbms eglhgrgc prîcjis bjtmrçrjis lgfjilgjs4 qum tjlhg msfrjti kugs sêrjms km tmbmvjsæi, smlki qum gs kugs `irgc trglscjtjkgs pgrg i pgãs jltmjri m ucg kmbgs `ij gergfjgkg fic uc prîcji lgfjilgb. Mbm puobjfgrg kijs grtjeis mc pmrjökjfis gfgkîcjfis siorm g `jfåæi pipubgr ki sêfubi XJX. ‒Cgs m jsti tuki9–, pmreultmj, gpiltglki pgrg is ricglfms m is ritmjris. ‒Læi tmcis kþvjkg km qum kmvm smr tuki cujti jltmrmssgltm–, kjssm uc kis cmcoris ki ficjtî, ‒cgs lissg prmifupgåæi ê fic g pmsqujsg kmbm–, gpiltglki pgrg is grtjeis gfgkîcjfis. ‒Cgs mbm tgcoêc pmsqujsiu pgrg msfrmvmr jsti gquj–, rmtruqumj, gpiltglki pgrg is ricglfms m is ritmjris. [ikis ficmågrgc g rmvjrgr `ibhgs km pgpmb m grqujvis. Li qum kjz rmspmjti á pmsqujsg, g cgjirjg kgs uljvmrsjkgkms mspmrg grtjeis mc pmrjökjfis iu bjvris gfgkîcjfis. Qmbi nmjti læi pgssiu pmbg fgomåg km ljleuêc qum ricglfms m ritmjris pgrg g [P tgcoêc pukmssmc filtgr fici pmsqujsg. M mssg cmltgbjkgkm `gz ucg mlircm kj`mrmlåg. G qumstæi læi mrg sm gqumbms ricglfms iu ritmjris mrgc oils, cgs sm ricglfms m ritmjris pikjgc iu læi smr filtgkis fici pmsqujsg. I smlsi ficuc kjzjg qum læi. Cgs i qum ê pmsqujsg, g`jlgb9 Lgs uljvmrsjkgkms, g pmsqujsg ê km`jljkg fici ucg jlvmstjegåæi sjstmcçtjfg mc ousfg km livis filhmfjcmltis. Qmreultmj gi ficjtî sm mbms gfhgvgc qum ricglfms m ritmjris, fici iorgs km grtm irjejlgjs, læi pikjgc smr ucg `iltm km livis filhmfjcmltis. M, sm pukmssmc, smrç qum i cmsci læi sm gpbjfgrjg á cþsjfg, á grtm m á pimsjg9 Jssi qumr kjzmr qum i filhmfjcmlti sö pikm smr mlfiltrgki mc pmrjökjfis m bjvris gfgkîcjfis9 Mssg qumstæi ê jcpirtgltm

 

pir vçrjgs rgzýms m tmc ucg pri`ulkg rmbgåæi fic i stgtus  gtrjouãki ás grtms m ás fjîlfjgs lgs uljvmrsjkgkms m lg mkufgåæi mc emrgb. Hç ucg kj`mrmlåg jltrjegltm lg pmsqujsg mc kmpgrtgcmltis km grtms m km fjîlfjgs lgs uljvmrsjkgkms. Mc uc kmpgrtgcmlti km `ãsjfg iu quãcjfg, vifî trgogbhg mc uc bgoirgtörji m ‒`gz– fjîlfjg. Pifî læi pgssg sug vjkg pri`jssjilgb glgbjsglki g vjkg m g êpifg kis `ãsjfis ki pgssgki. Vm `ir uc cgtmcçtjfi, vifî læi glgbjsg gs isfjbgåýms km hucir km Mufbjkms iu fici mrg smu rmbgfjilgcmlti fic g sierg quglki mbm kmsmlvibvmu sugs tmirjgs. Pifî ‒`gz– cgtmcçtjfg. Cgs læi ê i qum gfiltmfm mc cujtis kmpgrtgcmltis km grtms. Qri`mssirms km jlebîs læi sæi mcprmegkis pgrg prikuzjr bjtmrgturg, cgs pgrg msfrmvmr g rmspmjti. Mbms pgssgc oig pgrtm ki tmcpi glgbjsglki g vjkg m gs citjvgåýms kis msfrjtirms m gs iorgs prikuzjkgs pir mbms. Qikmc gtê usgr smu tmcpi bjvrm pgrg msfrmvmr pimsjg, cgs læi sæi jlfmltjvgkis g `gzmr jssi li trgogbhi, cmsci sm sug pimsjg gfgogr kglki cgjs vjsjojbjkgkm á uljvmrsjkgkm. Mspmrg-sm qum mbms prikuzgc grtjeis glgbãtjfis siorm pimsjg. Qrikuzjr iorgs km grtm læi fistucg filtgr fici uc trgogbhi jltmbmftugb vçbjki mc uc kmpgrtgcmlti km grtms, cgs `gzmr i mqujvgbmltm mc uc kmpgrtgcmlti km fjîlfjgs, fici `ãsjfg iu quãcjfg, filtg. Qir qum lgs uljvmrsjkgkms msfrmvmr siorm ricglfms ê filsjkmrgki ucg gtjvjkgkm jltmbmftugb supmrjir g msfrmvmr ricglfms9 Mc iutrgs pgbgvrgs, sm msfrmvmr ricglfms læi `ir ucg gtjvjkgkm filsjkmrgkg jltmbmftugbcmltm vçbjkg, qugb smrjg i vgbir km msfrmvmr siorm mbms9 Ficmltmj qum læi ê rgri qum sm `gåg ucg kjstjlåæi mltrm tmcgs gfgkîcjfis m læi gfgkîcjfis. G fjîlfjg, g cgtmcçtjfg m gs fjîlfjgs sifjgjs sæi vjstgs fici tmcgs gfgkîcjfis, mlquglti g grtm, g cþsjfg m i tmgtri sæi filsjkmrgkis læi gfgkîcjfis. Mssg goirkgemc bmvg g vçrjis priobmcgs. I prjcmjri ê g pröprjg jkmjg km ‒cgtêrjgs–, suemrjlki qum çrmgs kj`mrmltms ki furrãfubi sæi km`jljkgs pir smu tmcg. Qir mxmcpbi, g fjîlfjg ê vjstg fici kj`mrmltm kg grtm pirqum gs kugs çrmgs trgtgc km filtmþkis kj`mrmltms. G cgtmcçtjfg læi ê km`jljkg mxfbusjvgcmltm pmbi filhmfjcmlti pripisjfjilgb. Ê ucg ficojlgåæi km filfmjtis, cêtikis m prifmssis, gbêc  ki filhmfjcmlti pripisjfjilgb. ]c gbuli læi gprmlkm gpmlgs siorm cgtmcçtjfg, cgs tgcoêc gprmlkm g `gzmr cgtmcçtjfg. I cmsci sm gpbjfg á cþsjfg, á grtm, á emierg`jg, á `ãsjfg, gi tmgtri, á kglåg m g tiki i rmsti. Qir jssi, gfhi cujti cgjs jltmrmssgltm pmlsgr mc kjsfjpbjlgs mc vmz km cgtêrjgs. G jkmjg km kjsfjpbjlg tgcoêc gorm g lissg

 

fgomåg pgrg g kjlïcjfg ki trgogbhi jltmrkjsfjpbjlgr. Vm læi `issmc pir mssgs kjlïcjfgs, gs kjsfjpbjlgs læi tmrjgc fici filtjlugr cukglki m mvibujlki. Mrg jssi i qum i bjleujstg Ngcms Orjttil   tjlhg mc cmltm quglki kjssm> ‒Fbgssj`jfgcis pir lissg filtg m rjsfi. Mxpmrjcmltis kmcilstrgrgc qum gtê i tiqum cgjs bmvm kg cæi km uc fbgssj`jfgkir pikm lis jlkuzjr g filsjkmrgr cmcoris km ucg fbgssm fici smlki cgjs sjcjbgrms ki qum rmgbcmltm sæi m vmr jtmls km fgtmeirjgs kj`mrmltms fici smlki cmlis pgrmfjkis ki qum rmgbcmltm sæi. M quglki prmfjsgcis `gzmr cgjs ki qum cmrgcmltm ibhgr, mssms mrris pikmc, kurgltm lissi trgogbhi, sm trgls`ircgr mc gbei cujti suostglfjgb–. Gs kjsfjpbjlgs mstæi mc filstgltm prifmssi km `usæi, mvibuåæi, `mrtjbjzgåæi fruzgkg m prikuåæi km livg pribm. Mu cgb tjlhg ficmågki g trgogbhgr lg cjlhg þbtjcg uljvmrsjkgkm quglki `uj fhgcgki pgrg pgrtjfjpgr km ucg rmuljæi ki filsmbhi km pri`mssirms, uc ficjtî ficpisti km tikis is pri`mssirms kg uljvmrsjkgkm, km tikgs gs kjsfjpbjlgs. I pri`mssir km quãcjfg pripûs qum g uljvmrsjkgkm frjgssm ucg livg fçtmkrg km ojibiejg quãcjfg. I filsmbhi gssmltju sgojgcmltm m mstgvg prmstms g pgrtjr pgrg i pröxjci gssulti kg pgutg quglki i pri`mssir km fjîlfjgs ojiböejfgs greucmltiu qum g uljvmrsjkgkm lg vmrkgkm prmfjsgvg mrg km ucg fçtmkrg mc quãcjfg ojiböejfg. Fici Orjttil suemrm, lissgs fgtmeirjgs km filhmfjcmlti kmvmc smr, li cçxjci, privjsörjgs. G smeulkg supisjåæi ê qum gbeuls tmcgs sæi gfgkîcjfis m iutris læi, i qum læi ê vmrkgkm. [ikgs gs qumstýms pikmc smr vjstgs tglti ki pilti km vjstg gfgkîcjfi quglti km iutris. Gs uljvmrsjkgkms sæi kmkjfgkgs gi filhmfjcmlti pripisjfjilgb m gi rgfjifãlji böejfi-kmkutjvi. Is gfgkîcjfis pikmc glgbjsgr qugbqumr fijsg pmbi vjês kg jlvmstjegåæi gfgkîcjfg> pbgltgs, bjvris, sjstmcgs cmtmiriböejfis, pgrtãfubgs, rmgåýms quãcjfgs iu pimcgs. Ê i ciki km trgogbhi  qum kjstjleum i trgogbhi gfgkîcjfi, læi i tmcg. G frmlåg lg supmrjirjkgkm kg jltmbjeîlfjg gfgkîcjfg sm rmvmbg lg mstruturg kgs qugbj`jfgåýms. Gs uljvmrsjkgkms tîc g trgkjåæi km rmficpmlsgr i kmsmcpmlhi gfgkîcjfi fic kjpbicgs. Iutrgs jlstjtujåýms filfmkmc fmrtj`jfgkis iu iutris tãtubis jl`mrjirms. Vm qujsmssm `gzmr grtm, pjltgr, kmsmlhgr iu msfubpjr, vifî jrjg g ucg msfibg km grtm m rmfmomrjg uc fmrtj`jfgki lg filfbusæi ki fursi. Vm qujsmssm sm `ircgr mc grtm, tmrjg km mstukgr hjstörjg kg grtm mc ucg uljvmrsjkgkm. Bç, vifî læi `grjg grtm, sö msfrmvmrjg g rmspmjti. Vm qujsmssm tifgr cþsjfg m smr uc cþsjfi, vifî mstukgrjg mc uc filsmrvgtörji m rmfmomrjg uc fmrtj`jfgki. ==

 

Vm qujsmssm sm `ircgr mc cþsjfg, mltrgrjg mc ucg uljvmrsjkgkm m msfrmvmrjg siorm cþsjfg. Mssgs kjstjlåýms mstæi ficmåglki g fgjr pir tmrrg. Hinm mc kjg, gbeucgs msfibgs km grtm tîc fursis `ircgjs m gbeuls kmpgrtgcmltis uljvmrsjtçrjis km grtms i`mrmfmc fursis prçtjfis. Cmsci gssjc, gbeucgs fubturgs m jlstjtujåýms gjlkg rmsjstmc mc filfmkmr kjpbicgs pir trgogbhis prçtjfis lgs grtms.

[rgls`ircglki g l lissg issg cmltgbjkgkm G vjsæi km culki cikmrlg gjlkg ê kicjlgkg pmbg jkmibiejg qum suostjtuju i cmkjmvgbjsci> g jkmibiejg ki rgfjilgbjsci, kg ionmtjvjkgkm m ki filhmfjcmlti pripisjfjilgb. Mssgs jkmjgs jl`bumlfjgc gs lissgs tmirjgs tglti quglti i cjti m g supmrstjåæi smrvjrgc km ogsm pgrg is fçbfubis cmtjfubisis kis gstrûlicis cmkjmvgjs. Lissg jkmibiejg `ircg gs ogsms pgrg gs lissgs qumstýms gssjc fici jkmibiejg cmkjmvgb gs pmreultgs kg êpifg. Wumrmcis sgomr gfici pikmcis cmkjrjl`bumlfjgvg g jltmbjeîlfjg. G prmcjssg ê qum g jltmbjeîlfjg ê qugltj`jfçvmb m pikm smr cmkjkg. Qmreultgcis fici pikmcis mbmvgr is pgkrýms gfgkîcjfis, cgs læi sm mssms pgkrýms lis kgræi i qum prmfjsgcis pgrg siormvjvmr li `uturi. Qmreultgcis ilkm pikmcis mlfiltrgr pmssigs tgbmltisgs, cgs jelirgcis is tgbmltis kgs pmssigs qum lis fmrfgc. Ibhgcis, cgs læi vmcis, pirqum g lissg gvgbjgåæi trgkjfjilgb lis jcpmkm km mlxmregr i qum mstç á lissg `rmltm. Wumrmcis sgomr fici pricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm m g jlivgåæi, cgs mlemssgcis is prifmssis m gs filkjåýms qum gnukgrjgc g fubtjvgr mssgs qugbjkgkms. Qrmsis mc ucgeîcmis vjsæi kmkgculki iosibmtg, g lis `ulkgcmltgr lis pjbgrms mkufgåæi mc filtjlugcis cgssg, gpmsgr km mvjkîlfjgs km qum i sjstmcg mstç kmjxglki tgltgs pmssigs lg cæi. G jkmjg pipubgr km jltmbjeîlfjg pgssiu g smr tæi rmstrjtg qum fhmeg g smr pmrjeisg m iutrgs qugbjkgkms jltmbmftugjs sæi jelirgkgs iu suomstjcgkgs. Gpmsgr km tikgs gs tmltgtjvgs km pricivmr gbeuc tjpi km jeugbkgkm mltrm is fursis gfgkîcjfis m pri`jssjilgbjzgltms, pmrsjstm g gtjtukm km qum is priergcgs gfgkîcjfis tîc uc stgtus cujti supmrjir. supmrjir. Vö qum g jltmbjeîlfjg ê cujti cgjs ficpbmxg ki qum `icis bmvgkis g gfrmkjtgr pmbi sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb jlkustrjgb/gfgkîcjfi. Ê jcprmsfjlkãvmb =0

rmfilhmfmr g egcglgturmzg m tiki ikgpitmlfjgb kg jltmbjeîlfjg hucglg pgrg lis gorjr á tikg vmrkgkmjrg frjgtjvjkgkm. Qgrg mkufgr gs pmssigs

 

pgrg i `uturi, prmfjsgcis lis bjvrgr kg jbusæi gfgkîcjfg m gprmlkmr g mlxmregr gs vmrkgkmjrgs hgojbjkgkms kgs pmssigs m mltmlkmr fici mssms kj`mrmltms mbmcmltis kg fgpgfjkgkm hucglg pikmc sm rm`irågr uls gis iutris, mc vmz km sm prmnukjfgr. Pmrmcis mc smeujkg qugjs sæi mssgs fgpgfjkgkms m i qum kmvm smr `mjti pgrg kjspiljojbjzç-bgs.

 

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Filhmåg g sug cmltm ‒Geirg, cgjs ki qum lulfg, gs ficuljkgkms hucglgs kmpmlkmc km ucg kjvmrsjkgkm km tgbmltis m læi km uc þljfi erupi km hgojbjkgkms.–

Bjz Pgrbiw ê ucg vjibjstg kg Irqumstrg Vjl`ûljfg km Bilkrms m fhmeiu g smr gergfjgkg fic i prmstjejgki Qrîcji @rjld. Mbg lgsfmu mc Ojrcjlehgc, lg Jlebgtmrrg, m ficmåiu tifglki vjibjli gis 8 glis. Mbg eglhiu kugs oibsgs km mstuki pgrg mstukgr li _iygb Fibbmem i` Cusjf m rmfmomu vçrjis prîcjis. Vmus fibmegs g kmsfrmvmc fici ucg mxfmbmltm cusjfjstg qum kmsmlvibvmu sug smlsjojbjkgkm cusjfgb g lãvmjs cgjs mbmvgkis. I qum g kj`mrmlfjg gjlkg cgjs ê qum mbg ê surkg. Vug gukjåæi ficmåiu g sm kmtmrjirgr gis 70 glis. Gis 7: glis, mbg læi filsmeujg iuvjr cgjs lgkg m lmlhuc cêkjfi sgom kjzmr pir quî. Cmsci gssjc, Bjz cgltmvm tgbmlti fici ucg mxfmbmltm cusjfjstg pri`jssjilgb. Fici mbg filsmeumsmu tifgr smc iuvjr9 ‒Fici ê qum qugbqumr pmssig tifg9–, mbg kjz. ‒Mu smj fici prikuzjr sils m tgcoêc smj qugjs sils mstiu prikuzjlki. Fic uc cþsjfi ‘lircgb‚, læi surki, ê g cmscg fijsg. Mbm prikuz i sic m usg g gukjåæi pgrg vmrj`jfgr sm i sic sgju oic. Cgs, sm kmsg`jlgr, quglki tmc g fhglfm km fhmfgr nç ê tgrkm kmcgjs. Fici mu filti fic ucg oig cmcörjg gurgb, ucg têfljfg rioustg m uc oic smlsi km hucir, filsjei bjkgr fic tikgs gs sjtugåýms pri`jssjilgjs m kmsfiorj qum g surkmz lmc ê ucg kmsvgltgemc tæi erglkm.–  Kgcm  Mvmbyl Ebmlljm ê ucg kgs pmrfussjiljstgs cgjs tgbmltisgs ki culki. Mbg vjgng pmbi culki kglki filfmrtis vjrtuisjstgs m smlki

 

ivgfjilgkg km pê. Vmus kjsfis nç vmlkmrgc cjbhýms km föpjgs m mbg eglhiu vçrjis km prîcjis km iregljzgåýms pri`jssjilgjs km cþsjfg, jlfbujlki i km Cusjfjstg ki Gli. Mbg rmfmom filvjtms km uljvmrsjkgkms ki culki jltmjri pgrg kgr gubgs km cmstrgki mc cþsjfg. Ebmlljm tgcoêc ê surkg. Qmrkmu qugsm tikg g gukjåæi gis 7? glis, quglki gjlkg ficmågvg g kmsmlvibvmr sugs hgojbjkgkms cusjfgjs. Mbg pmrsjstju, gpmsgr km læi pikmr filtgr fic i smltjki qum g cgjirjg kgs pmssigs filsjkmrgrjg `ulkgcmltgb pgrg kmsmlvibvmr mssm tgbmlti cusjfgb mc sug pbmljtukm. Mssms mxmcpbis filtrgrjgc g böejfg. Fici uc surki pikm sm tirlgr uc cþsjfi mxtrgirkjlçrji9 Gs rmgbjzgåýms km Bjz Pgrbiw m km Mvmbyl Ebmlljm kmcilstrgc g mxtrgirkjlçrjg `bmxjojbjkgkm m vjrtuisjsci kg cmltm hucglg. Væi mssgs qugbjkgkms qum `ulkgcmltgc gs fgpgfjkgkms mxfbusjvgcmltm hucglgs kg frjgtjvjkgkm m kg jlivgåæi.

Pjvmlki mc kijs culkis ]cg kgs pmrfmpåýms `ulkgcmltgjs kg `jbisi`jg cikmrlg ê qum vjvmcis mc kijs culkis kjstjltis. Hç uc culki qum mxjstm, qumr vifî mxjstg iu læi> i culki kis ionmtis cgtmrjgjs, kis mvmltis m kgs iutrgs pmssigs. Mssm culki nç mxjstjg gltms km vifî lgsfmr m filtjlugrç mxjstjlki kmpijs qum vifî tjvmr pgrtjki. Hç uc iutri culki qum sö mxjstm pirqum vifî mxjstm> i culki kg sug filsfjîlfjg, kis smus smltjcmltis m kgs sugs smlsgåýms. Vmeulki i psjföbiei _. K. Bgjle, lmssm smu culki hç gpmlgs uc pgr km pmegkgs.   I smu culki sureju quglki vifî lgsfmu m kmsgpgrmfmrç =5

quglki vifî cirrmr. Pifî ficpgrtjbhg i prjcmjri culki gfic is iutris mg læi ficpgrtjbhg i smeulki fic ljleuêc. Gprmlkmr rmfilhmfmr kj`mrmlåg mltrm i smu culki m i culki cgrfg uc mstçeji jcpirtgltm ki kmsmlvibvjcmlti kg jkmltjkgkm pmssigb. I qum lis bmvg g vmr i culki mxtmrli fici i vmcis9 Fici sgomcis qum mbm rmgbcmltm mxjstm m læi mstç gpmlgs lg lissg fgomåg9 Gbeuls `jbösi`is ki Jbucjljsci fiejtgrgc g pissjojbjkgkm km i culki sjcpbmscmltm læi mxjstjr. ]c kis cgjs `gcisis `ij i ojspi Omrdmbmy (708=-75=6). Mc sug tmirjg ki jkmgbjsci, mbm pripûs qum i culki tiki læi pgssgvg km ucg jkmjg mbgoirgkg lg cmltm km Kmus. Mssg tmirjg `ij rmfmojkg pir rmnmjtgr Vgcumbi Nihlsil ]cg gbjgki ki fic ojspicujtg gtgfiuzicogrjg Nihlsil pir jkmgbjsci(751:-758;). g`jrcglki qum

 

tmirjg km Omrdmbmy ‒læi tjlhg fici smr rm`utgkg–. Nihlsil fhutiu uc pmkrmeubhi pröxjci kjzmlki> ‒Mu g rm`uti gssjc–. Qgrg Nihlsil m tikis is iutris pmlsgkirms, gtê is `jbösi`is jkmgbjstgs prmfjsgc vjvmr li culki m `gzmr ficprgs li cmrfgki gpmsgr kg jlfmrtmzg siorm g sug mxjstîlfjg. I culki mxtmrli pikm gtê smr ucg jbusæi, cgs, pgrg g vjkg fitjkjglg, pgrtjcis ki prmssupisti km qum læi ê i fgsi. Gfmjtgcis qum gs pmssigs m gs fijsgs qum vmcis sæi rmgjs m sm cglj`mstgc pgrg lös tikis kg cmscg cglmjrg. Mssgs qumstýms pikmc smr jrrmsjstãvmjs pgrg is `jbösi`is, cgs sö sæi priobmcgs sm gs filsjkmrgrcis fici tgjs. Qgssgcis g cgjir pgrtm kg vjkg lg fhgcgkg gtjtukm lgturgb.  Mlquglti gbeuls `jbösi`is kis sêfubis XPJJ m XPJJJ qumstjilgvgc g mxjstîlfjg ki culki cgtmrjgb, ucg livg mstjrpm km fjmltjstgs sm pripûs g fibifgr i culki sio i filtribm kg hucgljkgkm. Fici Omrtrglk _ussmbb (785?-7:51) ficmltiu, g pmrspmftjvg fjmltã`jfg læi ê tglti ucg rmnmjåæi km kþvjkgs `jbisö`jfgs, m sjc ucg mxmcpbj`jfgåæi km qum, lg vjkg fitjkjglg, prmsucjcis fici fmrtgs cujtgs fijsgs qum, kjgltm km uc mxgcm cgjs cjlufjisi, pmrfmomcis smr rmpbmtgs km filtrgkjåýms. Fici `gzmr g piltm mltrm mssms kijs culkis9 =8

=:

G filsfjîlfjg m i fêrmori Hinm mc kjg, gfmjtgcis smc qumstjilgcmlti qum g filsfjîlfjg m i fêrmori sæi jltjcgcmltm rmbgfjilgkis. Mssg jkmjg ê rmbgtjvgcmltm rmfmltm. I culki gltjei sö vjg ucg rmbgåæi cujti tîlum. Vm vifî kmr ucg ibhgkg li fêrmori, læicövmjs, kç lgkgjsibgkg pir mbm. km ucg cgssg ireïljfg smc pgrtms kiLæi rmstipgssg ki firpi m prmsg lucg egjibgmlruegkg km issi. ]c fêrmori hucgli ê ki tgcglhi km uc cmbæi m pgrmfm ucg liz ejegltm. G pgrtm km fjcg ê kjvjkjkg mc kugs cmtgkms, iu hmcjs`êrjis, m g supmr`ãfjm ê fhmjg km kiorgs jltrjfgkgs. Mstm ê i förtmx fmrmorgb iu livi fêrmori. Gfrmkjtg-sm qum i förtmx fmrmorgb smng kjvjkjki mc qugtri rmejýms, iu böoubis> pgrjmtgb, `riltgb, `riltgb, pistmrjir m gltmrjir. ]cg mstruturg ficpistg km `jorgs lmrvisgs, filhmfjkg fici firpi fgbisi, bjeg is kijs hmcjs`êrjis. Lg pgrtm km ogjxi m km trçs ki fêrmori `jfg ucg rmejæi cmlir, ki `ircgti km ucg fiuvm-`bir, fhgcgkg fmrmombi, mc ucg çrmg fhgcgkg fêrmori gltjei. I fhgcgki trilfi fmrmorgb sgj ki fmrmombi m i filmftg á cmkubg mspjlhgb.

 

Is glgticjstgs gltjeis prmsucjgc qum gs `ulåýms kg cmltm qum hinm gssifjgcis gi fêrmori sm bifgbjzgvgc li firgåæi m lis pubcýms. Gfrmkjtgvg-sm qum i fêrmori gorjegvg g gbcg, qum siormvjvjg á cirtm `ãsjfg m pgssgvg pgrg i iutri bgki. @irg jssi, i fêrmori gpgrmltmcmltm læi tjlhg lmlhucg iutrg `ulåæi. Lg Jkgkm Cêkjg, is glgticjstgs filfbuãrgc qum i fêrmori kmsmcpmlhgvg uc pgpmb cgjs prçtjfi tgcoêc lmstg vjkg. Is mstukis glgtûcjfis `irgc mvibujlki m pgssgrgc g rmvmbgr gs filmxýms `ãsjfgs, pmbg cmkubg mspjlhgb, mltrm i fêrmori, i sjstmcg lmrvisi fmltrgb m i rmsti ki firpi. Gjlkg læi sm sgom gi fmrti qugb ê g rmbgåæi mltrm g suostïlfjg fjlzmltg jcövmb ki fêrmori `ãsjfi m is pmlsgcmltis, smltjcmltis m kmsmnis vjorgltms qum filstjtumc g filsfjîlfjg hucglg. Cgs ê `çfjb ficprivgr g rmbgåæi. Ogstg rmtjrgr i fêrmori pgrg kgr uc `jc á filsfjîlfjg. Læi sm sgom fici g cmltm filsfjmltm rmsubtg kg cgtêrjg `ãsjfg ki fêrmori. Fici ucg oibg km fgrlm ki tgcglhi km uc cmbæi pikm emrgr is jlsjehts km Jsggf Lmwtil, g cþsjfg km Cizgrt, g kglåg km Cgrthg Erghgc, g pimsjg km Vhgdmspmgrm m is glsmjis mspjrjtugjs km Eglkhj9 Fici pikmcis mxpbjfgr i fhgcgki `gltgscg lg cçqujlg9 I smlsi ficuc `gz ucg kjstjlåæi mltrm g cmltm m g filsfjîlfjg. Mc fmrti smltjki, g filsfjîlfjg ê i qum pmrkmcis quglki fgãcis li sili m rmfupmrgcis quglki gfirkgcis. G filsfjîlfjg tmc uc smeulki sjelj`jfgki, qum ê i km ficprmmlsæi. Ê lmssm smltjki qum `gbgcis mc ‒filsfjmltjzgr– g pipubgåæi km uc priobmcg, pir mxmcpbi. I fêrmori ê cgjs qum i pmlsgcmlti filsfjmltm. Oig pgrtm kgs gtjvjkgkms ki fêrmori ê jcpmrfmptãvmb á cmltm filsfjmltm. I pmlsgcmlti filsfjmltm sö rmprmsmltg ucg pgrtm km tuki i qum fêrmori `gz. Erglkm pgrtm ki trgogbhi ki fêrmori mlvibvm ucg ficuljfgåæi sjbmlfjisg pgrg egrgltjr i `ulfjilgcmlti guticçtjfi ki rmsti ki firpi, fici fic is prifmssis jlvibultçrjis ki cmtgoibjsci, kgs `ulåýms ebglkubgrms m kgs ficpbmxgs pmrfmpåýms ki pgbgkgr, ib`gti, tgti, vjsæi, gukjåæi m gssjc pir kjgltm. Mcoirg gs rmbgåýms mltrm g filsfjîlfjg m i fêrmori gjlkg smngc uc cjstêrji, sgomcis geirg cgjs ki qum gltms siorm i qum gs vçrjgs rmejýms ki fêrmori `gzmc m fici mbgs sm rmbgfjilgc.

Cgpmglki g cmltm

 

Lg Jkgkm Cêkjg, gfrmkjtgvg-sm qum g cmltm mrg ficpistg km kj`mrmltms `gfubkgkms m qum fgkg ucg kmbgs sm bifgbjzgvg mc ucg pgrtm kj`mrmltm ki fêrmori. Mssgs `gfubkgkms jlfbuãgc cmcörjg, jcgejlgåæi m rgfjifãlji böejfi. Mssg tmirjg `ij usgkg pgrg nustj`jfgr i furrãfubi fbçssjfi kgs sfhibgm ergccgtjfgbms. Gfrmkjtgvg-sm qum g cmcörjg mrg trmjlgkg kmfirglki pgbgvrgs mc bgtjc, qum i rgfjifãlji böejfi mrg trmjlgki gprmlkmlki emicmtrjg m qum g jcgejlgåæi mrg trmjlgkg gprmlkmlki pimsjg m cþsjfg. Kg cmscg `ircg fici g cgjirjg kis fêrmoris hucglis ê pgrmfjkg, g cgjirjg kis frïljis mc emrgb tmc i cmsci `ircgti. Cgs, mc ucg glçbjsm cgjs cmtjfubisg, ê pissãvmb filstgtgr qum is fêrmoris tîc tgcglhi vgrjgkis m sgbjîlfjgs m fgvjkgkms kjstjltgs mc sug supmr`ãfjm. Li sêfubi XPJJJ, i fjmltjstg gustrãgfi @rglz Egbb mstukiu i fêrmori km fmltmlgs km pmssigs cirtgs m tmltiu gssifjgr i `ircgti ki fêrmori fic g pmrsilgbjkgkm km smus gltjeis priprjmtçrjis. Mbm kmsmlvibvmu ucg tmirjg kmtgbhgkg siorm g pmrsilgbjkgkm, `ircgti ki fêrmori m pgkrýms km sgbjîlfjgs li frïlji, ucg tmirjg filhmfjkg fici `rmlibiejg (bjtmrgbcmltm, i ‒mstuki kg cmltm–). Egbb jkmltj`jfiu 6? trgåis km pmrsilgbjkgkm gssifjgkis fic kj`mrmltms pgkrýms km sgbjîlfjgs li frïlji. Is `rmlibiejstgs gfrmkjtgvgc qum hgvjg ucg bjegåæi kjrmtg mltrm `ulåýms mspmfã`jfgs, fici g `gbg, m kj`mrmltms rmejýms ki fêrmori. Gs mspmfubgåýms `rmliböejfgs km Egbb gfgogrgc smlki kmsgfrmkjtgkgs pir mstukis cgjs pilkmrgkis ki fêrmori. Li sêfubi XJX, mstukis km pmssigs fic bmsýms fmrmorgjs cistrgrgc qum g jkmjg km rmejýms mxfbusjvgs pgrg kmtmrcjlgkgs `ulåýms fmrmorgjs læi tjlhg `ulkgcmlti. Gs fgpgfjkgkms ki fêrmori sæi cgjs ficpbmxgs m kjlïcjfgs ki qum gs tmirjgs jljfjgjs suemrjgc. Emrgåýms km fjmltjstgs tmltgrgc kmfj`rgr i fêrmori kjssmfglki fêrmoris km fgkçvmrms mc cmsgs km bgoirgtörji, uc cêtiki fic gbeucgs fbgrgs bjcjtgåýms. Lis þbtjcis trjltg glis, gs tmflibiejgs km vgrrmkurg ki fêrmori pissjojbjtgrgc mstukgr fêrmoris vjvis ciljtirglki pgkrýms km gtjvjkgkm mbêtrjfg m `buxi sgleuãlmi kurgltm kj`mrmltms gtjvjkgkms. Hinm is fjmltjstgs sgomc cujti cgjs siorm gs `ulåýms oçsjfgs ki fêrmori, fici qugjs pgrtms sæi usgkgs mc kj`mrmltms gtjvjkgkms m mc qugjs ficojlgåýms (pir mxmcpbi, gi `gbgr, rmfilhmfmr ristis, iuvjr cþsjfg iu rmsibvmr mxmrfãfjis km cgtmcçtjfg). G lmurifjîlfjg mstç usglki g lglitmflibiejg pgrg jlvmstjegr g gtjvjkgkm fmrmorgb mc lãvmb cibmfubgr, jlfbujlki g trgls`mrîlfjg km fgregs mbêtrjfgs 01

 

lgs sjlgpsms lmurgjs. Mssms mstukis mstæi emrglki livgs goirkgemls lg psjfibiejg, li kmsmlvibvjcmlti km `çrcgfis m li trgtgcmlti kg kir. M tgcoêc gpiltgc pgrg trîs tmcgs jcpirtgltãssjcis pgrg mltmlkmr g frjgtjvjkgkm. G jltmbjeîlfjg ê gbtgcmltm kjvmrsj`jfgkg, kjlïcjfg m kjstjltg.

Kjvmrsjkgkm Vmeulki is `jbösi`is ki Jbucjljsci, i filhmfjcmlti ki culki sö pikjg rmsubtgr kg böejfg sjstmcçtjfg m kg mvjkîlfjg mcpãrjfg privmljmltm kis smltjkis. Mssg goirkgemc `gz cujti smltjki á prjcmjrg vjstg. Lg prçtjfg, cujtis iutris `gtirms prmfjsgc smr bmvgkis mc filtg. I culki ê cujti cgjs ki qum sicis fgpgzms km pmrfmomr fic is lissis smltjkis. Læi vmcis i culki fici mbm rmgbcmltm ê, cgs fici mbm lis ê gprmsmltgki pmbis lissis smltjkis. G lgturmzg kis lissis smltjkis kmtmrcjlg lissi fgcpi km pmrfmpåæi iu, mc iutrgs pgbgvrgs, i qum sicis fgpgzms km pmrfmomr m fici. Pjvmcis Pjvmcis mc uc gcojmltm smlsirjgb sml sirjgb rjfi, cgs sö pmrfmomcis pgrtm ki culki mc `ulåæi kg bjcjtgåæi kis lissis smltjkis. G lissg vjvîlfjg ki culki ê mc pgrtm km`jljkg pmbg lissg filstjtujåæi `ãsjfg. ]c smr hucgli tmc mc cêkjg 7,= g 7,8 cmtri km gbturg, glkg km pê m tmc i firpi mc erglkm pgrtm sjcêtrjfi. Vmc pritmåæi, lissi firpi sö filsmeum siormvjvmr g pmqumlgs vgrjgåýms km tmcpmrgturg. Mcoirg mc emrgb `gbmcis mc gpmlgs fjlfi smltjkis ‖ vjsæi, pgbgkgr, tgti, gukjåæi m ib`gti ‖, tmcis pmbi cmlis cgjs qugtri smltjkis ‖ mqujbãorji, irjmltgåæi, kir m tmcpmrgturg. Lissis ibhis `jfgc lg `rmltm kg fgomåg m tmcis vjsæi ojlifubgr. Vicis fgpgzms kmlglûcmtris mlxmregr g (vjibmtg buz li mspmftri uc ficprjcmlti km ilkg km fmrfg km ;11 mxtrmci)kmg fmrfg km 551 lglûcmtris (vmrcmbhi mxtrmci). Lissis iuvjkis lircgbcmltm filsmeumc iuvjr sils li jltmrvgbi km ?1 g 7=.111 Hz. Lissis smltjkis sæi is fglgjs pmbis qugjs gs jl`ircgåýms `bumc mltrm i culki mxtmrli m g lissg filsfjîlfjg. Vm mssms fglgjs `issmc kj`mrmltms, iutris tjpis km jl`ircgåæi `bujrjgc gtrgvês kmbms m lissg vjsæi ki culki mxtmrli smrjg trgls`ircgkg. Iutris gljcgjs tîc smltjkis kj`mrmltms m cujtgs vmzms cgjs mspmfjgbjzgkis m vjvmlfjgc kj`mrmltms culkis smlsirjgjs. Gbeuls cgcã`mris, cirfmeis, sæi Hz. fgpgzms kmtmftgrm gvms `rmquîlfjgs ubtrgssûljfgsfici cujti is gfjcg kis 7=.111 Gbeulskmgljcgjs pikmc

 

kmtmftgr is sils jl`rgssûljfis iu km ogjxg `rmquîlfjg. Is picois fhmegc g smr fgpgzms km kmtmftgr `rmquîlfjgs km 1,7 Hz. Is mbm`gltms sm ficuljfgc usglki `rmquîlfjgs km gpmlgs 7 Hz. Kijs gljcgjs vjvmlki mxgtgcmltm li cmsci gcojmltm `ãsjfi pikmc tmr vjsýms ficpbmtgcmltm kj`mrmltms kis gfiltmfjcmltis. ]c fgvgbi-cgrjlhi m ucg ogbmjg gssgssjlg, qum vjvmc lg cmscg çrmg ki ifmgli, cirgc li cmsci gcojmltm, cgs vjvmc mc culkis kj`mrmltms. ]c kis `gtirms ê smu tgcglhi m `iråg rmbgtjvis. Mbms tgcoêc sæi mqujpgkis fic fgpgfjkgkms smlsirjgjs ficpbmtgcmltm kj`mrmltms. Lissg vjsæi ki culki tgcoêc smrjg kj`mrmltm sm pukêssmcis iuvjr is sils qum is cirfmeis iuvmc, vmr i culki fici is egtis iu tmr is rmfmptirms ib`gtjvis km uc fæi, sm pukêssmcis vmr sils, rmspjrgr kmogjxi k‚çeug iu vigr. Lissg fil`jeurgåæi `ãsjfg kmbjcjtg i qum sicis fgpgzms km pmrfmomr li culki m iutris `gtirms g`mtgc i qum m`mtjvgcmltm pmrfmomcis. G jltmbjeîlfjg hucglg ê cgjs qum uc cmri prifmssi km pmrfmpåæi, tgcoêc mlvibvm smbmåæi. Vmc mssg smbmåæi, tmrãgcis jl`ircgåýms kmcgjs mltrglki, fici uc rçkji bjegki mc ucg `rmquîlfjg gomrtg. Wuglki ibhgcis pgrg uc fûciki, uc pglirgcg, ucg rug, læi prmstgcis g cmscg gtmlåæi g tuki i qum mltrg li lissi fgcpi km pmrfmpåæi. Litgcis gbeucgs fijsgs m kmjxgcis km litgr iutrgs. Kugs pmssigs pikmc tmr pmrfmpåýms titgbcmltm kj`mrmltms km ucg cmscg rug. ]c eugrkg km trïlsjti pikm vmr ucg sufmssæi km citirjstgs kmsrmspmjtglki gs bmjs m uc bjcpgkir km nglmbgs pikm vmr ucg sufmssæi km ipirtuljkgkms. ]c gprmfjgkir km gvms pgssmglki pir uc oisqum pikm tmr ucg vjsæi ficpbmtgcmltm kj`mrmltm km uc oitïljfi jltmrmssgki mc pbgltgs rgrgs. Vm vifî tjvmr uc fgrri gcgrmbi, tmc cgjs fhglfms km vmr fgrris gcgrmbis pir tikg pgrtm. I qum pmrfmomcis ê g`mtgki pir ucg vgrjmkgkm km `gtirms, smlki qum cujtis kmbms sæi fubturgjs. Pibtgrmcis Pibtgrmcis g mbms li Fgpãtubi 8. G filstjtujåæi kis lissis smltjkis, ki lissi firpi m ki lissi fêrmori g`mtg pri`ulkgcmltm i qum pmlsgcis. [gcoêc g`mtg g cglmjrg fici pmlsgcis. G vjsæi rgfjilgbjstg ki filhmfjcmlti filfmltrg-sm lgs fgpgfjkgkms böejfi-kmkutjvgs kg cmltm. G tmirjg pikm gtê pgrmfmr rgziçvmb, cgs g filsfjîlfjg mlvibvm cujti cgjs ki qum mssgs fgpgfjkgkms mspmfã`jfgs. I fêrmori ê ucg mltjkgkm ireïljfg qum jltmrgem fic tikis is mstgkis m prifmssis `ãsjfis ki lissi firpi. Lissg sgþkm, filkjåæi `ãsjfg m gpmtjtm pikmc g`mtgr pri`ulkgcmltm lissis mstgkis cmltgjs.

 

G vjkg gfgkîcjfg tmlkm g kmsfilsjkmrgr i rmsti ki firpi. Mc cujtgs msfibgs, is gbulis sæi mkufgkis kg fjlturg pgrg fjcg m g gtmlåæi gfgog sm filfmltrglki mc sug fgomåg, mspmfjgbcmltm li bgki msqumrki. Cujtis gfgkîcjfis vjvmc kmltri km sug fgomåg, tmlkmlki uc piufi pgrg uc bgki. Km fmrtg cglmjrg, mbms læi vjvmc li pröprji firpi. [mlkmc g vmr i firpi fici uc cmri cmji km trglspirtm pgrg sug fgomåg, sö uc nmjti km bmvgr g fgomåg pgrg gs rmuljýms. Vm vifî qujsmr vmr privgs filfrmtgs km mxpmrjîlfjgs mxtrgfirpörmgs, ogstg jlsfrmvmr-sm mc ucg fil`mrîlfjg km gfgkîcjfis smljirms m ficpgrmfmr gi ogjbm km filfbusæi kgs gtjvjkgkms. Pifî vgj tmr g fhglfm km tmstmculhgr i `mlûcmli fic is pröprjis ibhis. Hicmls m cubhmrms gkubtis, filtirfmlki-sm jlfiltribgvmbcmltm, cgb vmlki g hirg km g tirturg gfgogr m mbms pikmrmc vibtgr pgrg fgsg m msfrmvmr uc grtjei g rmspmjti. Qir sug vmz, is kglågrjlis gkirgc vjvmr li firpi m sm mxprmssgr pmbi civjcmlti. Gtumj li filsmbhi km gkcjljstrgåæi ki Ojrcjlehgc _iygb Ogbbmt, lg Jlebgtmrrg, m tjvm i prjvjbêeji km vmr kglågrjlis pri`jssjilgjs trgogbhglki. I rjeir, g prmfjsæi m g smlsjojbjkgkm ki trgogbhi kmbms sæi km tjrgr i `ûbmei. Ficmltmj gltmrjircmltm qum, lgs jlstjtujåýms km mlsjli, g kglåg læi tmc i cmsci stgtus qum gs cgtêrjgs ‒gfgkîcjfgs–, cgs g kglåg pikm cglj`mstgr jkmjgs m smltjcmltis qum læi tîc fici smr mxprmssis km iutrg cglmjrg. Fici kjssm Cgrthg Erghgc, g kglåg ê g bjleugemc ifubtg kg gbcg. G km`jljåæi km jltmbjeîlfjg gjlkg pikm smr tmcg km kmogtms, cgs gfhi qum pikmcis filfirkgr gquj qum g jltmbjeîlfjg jlfbuj g fgpgfjkgkm km `ircubgr m mxprmssgr lissis pmlsgcmltis km cglmjrg fimrmltm. Qikmcis `gzmr jssi usglki pgbgvrgs m lþcmris. [gcoêc pikmcis pmlsgr vjsugbcmltm, mc sils, mc civjcmltis m mc tikgs gs ficojlgåýms kmssms cikis. Is cþsjfis læi tmltgc mxprmssgr pmbi sic jkmjgs qum smrjgc cgjs gkmqugkgs ás pgbgvrgs. Mbms tîc jkmjgs cusjfgjs, jkmjgs qum tgbvmz læi pissgc smr trglscjtjkgs pir pgbgvrgs. Is grtjstgs vjsugjs, pir sug vmz, pmlsgc vjsugbcmltm m tîc jkmjgs vjsugjs. G jltmbjeîlfjg jlfbuj g fgpgfjkgkm km ml`rmltgr is kmsg`jis prçtjfis km sm vjvmr li culki. I psjföbiei ki kmsmlvibvjcmlti Hiwgrk Egrklmr, cgjs filhmfjki pir sug tmirjg kgs jltmbjeîlfjgs cþbtjpbgs, km`jlm g jltmbjeîlfjg fici g fgpgfjkgkm km rmsibvmr priobmcgs mc uc kmtmrcjlgki filtmxti. Egrklmr kç i mxmcpbi km uc cmljli km 7? glis kg Cjfrilêsjg, qum `ij msfibhjki pmbis glfjæis pgrg sm tirlgr uc lgvmegkir> ‒Vio g tutmbg

 

km cmstrms lgvmegkirms, mbm gprmlkmrç g ficojlgr i filhmfjcmlti kg irjmltgåæi pmbgs mstrmbgs m kg emierg`jg pgrg læi sm pmrkmr pmbgs fmltmlgs km jbhgs kg rmejæi. Qir iutri bgki, tmcis i gkibmsfmltm km 7; glis mc Qgrjs qum gprmlkmu g priergcgr uc ficputgkir m mstç ficmåglki g ficpir iorgs cusjfgjs fic i guxãbji km uc sjltmtjzgkir–. Ogstg uc cicmlti km rm`bmxæi, kjz Egrklmr, pgrg rmvmbgr qum mssms kijs nivmls ‒kmcilstrgc uc gbti lãvmb km ficpmtîlfjg mc ucg çrmg ficpbmxg m qum, fic ogsm mc qugbqumr km`jljåæi rgziçvmb ki tmrci, ê pissãvmb filsjkmrgr qum mbms mxjomc uc ficpirtgcmlti jltmbjemltm–.  Vmeulki Egrklmr, hç pmbi cmlis smtm kj`mrmltms tjpis km jltmbjeîlfjg. M, mc trgogbhi pistmrjir, mbm cistriu gfmjtgr qum mxjstmc cgjs iutris. Cmlfjilmj cjlhgs rmssgbvgs mc rmbgåæi á Cmlsg, i fbuom mxfbusjvi pgrg pmssigs fic gbti WJ. Læi tmlhi lgkg filtrg ucg iregljzgåæi pgrg pmssigs qum eistgc km tmstms km WJ. Viu titgbcmltm g `gvir km fbuoms m sifjmkgkms. Gfhi ötjci qum pmssigs fic jltmrmssms mc ficuc sm rmþlgc m sm omlm`jfjmc kmssm filtgti. Ê pissãvmb mlfiltrgr fbuoms pgrg tuki, jlfbujlki fubjlçrjg, xgkrmz, gtbmtjsci, pibãtjfg, `jbgtmbjg, frjgåæi km fæms, gstrilicjg, i qum g sug jcgejlgåæi qujsmr. M ê fbgri qum læi pikmrjg `gbtgr uc fbuom km WJ. I cmu priobmcg ê g cglmjrg fici g Cmlsg sm pricivm, vglebirjglki-sm km smr i fbuom kgs pmssigs cgjs jltmbjemltms ki pbglmtg. Vmrç cmsci9 Vm mssm fbuom mxjstjssm cmsci, tikis lös eistgrãgcis km smr cmcoris. Cgs smrç qum is tmstms læi kmvmrjgc jlfbujr iutrgs pmreultgs9 Qir mxmcpbi, vifî sgom ficpir ucg sjl`iljg9 Pifî sgom tifgr mc ucg irqumstrg9 Pifî sgom gorjr ucg mcprmsg m bmvgr mssg mcprmsg gi sufmssi9 Pifî sgom msfrmvmr ucg pimsjg fgpgz km bmvgr gs pmssigs ás bçerjcgs9 Pifî sgom firmierg`gr ucg kglåg iu kglågr pgrg mxprmssgr i qum tmcis km cgjs hucgli9 [uki jssi sæi mxmcpbis kg fbgrg kjvmrsjkgkm kg jltmbjeîlfjg hucglg m kgs cujtgs cglmjrgs pmbgs qugjs lis rmbgfjilgcis uls fic is iutris m fic i culki. Vmrç qum mssms mxmcpbis tgcoêc læi kmvmrjgc smr bmvgkis mc filtg mc qugbqumr filfmpåæi gorglemltm km jltmbjeîlfjg9 M smrç qum gs pmssigs qum sm kmstgfgc mc gbeucg kmssgs gtjvjkgkms læi kmvmrjgc smr gfmjtgs li fbuom qum sm egog km tmr gs pmssigs cgjs jltmbjemltms ki culki9 G qumstæi ê qum g jltmbjeîlfjg ê cubtj`gfmtgkg, mbgoirgkg, ficpbmxg m mxtrmcgcmltm kjvmrsj`jfgkg. Mssg jkmjg jlfbuj m vgj cujti gbêc kgs filfmpåýms filvmlfjilgjs km fgpgfjkgkm gfgkîcjfg m WJ m ê pir jssi qum i culki mstç rmpbmti km cþsjfg, tmflibiejg, grtm, kglåg, grqujtmturg, 07

 

lmeöfjis, fjîlfjgs prçtjfgs, smltjcmltis, rmbgfjilgcmltis m jlvmlåýms qum rmgbcmltm `ulfjilgc.

Kjlgcjsci _iemr Vpmrry (7:76-7::;)

`ij gergfjgki fic i Qrîcji Liomb pir sug rmvibufjilçrjg pmsqujsg siorm g mstruturg m gs `ulåýms ki fêrmori. Lg kêfgkg km 7:=1, mbm filkuzju ucg sêrjm km mxpmrjcmltis mlvibvmlki pmssigs funis hmcjs`êrjis fmrmorgjs tjlhgc sjki smpgrgkis fic i firtm ki firpi fgbisi. Qrmsuci qum mssgs pmssigs tjvmrgc smus hmcjs`êrjis fmrmorgjs smpgrgkis gltms, m læi kmpijs, km filfirkgrmc mc gnukgr Vpmrry. Vpmrry. Fgsi filtrçrji, mbms mstgvgc cujti cgjs ficpricmtjkis fic i gssulti ki qum mu. Vpmrry kmsfiorju qum is pgrtjfjpgltms fic i ‒fêrmori kjvjkjki– mrgc fgpgzms km rmgbjzgr kugs tgrm`gs læi rmbgfjilgkgs sjcubtglmgcmltm, fici `gzmr ucqum kmsmlhi fichmcjs`êrjis ucg cæi mlquglti msfrmvjgc fic `ulåýms g iutrg. Mbm filfbuju is kijs ki fêrmori fucprjgc kj`mrmltms, pirêc ficpbmcmltgrms. Vmeulki Vpmrry, i bgki msqumrki ki fêrmori mrg, mc erglkm pgrtm, mlvibvjki mc prifmkjcmltis böejfis, jlfbujlki bjleugemc m cgtmcçtjfg, mlquglti i bgki kjrmjti sm ifupgvg cgjs km ipmrgåýms hibãstjfgs, fici i rmfilhmfjcmlti km ristis m irjmltgåæi li mspgåi `ãsjfi. G pmsqujsg km Vpmrry privifiu uc mlircm jltmrmssm, mspmfjgbcmltm li smtir kg mkufgåæi, pir suemrjr ucg firrmspilkîlfjg `ãsjfg li fêrmori fic gs kugs erglkms trgkjåýms kg fubturg kg Muripg ifjkmltgb. I hmcjs`êrji msqumrki fic mlquglti g glçbjsmi hmcjs`êrji böejfi-kmkutjvg Jbucjljscipgrmfjg m fic irmbgfjilgr-sm cêtiki fjmltã`jfi, kjrmjti ki sm rmbgfjilgvg fic is jcpubsis ricïltjfis km ombmzg, jltujåæi m mspjrjtugbjkgkm. Is rm`ircjstgs mkufgfjilgjs greucmltgrgc qum i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb gfgkîcjfi kmkjfgvg-sm qugsm mxfbusjvgcmltm gi hmcjs`êrji msqumrki. Ngcms Hmccjle fhmeiu á surprmmlkmltm filfbusæi km qum mkufgr gs pmssigs trmjlglki gpmlgs gs gtjvjkgkms ki fêrmori msqumrki, fici ifirrm li furrãfubi gfgkîcjfi, mrg fici trmjlgr ucg pmssig pgrg firrmr mxmrfjtglki gpmlgs ucg pmrlg m kmjxglki is cþsfubis kg iutrg sm gtri`jgr. Gbeuls tmörjfis pmegrgc mssg jkmjg m g bmvgrgc gi mxtrmci. Bmcori-cm tmr gs bjkijcpbjfgåýms uc grtjei msfrjti pir ucg qum fbgrgcmltm læi kjemrju km omc kg pmsqujsg kmgutirg Hmccjle. G gutirg

 

g`jrciu tmr msfrjti i grtjei mc ucg `gfm kg `ibhg m kmjxgki i vmrsi mc orglfi pirqum sö tjlhg usgki i bgki kjrmjti ki fêrmori, ucg iosmrvgåæi qum pgrg cjc suemrm qum mbg læi usiu lmlhuc bgki ki fêrmori. G qumstæi læi ê qum gs kugs cmtgkms kmvmc `ulfjilgr smpgrgkgcmltm, cgs qum mbgs kmvmc gtugr nultgs. Fgrb Vgegl mxprmssiu mssg jkmjg fic erglkm mxgtjkæi. Vmeulki mbm, læi hç fici sgomr ‒sm is pgkrýms mxtrgãkis pmbi hmcjs`êrji kjrmjti sæi rmgjs iu jcgejlçrjis smc sunmjtç-bis gi msfrutãlji ki hmcjs`êrji msqumrki–. Qir iutri bgki, ‒i cmri pmlsgcmlti frãtjfi, smc jlsjehts frjgtjvis m jltujtjvis, smc g ousfg km livis pgkrýms, ê mstêrjb m filkmlgki gi `rgfgssi. _msibvmr priobmcgs ficpbmxis mc fjrfulstïlfjgs mc filstgltm trgls`ircgåæi rmqumr g gtjvjkgkm km gcois is hmcjs`êrjis fmrmorgjs. I fgcjlhi pgrg i `uturi prmfjsg lmfmssgrjgcmltm pgssgr pmbi firpi fgbisi–. Gs têfljfgs km vgrrmkurg ki fêrmori cistrgc qum i fêrmori sm jbucjlg 0?

mc kj`mrmltms fil`jeurgåýms km gfirki fickj`mrmltms g gtjvjkgkmrmejýms mc qumstæi m qum gtê gåýms sjcpbms gtjvgc sjcubtglmgcmltm ki fêrmori. Kj`mrmltms çrmgs ki fêrmori mstæi gssifjgkgs g `ulåýms cmltgjs mspmfã`jfgs, cgs tgcoêc pgrtjfjpgc km iutris prifmssis. G jltmrkmpmlkîlfjg kgs `ulåýms `jfg fbgrg lis m`mjtis km bmsýms fmrmorgjs. I bioi `riltgb kjrmjti ê cujti gtjvgki fic g cþsjfg m, sm si`rmr ucg bmsæi, gs hgojbjkgkms cusjfgjs sæi prmnukjfgkgs. Vm rmtjrgrcis mssg pgrtm ki fêrmori m g smeurgrcis lg cæi, mbg læi vgj fgltgribgr ucg cmbikjg. Mbg prmfjsg kgs filmxýms fic i rmsti ki fêrmori m ki firpi pgrg `ulfjilgr. G `gbg ê uc mxmcpbi kg vgrjgåæi kis pgkrýms km gtjvjkgkm fmrmorgb. Wuglki `gbgcis mc lissg bãleug lgtjvg, lissi fêrmori sm fil`jeurg km uc nmjti, cgs sm fil`jeurg km iutri quglki `gbgcis ucg smeulkg bãleug qum gprmlkmcis kmpijs kg jl`ïlfjg. Mstgcis smcprm vjvmlfjglki mssg kjlïcjfg kg jltmbjeîlfjg. G `gbg lircgbcmltm ê gficpglhgkg km jlfiltçvmjs civjcmltis `ãsjfis, mxprmssýms `gfjgjs m emstis. G kglåg pgrmfm smr ogsjfgcmltm fjlmstêsjfg, cgs is firmöerg`is frjgc kglågs fic ucg erglkm gtmlåæi gi kmsjel vjsugb m ás qugbjkgkms kg cþsjfg, cujtgs vmzms fic prmfjsæi cgtmcçtjfg. Qgrg i pþobjfi, g kglåg tgcoêc ê ucg grtm vjsugb. G cgtmcçtjfg pikm pgrmfmr mssmlfjgbcmltm gostrgtg, cgs cujtis cgtmcçtjfis kmpmlkmc km ucg lãtjkg jcgejlgåæi vjsugb.

 

Mc fmrtg ifgsjæi, tjvm g fhglfm km vmr uc pri`mssir ki mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb km Hile Dile kglki ucg gubg km cgtmcçtjfg. Gs frjglågs, fic jkgkms mltrm 8 m 7? glis, mstgvgc smltgkgs á cmsg, fgkg ucg fic uc çogfi. I pri`mssir kjtgvg fçbfubis pgrg mbms `gzmrmc> 7.?8: vmzms 7=.8??4 ??.6;8 kjvjkjki pir ;.17:. Gssjc qum mbm tmrcjlgvg km kjtgr is lþcmris, gs frjglågs bmvgltgvgc g cæi, mcpibegkgs pgrg kgr g rmspistg. M tikgs fhmegvgc ás rmspistgs fmrtgs. Gs frjglågs `gzjgc is fçbfubis sö fic i çogfi, lg vmbifjkgkm kg buz. Iutri gbuli `ij filvjkgki g usgr ucg fgbfubgkirg mbmtrûljfg pgrg `jls km ficpgrgåæi. Mbm bmviu cgjs tmcpi pgrg `gzmr tikgs gs filtgs. I pri`mssir pmkju ás frjglågs pgrg kmjxgr i çogfi km bgki m gs rmspistgs filtjlugrgc rçpjkgs, m smcprm cgjs rçpjkgs ki qum gs ki cmljli usglki g fgbfubgkirg. Gs frjglågs jltmrlgbjzgrgc g ipmrgåæi, vjsugbjzglki cmltgbcmltm i çogfi m ‒vmlki– gs rmspistgs. Gi gprmlkmr g `gbgr, gs rmbgåýms mltrm `gbg, cmbikjg m cþsjfg sæi cujti `irtms. Pgrrmkurgs ki fêrmori cistrgc qum gs çrmgs ki fêrmori cgjs gtjvgs fic g cþsjfg m g bjleugemc sm siormpýmc filsjkmrgvmbcmltm. Vmeulki Kjglg Kmutsfh, pri`mssirg km psjfibiejg kg ]ljvmrsjty i` Fgbj`irljg, ‒g bãleug lgtjvg km ucg pmssig g`mtg sug pmrfmpåæi kg cþsjfg. G cmscg sufmssæi km litgs pikm sigr kj`mrmltm kmpmlkmlki kg bãleug qum i iuvjltm gprmlkmu lg jl`ïlfjg–.   Is `gbgltms km bãleugs tilgjs, jlfbujlki i cglkgrjc, tîc cgjs fhglfms ki qum is ifjkmltgjs km tmr iuvjki gosibuti. Mc uc mstuki, :?% kis `gbgltms ki cglkgrjc qum ficmågrgc g `gzmr gubgs km cþsjfg gis = glis iu gltms tjvmrgc iuvjki gosibuti mc ficpgrgåæi fic 8% kis `gbgltms km jlebîs qum tjvmrgc uc trmjlgcmlti cusjfgb ficpgrçvmb. Wuglki lgsfmc, is omoîs nç filhmfmc g cmbikjg kg `gbg kg cæm. Ergvgåýms km çukji `mjtgs kmltri ki þtmri li jlãfji ki pgrti rmvmbgc qum is sils prikuzjkis pmbg cæm pikmc smr iuvjkis mc gbti m oic sic. ‒Gs `rgsms qum fhmegc gi omoî sæi `jbtrgkgs pmbis tmfjkis ki firpi kg cæm, km ciki qum gs gbtgs `rmquîlfjgs qum ficuljfgc erglkm pgrtm kgs jl`ircgåýms jcpirtgltms pgrg jkmltj`jfgr i sjelj`jfgki kgs pgbgvrgs sæi gtmlugkgs, mlquglti gs fgrgftmrãstjfgs cusjfgjs kg `gbg ‖ tic, vgrjgåýms km vibucm, rjtci m pgkrýms rãtcjfis ‖ sæi ogstgltm prmsmrvgkis.– Gbêc km `irngr uc vãlfubi jljfjgb mltrm cæm m `jbhi, g mxpisjåæi prmfifm gis sils kg `gbg cusjfgb pikm kgr jlãfji gi prifmssi km gprmlkmr g `gbgr. Vmeulki Kmutsfh, gpös i lgsfjcmlti, gs cmbikjgs kg `gbg sæi `ulkgcmltgjs pgrg g ficuljfgåæi mltrm cæm m `jbhi. Wuglki is pgjs `gbgc fic i omoî, mbms 06

 

usgc pgkrýms km `gbg mxgemrgkis filhmfjkis fici ‒`gbg km omoî–, qum kj`mrmc ogstgltm mltrm is jkjicgs. Qmssigs pirtgkirgs km km`jfjîlfjgs smlsirjgjs kmcilstrgc mvjkîlfjgs filvjlfmltms ki `ulfjilgcmlti hibãstjfi ki fêrmori. Mvmbyl Ebmlljm vjvmlfjg fic tiki i smu smr. kmsfgbåg, gosirvmqum gs vjorgåýmsg cþsjfg m is rjtcis cusjfgjs pmbi[ifglki smu firpi km mbg cglmjrgs trglsfmlkmc is filfmjtis ficuls km pmrfmpåæi smlsirjgb. Km fmrti ciki, g jltmbjeîlfjg mc sj ê fici ucg irqumstrg. I tiki ê cgjir qum g sicg kgs pgrtms. G jltmbjeîlfjg ê ficpistg km cujtis mbmcmltis mspmfjgbjzgkis, cgs sö `ulfjilg fici kmvmrjg quglki tikis mssms mbmcmltis gtugc nultis mc hgrciljg. I fêrmori læi ê uc ionmti cmfïljfi, cgs ucg mltjkgkm ireïljfg. G cmltm læi ê ucg fgbfubgkirg, cgs uc prifmssi kjlïcjfi km filsfjîlfjg. G frjgtjvjkgkm læi ê ucg hgojbjkgkm jsibgkg, rmstrjtg g ucg iu iutrg rmejæi ki firpi. MbgGsmjltmbjeîlfjg omlm`jfjg ki mltrm kj`mrmltms cglmjrgs pmlsgr m smr. læikjlgcjsci sö ê kjvmrsj`jfgkg m kjlïcjfg, ficikmê mspmfjgb m kjstjltg, vgrjglki km ucg pmssig g iutrg.

Kjstjlåæi Km gfirki fic Cgrthg Erghgc> ‒Hç ucg vjtgbjkgkm, ucg `iråg vjtgb, ucg mlmrejg, ucg gfmbmrgåæi qum pgssg gtrgvês km smu firpi m ê trgkuzjkg mc gåæi m, fici vifî ê ucg pmssig þljfg kurgltm tiki i tmcpi, mssg mxprmssæi læi tmc jeugb. M, sm vifî obiqumgr mssg mxprmssæi, mbg lulfg fhmegrç g mxjstjr gtrgvês km qugbqumr iutri cmji m sm pmrkmrç pgrg smcprm–. [jvm g hilrg m i prgzmr km trgogbhgr fic _iomrt Fihgl, i tgbmltisi pgrfmjri km Cgrthg Erghgc m `ulkgkir kg Bilkil Vfhiib i` Filtmcpirgry Kglfm. Qmreultmj fici mbm mltriu lmssm mstjbi km kglåg. Li jlãfji kis glis 7:=1, mbm sgju ki Mxêrfjti kis Mstgkis ]ljkis m `ij cirgr mc Livg Zird. Mbm smcprm eistiu km kglågr m tmvm uc trmjlgcmlti filvmlfjilgb. ]c gcjei bhm `gbiu km ucg cubhmr qum kgvg gubgs km kglåg li fmltri kg fjkgkm m gfhgvg qum mbm jrjg eistgr. Fihgl `ij, m sug vjkg cukiu pgrg smcprm. Kmpijs kg prjcmjrg smssæi km trîs hirgs li mstþkji km Cgrthg Erghgc, smu firpi trmcjg qugsm jlfiltribgvmbcmltm km mcpibegåæi. Kmsfiorju, fic is cêtikis m gs `ircgs km kglåg qum mbg

 

mlsjlgvg, ucg fgpgfjkgkm kg qugb ngcgjs suspmjtgrg. Mbm sm mlfiltriu quglki filhmfmu Cgrthg Erghgc m pgssiu tikg g sug vjkg grtãstjfg li culki qum g gnukiu g frjgr, tirlglki-sm smu prjlfjpgb pgrfmjri km kglåg m kmkjfglki-sm g pricivmr smus cêtikis lg Muripg lgs kêfgkgs km 7:51 m 7:81, quglki kjrjeju g Bilkil Vfhiib i` Filtmcpirgry Kglfm.

‒Hç ucg vjtgbjkgkm, ucg `iråg vjtgb, ucg mlmrejg, ucg gfmbmrgåæi qum pgssg gtrgvês km smu firpi m ê trgkuzjkg mc gåæi m, fici vifî ê ucg pmssig  þljfg kurgltm tiki i tmcpi, mssg mxprmssæi læi tmc jeugb. M, sm vifî obiqumgr mssg mxprmssæi, mbg lulfg fhmegrç g mxjstjr gtrgvês km qugbqumr iutri cmji m sm pmrkmrç pgrg smcprm.– ‛ Cgrthg Erghgc G sgtjs`gåæi qum Fihgl mlfiltriu lg kglåg jbustrg ucg qumstæi cgjs emrgb. Fgkg pmssig rmprmsmltg uc cicmlti smc jeugb lg hjstörjg, ucg cjsturg jljeugbçvmb kg lissg hmrglåg emlêtjfg, kgs lissgs mxpmrjîlfjgs m kis pmlsgcmltis m smltjcmltis qum sm mltrmbgågrgc pir tuki jssi m filstjtumc lissg filsfjîlfjg þljfg. Fgkg uc km lös tmc erglkms tgbmltis lgturgjs, cgs qum sm cglj`mstgc km `ircgs kj`mrmltms. Vmrç qum jssi sjelj`jfg qum ljleuêc pikm smr filsjkmrgki cgjs jltmbjemltm qum is iutris9 Ê fbgri qum læi. Gbeucgs pmssigs sæi mxtrmcgcmltm fgpgzms mc cujtgs çrmgs, fici cþsjfg, cgtmcçtjfg, rgfjifãlji vmrogb, pmlsgcmlti vjsugb m gssjc pir kjgltm. ]cg erglkm fgpgfjkgkm mc ucg çrmg læi jcpbjfg lmc mxfbuj ucg erglkm fgpgfjkgkm mc iutrgs çrmgs. ]c oic cgtmcçtjfi pikm iu læi smr uc oic pjltir iu pimtg4 uc pimtg tgbmltisi pikm iu læi smr uc oic kglågrjli iu uc cþsjfi vjrtuisi. Læi kmvmrãgcis mstmrmitjpgr gs pmssigs pir tmr iu læi fgpgfjkgkm gfgkîcjfg lmc ritubgr ucg pmssig fic erglkm tgbmlti gfgkîcjfi fici smlki cgjs jltmbjemltm ki qum iutrg pmssig fic erglkm tgbmlti pgrg g cþsjfg iu g kglåg. Gs pmssigs sæi cujti cgjs ki qum gfgkîcjfgs iu læi gfgkîcjfgs. Læi cm mltmlkg cgb. Læi tmlhi lgkg filtrg i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km hgojbjkgkms gfgkîcjfgs. Vö mstiu km`mlkmlki uc filfmjti cgjs gcpbi km jltmbjeîlfjg qum jlfbuj i tgbmlti gfgkîcjfi, cgs læi sm rmstrjlem g mbm. Frjglågs fic erglkms hgojbjkgkms gfgkîcjfgs pikmc kmjxgr km kmsfiorjr smus iutris tgbmltis m frjglågs fic cmlis hgojbjkgkms

 

gfgkîcjfgs pikmc tmr erglkms tgbmltis kircmltms. [ikgs mssgs frjglågs m  nivmls pikmc pgssgr pir tiki i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb smc jkmltj`jfgr mssms tgbmltis. Mbms pikmc pmrkmr i jltmrmssm, `jfgr rmssmltjkis fic smu ‒`rgfgssi– m filfbujr qum sjcpbmscmltm læi sæi jltmbjemltms. Gbeuls kmssms ‒`rgfgssis– ki sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb pikmc gfgogr sm tirlglki erglkms sufmssis lg jkgkm gkubtg. Cgs qugltis kmbms kmjxgc km mlfiltrgr smus tgbmltis9 Mbms pikmc lulfg sgomr ki qum sæi fgpgzms m qumc iu i qum pikmrjgc sm tirlgr. Cujtgs pmssigs gfgogc smlki kmsvjgkgs km smu fgcjlhi lgturgb pmbi `ifi lg jltmbjeîlfjg gfgkîcjfg m lg hjmrgrqujg kgs kjsfjpbjlgs. Mssm `ifi sm rmvmbg mspmfjgbcmltm lg kjstjlåæi mltrm priergcgs gfgkîcjfis m pri`jssjilgbjzgltms m g jkmjg km qum sgjr ki sjstmcg msfibgr pgrg trgogbhgr iu `gzmr uc fursi têfljfi vgbm cmlis ki qum jr á uljvmrsjkgkm. Cgs g fgpgfjkgkm km filstrujr prêkjis, `gzmr g jlstgbgåæi mbêtrjfg km ucg fgsg, jlstgbgr uc sjstmcg hjkrçubjfi, pbgltgr, `gzmr fijsgs qum `ulfjilgc iu prmstgr smrvjåis ê mxgtgcmltm i qum cujtgs pmssigs eistgc km `gzmr m tikgs mssgs hgojbjkgkms sæi `ulkgcmltgjs pgrg g vjtgbjkgkm m sustmltgojbjkgkm kg vjkg hucglg. Gbeucgs vmzms, jssi ê bjtmrgbcmltm vmrkgkmjri. Gbeuls glis gtrçs, `uj g Væi @rglfjsfi kjvubegr uc livi bjvri. ]cg kgs pmssigs lg `jbg pgrg pmegr cmu gutöerg`i mrg uc hicmc km 61 m piufis glis m pmreultmj-bhm i qum mbm `gzjg kg vjkg. Mbm rmspilkmu qum mrg oicomjri. Qmreultmj quglki mbm msfibhmu mssg pri`jssæi m mbm rmspilkmu qum smcprm qujs smr oicomjri. ‒Lg vmrkgkm–, mbm filtiu, ‒quglki mu mrg uc cibmqum, tikis is iutris cmljlis qumrjgc smr oicomjris. Cgs mu qumrjg cmsci smr oicomjri m cgb pikjg mspmrgr pgrg mltrgr lg firpirgåæi–. Mbm kjssm qum, quglki mstgvg li þbtjci gli ki mlsjli cêkji, uc kis pri`mssirms pmreultiu á turcg i qum mbms pbglmngvgc `gzmr quglki filfbuãssmc g msfibg. Wugsm tiki culki `gbiu mc jr pgrg g `gfubkgkm m mbm rmspilkmu qum sm fglkjkgtgrjg pgrg mltrgr li firpi km oicomjris. I pri`mssir kmfbgriu qum mbm ficmtmrjg uc erglkm mrri4 qum mbm mrg gfgkmcjfgcmltm jltmbjemltm, tjlhg uc `uturi orjbhgltm pmbg `rmltm m mstgrjg  nieglki `irg ucg erglkm ipirtuljkgkm sm msfibhmssm smr oicomjri. Mbm filtiu qum sm smltju hucjbhgki kjgltm kis fibmegs, cgs smeuju mc `rmltm fic smus pbglis, mltriu li firpi km oicomjris m gcg smu trgogbhi. ‒Bmcormj-cm kgqumbm pri`mssir lg pgbmstrg qum vifî kmu–, kjssm mbm. ‒Qirqum smjs cmsms gtrçs mu sgbvmj g vjkg kmbm. Mbm tmvm uc gfjkmltm km

 

fgrri m cjlhg uljkgkm `ij gfjilgkg. Mu i tjrmj ki fgrri, `jz ucg rmgljcgåæi fgrkjirrmspjrgtörjg m i sgbvmj. Vgbvmj g vjkg kg mspisg kmbm tgcoêc.– I oicomjri ficmltiu> ‒Gfhi qum geirg mbm rmspmjtg cgjs i cmu trgogbhi–.

_mpmlsglki g km`jfjîlfjg  ]cg kgs filsmquîlfjgs km ucg vjsæi mstrmjtg kg fgpgfjkgkm ê ucg vjsæi pripirfjilgbcmltm gcpbg kg ‒jlfgpgfjkgkm– iu km`jfjîlfjg. G jkmltj`jfgåæi km tgbmltis bgtmltms ê gjlkg cgjs jcpirtgltm quglki gs `ircgs filvmlfjilgjs km ficuljfgåæi sæi rmstrjtgs. Gbeuls glis gtrçs, pgrtjfjpmj km uc mstuki siorm grtm m km`jfjîlfjg prmsjkjki pmbi fjlmgstg _jfhgrk Gttmloiriueh m `jlglfjgki pmbg @ulkgåæi Fgrlmejm. I mstuki sm `ifgvg lis tgbmltis grtãstjfis km pirtgkirms km km`jfjîlfjgs m km`mlkjg g gbifgåæi cgjs vmrogs pgrg pmssigs. Gbeucgs km pmssigs fic km`jfjîlfjgkmtîc kj`jfubkgkms ficmssgs `ircgs filvmlfjilgjs mxprmssæi, fici g msfrjtg, g `gbg, g gukjåæi iu g vjsæi. Mbgs læi rgri sæi jkmltj`jfgkgs mc tmrcis km sug km`jfjîlfjg. Mc iutrgs pgbgvrgs, mbgs læi sæi vjstgs fici pmssigs fic km`jfjîlfjg, cgs fici pmssigs km`jfjmltms. I kr. Qhjb Mbbjs filfmomu m kjrjeju ucg jljfjgtjvg smc jeugb km pmsqujsg siorm pmkgeiejg cusjfgb lg ]ljvmrsjty i` Vulkmrbglk. I prinmti [iufhjle Viulk mxpbiriu livgs goirkgemls km tmrgpjg silirg pgrg frjglågs fic ergvms kj`jfubkgkms km gprmlkjzgemc (VBK, lg sjebg mc jlebîs) m kj`jfubkgkms km gprmlkjzgemc pri`ulkgs m cþbtjpbgs (QCBK, lg sjebg mc 0;

jlebîs). g  Is pmsqujsgkirms `mjxms bgsmrmrgc km ogjxg pitîlfjg bjegkis sjltmtjzgkirms km utjbjzgrgc sic. Wuglki is km `mjxms tifgkis, sils mrgc emrgkis guticgtjfgcmltm. Is smlsirms pikjgc smr gfjilgkis pir cjlþsfubis civjcmltis, fici uc pjsfgr km ibhis, km cglmjrg qum gtê gs pmssigs pirtgkirgs km lmfmssjkgkms pri`ulkgs m ficpbmxgs tjlhgc fici filtribgr g cþsjfg m is mbmcmltis vjsugjs. I prinmti trgogbhiu fic frjglågs funis civjcmltis sæi bjcjtgkis g gpmlgs gbeuls cþsfubis iu gtê cmsci ucg pçbpmorg. Gs pmssigs qum pissumc ucg gcpbjtukm lircgb km civjcmltis læi fistucgc kgr vgbir á sug fgpgfjkgkm km g`mtgr i gcojmltm m mxtmrjirjzgr smus pmlsgcmltis m smltjcmltis. Nç gstikg pmssigs qum tîc uc pikmc pgssgr g vjkg kmpmlkmlki kis filtribm iutris cusfubgr m pikmcrmstrjti tmr erglkms

 

kj`jfubkgkms km sm mxprmssgr. I prinmti [iufhjle Viulk pissjojbjtiu g mssgs pmssigs g`mtgr i gcojmltm m sm mxprmssgr. Gbeuls pgrtjfjpgltms `jfgrgc pri`ulkgcmltm tifgkis gi smltjr mssm smltjcmlti km bjomrgåæi pmbg prjcmjrg vmz lg vjkg, m is m`mjtis tmrgpîutjfis `irgc krgcçtjfis. Lgs pgbgvrgs km Cgrjm Ugtts, kg mqujpm ki prinmti> ‒G pmssig tmvm g fhglfm km filtribgr i gcojmltm. M, fic mssm filtribm, vmji i mcpikmrgcmlti. G tmflibiejg tgcoêc citjviu g mqujpm, qum pûkm rmfmomr uc `mmkogfd  jcmkjgti kis pgfjmltms–. 0=

Cgjs ki qum sgomcis Kmrmd Qgrgvjfjlj lgsfmu prmcgturi lg Jlebgtmrrg mc 7:5:, fic ?= smcglgs, pmsglki gpmlgs 081 ergcgs. Mbm ê fmei, gutjstg m uc prikãeji cusjfgb jcprmssjilgltm. Gfrmkjtg-sm qum sug fmeumjrg tmlhg sjki fgusgkg pmbg ixjemlitmrgpjg gkcjljstrgkg lg ][J lmilgtgb. G tmrgpjg fgusiu ergvms km`jfjîlfjgs km gprmlkjzgemc. Mbm tmc iuvjkitgcoêc gosibuti,bhmê fgpgz km rmfilhmfmr gtê vjltm litgs tifgkgs gi cmsci tmcpi m sgom tifgr qugbqumr cþsjfg kmpijs km iuvj-bg gpmlgs ucg vmz. [gcoêc pikm trgls`ircgr fglåýms á pmr`mjåæi lis mstjbis km kj`mrmltms cþsjfis. Gi smr sibjfjtgki g cukgr pgrg i mstjbi km iutri pjgljstg, fici i pjgljstg km ngzz Isfgr Qmtmrsil, mbm ê fgpgz km cukgr km mstjbi li cmji kg cþsjfg, tifglki, pir mxmcpbi, ‒Cy @gvirjtm [hjles– li mstjbi fgrgftmrãstjfi km Qmtmrsil. ‒Ê fici sm mbm tjvmssm ojobjitmfgs jltmjrgs km pmågs m mstjbis lg fgomåg–, mxpbjfg Gkgc Ifdmb`irk, pri`mssir km Kmrmd. ‒Mbm filsmeum pmegr ucgLjleuêc iorg m uc nultgr is km kijs. M g filsmeumc fijsg tikg `gzmr cmji jssi qum mxpbikm.– sgommstjbi ficim is kmkis Kmrmd tuki, smlki jlfgpgzms km `mfhgr uc oitæi iu uc zãpmr. Mbm læi sgom quglti glis tmc. Kmrmd ficmåiu g tifgr pjgli quglki gjlkg mrg omoî, quglki sug ogoç bhm kmu uc tmfbgki usgki. Vmu pgj filtg> ‒]c kjg, cjlhg `jbhg kjssm> ‘Mbm gfgoiu km tifgr uc hjli qum iuvjcis lg jermng hinm‚–. Kmrmd tjlhg 6 glis lg ifgsjæi. ‒Mbm læi sgojg, sjcpbmscmltm pirqum læi mlxmregvg m ljleuêc mxpbjfiu qum uc pjgli mrg tifgki fic is kmkis. Bmcori qum mbm usgvg is pulhis, is fitivmbis m gtê i lgrjz.– Li ficmåi, Kmrmd rmsjstju g qugbqumr tmltgtjvg Ifdmb`irk km mlsjlç-bi, cgs,mstgvg mc piufi tmcpi, Ifdmb`irk> ‒Kmrmdkmpgrmfmu mltmlkmr qum mu læi tmltglki tjrgrfiltg smu

 

prmfjisi pjgli. Mu mstgvg tmltglki cm ficuljfgr fic mbm m gnukç-bi. Gfhi qum km rmpmltm fgju g `jfhg km qum mbm pikjg sm ficuljfgr usglki i pjgli m mbm sjcpbmscmltm kmsbglfhiu... Kmpijs km tikg gqumbg fil`usæi qum mbm kmvm tmr smltjki lg jl`ïlfjg, qugsm smc mltmlkmr g bjleugemc, km rmpmltm mbm tjlhg ucg bjleugemc qum pikjg filtribgr, fic qum pikjg orjlfgr, qum pikjg usgr pgrg kjgbiegr. [uki i qum lircgbcmltm `gzmcis fic gs pgbgvrgs, Kmrmd `gzjg fic gs litgs cusjfgjs–. Vmu priermssi `ij surprmmlkmltm. Kmpijs km trîs glis km gubgs kjçrjgs, Kmrmd `ij filvjkgki pgrg tifgr mc ucg `mstg omlm`jfmltm. @ij bç qum Ifdmb`irk vju pmbg prjcmjrg vmz g mciåæi km Kmrmd gi sm gprmsmltgr m smltjr i fgrjlhi kg pbgtmjg. Kmrmd trmcjg km mltusjgsci m mu`irjg m lulfg pgriu km sm gprmsmltgr ‖ mc filfmrtis km ngzz, mvmltis km fgrjkgkm, jermngs  ‖, filmftglki-sm fic i pþobjfi m gtmlkmlki g pmkjkis lg hirg. Mbm pmkm g ucg pmssig kg pbgtmjg pgrg msfibhmr ucg cþsjfg, g ucg smeulkg pmssig pgrg msfibhmr i tic m g ucg tmrfmjrg pmssig pgrg smbmfjilgr uc mstjbi. Mc uc mvmlti, Kmrmd `ij sibjfjtgki g tifgr ‒Gjl‚t Li Vulshjlm– mc sj cgjir gi mstjbi rgetjcm. M mbm i `mz á pmr`mjåæi. ‒Ê fici tmr trîs ficputgkirms trgogbhglki gi cmsci tmcpi m nultç-bis jlstgltglmgcmltm, smc pmlsgr–, kmsfrmvm Ifdmb`irk. ‒Ás vmzms mbm sm sgj fic orjlfgkmjrgs cusjfgjs. Kç pgrg vmr ucg pmqumlg `gãsfg. Mu kjrjg qum mbm `jfg cujti sgtjs`mjti filsjei cmsci m fic sug cþsjfg.– Is sgvglts sæi pmssigs fic hgojbjkgkms mxfmpfjilgjs mc gbeucgs çrmgs km jltmbjeîlfjg m fic fgpgfjkgkm gogjxi kg cêkjg mc iutrgs. Mcoirg i gutjsci smng filsjkmrgki uc `gtir kg prikjejisg fgpgfjkgkm cusjfgb km 00

Kmrmd, sug fmeumjrg tgcoêc ki fêrmori qum lircgbcmltm smrjg usgkg pgrg gpikm vjsæifiltrjoujr. m g kmtmfåæiGkgpgrtm buz pikm mstgr smlki usgkg pgrg bhm kgr ucg hgojbjkgkm gukjtjvg gkjfjilgb. Mxjstmc iutris fgsis km sgvglts fic hgojbjkgkms mxtrgirkjlçrjgs mc kmsmlhi, cmcörjg m fçbfubi cgtmcçtjfi. Mssgs pmssigs tîc hgojbjkgkms mspmfã`jfgs gfjcg kg cêkjg ficojlgkgs fic hgojbjkgkms omc gogjxi kg cêkjg mc iutrgs çrmgs.  [ikis mssms sæi mxmcpbis kgs cglmjrgs kj`mrmlfjgkgs lgs qugjs g jltmbjeîlfjg ê fil`jeurgkg mc fgkg pmssig. 05

Qbgstjfjkgkm m pitmlfjgb

 

Nm`` Bjfhtcgl ê pri`mssir km ojibiejg cibmfubgr m fmbubgr kg Hgrvgrk ]ljvmrsjty. Mbm kjrjem uc gcpbi priergcg km pmsqujsg fic i ionmtjvi km frjgr uc cgpg kmtgbhgki kis fjrfujtis ki fêrmori hucgli. G pmsqujsg `gz pgrtm km uc livi fgcpi km jlvmstjegåæi fhgcgki ‒fillmfticjfs–. ]c mqujpgcmlti fhgcgki ]btrgcjfrötici Guticçtjfi pgrg Fibmtg km @gtjgs (Gtbuc, lg sjebg mc jlebîs) firtg gcistrgs km tmfjki fmrmorgb mc `gtjgs `jlãssjcgs qum sæi fibifgkgs mc uc cjfrisföpji mbmtrûljfi km vgrrmkurg pgrg frjgr jcgemls km fêbubgs jlkjvjkugjs m tikgs gs sugs filmxýms fic iutrgs fêbubgs. Vmeulki Bjfhtcgl, mssg tmflibiejg ‒lis kç g ipirtuljkgkm km iosmrvgr mssm vgsti m ficpbmxi uljvmrsi qum lis `ij mc erglkm pgrtm jlgfmssãvmb gtê geirg–.

‒Á cmkjkg qum gs frjglågs frmsfmc, smu fêrmori ê pmrsilgbjzgki km gfirki fic gs utjbjzgåýms qum mbgs `gzmc iu læi kmbm.– ]c kis ionmtjvis ki mstuki ê kmfj`rgr is prifmssis ki frmsfjcmlti m kg pikg lmurgb. Li cicmlti ki lgsfjcmlti km uc omoî, i fêrmori hucgli tmc fmrfg km 711 ojbhýms km fêbubgs fmrmorgjs. I fêrmori km uc omoî tmc ucg pbgstjfjkgkm mlircm. Qgrg ficmågr, fgkg lmurûlji pissuj kmzmlgs km filmxýms, cgs mbgs sm rmkuzmc g gpmlgs gbeucgs piufgs filmxýms rioustgs á cmkjkg qum i fêrmori sm kmsmlvibvm m km gfirki fic i ciki fici mbm ê usgki. Vmeulki Bjfhtcgl, fgkg fêbubg lmrvisg km uc omoî filmftg-sm g uc lþcmri vjltm vmzms cgjir km fêbubgs lmrvisgs qum mssm cmsci omoî tmrç quglki frmsfmr. ‒[mltgcis kmsvmlkgr gs rmergs kg pikg. Vm g fêbubg lmrvisg tjvmr fmc filmxýms m prmfjsgr rmkuzjr mssm lþcmri pgrg fjlfi, qugjs filmxýms i fêrmori vgj msfibhmr firtgr m cgltmr9– Is lmurûljis butgc pgrg pmrcglmfmr filmftgkis m i rmsubtgki km fgkg ogtgbhg g`mtg i rmsubtgki pgrg gs iutrgs fêbubgs. ‒Mltæi, pgrg mltmlkmr fici ucg ficpmtjåæi g`mtg ucg fêbubg, prmfjsgcis mltmlkmr tikgs gs ficpmtjåýms.– I m`mjti `jlgb km tiki mssm ‒ficogtm firpi g firpi– lmurgb ê i qum fhgcgcis km kmsmlvibvjcmlti fmrmorgb m ê i qum trgls`ircg uc omoî jlfgpgz km glkgr iu `gbgr mc uc smr hucgli gkubti. Ê mssm prifmssi qum lis pripirfjilg g `bmxjojbjkgkm qum Bjfhtcgl fhgcg km ‒g cgejg km smr hucgli–. Vmeulki mbm, ucg bjoêbubg nç prmfjsg lgsfmr sgomlki fici pmegr uc cisqujti. ‒Cgs, lös, smrms hucglis, læi lgsfmcis fic qugbqumr uc kmssms filhmfjcmltis. Lissi fêrmori prmfjsg pgssgr pir ucg pri`ulkg

 

mkufgåæi qum pmrkurg gtê g smeulkg kêfgkg kg lissg vjkg. I qum cukg li lissi fêrmori9– G pbgstjfjkgkm ki fêrmori sm rmvmbg lg cglmjrg fici utjbjzgcis g bjleugemc. Vm gs frjglågs frmsfmc mc `gcãbjgs pibjebitgs, mbgs gprmlkmc 08

tikis is mlsjlç-bgs jkjicgs gis qugjskgsæi mxpistgs ficqum `rmquîlfjg. Is pgjs læi prmfjsgc g `gbgr cmscg cglmjrg mbgs sæi mlsjlgkgs lgs msfibgs. Gs cæms læi mlsjlgc gis omoîs is prjlfãpjis ergcgtjfgjs lmc is `gzmc kmfirgr bjstgs km pgbgvrgs. Mbgs mlfirgngc, irjmltgc m mlsjlgc pgbgvrgs mspmfã`jfgs. Gprmlkmr ucg bãleug ê uc prifmssi tæi ficpbmxi qum smrjg jcpissãvmb mlsjlç-bg `ircgbcmltm g uc omoî. Vmrjg jcpmlsçvmb mlsjlgr-bhms trîs iu qugtri jkjicgs. Cgs is omoîs gprmlkmc  trîs iu qugtri jkjicgs m gtê cgjs, sm lmfmssçrji. Mbms lulfg gtjlemc uc pilti km sgturgåæi iu pmkmc pgrg g vivö læi `gbgr lgkg pirqum læi kæi filtg km iutri kjgbmti. Mbms gosirvmc tuki. Jssi gfiltmfm pirqum is omoîs tîc uc jlstjlti g bjleugemc. Læi ê qum pir gs `gcãbjgs frjglågs pgrg bjleujstjfgcmltm tgbmltisgs gbeuc pibjebitgs prifmssi prikuzgc gbmgtörji mlvibvmlki cujtg sirtm. [ikgs gs frjglågs ‒lircgjs– tîc g fgpgfjkgkm km gprmlkmr læi sö ucg, cgs cujtgs bãleugs. Vm uc omoî lgsfm mc ucg fgsg ilkm sö sm `gbg ucg bãleug, mssg ê g bãleug qum mbm gprmlkm. Ê cujti cgjs kj`ãfjb gprmlkmr ucg smeulkg bãleug lg gkibmsfîlfjg. Á cmkjkg qum gs frjglågs frmsfmc, smu fêrmori ê pmrsilgbjzgki km gfirki fic gs utjbjzgåýms qum mbgs `gzmc iu læi kmbm. Vm g fgpgfjkgkm kg bjleugemc læi `ir utjbjzgkg, mbg pikmrç kmsgpgrmfmr á cmkjkg qum is rmfursis lmurgjs ki fêrmori væi smlki gbifgkis pgrg iutris usis. I 0:

cmsci pikm sm gpbjfgr ákmu cþsjfg, á cgtmcçtjfg iu g qugbqumr iutri tgbmlti. Vusgl Ermml`jmbk uc mxmcpbi surprmmlkmltm kg pbgstjfjkgkm ki fêrmori.  Mbg filtiu km uc cmljli jtgbjgli km 0 glis qum mrg fmei km uc ibhi. Wuglki mbm mrg omoî, mssm ibhi `jfiu fiomrti fic ucg vmlkg, m gs rmkms lmurgjs qum pissjojbjtgc g vjsæi kmssm ibhi `irgc rmgbifgkgs, fgusglki fmeumjrg pmrcglmltm. Li Qgfã`jfi Vub, cujtgs frjglågs pmqumlgs sæi cmreubhgkirms tgbmltisis. Mbgs kmsmlvibvmc g fgpgfjkgkm km pgssgr uc oic tmcpi lgkglki kmogjxi kg çeug pgrg fibmtgr pêribgs. Mc Livg Zird, g cgjirjg kgs frjglågs læi tmc mssg hgojbjkgkm. Væi rgris is cmreubhgkirms 51

mspmfjgbjzgkis mcpgrg fibmtg pêribgs li ogjrri ki Orilx. Læi hç kmcglkg jssi.kmVmrjg rgziçvmb supirlivg-jirqujli qum, sm uc omoî livg-

 

jirqujli `issm bmvgki gi Qgfã`jfi Vub, mbm smrjg fgpgz km gprmlkmr gs hgojbjkgkms lmfmssçrjgs. Cgs, cirglki li Orilx, mssm omoî pikm gtê tmr g fgpgfjkgkm, cgs læi g lmfmssjkgkm m, mc filsmquîlfjg, gfgog læi kmsmlvibvmlki g hgojbjkgkm.

‒Geirg, cgjs ki qum lulfg, gs ficuljkgkms hucglgs kmpmlkmc km ucg kjvmrsjkgkm km tgbmltis m læi km uc þljfi erupi km hgojbjkgkms.–

G kglåg km Kgrryb Mstgtjstjfgcmltm, gs pmssigs qum sæi iorjegkgs g sgjr kg msfibg iu qum goglkilgc is mstukis tîc cgjs fhglfms km mltrgr li sjstmcg km nustjåg frjcjlgb. G mstrgtêejg lircgb ê mlfgrfmrgr is jl`rgtirms, gpmsgr kis jcmlsis fustis sifjgjs m mfilûcjfis m kgs gbtgs tgxgs km rmjlfjkîlfjg. Gbeucgs goirkgemls cgjs frjgtjvgs pgrg i priobmcg ogsmjgc-sm mc rmfilhmfmr qum gs hgojbjkgkms sæi kjvmrsgs, kjlïcjfgs m þljfgs m qum gs mstrgtêejgs pgrg bjkgr fic i kmsjltmrmssm m g gbjmlgåæi kmvmc smr jeugbcmltm si`jstjfgkgs. ]cg mstrgtêejg qum gkcjri cujti rmvmbg ucg jriljg mspmfjgb. G jkmjg ê rmuljr nivmls jl`rgtirms ‖ qum cujtgs vmzms læi filsmeujrgc sm cgltmr li sjstmcg km mlsjli ‖ pgrg kglågr, g kjsfjpbjlg rmbmegkg á ogsm kg hjmrgrqujg kgs prjirjkgkms mkufgfjilgjs. Is rmsubtgkis cistrgc qum tglti is jl`rgtirms quglti g kjsfjpbjlg kg kglåg sæi suomstjcgkis li sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb. G Kglfm ]ljtmk ê ucg ficpglhjg pri`jssjilgb km kglåg filtmcpirïlmg km Orgk`irk, li _mjli ]ljki. G ficpglhjg i`mrmfm uc priergcg km mkufgåæi ogsmgki lg kglåg, fhgcgki [hm Gfgkmcy, fici ucg ipåæi pgrg kmbjlqumltms nuvmljs qum mstæi li sjstmcg km nustjåg frjcjlgb kg rmejæi. I priergcg `ij frjgki tmlki mc cmltm nivmls qum læi tjvmrgc sufmssi li sjstmcg msfibgr filvmlfjilgb m qum firrmc uc erglkm rjsfi km fgjr km vmz lg frjcjlgbjkgkm. Is pgrtjfjpgltms ki priergcg jlfbumc nivmls filkmlgkis pir riuoi, kmbjtis rmbgfjilgkis g kriegs, `urtis m gssgbtis. G mqujpm ki [hm Gfgkmcy ê `ircgkg pir kglågrjlis pri`jssjilgjs m pri`mssirms km kglåg qum trgogbhgc fic gssjstmltms sifjgjs

 

kg geîlfjg km gpiji g nivmls jl`rgtirms km Orgk`irk, i Orgk`irk Ziuth I``mlkjle [mgc [mgc (ZI[), m rmprmsmltgltms km iutrgs jlstjtujåýms. I ionmtjvi ki [hm Gfgkmcy læi ê sö gnukgr is nivmls g mvjtgr g rmjlfjkîlfjg, cgs gnukç-bis g kmsfiorjr sug fgpgfjkgkm jlgtg km tmr sufmssi. I rm`iråglki priergcg sug ousfg privifgr cukglågs pri`ulkgs lis pgrtjfjpgltms, fil`jglåg li pröprji pitmlfjgb. Is nivmls pgrtjfjpgltms ki priergcg sæi trgtgkis læi fici kmbjlqumltms mc prifmssi km rmgojbjtgåæi, cgs fici kglågrjlis pri`jssjilgjs mc trmjlgcmlti.  I priergcg ogsmjg-sm mc cêtikis utjbjzgkis pgrg mkufgr m trmjlgr grtjstgs pri`jssjilgjs km kglåg filtmcpirïlmg m ê mxtrmcgcmltm kjsfjpbjlgki m rjeirisi. Qir mxmcpbi, gs rmergs oçsjfgs jlfbumc g mxjeîlfjg km kglågr kmsfgbåi. ]sgr nijgs, oilês iu iutris gfmssörjis pmssigjs læi ê pmrcjtjki. I [hm Gfgkmcy ejrg mc tirli kgs kmcglkgs `ãsjfgs m frjgtjvgs kg kglåg, fic vjstgs g uc mbmvgki pgkræi grtãstjfi. I 57

priergcg is nivmls g gprmlkmr g fil`jgr lis iutris m sm gnukgr. I [hm gnukg Gfgkmcy trgogbhg fic gtê qujlzmuls nivmls pir erupi mc uc priergcg km trmjlgcmlti km ?= hirgs pir smcglg, pir uc pmrãiki km kizm smcglgs. Fgkg fjfbi ficmåg fic uc prinmti jltmlsjvi km trîs smcglgs m, li `jc ki fjfbi, g prikuåæi ê mxjojkg mc gprmsmltgåýms mlfmlgkgs pri`jssjilgbcmltm, li mstþkji ki [hm Gfgkmcy iu li tmgtri bifgb. G pgrtjr kg qugrtg smcglg, i furrãfubi km kglåg m mkufgtjvi sm mxpglkm pgrg jlfbujr  ngzz, kglågs g`rjfglgs, fgpimjrg, gprmsmltgåýms fjrfmlsms, firmierg`jg m cujti cgjs. I priergcg jlfbuj pgbmstrgs km grtjstgs vjsjtgltms, fici `itöerg`is, fjlmgstgs m cþsjfis. Cujtgs pmssigs g jkmjg ki priergcg fic fmtjfjsci. Fici grmfmomrgc kglåg pikm omlm`jfjgr nivmls ki qum[hm læiGfgkmcy kmcilstrgc qugbqumr rmspmjti pmbis iutris iu pmbg priprjmkgkm gbhmjg9 I filfmjti læi smrjg gpmlgs ucg oiogemc ricïltjfg jl`ulkgkg pgrg `gvirmfmr is jl`rgtirms9 Ê fbgri qum g sibuåæi öovjg pgrg i priobmcg smrjg g prjsæi. Qgrg Njc Orgky, uc `ulfjilçrji kg ZI[ km Orgk`irk, qum filhmfm omc i priobmcg kg kmbjlquîlfjg nuvmljb, g kmtmlåæi læi ê g cmbhir sibuåæi. ‒Vm g kmtmlåæi `ulfjilgssm–, kjz mbm, ‒i priobmcg kg frjcjlgbjkgkm nuvmljb nç mstgrjg rmsibvjki. Vö qum tikgs gs mvjkîlfjgs suemrmc qum i mlfgrfmrgcmlti læi `ulfjilg–.   Vmu fibmeg Kgvm Qipm fil`mssg qum 5?

ficmåiu vmlki fic fmtjfjsci pikmr trgls`ircgkir kglåg.jl`rgtirms, Hinm mbm kjz qum mlxmreg cujtgs iutrgs imstrgtêejgs pgrg gnukgrkgnivmls

 

cgs lmlhucg tæi m`jfgz> ‒Pj jl`rgtirms trgogbhglki mc fgltmjris km iorgs, jl`rgtirms nieglki mspirtms fibmtjvis, jl`rgtirms `gzmlki fursis km ficpirtgcmlti m jl`rgtirms `gzmlki fursis km filtribm kg germssjvjkgkm. G kglåg filtmcpirïlmg, pgrg cjlhg surprmsg, `ij g mstrgtêejg qum bmviu g uc priermssi cgjir li cmlir tmcpi–. Fici uc priergcg km kglåg pikm `gzmr tgltg kj`mrmlåg quglki iutris priergcgs `rgfgssgc9 [grg Nglm Hmromrt, kjrmtirg grtãstjfg kg Kglfm ]ljtmk, mxpbjfg i qum i priergcg rmgbcmltm `gz. Gpmsgr km is pgrtjfjpgltms smrmc trgtgkis fici ogjbgrjlis pri`jssjilgjs m suocmtjkis g uc rmejcm km trmjlgcmlti pri`jssjilgb, i ionmtjvi ki [hm Gfgkmcy læi ê trgls`ircç-bis mc grtjstgs pri`jssjilgjs. ‒G jkmjg ê kgr g mssms nivmls g fhglfm km `gzmr gbei prçtjfi m bhms kgr gs hgojbjkgkms pgrg pikmrmc tmr g fhglfm km `gzmr sugs ipåýms lg vjkg. G cgjirjg kis nivmls fic qumc trgogbhgcis læi ticg kmfjsýms filsfjmltms. Mbms sö rmgemc. I priergcg km kglåg bhms kç g fhglfm km pilkmrgr m sö kmpijs gejr. Ê prmfjsi smr fgpgz km `jfgr mc sjbîlfji, mc jlgtjvjkgkm, gltms km `gzmr ucg msfibhg, gltms km gejr.– Mbg kjz qum, mc emrgb, is nivmls qum pgrtjfjpgc ki priergcg læi sgomc fici filfmltrgr sug mlmrejg `ãsjfg. ‒Mbms sæi cujti jlqujmtis iu kmsgnmjtgkis. Mbms læi tîc is pês li fhæi. Mbms læi tîc `iråg m qujmtukm, qum sæi i `ifi ki priergcg. G jkmjg ê m`mtjvgcmltm pgrgr gltms km ficmågr g `gzmr qugbqumr fijsg. Ê fici ucg irqumstrg. Ê i sjbîlfji gltms km ficmågr g tifgr, m i cmsci sm gpbjfg á kglåg m á vjkg.– I priergcg is gnukg g kmsmlvibvmr g gutimstjcg `gfjbjtglki g filfrmtjzgåæi km smu pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi. Fici uc cmcori kg mqujpm mxpbjfg> ‒Mbms frmsfmrgc iuvjlki qum læi tîc vgbir gbeuc m qum sæi jlfgpgzms km rmgbjzgr qugbqumr fijsg. Gquj mbms gprmlkmc qum tîc pitmlfjgb. Bmvgltglki-sm km cglhæ, mbms gkqujrmc ucg mstruturg, ucg kjsfjpbjlg, g fgpgfjkgkm km iomkmfmr jlstruåýms, g fil`jglåg km mlfgrgr g vjkg m ml`rmltgr sjtugåýms kj`ãfmjs. Gbeuls tîc kj`jfubkgkm, pirqum lulfg kglågrgc gltms–. G kglåg ê ucg gtjvjkgkm mxtrmcgcmltm fibgoirgtjvg. Fici Hmbml Bjlsmbb, ucg kgs kglågrjlgs, mxpbjfg> ‒Is pgrtjfjpgltms prmfjsgc sm rmbgfjilgr fic pmssigs kj`mrmltms. Qmssigs cgjs vmbhgs, cgjs nivmls m cmcoris kg mqujpm fic is qugjs mbms pikmc læi sjcpgtjzgr lgturgbcmltm–. _hjglg Bgws, iutrg kglågrjlg, ml`gtjzg qum ‒i priergcg læi bhms kç ormfhg pgrg `jfgr smc `gzmr lgkg, mlfistgr-sm lg pgrmkm iu

smltgr sm pirqum mstæi fglsgkis iu rjr li cmji km uc mxmrfãfji pirqum

 

mrrgrgc. Vicis gosibutgcmltm rjeirisis m `ij mxgtgcmltm g mssm rjeir qum `uj mxpistg quglki mstgvg trmjlglki pri`jssjilgbcmltm–. [grg Nglm Hmromrt mxpbjfg qum g gprmsmltgåæi gi pþobjfi gi `jc kgs trîs prjcmjrgs smcglgs rmprmsmltg uc pgssi mlircm pgrg is pgrtjfjpgltms. ‒Filvjkgcis gcjeis m pgrmltms pgrg gkmcgjirjg kis pgrtjfjpgltms, prjcmjrg vmz qum lg vjkg mbms sæim, vjstis ucg pmrspmftjvg pisjtjvg.ê Êg jcprmsfjlkãvmb qum g qugbjkgkm, i pgkræi ki trgogbhi, smng mxfmbmltm, pgrg qum mbms rmgbcmltm pissgc orjbhgr li pgbfi. Gi `jc kg gprmsmltgåæi, g fil`jglåg kmbms frmsfm cujti m mbms mltmlkmc tikg g prmssæi pir `ifi, fiipmrgåæi m tikgs gs iutrgs mxjeîlfjgs ki priergcg.– ]c kis pgrtjfjpgltms ki priergcg `ij uc nivmc fhgcgki Kgrryb. Wuglki Njc Orgky filvmrsiu fic Kgrryb m sug cæm pgrg glgbjsgr sugs ipåýms fici uc nivmc jl`rgtir, mrg kj`jfãbjci sgomr i qum Kgrryb mstgvg pmlsglki. ‒Mbm læi sm mlvibvjg lg filvmrsg4 prgtjfgcmltm læi kjssm ucg pgbgvrg–, Orgky. mstgvg ‒@ij söi gpriergcg cæm km km Kgrryb qum G`gbiu. is priergcgsfiltg kjspilãvmjs, kglåg.– cæm Kmltrm km Kgrryb kmfbgriu jcmkjgtgcmltm qum Kgrryb ngcgjs kglågrjg. Kgrryb læi kjssm lgkg. Cgs mbm gfgoiu jlki gi [hm Gfgkmcy m kglåiu. Vmeulki Orgky, is rmsubtgkis `irgc jcprmssjilgltms. ‒Kgrryb pgssiu pir ucg vmrkgkmjrg trgls`ircgåæi `ãsjfg. Hinm mbm sm jltmrmssg pir lutrjåæi, kjmtg m fujkg kg sgþkm. Mbm ê kmsmcogrgågki m sug gtjtukm cukiu cujti. Hinm mbm ê cgjs fil`jgltm, m tuki jssi gfiltmfmu mc gpmlgs trîs smcglgs. @ij ucg trgls`ircgåæi m tglti.– I pröprji Kgrryb fil`jrcg is omlm`ãfjis ki priergcg. ‒Pifî `gz ucg oig mbm `mz kjz, ucg ‒m sgjfijsg fic oig. tuki kimlki. Cgsgbeucgs ê ucg kir oig, pirqum vifîsmssæi–, sgom qum Kmpijs km smcglgs, vifî ficmåg g vmr qum smu firpi mstç `jfglki cgjs sgukçvmb, qum is cþsfubis mstæi frmsfmlki. M gã vifî ficmåg g pmlsgr qum pikm `gzmr gbeucg fijsg oig m kjvmrtjkg pgrg pgssgr i tmcpi–. Is rjeirms `ãsjfis m grtãstjfis kg kglåg cukgrgc g cglmjrg fici Kgrryb sm vî. M tgcoêc cukgrgc g cglmjrg fici mbm vî is iutris. ‒Gfhi qum gprmlkj g pmlsgr tgcoêc li qum gs pmssigs pmlsgc–, mbm kjz, ‒m g vmr gs fijsgs ki pilti km vjstg kis iutris–. I pgj km Kgrryb tgcoêc litiu g cukglåg> ‒G emltm tjlhg cujtis gtrjtis i Kgrryb mc fgsg. Geirg g emltm sm mkçmltrgr cujtilgomc m mspmrgcis qum mbmfic tmlhg g citjvgåæi pgrg sm mcpmlhgr `gfubkgkm–. Is

 

pgjs km iutri nivmc pgrtjfjpgltm ki priergcg tgcoêc vjrgc g kj`mrmlåg. Mbms `jfgrgc mcifjilgkis gi vmr g gprmsmltgåæi. ‒Mbm mstgvg fhmji km vjkg–, kjssm i pgj. ‒Mbm kjssm qum eistiu tglti qum `grjg tuki km livi.– G cæm filfirkiu> ‒Mbm mstç trgls`ircgki. Læi gfrmkjti qum smng i cmu `jbhi. Ê fici sm `issm uc fbilm kmbm, sö qum oic–. Qgrg _iomrt Ciregl, prmsjkmltm ki Filsmbhi km Nustjåg Nuvmljb, g jkmjg ki [hm Gfgkmcy ê fbgrg> ‒Qrmfjsgcis trgtgr mssms nivmls jl`rgtirms fici pmssigs fic pitmlfjgb. Wugbqumr pmssig qum tmlhg vjsti i trgogbhi qum mstç smlki `mjti gquj filsmeum vmr is mlircms rmfursis jlmxpbirgkis qum prmfjsgc smr kmsmlvibvjkis–. Kmpijs km ucg vjkg jltmjrg km `rgfgssis m fil`bjtis, Kgrryb vî smu pitmlfjgb mc tmrcis cujti pmssigjs. ‒Pifî pikm `gzmr g kj`mrmlåg–, kjz mbm. ‒Kmpmlkmlki km fici mlxmregr gs fijsgs. Vm pukmr cgltmr g fgomåg gomrtg m kmjxgr i pgssgki pgrg trçs, ê fici uc culki ficpbmtgcmltm livi.–

Kmsfiorjlki i lissi pitmlfjgb [ikis lös tmcis erglkms tgbmltis lgturgjs, cgs g fgpgfjkgkm km fgkg uc km lös sm rmvmbg km cglmjrg kj`mrmltm. Vm læi filsmeujrcis cistrgr gs hgojbjkgkms kgs pmssigs pmbg mkufgåæi, gbeucgs (tgbvmz gtê g cgjirjg) lulfg væi tmr g fhglfm km kmsfiorjr sug vmrkgkmjrg fgpgfjkgkm. Lmssm smltjki, mbgs pikmc lulfg sgomr qumc rmgbcmltm sæi lmc qumc mbgs pikmrjgc smr. Geirg, cgjs ki qum lulfg, gs ficuljkgkms hucglgs kmpmlkmc km ucg kjvmrsjkgkm km tgbmltis m læi km uc þljfi erupi km hgojbjkgkms. Wuglki `gbgcis mc trgogbhgr i lissi pitmlfjgb, g jkmjg ê gejr mc kugs `rmltms. G prjcmjrg ê kmsfiorjr i gbfglfm m g vgrjmkgkm ki lissi pitmlfjgb. G smeulkg ê trgls`ircç-bi mc rmgbjkgkm. Ê pir jssi qum g frjgtjvjkgkm kmvm ifupgr i fmltri ki pgbfi lg msfibg, li trgogbhi m lg vjkg. Mu kjssm li Fgpãtubi 7 qum g frjgtjvjkgkm ê fmrfgkg km cujtis mquãvifis m cgb-mltmlkjkis. G`jlgb, i qum ê g frjgtjvjkgkm9 Fici g frjgtjvjkgkm sm rmbgfjilg fic g jltmbjeîlfjg m fici mbg `ulfjilg lg prçtjfg9 Qripilhi ucg vjsjtg g Bgs Pmegs pgrg ficmågr g rmspilkmr g mssgs pmreultgs.

 

0

Vmng frjgtjvi

‒Wuglki gs pmssigs kmsfiormc smus tgbmltis m pgjxýms, mbgs kmsfiormc sug vmrkgkmjrg mlmrejg frjgtjvg m filfrmtjzgc filfrmtj zgc smu pitmlfjgb. Gnukgr gs pmssigs g filmftgr-sm fic smu pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi pmssigb ê g cglmjrg cgjs smeurg km kjspiljojbjzgr gi culki i cmbhir qum mbgs tîc g i`mrmfmr.–

Cjlhg mspisg, [mrry, m mu, vjvmcis m trgogbhgcis nultis hç cgjs km qugrmltg glis. I gli km ?115 cgrfiu lissi ?= i gljvmrsçrji km fgsgcmlti m kmfjkjcis rmlivgr lissis vitis lg Fgpmbg km Mbvjs Qrmsbmy, mc Bgs Pmegs. @icis fic trjltg gcjeis m pgrmltms, jlfbusjvm lissis kijs `jbhis, Ngcms m Dgtm. @ij uc `jc km smcglg jlmsqumfãvmb. Km tikgs gs ipåýms, eistgcis cgjs ki pgfitm Obum Hgwgjj, qum jlfbuãg uc fbilm ki Mbvjs, qugtri cþsjfgs m embi smfi. Gssjc qum mltrgcis lg fgpmbg, i gbtgr sm mlfhmu km `ucgåg km embi smfi, tgbvmz pgrg kgr uc gr km cjstêrji m sgltjkgkm. [gcoêc filtrgtgcis ucg kglågrjlg km hubg-hubg, qum læi mstgvg jlfbuãkg li pgfitm, cgs mrg uc ipfjilgb. Gfhmj qum `ij ucg oig ipåæi. Qir cgjs ]V$ 711, pikmrãgcis tmr fhmegki mc uc Fgkjbbgf firkm-risg, cgs gfhgcis uc piufi ormeg kmcgjs m pikmrjg tmr ogjxgki i lãvmb kg ifgsjæi. Kmpijs kg fmrjcûljg, `jzmcis ucg `mstg li Pmlmtjgl Hitmb, qum ê ki tgcglhi km ucg pmqumlg fjkgkm m jlfbuj, li smeulki glkgr, ucg rêpbjfg jlkiir  kg Qrgåg km Væi Cgrfis, km Pmlmzg, jlfbujlki i Erglkm Fglgb, fic eûlkibgs m eilkibmjris. Mu nç `uj pgrg Pmlmzg m, mc fmrtis gspmftis,

 

mu kjrjg qum i Pmlmtjgl Hitmb ê cmbhir. Ê cgjs gutîltjfi m læi tmc fhmjri km mseiti. Læi ê pir gfgsi qum cmlfjili Bgs Pmegs. Vm vifî pmlsgr g rmspmjti, læi hç citjvi lmlhuc pgrg g fjkgkm tmr sjki filstruãkg bç. G cgjirjg kgs fjkgkms tmr sjki `ulkgkg ilkm `ij.mc Gbeucgs fjkgkms, tmc ficigbeucg Livg rgzæi Zird pgrg iu Ogrfmbilg, `irgc `ulkgkgs pirtis lgturgjs, qum `gfjbjtgc i ficêrfji. Iutrgs `jfgc mc vgbms `êrtmjs, pmr`mjtis pgrg g gerjfubturg4 iu á omjrg km erglkms rjis, oils pgrg i trglspirtm m pgrg i pivigcmlti4 iu mc fibjlgs, oigs pgrg g km`msg. G fjkgkm km Bgs Pmegs læi tmc citjvi gbeuc pgrg tmr sjki `ulkgkg li cmji ki kmsmrti. Gtê ilkm smj, ljleuêc mstç tmltglki jlvgkjr g rmejæi. Bgs Pmegs `jfg frgvgkg li cmji km uc kmsmrti çrjki. Læi tmc uc gogstmfjcmlti lgturgb km çeug, lmc rmfursis pgrg gerjfubturg m gs tmcpmrgturgs sæi mxtrmcgs. Ê i buegr cgjs jcprivçvmb ki pbglmtg pgrg `ulkgr ucg erglkm fjkgkm. Cgs Bgs Pmegs pgssiu glis smlki ucg kgs fjkgkms qum cgjs frmsfmc lis Mstgkis ]ljkis m tiki culki nç iuvju `gbgr kmbg. Mc fmrti smltjki, Bgs Pmegs ifupg i tmrrmli cgjs `êrtjb kg [mrrg> g jcgejlgåæi hucglg. ‒Mc pmbi cmlis uc gspmfti, lös, smrms hucglis, sicis titgbcmltm kj`mrmltms kgs iutrgs mspêfjms ki pbglmtg. [mcis g fgpgfjkgkm km jcgejlgr. M, mc filsmquîlfjg, lissg  frjgtjvjkgkm ê jbjcjtgkg.–

Bgs Pmegs lgsfmuuc fici ucg jkmjg.kmG mlmrejg jkmjg gfgoiu tmlki ucLæi gpmbi tæi erglkm qum emriu rmkmcijlhi jcgejlgtjvg. mstiu suemrjlki qum vifî gprivm g jkmjg km Bgs Pmegs, cgs qum sjcpbmscmltm rmfilhmåg qum i filfmjti tiki ê `ruti kg jcgejlgåæi hucglg. M i cmsci sm gpbjfg g tikgs gs rmgbjzgåýms uljfgcmltm hucglgs.

I vêu kis filfmjtis Pmcis i culki læi fici mbm rmgbcmltm ê, cgs gtrgvês km uc vêu km filfmjtis. G lgturmzg kis lissis smltjkis g`mtg i qum sicis fgpgzms km pmrfmomr. Cmsci gssjc, gs pmssigs læi rgri vmmc is cmscis mvmltis km cglmjrg kj`mrmltm pir tmrmc piltis km vjstg kj`mrmltms. Mbgs pikmc mstgr

 

`jsjfgcmltm pisjfjilgkgs mc buegrms kj`mrmltms m bjtmrgbcmltm tmstmculhgr is gfiltmfjcmltis km uc ïleubi kj`mrmltm. Vm `issm sö jssi, qugbqumr kjsfirkïlfjg pikmrjg smr rmsibvjkg ficpgrglki i pilti km vjstg km tikgs gs tmstmculhgs m frjglki ucg vjsæi emrgb ionmtjvg. [mirjfgcmltm, ê jssi qum kmvmrjg gfiltmfmr mc uc trjoulgb km nustjåg. Lg prçtjfg, ficpgrgr i pilti km vjstg km tikgs gs tmstmculhgs emrgbcmltm gergvg gjlkg cgjs g kjsfirkïlfjg. Lissg vjsæi kis gfiltmfjcmltis ê jl`bumlfjgkg pmbgs jkmjgs, vgbirms m frmlågs gtrgvês kgs qugjs jltmrprmtgcis lissg mxpmrjîlfjg. Mssms `gtirms g`mtgc g lissg pmrfmpåæi km culki m i qum kmfjkjcis `gzmr g rmspmjti. Vm vifî bmvgr i smu fgfhirri pgrg `irg m gpiltgr pgrg g Bug, i fgfhirri privgvmbcmltm vgj ibhgr pgrg i smu kmki m kmpijs pgrg vifî. Vm vifî bmvgr ucg frjglåg pgrg `irg m gpiltgr pgrg g Bug, g frjglåg privgvmbcmltm ibhgrç pgrg g Bug. Jssi ê fhgcgki km gtmlåæi filnultg, g fgpgfjkgkm km ficpgrtjbhgr pgbgvrgs m uc pilti `ifgb. Á cmkjkg qum i fêrmori sm kmsmlvibvm, gs frjglågs gprmlkmc g mltmlkmr g jkmjg km qum ucg fijsg pikm rmprmsmltgr iutrg. Mssg fgpgfjkgkm `ircg gs ogsms kg rmgbjzgåæi cgjs jcpirtgltm kg cmltm frjgtjvg> i pikmr ki pmlsgcmlti sjcoöbjfi. G bjleugemc ê i mxmcpbi cgjs fbgri. Wuglki mstç gprmlkmlki g `gbgr, ucg frjglåg gprmlkm qum is sils pikmc tmr uc sjelj`jfgki m, cgjs tgrkm, gprmlkmc qum gs bmtrgs rmprmsmltgc sils. Iutris gljcgjs tîc ucg fgpgfjkgkm bjcjtgkg km pmlsgcmlti sjcoöbjfi. Vm vifî kjssmr ‒pmeum– g uc fgfhirri, mbm sm mcpmrtjegrç m sm prmpgrgrç pgrg firrmr. Vm vifî ficmågr g kjsfursgr siorm g jcpirtïlfjg km sgomr pmegr gs fijsgs iu is mstjbis km pmegr ucg vgrmtg, i fgfhirri læi vgj rmgejr mlquglti vifî læi  niegr g vgrmtg. Vm vifî cistrgr g `iti km ucg vgrmtg pgrg i fgfhirri, mbm privgvmbcmltm vgj `grmnç-bg. Gs hgojbjkgkms ki fgfhirri læi væi cujti gbêc kg gssifjgåæi mltrm sils m gåýms. Mbgs læi sm mstmlkmc, fici ifirrm rgpjkgcmltm fic gs frjglågs, g si`jstjfgkis pikmrms km pmlsgcmlti m ficuljfgåæi. I pikmr kg rmprmsmltgåæi bmviu g `ircgs jltrjlfgkgs km pmlsgcmlti m ficuljfgåæi qum pmrcmjgc g filsfjîlfjg hucglg m kmtmrcjlgc lissgs jkmjgs m smltjcmltis siorm i culki. Lös læi sö ibhgcis pgrg g Bug fici g pisjfjilgcis lgs ficpbmxgs tmirjgs ki uljvmrsi4 læi sö tmcis smltjcmltis uc pmbi iutri fici is mxprmssgcis lg cþsjfg m lg pimsjg. Læi sö vjvmcis mc ficuljkgkms fici filstruãcis mbgoirgkgs tmirjgs m

filstjtujåýms pibãtjfgs.

 

‒Frjgtjvjkgkm rmqumr fibifgr g jcgejlgåæi pgrg  `ulfjilgr. Km fmrti ciki, g frjgtjvjkgkm ê g  jcgejlgåæi gpbjfgkg.–

Vmeulki gbeucgsmtmirjgs kg jltmbjeîlfjg, hç ucg bjlhggreucmltg kjrmtg bjeglki is smltjkis, i fêrmori gs lissgs gåýms. Vusgllm Bglemr qum hç uc prifmssi jltmrcmkjçrji. Vmeulki mbg, i fêrmori gtug fici uc erglkm trgls`ircgkir> ‒I `buxi km mxpmrjîlfjg qum pgssg pmbi fêrmori si`rm ucg cukglåg km fgrçtmr, læi pmbi... smltjki gtrgvês ki qugb g pmrfmpåæi mltriu, cgs pmbi usi jljfjgb qum sm `gz kmbm jcmkjgtgcmltm. Mbm ê gosirvjki pmbi `buxi km sãcoibis qum filstjtumc g cmltm hucglg–.  Pmngcis i mxmcpbi kg bjleugemc. 56

@gbglki i qum sm pgssg pmbg sug cmltm

Mc emrgb prmsucm-sm qum g bjleugemc ê mc erglkm pgrtm uc sjstmcg km ficuljfgåæi. Qrjcmjri tmcis pmlsgcmltis m kmpijs mlfiltrgcis gs pgbgvrgs pgrg mxprmssç-bis. Ê vmrkgkm qum g bjleugemc pikm smr ucg cglmjrg si`jstjfgkg km ficuljfgåæi, cgs mbg tgcoêc tmc uc pgpmb ficpbmxi lg km`jljåæi ki qum m km fici pmlsgcis. Wuglki ucg frjglåg gprmlkm g `gbgr, mbg `gz cgjs ki qum gprmlkmr qum gs fijsgs tîc licms. Mbg gosirvm cikis km pmlsgr pissjojbjtgkis pmbgs pgbgvrgs. Qir mxmcpbi, g pgbgvrg ‒fgcmbi– mc çrgom pikm smr mxprmssg km cujtgs cglmjrgs kj`mrmltms. Gbêc kg pgbgvrg knmcgb, g bjleugemc `gbgkg pikm jlfbujr fmltmlgs km iutris suostgltjvis, kmpmlkmlki ki kjgbmti bifgb. Vgomr gs pgbgvrgs pgrg kmsfrmvmr luglfms `gfjbjtg vmr gs kj`mrmlågs mltrm mbgs.  Gs bãleugs sæi cgjs qum ucg fibmtïlmg km licms km fijsgs. Mbgs sæi ficpistgs km mstruturg ergcgtjfgb, tmcpis vmrogjs, cikis m sjltgxm qum pikmc vgrjgr cujti mltrm gs bãleugs. Mc gbeucgs bãleugs gcmrãlkjgs, pir mxmcpbi, g sjcpbms jkmjg km ‒mu vmni uc hicmc– læi pikm smr mxprmssg smc jlkjfgr sm i hicmc mstç smltgki, mc pê iu glkglki.  G bãleug ermeg tmc tmcpis m cikis qum læi mxjstmc li jlebîs. Mssgs kj`mrmlågs jbustrgc gs vçrjgs cglmjrgs ‒lgturgjs– km pmlsgr km kj`mrmltms ficuljkgkms bjleuãstjfgs. Ê rmbgtjvgcmltm `çfjb pgrg uc `gbgltm ki jlebîs gprmlkmr `rglfîs iu jtgbjgli, mc pgrtm pirqum cujtgs pgbgvrgs 5;

5=

sæi smcmbhgltms, cgs tgcoêc pirqum gs filvmlåýms kmssgs bãleugs sæi

 

pgrmfjkgs. Gs trîs `gzmc pgrtm kg `gcãbjg kgs bãleugs jlki-muripmjgs. Qikm smr cgjs kj`ãfjb pgrg uc muripmu gprmlkmr fhjlîs, pirqum gs filvmlåýms kj`mrmc cujti. I fhjlîs ê ucg bãleug cilissjbçojfg m tilgb. Lg vmrkgkm, i fhjlîs ê tilgb  pir  pirqum qum ê cilissjbçojfi. Fgkg pgbgvrg ê bjcjtgkg g ucg sãbgog m kmrmprmsmltgkg pirsils ucpgrmfjkis þljfi fgrgftmrm bjleugemc msfrjtg. I lþcmri pgbgvrgs fic tirlgrjg lg g bãleug jlficprmmlsãvmb sm læi hiuvmssm gbeucg cglmjrg km kj`mrmlfjgr i sjelj`jfgki, m ê gã qum i tic kg viz mltrg. Gs pgbgvrgs rmfmomc uc tic (gbti, cêkji, ogjxi) m uc ‒filtirli–. G viz ê cgltjkg li cmsci tic iu siom iu kmsfm mlquglti g pgbgvrg ê prilulfjgkg. Wugsm bjtmrgbcmltm, i fhjlîs ê fgltgki. Vm vifî fgltgr g litg mrrgkg, smu jltmrbifutir iuvjrç uc sjelj`jfgki ficpbmtgcmltm kj`mrmltm. [iki mstrglemjri gprmlkmlki g `gbgr fhjlîs vgj pgssgr pir cujtis cgb-mltmlkjkis m eg`ms, gbeucgs cgjs ergvms qum iutrgs. Gi filtrçrji ki jlebîs, filfirkïlfjg, ki `rglfîs iu tmcpi ki jtgbjgli, i fhjlîs qum læi usg jl`bmxýms pgrg mxprmssgr iu lþcmri, sæi ficuljfgkis li filtmxti m lg irkmc kgs pgbgvrgs. I fhjlîs msfrjti tgcoêc kj`mrm kis jkjicgs muripmus pir læi usgr uc gb`gomti. Fgkg pgbgvrg ê uc fgrgftmrm kj`mrmltm, qum prmfjsg smr gprmlkjki mc sug titgbjkgkm smc i omlm`ãfji km bmtrgs pgrg irjmltgr g prilþlfjg. Jssi bmviu gi kmsmlvibvjcmlti km vçrjis kjgbmtis kj`mrmltms gi bilei kis sêfubis lg Fhjlg, tikis ogsmgkis mc ucg bjleugemc msfrjtg ficuc. Fhjlmsms km kj`mrmltms rmejýms ki pgãs pikmc tmr kj`jfubkgkm km sm mltmlkmr lg bãleug `gbgkg, cgs pikmc filsmeujr sm ficuljfgr pir msfrjti. ]c nmjti `çfjb km mltmlkmr mssm filfmjti ê kgr ucg ibhgkg li tmfbgki km uc ficputgkir. Læi jcpirtg sm i tmfbgki `ir mc jlebîs, `rglfîs iu jtgbjgli, tikis mltmlkmc gs bmtrgs m is lþcmris, cmsci gtrjoujlki ás bmtrgs m gis lþcmris kj`mrmltms licms m sils, sm is bmrmc mc viz gbtg. Gi frmsfmr mc ucg fubturg, gs frjglågs væi gosirvmlki cglmjrgs km pmlsgr jlfirpirgkgs lgs bãleugs qum gprmlkmc. Kmssg `ircg, gs bãleugs kmsmcpmlhgc uc pgpmb `ulkgcmltgb li kmsmlvibvjcmlti kg filsfjîlfjg. Gs pgbgvrgs sæi cujti jcpirtgltms, cgs læi sæi g þljfg cglmjrg pmbg qugb pmlsgcis. 50

I qum vifî qumr kjzmr9

 

G bjleugemc ê uc sjstmcg km sãcoibis. ]c sãcoibi ê gbei qum rmprmsmltg gbeucg iutrg fijsg. Wugbqumr fijsg pikm smr uc sãcoibi. Is sãcoibis pikmc smr jl`ircgjs iu `ircgjs. Is sãcoibis jl`ircgjs læi `irgc frjgkis pgrg tmr uc sjelj`jfgki mspmfã`jfi4 sicis lös qum bhms gtrjouãcis uc smltjki. ]ckmpmlkmlki pûr ki sib pikm sjcoibjzgr trjstmzg ucgmstgki pmssigkmm mspãrjti mu`irjg pgrg iutrg, km gssifjgåýms pmssigjspgrg iu ki km fgkg ucg. Nç is sãcoibis `ircgjs `irgc frjgkis pgrg tmr uc sjelj`jfgki mspmfã`jfi m mc emrgb tikgs gs pmssigs qum is usgc filfirkgc siorm g `ulåæi iu i sjelj`jfgki kmbms. Gbêc kmssgs kugs fgtmeirjgs, mu tgcoêc suemrjrjg ucg gcpbg kjstjlåæi mltrm `ircgs km rmprmsmltgåæi sjcoöbjfg sjstmcçtjfgs m msqumcçtjfgs.

Vãcoibis sjstmcçtjfis Qgbgvrgs sæi fic mxmcpbis sjstmcçtjfi. Is uljkgkms sjstmcgs lucêrjfism lþcmris sæi frjgkis ogsm km mcsjcoibjsci uc pmqumli filnulti km oçsjfgs qum pikmc smr ficojlgkgs mc ucg vgrjmkgkm jl`jljtg km cglmjrgs km mxprmssgr sjelj`jfgkis prmfjsis. Gssjc fici is lþcmris tîc vgbirms gfmjtis, gs pgbgvrgs tgcoêc tîc sjelj`jfgkis filvmlfjilgjs km`jlãvmjs mc rmbgåæi ucgs ás iutrgs m rmergs qum g`mtgc sug utjbjzgåæi. Lg bjleugemc vmrogb, gs pgbgvrgs sæi usgkgs mc smquîlfjgs kmtmrcjlgkgs pir filvmlåýms km ergcçtjfg m sjltgxm, pgrg smpgrgr i qum `gz smltjki ki qum læi `gz. Mc sjstmcgs fici mssms, sm is vçrjis mbmcmltis læi `irmc ficpistis km kmtmrcjlgkgs cglmjrgs, mbms kmjxgc km `gzmr smltjki. Qikmcis læi smr fgpgzms km mltmlkmr tikgs gs pgbgvrgs km ucg `rgsm, cgs sgomcis qum g `rgsm tmc uc sjelj`jfgki pirqum filhmfmcis gs rmergs ki sjstmcg. Vm mlfiltrgcis ucg pgbgvrg kmsfilhmfjkg, pikmcis prifurgr g km`jljåæi m mlfiltrgr smu sjelj`jfgki kmsfrjti mc iutrgs pgbgvrgs. Gfiltmfm cujti km lmc prmfjsgrcis filsubtgr g km`jljåæi pirqum i sjelj`jfgki `jfg fbgri pmbi filtmxti. G lgturmzg sjstmcçtjfg kg bjleugemc ê jbustrgkg pmbi fjmltjstg m `jbösi`i Cjfhgmb Qibglyj, qum sm pmreultiu i qum gfiltmfmrjg sm suostjtuãssmcis fgkg `rgsm kj`mrmltm kg bãleug jlebmsg pir ucg þljfg pgbgvrg. ‒Qrmfjsgcis ficmågr filsjkmrglki–, mbm kjssm, ‒qum, fic uc gb`gomti km ?0 bmtrgs, ê 8

pissãvmb frjgrpgbgvrgs.– ?0  pgbgvrgs ijti bmtrgs, i qum titgbjzgrjgifmrfg km 711 ojbhýms km Mssmfic lþcmri ê gprixjcgkgcmltm lþcmri km

 

lmurûljis ki fêrmori hucgli. G jlfbusæi km ojbhýms km pgbgvrgs lg bãleug jlebmsg ‒g kmstrujrjg ficpbmtgcmltm, læi sö pirqum ljleuêc smrjg fgpgz km cmcirjzgr tgltgs pgbgvrgs, cgs pmbg jcpirtgltm rgzæi km qum cujtgs kmbgs læi `grjgc smltjki. Jssi gfiltmfmrjg pirqum i sjelj`jfgki km ucg pgbgvrg êkm `ircgki m msfbgrmfjki usi smrjg rmpmtjki m g gpmlgs erglkm ucg cgjirjg pgbgvrgs ijti bmtrgs kg bãleugpmbi jlebmsg usgkg vmzkgs iu fic `rmquîlfjg jlsu`jfjmltm pgrg gkqujrjr uc sjelj`jfgki–. Lg quãcjfg, pir mxmcpbi, is cjbhýms km ficpistis kj`mrmltms sæi filstjtuãkis km fmrfg km fmc mbmcmltis quãcjfis> ‒Fici fgkg mbmcmlti tmc uc licm m uc sãcoibi fgrgftmrãstjfi gtrjouãki g mbm, pikmcis msfrmvmr g ficpisjåæi km qugbqumr ficpisti mc tmrcis kis mbmcmltis qum mbm filtêc. Fbgssj`jfgr gs fijsgs pmbgs fgrgftmrãstjfgs pgrg gs qugjs tmcis pgbgvrgs, fici `gzmcis gi `gbgr siorm gs fijsgs, rmqumr i cmsci tjpi km filhmfjcmlti mspmfjgbjzgki qum uc lgturgbjstg kmvm tmr pgrg jkmltj`jfgr mspêfjcms km pbgltgs iu fic gljcgjs. Kmssm g grtmrjfi, km mxprmssgr-sm fic prmfjsæi, gpbjfglki mxgtjkæi uc ciki, vifgoubçrji gssmcmbhg-sm á kmbjfgkg kjsfrjcjlgåæi prgtjfgkg pir uc oic tgxilicjstg–. 55

Vãcoibis msqumcçtjfis Qjlturgs, pimcgs, cþsjfg m kglåg sæi mxmcpbis km sãcoibis msqumcçtjfis. Qgbgvrgs m lþcmris `ulfjilgc omc pgrg jkmjgs m filfmjtis qum pikmc smr mxprmssis mc smquîlfjg. Jcgemls vjsugjs gprmsmltgc tiki ipmlsgcmltis pgkræi km jkmjgs vjsugb,kgs pikmcis mxprmssgr qum sjcubtglmgcmltm. læi sm gnustgc Lg ás `ircg mstruturgs pgbgvrgs. Vmus sjelj`jfgkis sö pikmc smr mxprmssis lmssgs `ircgs qum gssucmc. Vm qujsmr mltmlkmr i sjelj`jfgki km ucg pjlturg, vifî læi tmc fici rmfirrmr g uc kjfjilçrji km firms pgrg filsubtgr i qum i gzub m i vmrkm emrgbcmltm sjelj`jfgc quglki sæi ficojlgkis mc ucg pjlturg. Læi mxjstm uc cglugb km gfirkms m hgrciljgs qum pikmcis filsubtgr pgrg sgomr i sjelj`jfgki km ucg sjl`iljg m lmlhuc eujg tmgtrgb qum lis kjeg i qum sjelj`jfg ucg pmåg. Læi hç sjelj`jfgkis `jxis pgrg gs `ircgs sjcoöbjfgs km grtm pgrg smpgrgr i qum `gz smltjki ki qum læi `gz. I sjelj`jfgki km ucg iorg mkm ggrtmsmlsgåæi sö mstç kjspilãvmb mc sug `ircg km mxprmssæi mspmfã`jfg. I sic pripirfjilgkis pir ucg iorg grtãstjfg sæi

 

jlsmpgrçvmjs læi sö ki qum  mbg sjelj`jfg, cgs tgcoêc km fici  mbg sjelj`jfg. ]cg pjlturg, ucg pmåg tmgtrgb, ucg sjl`iljg, uc ricglfm sæi `ircgs ficpbmxgs m mspmfjgjs frjgkgs fic ogsm mc uc smlsi km `ircg m filhmfjcmlti fubturgb m læi km sjelj`jfgkis sjstmcçtjfis. Gs tmgtrgjs, `ircgs ricglfms msqumcçtjfgs pikmcusgc usgrpgbgvrgs, sãcoibis G`jlgb, pmågs m pimcgs m gsjstmcçtjfis. litgåæi cusjfgb lis pissjojbjtg vmr fgkg litg lg `ircg msfrjtg. G pgrtjturg læi ê g cþsjfg, gssjc fici i tmxti læi ê g pmåg. Mbms sæi is sãcoibis sjstmcçtjfis lis qugjs g iorg msqumcçtjfg ê fikj`jfgkg m g pgrtjr kis qugjs mbg kmvm smr jltmrprmtgkg pmbis gtirms li pgbfi iu pmbi bmjtir ki pimcg. Gs pgbgvrgs pikmc smr usgkgs km cglmjrg `ulfjilgb pgrg kgr filtg kgs tgrm`gs ki kjg g kjg. Mc emrgb læi egstgcis cujti tmcpi bgpjkglki uc ojbhmtm iu m-cgjb rçpjki pgrg uc gcjei iu fibmeg km trgogbhi. Lissi jltmrmssm mstç lg cmlsgemc m læi lg cglmjrg fici g cmlsgemc ê mxprmssg, li filtmþki m læiIs lg pimtgs `ircg. læi Nç g pimsjg ê kj`mrmltm. sm jltmrmssgc gpmlgs pmbis sjelj`jfgkis bjtmrgjs, cgs tgcoêc pmbgs vçrjgs gssifjgåýms km pgbgvrgs, rjtcis m fgkîlfjgs ki pimcg fici uc tiki. Læi rmgejcis g uc pimcg, g ucg pmåg iu g ucg cþsjfg, vmrsi pir vmrsi, pgbgvrg pir pgbgvrg iu litg pir litg. ]cg fgrgftmrãstjfg kis sãcoibis msqumcçtjfis ê qum rmgejcis g mbms fici uc tiki. G iorg ficpbmtg ê cgjs qum g sicg km sugs pgrtms. ]sgcis kj`mrmltms cikis km rmprmsmltgåæi pgrg mxprmssgr kj`mrmltms tjpis km jkmjgs. Kjz g bmlkg qum i ficpisjtir Eustgv Cghbmr mstgvg mc smu mstþkji, filfbujlki ucg livg pmåg pgrg pjgli. Mlquglti mbm tifgvg, uc gbuli mltriu li mstþkji m iuvju mcViorm sjbîlfji. Gi ê9–. `jc kg pmåg,smi gbuli pmreultiu> ‒Cgmstri, `ij cgrgvjbhisi. i qum Cghbmr vjriu pgrg i gbuli m rmspilkmu> ‒Ê siorm jssi–, m tifiu g pmåg km livi. Vm gs jkmjgs kg cþsjfg pukmssmc smr mxprmssgs mc pgbgvrgs, læi hgvmrjg lmfmssjkgkm km ficpir g cþsjfg. Gbeucgs jkmjgs sö pikmc smr mxprmssgs lg cgtmcçtjfg. Fici kmsfrmvmu _jfhgrk @mylcgl, vmlfmkir ki Qrîcji Liomb km @ãsjfg> ‒Hinm mc kjg, g þljfg cglmjrg qum tmcis km ficprmmlkmr g lgturmzg `ulkgcmltgb ki culki `ãsjfi ê usglki gbeuc tjpi km rgfjifãlji cgtmcçtjfi. Læi gfhi qum smng pissãvmb rmfilhmfmr cujtis kmssms gspmftis mspmfã`jfis ki culki, g erglkm i fgrçtmr kg uljvmrsgbjkgkm kgs bmjs, gs rmbgåýms mltrmpri`ulkjkgkm gs fijsgs, msmc mltmlkmr

 

cgtmcçtjfg. Mc cujtis gspmftis ki culki, g cgtmcçtjfg ê kmslmfmssçrjg, fici i gcir. Mssms gspmftis sæi mlfgltgkirms m kmbmjtisis m ê pissãvmb gprmfjç-bis m lis cgrgvjbhgr fic mbms smc sgomr lgkg km cgtmcçtjfg. Cgs, sm i gssulti `ir `ãsjfg, kmsfilhmfmr g cgtmcçtjfg ê ucg ergvm 58

bjcjtgåæi pgrg mltmlkmr i culki–. G cgtmcçtjfg ê i cmbhir cmji km mxprmssæi pgrg gbeucgs `ircgs km ficprmmlsæi ki culki, cgs uc cmji km mxprmssæi rmbgtjvgcmltm jlsgtjs`gtörji pgrg iutrgs. Vm qujsmr kmsfrmvmr i civjcmlti kis mbêtrils, vifî prmfjsg usgr g çbemorg. Vm qujsmr mxprmssgr smu gcir pir gbeuêc, smrjg cmbhir usgr g pimsjg. Vm gbeuêc bhm pmreultgr> ‒Wuglti vifî cm gcg9–, læi bhm mltrmeum ucg fgbfubgkirg kjzmlki> ‒@gåg is fçbfubis gquj–.

G sug cmltm frjgtjvg 

Gs lissgs jkmjgs tîc i pikmr km lis bjomrtgr iu km lis gprjsjilgr. Lgs pgbgvrgs ki psjföbiei Emirem G. Dmbby> ‒Qgrg kgr smltjki gis mvmltis, usgcis i `ji filkutir kgs jkmjgs m, pgrg kgr smltjki ás jkmjgs, prmfjsgcis vmrj`jfç-bgs usglki is mvmltis–.  Vmeulki Dmbby, trgtg-sm km uc prifmssi km gprixjcgåýms sufmssjvgs. ]sgcis mssm cêtiki pgrg frjgr is culkis lis qugjs vjvmcis m smcprm tmcis g pissjojbjkgkm km rmfrjç-bis. Gs jkmjgs emrgkirgs kg hjstörjg hucglg trgls`ircgrgc g vjsæi km culki kg êpifg m gnukgrgc g rmkm`jljr sugs fubturgs. Qikm smr jssi qum i ficmkjgltm Emirem Fgrbjl tjlhg mc cmltm quglki kjssm> ‒Wuglki `jlgbcmltm kmsfiorj i smltjki kg vjkg, mbms `irgc bç m cukgrgc–. I qum sm gpbjfg gis bileis fjfbis km cukglåg frjgtjvg mc ucg fubturg sifjgb tgcoêc sm gpbjfg gis fjfbis cgjs furtis km trgogbhi frjgtjvi rmgbjzgki pir pmssigs m erupis. G frjgtjvjkgkm ê uc prifmssi km gprixjcgåýms sufmssjvgs. 5:

Jcgejlgåæi, frjgtjvjkgkm m jlivgåæi G jcgejlgåæi ê g `iltm kg lissg frjgtjvjkgkm, cgs jcgejlgåæi m frjgtjvjkgkm sæi kugs fijsgs kj`mrmltms. G jcgejlgåæi ê g fgpgfjkgkm km

 

usgr g cmltm pgrg pmlsgr mc fijsgs qum læi mstæi prmsmltms pgrg is lissis smltjkis, nç frjgtjvjkgkm sjelj`jfg fibifgr fi bifgr g jcgejlgåæi pgrg `ulfjilgr. `ulfjilgr. G jcgejlgåæi jlfbuj mxpmrjîlfjgs cmltgjs jcgeêtjfgs, jcgejlgtjvgs  m jcgejlçrjgs.  Qikmcis jcgejlgr fijsgs qum mxjstjrgc, qum mxjstmc, qum pikmc iu qum mxjstmc. pgrg pmlsgrvifî mc smrç uc mbm`gltm,mxjstjr lg msfibg ilkmlæi vifî mstukiuVmiumulibhm smupmkjr cmbhir gcjei, fgpgz km pmlsgr mc jcgemls cmltgjs mxtrgãkgs kg mxpmrjîlfjg rmgb. Lircgbcmltm, læi pmlsgcis mc jcgemls cmltgjs km mxpmrjîlfjgs rmgjs fici smlki jcgejlgtjvgs.  Vmrjg cgjs firrmti pmlsgr lmbgs fici smlki jcgeêtjfgs.  Vm mu bhm pmkjr pgrg pmlsgr mc uc ursi pibgr vmrkm usglki uc vmstjki, vifî tgcoêc smrç fgpgz km jcgejlgr jssi. Lmssm fgsi, vifî mstgrç pmlsglki mc gbei qum lulfg vju iu vjvmlfjiu (iu pmbi cmlis ê i qum mu prmsuci). Mssms tjpis km jcgemls sæi pissjojbjkgkms ficpistgs lg cmltm (m læi trgzjkgs á cmltm pmbg cmcörjg). Mssgs jcgemls sæi jcgejlgtjvgs.rmgjs.   Qikmcis fil`ulkjr mxpmrjîlfjgs jcgejlgtjvgs fic mxpmrjîlfjgs Mssms tjpis km mxpmrjîlfjg sæi jcgejlçrjgs . ]sglki g jcgejlgåæi, pikmcis lis kjstglfjgr ki gquj m geirg. Qikmcis rmvjsjtgr m rmvmr i pgssgki. Qikmcis tmr ucg vjsæi kj`mrmltm ki prmsmltm fibifglki-lis lg fgomåg kis iutris, m pikmcis tmltgr vmr g sjtugåæi fic is ibhis kmbms m smltjr fic i firgåæi kmbms. ]sglki g jcgejlgåæi, pikmcis gltmvmr cujtis `uturis pissãvmjs. Qikmcis læi smr fgpgzms km prmvmr i `uturi, cgs, gi gejr fic ogsm lgs jkmjgs prikuzjkgs lg lissg jcgejlgåæi, pikmcis gnukgr g frjç-bi. G frjgtjvjkgkm vgj uc pgssi gbêc kg jcgejlgåæi. G jcgejlgåæi pikm

smr ucg mxpmrjîlfjg jltmjrgcmltm kg gfilsfjîlfjg Qikmrãgcis mstgr kmjtgkis, jcövmjs lgprjvgkg fgcg, fic jcgejlgåæi jltmrjir. g cjb m ljleuêc tmrjg fici sgomr i qum sm pgssg lg lissg fgomåg. Gs jcgemls frjgkgs lg lissg cmltm læi tîc lmlhuc rmsubtgki li culki rmgb. Cgs g frjgtjvjkgkm sjc. Vmr frjgtjvi rmqumr `gzmr  gbeucg fijsg. Vmrjg mstrglhi kmsfrmvmr fici frjgtjvg ucg pmssig qum lulfg `mz lgkg. Kmsfrmvmr gbeuêc fici frjgtjvi suemrm qum g pmssig mstç gtjvg m kmbjomrgkgcmltm prikuzjlki gbeucg fijsg.  Gs pmssigs læi sæi frjgtjvgs li gostrgti, mbgs sæi frjgtjvgs mc  gbei (mc cgtmcçtjfg, mlemlhgrjg, msfrjtg, cþsjfg, lis lmeöfjis, li qum `ir). Km fmrti ciki, g frjgtjvjkgkm ê g jcgejlgåæi 81

gpbjfgkg. M fici g frjgtjvjkgkm `ulfjilg9

 

I prifmssi frjgtjvi Cjlhg km`jljåæi km frjgtjvjkgkm ê i prifmssi km tmr jkmjgs irjejlgjs qum pissumc gbeuc vgbir. Litm trîs tmrcis-fhgvm lmssg km`jljåæi>  pri  prifmssi fmssi, irjejlgb m vgbir. Ê cgjs ficuc g frjgtjvjkgkm smr uc prifmssi ki qum uc mvmlti. ]c prifmssi jcpbjfg ucg rmbgåæi mltrm smus vçrjis mbmcmltis, km cglmjrg qum fgkg gspmfti g`mtg tikis is iutris. Vmr frjgtjvi mlvibvm kijs prifmssis mltrmbgågkis. I prjcmjri ê emrgtjvi m i smeulki ê gvgbjgtjvi. G cgjirjg kis trgogbhis frjgtjvis mlvibvm cujtgs trglsjåýms mltrm mssms kijs cikis. G qugbjkgkm kg prikuåæi frjgtjvg rmbgfjilg-sm g gcois is prifmssis. Gnukgr gs pmssigs g mltmlkmr m filtribgr g jltmr-rmbgåæi mltrm mbms ê jcpirtgltãssjci pgrg i kmsmlvibvjcmlti frjgtjvi. ‒G frjgtjvjkgkm ê i prifmssi km tmr jkmjgs irjejlgjs qum tîc gbeuc vgbir.–

Emrglki jkmjgs I pri`mssir Hgrry Driti `ij gergfjgki fic i Qrîcji Liomb km Wuãcjfg. Mbm tgcoêc `ij kmsjelmr. Qmreultmj-bhm qugjs sæi gs kj`mrmlågs (sm ê qum hç gbeucg) mltrm g frjgtjvjkgkm lgs grtms m lg fjîlfjg> li mstþkji m li bgoirgtörji. Mbm rmspilkmu qum, pgrg mbm, i prifmssi ê i cmsci, gpmsgr km is rmsubtgkis smrmc kj`mrmltms (fici vmrmcis li Fgpãtubi 5). Mc tikis is prifmssis frjgtjvis, mstmlkmcis gs `riltmjrgs ki qum sgomcis geirg pgrg mxpbirgr livgs pissjojbjkgkms4 ogsmgci-lis lgs hgojbjkgkms qum tmcis geirg, cujtgs vmzms gcpbjglki-gs m kmsmlvibvmlki-gs km gfirki fic gs kmcglkgs ki trgogbhi. Lis mstçejis jljfjgjs, smr frjgtjvi pikm mlvibvmr orjlfgr fic ucg jkmjg, rgojsfgr iu jcprivjsgr siorm uc tmcg. Qikm ficmågr fic uc pmlsgcmlti bjtmrgbcmltm mc `ircgåæi, fic uc msoiåi, uc pbgli iu uc kmsjel jljfjgb4 gs prjcmjrgs litgs km ucg cmbikjg iu g suemstæi km ucg sibuåæi pgrg uc priobmcg. Qikm hgvmr vçrjgs jkmjgs mc niei m vçrjis piltis km pgrtjkg pissãvmjs. G frjgtjvjkgkm lmc smcprm rmqumr bjvrgr-sm km tikgs gs rmstrjåýms iu ficmågr fic ucg pçejlg mc orglfi. Cujtis trgogbhis frjgtjvis prmfjsgc sm gkmqugr g jlstruåýms mspmfã`jfgs iu ucg sêrjm km filvmlåýms m erglkms iorgs læi rgri rmsubtgc km trgogbhgr iomkmfmlki g

rmstrjåýms `ircgjs. Wuglki i prmsjkmltm Dmllmky kmfbgriu, mc smtmcori

 

km 7:0?, qum is Mstgkis ]ljkis bmvgrjgc uc hicmc á Bug m i trgrjgc km vibtg á [mrrg mc smeurglåg, mbm kmu jlãfji g ucg m`mrvmsfîlfjg km frjgtjvjkgkm m jlivgåæi qum mlvibvmu ojbhýms km köbgrms, cjbhýms km pmssigs m fmltmlgs km jlstjtujåýms trgogbhglki mc vçrjis fgcpis km gtugåæi. I kmsg`ji mrg fbgri gs ergvjkgkm rmstrjåýms iu tgcoêc. Ljleuêc pmreultiu sm smrjg pissãvmb gnustgr gs bmjsm kg gprixjcgr uc piufi g Bug kg [mrrg. I silmti tmc ucg `ircg `jxg á qugb i msfrjtir kmvm sm suocmtmr. I hgjfgj ngpilîs suocmtm i pimtg g rmqujsjtis `ircgjs mspmfã`jfis m i cmsci pikm smr kjti km cujtgs iutrgs `ircgs km mstruturg piêtjfg. Mssgs rmstrjåýms læi rm`rmjgc g frjgtjvjkgkm ki msfrjtir, gpmlgs bhm jcpýmc ucg mstruturg. G prikuåæi frjgtjvg m i prgzmr mstêtjfi mstæi mc usgr `ircgs-pgkræi pgrg iotmr m`mjtis smc jeugb m jlsjehts irjejlgjs. Fici smr frjgtjvi mlvibvm `gzmr  gbeucg fijsg, g frjgtjvjkgkm smcprm mlvibvmrç i usitmfjki km gbeuc cmji. pikmc Qikm smr cmji `ãsjfi, fici fici sic, gåi, cgkmjrg, grejbg, iu ficjkg4 smr uc cmjis smlsirjgjs, buz, viz iu i firpi4 pikmc smr cmjis fieljtjvis, fici pgbgvrgs, lþcmris iu litgåæi cusjfgb. Vmcprm hç ucg rmbgåæi ãltjcg mltrm gs jkmjgs m i cmji li qugb gs jkmjgs sæi filfrmtjzgkgs. Læi jcpirtg sm g tgrm`g `ir prinmtgr uc mkj`ãfji, kmsmlvibvmr uc tmirmcg cgtmcçtjfi, ucg hjpötmsm fjmltã`jfg iu ucg ficpisjåæi cusjfgb. G frjgtjvjkgkm ê uc kjçbiei mltrm gs jkmjgs m i cmji li qugb mbgs sæi `ircgkgs. Is kglågrjlis læi ficmågc fic ucg pripisjåæi vmrogb m tmltgc kglåç-bg. G kglåg ê kmsmlvibvjkg fic i `gzmr. Ê uc prifmssi `ãsjfi km civjcmlti m rm`bmxæi siorm i civjcmlti. Gfiltmfm cujti km g jkmjg surejr (sm ê qum surem), li kmsmlvibvjcmlti kg kglåg, kg jcgemc iu sö kg cþsjfg.

Gvgbjglki gs jkmjgs G frjgtjvjkgkm læi mlvibvm gpmlgs emrgr jkmjgs, cgs tgcoêc gvgbjç-bgs. Mlvibvm mbgoirgr gs jkmjgs jljfjgjs, tmstç-bgs, rm`jlç-bgs m gtê rmnmjtç-bgs g `gvir km iutrgs qum væi surejlki pmbi fgcjlhi. Gbeucgs vmzms, pirêc, g prikuåæi frjgtjvg pikm fhmegr gi culki cgjs iu cmlis `ircgkg m læi prmfjsgr smr rm`jlgkg. Kjzmc qum Cizgrt `mz piufgs rmvjsýms mc cujtgs km sugs ficpisjåýms. I pimtg Nihl  Qgrgãsi Cjbtil mrg cglhæ, kjtgvg småýms jltmjrgs km sug iorg êpjfg, pmrfmei. pmrkjki kjki, [ikg pgrg gs `jbhgsmbm glitgrmc

 

m sö `gzjg pmqumlgs gbtmrgåýms li tmxti. Oic pgrg mbms. Lircgbcmltm, i trgogbhi frjgtjvi ê cgjs mxpmrjcmltgb m mxpbirgtörji ki qum jssi. ‒Vm vifî læi mstjvmr prmpgrgki pgrg mstgr mrrgki, ê piufi privçvmb qum frjm gbei irjejlgb.–

Gvgbjgr gs jkmjgs qum `ulfjilgc m gs qum læi `ulfjilgc pikm mlvibvmr ucg rm`bmxæi sjbmlfjisg, smng mbg jlkjvjkugb iu fibmtjvg, gvgbjgåýms jcmkjgtgs iu tmstms pribilegkis. Læi ê jlficuc kmpgrgr fic omfis smc sgãkg, jkmjgs m prinmtis qum læi `ulfjilgc. I prifmssi pikm mlvibvmr `rgfgssis m cukglågs gtê fhmegr gi cmbhir rmsubtgki. Ê pissãvmb vmr mxmcpbis kg lgturmzg rmpmtjtjvg ki trgogbhi frjgtjvi lis rgsfulhis sufmssjvis km pimcgs m ricglfms, km grtjeis gfgkîcjfis, mc prinmtis km jlvmlåýms m gssjc pir kjgltm. Kjz g bmlkg qum [hicgs Mkjsil tmstiu kmzmlgs `jlgb. km jkmjgs m kmsjels kg bïcpgkg gltms km sm kmfjkjr pmbg vmrsæi [mrrglfm [gi tgbvmz smng i cgjir cgtmcçtjfi vjvi kg gtugbjkgkm. Mc ?11?, gis 67 glis, mbm `ij gergfjgki fic g Cmkgbhg @jmbks mc Cgtmcçtjfg, qum mqujvgbm gi Qrîcji Liomb. Mbm kjz qum gs kmsfiomrtgs li fgcpi kg cgtmcçtjfg smcprm mlvibvmc prifmssis km tmltgtjvg m mrri. ‒Pifî tmc ucg jkmjg mrrgkg–, mbm mxpbjfg, ‒pgssg uc cîs trgogbhglki lmbg pgrg pmrfmomr qum mbg læi `ulfjilg, mltæi sgj fic iutrg jkmjg mrrgkg m pir gã vgj gtê qum `jlgbcmltm, pmbi prifmssi km mbjcjlgåæi, vifî tmc ucg jkmjg qum `ulfjilg–. Qmreultmj g Hgrry Driti qugltis km smus mxpmrjcmltis rmspilkmu qummbm> `irgc Ê fbgri qum ‒`rgfgssi– læi`rgfgssgrgc. ê g pgbgvrgMbmfmrtg, smeulki ‒Êuls sö :=%. uc prifmssi km kmsfiorjr i qum læi `ulfjilg–. Gbomrt Mjlstmjl mxprmssiu omc g jkmjg quglki kjssm> ‒Wumc lulfg ficmtmu uc mrri lulfg tmltiu lgkg livi–. Læi mstiu kjzmlki qum mrrgr m smr frjgtjvi sæi g cmscg fijsg, cgs, sm vifî læi mstjvmr prmpgrgki pgrg mstgr mrrgki, ê piufi privçvmb qum frjm gbei irjejlgb. Cjfhgmb Qibglyj trgåg ucg kjstjlåæi mltrm filsfjmltjzgåæi `ifgb  m suosjkjçrjg. Vm vifî qujsmr prmegr uc pmkgåi km cgkmjrg lg pgrmkm usglki uc cgrtmbi, i `ifi kg sug gtmlåæi mstgrç lg fgomåg ki prmei. Pifî tgcoêc pikm sm filsfjmltjzgr, cglmjrg suosjkjçrjg, ki pmsi mstmng ki cgrtmbi m ki civjcmlti ki smu orgåi. km Ê jcpirtgltm qum mssg rmbgåæi fmrtg

 

ki ficmåi gi `jc. Vm ficmågr g sm `ifgr li qum i smu orgåi mstç `gzmlki, privgvmbcmltm mrrgrç g fgomåg ki prmei. Qibglyj filtjlug> ‒G filsfjmltjzgåæi suosjkjçrjg m g filsfjmltjzgåæi `ifgb sæi cutugcmltm mxfbusjvgs. Vm uc pjgljstg trgls`mrm sug gtmlåæi kg pmåg qum mstç tifglki mfil`ulkm pgssg g iosmrvgr i qum `gzmlki ficemrgb is kmkis mlquglti tifg, mbm sm m pikm tmr km mstç pgrgr. Jssi mc gfiltmfm sm trgls`mrjrcis lissg gtmlåæi `ifgb pgrg kmtgbhms kis qugjs gltms sö mstçvgcis filsfjmltms mc smu pgpmb suosjkjçrji–. 87

‒Li cicmlti fmrti m kg cglmjrg fmrtg, g  gvgbjgåæi frãtjfg ê jcprmsfjlkãvmb pgrg i prifmssi. Li cicmlti mrrgki, mbg pikm kmstrujr ucg jkmjg qum mstç surejlki.–

Mc Êqugbqumr frjgtjvi, i `ifi km lissg gtmlåæi mstgr fmrti. vmrkgkm trgogbhi qum mc gbeuls cicmltis prmfjsgrmcis `gzmrprmfjsg ucg pgusg pgrg gvgbjgr, cgs i pmlsgcmlti emrgkir prmfjsg km tmcpi pgrg sm kmsmlvibvmr. Li cicmlti fmrti m kg cglmjrg fmrtg, g gvgbjgåæi frãtjfg ê jcprmsfjlkãvmb pgrg i prifmssi. Li cicmlti mrrgki, mbg pikm kmstrujr ucg jkmjg qum mstç surejlki. M g frjgtjvjkgkm pikm smr jljojkg sm tmltgrcis `gzmr cujtgs fijsgs fmki kmcgjs iu gi cmsci tmcpi. Is mstçejis `jlgjs mc emrgb mlvibvmc rm`jlgr is kmtgbhms kg mxprmssæi, pgssglki g bjcpi i cglusfrjti, pir gssjc kjzmr. Fistucg smr jcpissãvmb tmltgr prikuzjr ucg vmrsæi pmr`mjtg mc ucg tgfgkg sö. G cmlis qum vifî mstmng `gbglki fic Nihl qum gbeuêclmfmssçrjg msfrmvg uc pmlsgr smc mrris pikm Cjbtil, jljojr g pmkjr mspiltglmjkgkm lipimcg mstçejismc jljfjgb km memrgåæi km jkmjgs. Ê jcpirtgltm sgomr qum g frjgtjvjkgkm pmrfirrm mstçejis kj`mrmltms m ê jcpirtgltm tmr ucg liåæi ki pilti mc qum mstgcis li prifmssi. Vm læi siuomrcis kjssi, firrmcis i rjsfi km gfhgr qum læi sicis lgkg frjgtjvis.

Gvgbjglki i vgbir vg bir Wuglki mu mrg gkibmsfmltm, uc prjci cmu mltriu firrmlki mc fgsg tiki mcpibegki. Mbm tjlhg pmlsgki mc ucg jlvmlåæi qum, lg fgomåg kmbm, lis trgls`ircgrjg cjbjilçrjis. rug m vju jkisg glkglki omc mc kmvgegr, gpijgkgMbmmcmstgvg ucg lg omlegbg. Mcucg uc cubhmr cicmlti km

 

jlspjrgåæi, mbm pmlsiu qum smrjg cujti cgjs `çfjb sm g omlegbg `issm mqujpgkg fic ucg rikjlhg lg piltg. Mc vmz km bmvgltgr g omlegbg g fgkg pgssi, g vmbhjlhg sö tmrjg km mcpurrç-bg. Mbm cgb filsmeujg gfrmkjtgr qum ljleuêc tjlhg pmlsgki lgqujbi gltms. Kmcis uc fhç pgrg mbm sm gfgbcgr m tmltgcis smr kmbjfgkis gi bhm kgr g litãfjg. G jkmjg mrg oig, cgs tjlhg uc km`mjti fgtgströ`jfi. Qikm smr kj`ãfjb nubegr i vgbir km livgs jkmjgs. Qir km`jljåæi, gs jkmjgs frjgtjvgs smcprm mstæi á `rmltm km smu tmcpi. Mc cmgkis kg kêfgkg km 7861, Cjfhgmb @grgkgy `mz g prjcmjrg kmcilstrgåæi ki mbmtricgelmtjsci lg _iygb Jlstjtutjil km Bilkrms. Mbm mltriu mc uc gukjtörji fic jbucjlgåæi g eçs, sm pûs kjgltm km ucg pbgtmjg ficpistg km fjmltjstgs mcjlmltms m cistriu pmqumlis rmbïcpgeis gzujs rmbuzmltms sgbtglki mltrm kugs ms`mrgs km fiorm. G pbgtmjg `jfiu jcprmssjilgkg, cgs cujtis fjmltjstgs `jfgrgc smc sgomr i qum `gzmr kg jkmjg. ‒Jssi tuki ê cujti jltmrmssgltm, smlhirsupistgcmltm @grgkgy–, kjssm uc mkmbms. ‒Cgs pgrg smrvm9– læi smj–, @grgkgy kjssm, filtjluiu> ‒Qgrgqum qum smrvm ‒Mu uc omoî rmfêc-lgsfjki9–. Hinm mc kjg, uc culki smc mbmtrjfjkgkm ê sjcpbmscmltm jcpmlsçvmb. Kmpmlkmcis kg mbmtrjfjkgkm pgrg `gzmr prgtjfgcmltm tuki, jlfbusjvm pgrg i suprjcmlti km gbjcmltis, trglspirtms, gqumfjcmlti, jbucjlgåæi m tmbmficuljfgåýms. Gs pmssigs ki sêfubi XJX vjrgc piufis usis kg mbmtrjfjkgkm qum hinm filsjkmrgcis lgturgjs. Gs fgsgs kgs pmssigs læi mstgvgc fhmjgs km cçqujlgs km bgvgr biuåg m tmbmvjsirms kmsbjegkis sö mspmrglki qum @grgkgy filfbuãssm smus mxpmrjcmltis pgrg ficmågr g `ulfjilgr. Gs gpbjfgåýms kg mbmtrjfjkgkm rmsubtgrgc kgs kmsfiomrtgs mlvibvmlki g mbmtrjfjkgkm. Gs kmsfiomrtgs km @grgkgy gnukgrgc g frjgr gs fjrfulstïlfjgs pgrg i kmsmlvibvjcmlti kmssgs gpbjfgåýms. Lg êpifg, cujtgs pmssigs læi filsmeujrgc vmr i qum `gzmr fic g mbmtrjfjkgkm. Læi ê rgri mssm tjpi km fijsg gfiltmfmr fic jlsjehts frjgtjvis. Mbms mstæi á `rmltm km smu tmcpi m gs pmssigs mc emrgb læi is mltmlkmc. Is pmlsgkirms irjejlgjs cujtgs vmzms sæi cgjs vgbirjzgkis pmbgs emrgåýms smeujltms pirqum is vgbirms cukgc. Cujtis fjmltjstgs, jlvmltirms, grtjstgs m `jbösi`is `irgc rjkjfubgrjzgkis mc vjkg, cgs sugs iorgs `irgc vmlmrgkgs pmbgs emrgåýms pistmrjirms. Qmlsm mc Egbjbmu, fung jlvmstjegåæi ki hmbjifmltrjsci `ij kmlulfjgkg fici hmrêtjfg m kmsfilsjkmrgkg fici trgogbhi fjmltã`jfi. Gs pmssigs vjvmc pmreultglki g

grtjstgs km vgleugrkg> ‒Cgs jsti ê grtm9–.   Læi `gbtgc mxmcpbis km 8?

 

grtjstgs qum cirrmrgc lg cjsêrjg m fungs iorgs hinm sæi vmlkjkgs pir `irtulgs. Qir iutri bgki, pmssigs qum `irgc filsjkmrgkgs vjsjilçrjgs mc vjkg pikmc smr kmsgfrmkjtgkgs pmbg hjstörjg mxgtgcmltm pmbi cmsci citjvi. Qmlsm lg `rmlibiejg. Hinm, piufis fjmltjstgs bmvgc g sêrji g jkmjg km qumhucgli. g pmrsilgbjkgkm smr ki jltmrprmtgkg glgbjsglki li frïlji Cgs, mc pikm cmgkis sêfubi XJX, i filfmjtisgbjîlfjgs jl`bumlfjiu pri`ulkgcmltm g psjqujgtrjg. Lissg vjsæi ki pgssgki mc emrgb sm cgltêc mc filstgltm mvibuåæi. Pjvmcis mc uc tmcpi prmsmltm pmrpêtui. Lissi filhmfjcmlti km iutrgs êpifgs lulfg vgj firrmspilkmr á vgstg ficpbmxjkgkm vjvmlfjgkg m ficprmmlkjkg pmbgs pmssigs qum gs vjvmrgc. Lissg vjsæi ki pgssgki ê smbmtjvg m mstç smcprm gomrtg g rmvjsýms, cujtgs vmzms privifgkgs pir cukglågs lis vgbirms filtmcpirïlmis. Qmssigs hç cujti msqumfjkgs iu lmebjemlfjgkgs pikmc smr rmjltmrprmtgkgs fici gemltms jcpirtgltãssjcis ki priermssi fubturgb km ucg lgs tmlkîlfjgs gtugjspir iu lg pmrspmftjvg pibãtjfg.mcGs`ulåæi ipjljýms `irtmscukglåg m g gutifil`jglåg km _g`gmb, mxmcpbi, i bmvgrgc g smr filsjkmrgki pir cujtis vjtirjglis fici g `jeurg fmltrgb ki _mlgsfjcmlti. Hinm mc kjg, cujtgs pmssigs sm ogsmjgc mc Cjfhmbïlembi, m sug kþvjkg jlqujmtg quglti á pröprjg fgpgfjkgkm, fici smlki i pritötjpi ki hicmc rmlgsfmltjstg. Lissi smlsi km hjstörjg m km lös cmscis mlvibvm gvgbjgåýms m rmgvgbjgåýms filtãlugs kis lissis glfmstrgjs. G hjstörjg læi mstç cirtg pirqum i prmsmltm mstç cujti vjvi.

Vmlki irjejlgb G frjgtjvjkgkm jcpbjfg tmr livgs jkmjgs. I qum qugbj`jfg mssgs jkmjgs fici livgs9 Vmrjg lmfmssçrji tmr ucg jkmjg qum lulfg ljleuêc tmvm gltms9 Km gfirki fic i smlsi ficuc, læi. ]c rmsubtgki frjgtjvi pikm smr irjejlgb mc kj`mrmltms lãvmjs> pgrg g pmssig mlvibvjkg4 pgrg ucg ficuljkgkm mspmfã`jfg4 pgrg g hucgljkgkm fici uc tiki. Gs jcpilmltms pmrsilgbjkgkms kg fjîlfjg, kgs grtms, kg tmflibiejg m km iutris fgcpis prikuzjrgc iorgs km irjejlgbjkgkm hjstörjfg. Lmlhuc pri`mssir mspmrg jssi kgs frjglågs. Gbeucgs frjglågs pikmc gtê smr fgpgzms km gprmsmltgr ucg irjejlgbjkgkm hjstörjfg4 g`jlgb, Vhgdmspmgrm kmvm tmr tjki uc pri`mssir km jlebîs Cgs,pgrg mc gs emrgb, is pri`mssirms tmltgc jlfmltjvgr ucquglki trgogbhimrg qumfrjglåg. smng irjejlgb pröprjgs frjglågs.

 

‒G frjgtjvjkgkm pmrfirrm mtgpgs kj`mrmltms. Fistucg smr jcpissãvmb tmltgr prikuzjr ucg  vmrsæi pmr`mjtg mc ucg tgfgkg sö. Vm læi siuomrcis kjssi, firrmcis i rjsfi km gfhgr qum læi sicis lgkg frjgtjvis.–

@gzmlki filmxýms Is jlsjehts  frjgtjvis cujtgs vmzms rmsubtgc km filmxýms jlficuls mltrm fijsgs iu jkmjgs qum lulfg tjlhgc sjki gssifjgkgs. [ikgs gs jkmjgs mxjstmltms tîc pissjojbjkgkms frjgtjvgs. Is jlsjehts  frjgtjvis ifirrmc quglki mssgs jkmjgs sæi ficojlgkgs km cglmjrgs jlmspmrgkgs iu gpbjfgkgs g qumstýms iu priobmcgs fic gs qugjs mbgs lircgbcmltm læi sæi gssifjgkgs. Grthur Dimstbmr kmsfrmvm jssi fici uc prifmssi km 86

‒ojgssifjgåæi–. I prifmssi ifirrm mc pbglis uc þljfi pbgli, fici li  pmlsgcmlti bjlmgr quglki ritjlmjri,pmlsgcis cgs mc læi vçrjis gi cmsci tmcpi. Fici iosmrvmj li Fgpãtubi =, gbeucgs cglmjrgs km pmlsgr kicjlgc mc kj`mrmltms tjpis km gtjvjkgkm. Qir mxmcpbi, g cþsjfg ê gurgb, g kglåg ê fjlmstêsjfg m g `ãsjfg ê cgtmcçtjfg. Mssms cikis km pmlsgr læi rgri usgc kj`mrmltms çrmgs kg jltmbjeîlfjg gi cmsci tmcpi. Is cgtmcçtjfis cujtgs vmzms `gbgc mc vjsugbjzgr priobmcgs m sibuåýms. G kglåg mstç jltjcgcmltm rmbgfjilgkg á ficprmmlsæi cusjfgb. Gs grtms vjsugjs kmpmlkmc cujti kg jltmbjeîlfjg mspgfjgb. G ficpisjåæi cusjfgb læi rgri sm `ulkgcmltg mc prjlfãpjis cgtmcçtjfis.

Bjomrkgkm m filtribm I rmsubtgki frjgtjvi mstç rmbgfjilgki gi filtribm ki cmji. Læi ogstg gpmlgs cglkgr gs pmssigs smrmc frjgtjvgs. Frjglågs m gkubtis prmfjsgc kis rmfursis m kgs hgojbjkgkms lmfmssçrjgs pgrg smr frjgtjvis. Mu læi smj tifgr pjgli. Læi kjei qum siu jlfgpgz km tifgr, cgs lulfg gprmlkj. Qir jssi, læi tmlhi fici smr frjgtjvi li pjgli. Mu pissi frjgr ruãkis m gtê kgr vgzæi gi qum mstjvmr smltjlki lg hirg, cgs læi pissi smr cusjfgbcmltm frjgtjvi fici uc pjgljstg pikmrjg. Cujtgs pmssigs tîc kj`jfubkgkm fic cgtmcçtjfg. Mbgs vmmc g

cgtmcçtjfg fici ucg mspêfjm km qumorg-fgomåg m læi mlxmregc sug

 

utjbjkgkm fic cujtg fbgrmzg. [mltgr mltmlkmr gs mqugåýms smc kicjlgr g ‒bjleugemc– cgtmcçtjfg ê fici tmltgr mltmlkmr ucg pgrtjturg cusjfgb smc sgomr bmr gs litgåýms cusjfgjs. Mlquglti is bmjeis vmmc uc qumorgfgomåg, is cþsjfis iuvmc ucg sjl`iljg. Wumc kicjlg g bãleug kg cgtmcçtjfg gs mqugåýms mlxmreg pmssigs, g ombmzg kgs qum mxprmssgc. Mbms iuvmcibhg g cþsjfg. Qgrg mgbeucgs mu jkmjgs jlfbusjvm, mltmlkmr g ombmzg cgtmcçtjfg ê fici tmltgr bmr Qriust li irjejlgb smc sgomr `rglfîs. Cujtis gkubtis kjzmc qum læi sgomc kmsmlhgr. Mstæi fmrtis, mbms læi sgomc. Cgs læi sæi cgjs jlfgpgzms km kmsmlhgr ki qum siu jlfgpgz km gprmlkmr g tifgr pjgli. Vjcpbmscmltm læi sgomc fici. Vm tjvmr g cãljcg fiirkmlgåæi mltrm cæis m ibhis, g cgjirjg kgs pmssigs ê fgpgz km gprmlkmr g kmsmlhgr, cgs g cgjirjg kgs pmssigs læi gkqujrju gs hgojbjkgkms lmfmssçrjgs. Lircgbcmltm, gs pmssigs ml`rmltgc kijs tjpis km priobmcg. I prjcmjri ê  pmrfmpt  pmrfmptjvi jvi.  Gs pmssigs tmltgc kmsmlhgr km ucg cglmjrg `itierç`jfg km .vmr ionmti km ciki cgjs msqumcçtjfi. I smeulki priobmcgmcê vmz têfljfi   [gbuc qugb gprmlkmr g msfrmvmr, gprmlkmr g kmsmlhgr ê uc prifmssi têfljfi m fubturgb, læi ojiböejfi. G cmlis qum mssgs hgojbjkgkms smngc mlsjlgkgs m gprmlkjkgs, gs pissjojbjkgkms frjgtjvgs km kmsmlhgr pmrcglmfmræi rmstrjtgs. Vmc prçtjfg lmc irjmltgåæi, i kmsmlhi kg cgjirjg kgs frjglågs gvglåg mc uc pgkræi rmfilhmfãvmb gtê cgjs iu cmlis is 76 glis km jkgkm. Qir vibtg kis 8 glis, pir mxmcpbi, mbgs ficmågc g kmsmlvibvmr uc smlsi km pmrspmftjvg. Á cmkjkg qum frmsfmc, væi prmstglki cgjs gtmlåæi gis kmtgbhms m tmltgc `gzmr kmsmlhis cgjs si`jstjfgkis. Fic uls 7? iu 76 glis km sm jkgkm, is kmsmlhis mckmemrgb pgrgclmssm km smpilti. kmsmlvibvmr. Cujtgs pmssigs `rustrgc m kmsjstmc kmsmlhgr Vugs gcojåýms frjgtjvgs supmrgc sugs hgojbjkgkms têfljfgs. I qum emrgbcmltm gfiltmfm ê qum g cgjirjg kis gkubtis gfgog fic gs hgojbjkgkms km kmsmlhi km uc  nivmc gkibmsfmltm. Ljleuêc kmvmrjg sm surprmmlkmr surprmml kmr fic jssi. Gs frjglågs læi kmsmlvibvmc mssgs hgojbjkgkms lgturgbcmltm, ki cmsci nmjti fici is  nivmls læi gfirkgc li kjg ki gljvmrsçrji km 78 glis nç sgomlki kjrjejr uc fgrri. Lgkg kjssi sjelj`jfg qum pmssigs fic hgojbjkgkms bjcjtgkgs læi pissgc smr frjgtjvgs. I kmsmlvibvjcmlti frjgtjvi tmc kj`mrmltms lãvmjs m pgssg pir kj`mrmltms mstçejis.têfljfgs Gbeucgs pmssigs prikuzmc mxtrmcgcmltm frjgtjvis usglki rmbgtjvgcmltm piufi rmsubtgkis kmsmlvibvjkgs. Cgs, mc

emrgb, i kmsmlvibvjcmlti frjgtjvi glkg bgki g bgki fic g mvibuåæi ki

 

kicãlji têfljfi kis jlstrucmltis iu cgtmrjgjs utjbjzgkis. Lmssm fgsi, fici mc tikis is fgsis, ê ucg qumstæi km mqujbãorji. I filtribm têfljfi ê lmfmssçrji pgrg i trgogbhi frjgtjvi, cgs læi ê su`jfjmltm. Vmr frjgtjvi mlvibvm mspmfubgr, mxpbirgr livis hirjziltms m usgr g jcgejlgåæi. Cujtgs pmssigs mspmfjgbjzgkgs ‖ cþsjfis, mlemlhmjris, fjmltjstgs sæi mxtrmcgcmltm hgojbjkisgs, cgskglågrjlis, læi pgrtjfubgrcmltm irjejlgjs. Mbgs‖  pikmc læi mstgr trgogbhglki fic i cmji cgjs gkmqugki pgrg mbgs. ]c cþsjfi pikm kicjlgr uc jlstrucmlti, cgs læi sm mcpibegr cujti fic mbm. M mssg læi ê g þljfg pissjojbjkgkm. ]cg kmbgs ê ucg mkufgåæi jlgkmqugkg. Filhmåi cujtis gspjrgltms g cþsjfi qum pgssgrgc glis prgtjfglki cmfgljfgcmltm msfgbgs m hgrciljgs m gfgogrgc kmsjstjlki pgrg smcprm ki jlstrucmlti. @gfjbjtgr i kmsmlvibvjcmlti frjgtjvi jcpbjfg mlfiltrgr uc mqujbãorji mltrm mxpbirgr livgs jkmjgs m gkqujrjr gs hgojbjkgkms lmfmssçrjgs pgrg filfrmtjzç-bgs.

Bmvglki pgrg i bgki pmssigb G frjgtjvjkgkm emrgb ê kj`mrmltm kg frjgtjvjkgkm pmssigb.

Frjgtjvjkgkm emrgb Qikmcis gpbjfgr i pmlsgcmlti irjejlgb mc tuki i qum `gzmcis. Mc emrgb, li lissi kjg g kjg, lis gficikgcis mc ritjlgs km ficpirtgcmltis m hçojtis km pmlsgcmlti. Wuglki kmpgrgcis fic uc livi priobmcg iu sjtugåæi, lissis hçojtis pikmc kj`jfubtgr vmr livgs sibuåýms. Pçrjgs têfljfgs `irgc kmsmlvibvjkgs pgrg gnukgr g kmrruogr `ircgs filvmlfjilgjs km pmlsgcmlti m mlfirgngr i qum Mkwgrk km Oili fhgciu km pmlsgcmlti bgtmrgb.   Gi gpbjfgr i pmlsgcmlti böejfi-kmkutjvi, gs jkmjgs sm ogsmjgc ucgs lgs iutrgs mc mtgpgs prmvjsãvmjs m bmvgc g uc lþcmri bjcjtgki km sibuåýms, pir vmzms gpmlgs ucg. I pmlsgcmlti bgtmrgb m kjvmremltm `ulfjilg `gzmlki gssifjgåýms cgjs bjvrms, cujtgs vmzms pmlsglki mc cmtç`irgs iu glgbiejgs iu gtê rm`ircubglki i priobmcg pgrg gorjr cgjs pissjojbjkgkms. Gbeuls tmstms `irgc frjgkis pgrg cmlsurgr i pmlsgcmlti kjvmremltm, gssjc fici mxjstmc tmstms pgrg cmkjr i WJ. ]cg kgs pmreultgs pikm mlvibvmr rmspilkmr qugltgs utjbjzgåýms vifî filsmeum 8;

pmlsgr pgrg uc fbjpm km pgpmb. Gs pmssigs pmlsgc mc cêkjg mc kmz iu

 

qujlzm utjbjzgåýms, tikgs mlvibvmlki pgpmb. Iutrgs pmssigs pikmc tmr cgjs km fmc jkmjgs, jlki gbêc kgs utjbjzgåýms filvmlfjilgjs pgrg uc fbjpm km pgpmb. Mbgs pikmc pmlsgr mc uc fbjpm km pgpmb km qujlzm cmtris `mjti km oirrgfhg. G`jlgb, g pmreultg læi mspmfj`jfg i cgtmrjgb lmc i tgcglhi ki Gbeuls fbjpm kmgvglåis pgpmb. cgjs jltmrmssgltms lg fjîlfjg, lg tmflibiejg m lgs grtms rmsubtgc km rm`ircubgr g qumstæi, fici Fipêrljfi m Egbjbmu `jzmrgc quglki kmfjkjrgc qumstjilgr sm g [mrrg rmgbcmltm `jfgvg li fmltri ki uljvmrsi. Fici Vusgllm Bglemr iosmrviu, gs pmreultgs qum `gzmcis sæi tæi jcpirtgltms quglti gs rmspistgs qum ousfgcis. [ikg pmreultg bmvg g kmtmrcjlgkgs bjlhgs km jlvmstjegåæi. Cukm g pmreultg m livis hirjziltms jltmjris pikmc sm gorjr. I cgjir vgbir km ucg jkmjg emrgkirg ê bmvgr g livis tjpis km pmreultgs. Mssgs têfljfgs emrgjs km pmlsgcmlti frjgtjvi pikmc smr gpbjfgkgs pgrg emrgr uc Mbgs `buxi jlfbumc km jkmjgsim rmpmrtörji pissjojbjkgkms, mspmfjgbcmltm erupis m ficjtîs. km hgojbjkgkms km mc pmlsgcmlti kmsmlvibvjkgs pir Mkwgrk Km Oili, m g cmtikibiejg Vylmftjfs, kmsmlvibvjkg pir Ujbbjgc Eirkil m Emirem Qrjlfm.   Vm omc utjbjzgkgs, mbgs pikmc bmvgr g erglkms omlm`ãfjis lis lmeöfjis, lg ficuljkgkm m lg lissg vjkg pmssigb. Mssgs têfljfgs cujtgs vmzms sm filfmltrgc smpgrgkgcmltm lg jkmltj`jfgåæi m lg glçbjsm km priobmcgs, emrglki sibuåýms m gvgbjglki gs cmbhirms ipåýms. [gcoêc sm filfmltrgc mc rmgejr pisjtjvgcmltm ás jkmjgs gbhmjgs m li vgbir km trifgr kj`mrmltms piltis km vjstg. 8=

Frjgtjvjkgkm pmssigb Hmro Gbpmrt ê uc kis erglkms cþsjfis km sug emrgåæi. Wuglki tifg i tricpmtm, ê fici sm mbm mstjvmssm `gbglki fic vifî. M, km fmrti ciki, mstç. Vug frjgtjvjkgkm pmssigb fici cþsjfi ê jlsmpgrçvmb km sug pgjxæi pmbgs qugbjkgkms mxprmssjvgs ki tricpmtm mc sj. Mbm tgcoêc ê uc mxfmbmltm msfubtir m pjltir. Mc fgkg cmji, mbm sm jlspjrg lis cgtmrjgjs qum usg m pmbgs pissjojbjkgkms qum vî lmbms pgrg prikuzjr sugs rmgbjzgåýms frjgtjvgs. Qgrg iutris cþsjfis, i cmbhir cmji pikm smr i vjibæi, i pjgli iu i vjibjli. Læi `gbtgc mxmcpbis km pmssigs fung frjgtjvjkgkm ê gfjilgkg

pir uc cmji mspmfã`jfi> læi gqugrmbg, cgs pgstmb4 læi g cgtmcçtjfg mc

 

emrgb, cgs g çbemorg mc pgrtjfubgr. Mc ucg filvmrsg qum tjvm fic uc pri`mssir km `ãsjfg kg Fgbj`örljg, mbm sm kmsfrmvmu fici uc `gbgltm lgtjvi km çbemorg. Nç lg prjcmjrg gubg km cgtmcçtjfg lg msfibg, mbm tmvm ucg ficprmmlsæi jltujtjvg kg cgtêrjg. Mbm kjssm qum i jlebîs pgssiu g smr sug smeulkg Hinm mbm pgssg pgrtm kg vjkg `gbglki çbemorg. Gbêc bãleug. kgs fgpgfjkgkms emrgjsg cgjir ki pmlsgcmlti frjgtjvi, tikis lös tmcis tgbmltis m pgjxýms mspmfjgjs m lissi pröprji pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi pmssigb. Qikm smr uc pitmlfjgb pgrg ucg `ircg pgrtjfubgr km cþsjfg, uc jlstrucmlti mspmfã`jfi iu g cþsjfg mc emrgb4 pikm smr pgrg cgtmcçtjfg, quãcjfg iu kglåg filtmcpirïlmg4 vifî pikm tmr tgbmlti pgrg smr uc oicomjri, pgrg fujkgr kg fgsg, pgrg gtugr fici cêkjfi iu pri`mssir. [ [iki iki culki tmc hgojbjkgkms m fgpgfjkgkms qum pikmc smr kmsmlvibvjkgs. Li cmu bjvri I mbmcmlti-fhgvm, mu `gbi siorm mssg kjcmlsæi pmssigb km rmgbjzgåæi frjgtjvg, gqumbm pilti ilkm i tgbmlti jlkjvjkugb mlfiltrg g pgjxæi pmssigb. G frjgtjvjkgkm pmssigb pir gbeuc cmji mspmfã`jfi. I `ircgti km ucemrgbcmltm pmkgåi kmrmsubtg cgkmjrgkgiupgjxæi g tmxturg km ucg rifhg smrvjrç km jlspjrgåæi pgrg uc msfubtir4 is cþsjfis gkirgc is sils qum prikuzmc m i qum smltmc quglki tifgc is jlstrucmltis. Is cgtmcçtjfis gkirgc g grtm kg cgtmcçtjfg kg cmscg `ircg qum is kglågrjlis eistgc km sm civjcmltgr4 is msfrjtirms sæi gpgjxilgkis pmbi pikmr mxprmssjvi kgs pgbgvrgs4 m is pjltirms pikmc smr jlspjrgkis pmbi pitmlfjgb km ucg tmbg mc orglfi m sug pgbmtg km firms. Kmsfiorjr i cmji fmrti fistucg smr uc pilti km vjrgkg lg vjkg frjgtjvg km ucg pmssig. I ficpisjtir m cgmstri Bmilgrk Omrlstmjl `gbiu ki cicmlti mc qum sm gpgjxiliu jl`ïlfjg, mbm mlfiltriu uc pmqumli pjgli vmrtjfgbpmbg li cþsjfg. firrmkir]c km kjg, sug lg fgsg. G `gcãbjg km Omrlstmjl læi mrg mspmfjgbcmltm cusjfgb, cgs smus pgjs tjlhgc filfirkgki mc fujkgr ki pjgli km gcjeis qum tjlhgc jki vjgngr pgrg i mxtmrjir. Mbm lulfg tjlhg vjsti uc pjgli km pmrti gltms. Civjki pmbg furjisjkgkm, gorju i pjgli, gpmrtiu gs tmfbgs m smltju is sils vjorglki li jlstrucmlti. Mbm `ij ticgki pir ucg ilkg km mcpibegåæi. Vmc sgomr pir qum, siuom qum qumrjg pgssgr i cgjir tmcpi pissãvmb prikuzjlki gqumbms sils. Mbm hgvjg mlfiltrgki smu cmji. M, fic jssi, gorju gs pirtgs pgrg i pröprji pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi. G pirfmbglg `ij jltrikuzjkg lg Eræ-Ormtglhg li sêfubi XPJJJ. Gbeucgs kgs pmågs Fhmbsmg, km pirfmbglg cgjs `irgc `mjtgs lg @çorjfg km Qirfmbglg `ulkgkg pirrmqujltgkgs Ljfhibgs Vprjcilt mc 75;6. Gltms km

Vprjcilt kmsfiorjr g pirfmbglg, mbm mrg uc ficpmtmltm iurjvms m eglhgvg

 

omc. Cgs, quglki kmsfiorju i livi cgtmrjgb, sug jcgejlgåæi `mrvjbhiu. Mbm gkirgvg tifgr lg fmrïcjfg m gs pissjojbjkgkms qum mbg gprmsmltgvg. Qgssiu is vjltm glis smeujltms prikuzjlki ombis ionmtis qum supmrgrgc mc cujti tuki i qum `gzjg fic g prgtg. G gbtg qugbjkgkm km sugs 80

rmgbjzgåýms frjgtjvgs rmsubtiu km sug rmbgåæi fic i cgtmrjgb. Qir iutri bgki, g frjgtjvjkgkm pikm smr jljojkg pmbi cmji mrrgki. Gbeuls glis gtrçs, trgogbhmj fic ucg mkjtirg km tmxti mxfmbmltm mc uc bjvri qum msfrmvj. Mbg filtrjouju mlircmcmltm pgrg g qugbjkgkm ki bjvri, fici is oils mkjtirms km tmxti `gzmc. Mbg cm filtiu qum sö ficmåiu g trgogbhgr fic mkjåæi km tmxti lg `gjxg kis ;1 glis, smlki qum gltms mrg pjgljstg km filfmrti. Qmreultmj pir qum cukgrg km pri`jssæi. _mspilkmu qum uc kjg sm gprmsmltiu mc uc filfmrti mc Bilkrms fic uc cgmstri rmlicgki. Li ngltgr, kmpijs ki filfmrti, mbm ficmltiu qum i kmsmcpmlhi kmbg tjlhg sjki cujti oic m mbg gergkmfmu. ‒Cgs vifî læi furtju cujti, læi ê9–, mbm pmreultiu. Mbg `jfiu surprmsg i ficmltçrji. tjlhgomc, pmlsgki rmspmjti. Kjssm qum læi tjlhg,fic m qum lg vmrkgkm,Lulfg pmlsglki lulfgg tjlhg furtjki cujti. Mbm pmreultiu pir qum mbg tifgvg pjgli m mbg rmspilkmu> ‒Qirqum mu tifi omc–. Mbg lgsfmu mc ucg `gcãbjg cusjfgb m tmvm gubgs km pjgli. Fici kmcilstriu tgbmlti, `ij mstukgr cþsjfg lg `gfubkgkm, `mz cmstrgki m kiutirgki mc cþsjfg m pgssiu lgturgbcmltm g tifgr pjgli mc filfmrtis. Lmc mbg lmc ljleuêc tjlhgc pgrgki pgrg pmreultgr sm mbg qumrjg iu eistgvg km tifgr pjgli. [ifgvg pirqum tifgvg omc. I cgmstri kjssm> ‒@gzmr gbeucg fijsg omc læi nustj`jfg pgssgr g vjkg tikg `gzmlki mssg fijsg–. pgssiu gs smcglgs smeujltms g jkmjg m kmfjkju qumm mbm tjlhgMbg rgzæi. Gprmsmltiu-sm gtê i `jc rucjlglki kg tmcpirgkg, `mfhiu i pjgli lulfg cgjs i gorju. M sm vibtiu gis bjvris, sug vmrkgkmjrg pgjxæi. Wuglki gs pmssigs kmsfiormc smu cmji, mbgs kmsfiormc sug vmrkgkmjrg mlmrejg frjgtjvg m filfrmtjzgc smu pitmlfjgb. ‒G fgpgfjkgkm frjgtjvg ê `ulkgcmltgbcmltm hucglg m gfmlg fic ucg pricmssg filstgltm km `ircgs gbtmrlgtjvgs km vmr, pmlsgr m `gzmr.–

Filfbusæi

 

G jltmbjeîlfjg ê kjvmrsj`jfgkg, kjlïcjfg m kjstjltg. I cmsci pikm smr kjti ki prifmssi frjgtjvi. Qikmlki gtugr mc tikis is fgcpis kg jltmbjeîlfjg hucglg, i prifmssi frjgtjvi mlvibvm `gzmr filmxýms kjlïcjfgs m is rmsubtgkis sæi smcprm kj`mrmlfjgkis. G frjgtjvjkgkm læi ê ucg fgpgfjkgkm qum gs pmssigs sjcpbmscmltm tîc læi tîc.m Mlvibvm `ulåýms cmltgjs kj`mrmltms, ficojlgåýms km iu hgojbjkgkms gtrjoutis cujtgs pmssigjs. [iki culki tmc sugs fgpgfjkgkms frjgtjvgs, cgs cujtgs pmssigs gfgogc filfbujlki qum læi sæi frjgtjvgs sm læi gprmlkmrgc m læi prgtjfgrgc is mbmcmltis qum g frjgtjvjkgkm mlvibvm. G fgpgfjkgkm frjgtjvg ê `ulkgcmltgbcmltm hucglg m gfmlg fic ucg pricmssg filstgltm km `ircgs gbtmrlgtjvgs km vmr, pmlsgr m `gzmr. Ljleuêc prmfjsg smr rmstrjlejki pmbgs fjrfulstïlfjgs iu, lgs pgbgvrgs km Emirem Dmbby> ‒Ljleuêc prmfjsg smr vãtjcg kg pröprjg ojierg`jg–. Fici Fgrb Nule kmfbgriu> ‒Mu læi siu i qum gfiltmfmu ficjei. Viu i qum msfibhi smr–. Mssm ê i pikmr m g pricmssg km smr frjgtjvi.

 

5

I pikmr kis smltjcmltis ‒Vmr frjgtjvi læi mlvibvm gpmlgs i pmlsgcmlti. Mlvibvm i smltjcmlti.–

Mu fistucgvg supmrvjsjilgr priergcgs km kiutirgki lg çrmg km hucglgs. G uljvmrsjkgkm tjlhg kmtmrcjlgki uc cçxjci km 81 cjb pgbgvrgs pgrg tmsms km kiutirgki. @ij prmfjsi jcpir uc bjcjtm pirqum is fglkjkgtis tmlkjgc g smr cujti pribjxis. Fmrtg vmz, mltrmvjstmj uc fglkjkgti qum tjlhg uc kiutirgki pir iutrg uljvmrsjkgkm. Qmreultmj sm g iutrg uljvmrsjkgkm tjlhg uc bjcjtm km pgbgvrgs pgrg g tmsm m mbm rmspilkmu, surprmsi, qum læi. Is fglkjkgtis mrgc bjvrms pgrg msfrmvmr i quglti `issm lmfmssçrji pgrg mxpir smus greucmltis. Qmreultmj qugltgs pgbgvrgs tjlhg sug tmsm m g rmspistg `ij> 651 cjb pgbgvrgs. Mc jlebîs, i Gltjei [mstgcmlti tmc cgjs iu cmlis i cmsci lþcmri km pgbgvrgs. Qmreultmj qugb mrg i tãtubi km smu trgogbhi. Mrg  Qriergcgs km pösergkugåæi mc Kicomy> gbeucgs qumstýms. Kicomy   ê ucg fjkgkm kg Jlebgtmrrg fic ucg pipubgåæi, lg êpifg, km fmrfg km ??1 cjb hgojtgltms. Jssi kç qugsm 7,= pgbgvrg pir pmssig. p mssig. Læi smj i qum mbm kmsfiorju mc Kicomy qum i bmviu g prmfjsgr km cgjs km uc tmråi km cjbhæi km pgbgvrgs pgrg mxpbjfgr, cgs i suotãtubi glulfjgvg qum i mstuki lmc mrg ficpbmti m læi pgssgvg km ucg litg pricjssörjg pgrg uc mstuki cgjs gorglemltm qum gjlkg mstgvg pir vjr. Fmrtg vmz pmreultmj g uc pri`mssir km cgtmcçtjfg fici mbm gvgbjgvg gs tmsms km kiutirgki li fgcpi kg cgtmcçtjfg purg. Cjlhg prjcmjrg pmreultg `ij> ‒Wugb ê g mxtmlsæi kgs kjssmrtgåýms9–. Mbm rmspilkmu> ‒G mxtmlsæi lmfmssçrjg–. Qmkj pgrg mbm cm kgr ucg cêkjg. Mbm kjssm qum rmfmltmcmltm tjlhg gvgbjgki ucg tmsm km ?0 pçejlgs. Mstgcis `gbglki km pçejlg gpös 85

pçejlg gpös pçejlg km cgtmcçtjfg fic uc sjlgb km jeugb li `jc. Qmreultmj

 

fici mbm gvgbjgvg mssms trgogbhis. Qrmsucj qum is fçbfubis mstgvgc ‒fmrtis–. Kç pgrg jcgejlgr fici smrjg kmprjcmltm sm vifî pgssgssm qugtri glis `gzmlki ucg tmsm km kiutirgki mc cgtmcçtjfg purg m mbg vibtgssm fic uc ‒mrrgki– mc bmtrgs egrrg`gjs m fglmtg vmrcmbhg9 Mbm rmspilkmu qum ‒lircgbcmltm mbms mstæi fmrtis–.  Lircgbcmltm. ‒Mltæi, fici ê `mjtg g gvgbjgåæi9–,, pmreultmj. ‒G irjejlgbjkgkm ê uc `gtir jcpirtgltãssjci–, mbm cm gvgbjgåæi9– kjssm. ‒Fici tikis is kiutirgkis, mbms prmfjsgc `gzmr jlfursýms mc livis tmrrjtörjis m pripir gbei qum læi sgoãgcis gltms.– Mc iutrgs pgbgvrgs, uc frjtêrji km gvgbjgåæi ê g frjgtjvjkgkm ki trgogbhi. Iutri frjtêrji, mbm kjssm, ê mstêtjfi. Ê g mbmeïlfjg kgs mvjkîlfjgs, g ombmzg kis greucmltis. Qmreultmj pir qum jssi ê uc `gtir tæi jcpirtgltm lg cgtmcçtjfg. Mbm mxpbjfiu qum is cgtmcçtjfis gfrmkjtgc qum g cgtmcçtjfg ê ucg kgs cglmjrgs cgjs purgs qum tmcis km mltmlkmr gs vmrkgkms kg lgturmzg. Fici g lgturmzg ê jlmrmltmcmltm ombg, g prmcjssg ê qum, quglti cgjs mbmegltm `ir g privg, cgjs fhglfms mbg tmc km firrmspilkmr á ombmzg kg lgturmzg m km smr vmrkgkmjrg. Mbm pikjg cujti omc mstgr `gbglki km ucg silgtg, uc pimcg iu ucg kglåg m, km fmrti ciki, mstgvg. G mstêtjfg ê ucg erglkm `iråg mc tikgs gs `ircgs km trgogbhi frjgtjvi, tglti pgrg fjmltjstgs m cgtmcçtjfis quglti pgrg cþsjfis, pimtgs, kglågrjlis m kmsjelmrs. Ê ucg kgs cglmjrgs pmbgs qugjs g frjgtjvjkgkm sm mstmlkm gbêc ki cmri pmlsgcmlti, mlvibvmlki tgcoêc i smltjcmlti.

‒G mstêtjfg ê ucg erglkm `iråg mc tikgs gs `ircgs km trgogbhi frjgtjvi, tglti pgrg fjmltjstgs m cgtmcçtjfis quglti pgrg cþsjfis, pimtgs, kglågrjlis m kmsjelmrs.–

I mxãbji ki smltjcmlti Gs prjlfjpgjs pmrsilgbjkgkms ki Jbucjljsci m ki _icgltjsci `gzjgc ucg kj`mrmlfjgåæi cujti fbgrg mltrm i jltmbmfti m g mciåæi. Is rgfjilgbjstgs kmsfil`jgvgc kis smltjcmltis m is ricïltjfis sö fil`jgvgc lis smltjcmltis. Mc smus mstjbis kj`mrmltms, mbms vjgc i jltmbmfti m is smltjcmltis fici kjstjltis m smpgrgkis uls kis iutris. Gs filsmquîlfjgs kmssg kjvjsæi pmrkurgc gtê hinm. 88

Is `jbösi`is rgfjilgbjstgs qumrjgc kjssjpgr gs jbusýms ki cjti m kg

supmrstjåæi. Lgs fjîlfjgs lgturgjs, smltjcmltis, jltujåæi, vgbirms m frmlågs

 

mrgc vjstis fici kjstrgåýms pmrjeisgs, ucg cmrg m`mrvmsfîlfjg km cmltms jlkjsfjpbjlgkgs. Kgvjk Hucm kjssm, smc rikmjis> ‒Vm ticgrcis lgs cæis uc vibucm qugbqumr, km tmibiejg iu cmtg`ãsjfg msfibçstjfg, pir mxmcpbi, pmreultmcis> filtêc mbm gbeuc rgfjifãlji gostrgti gfmrfg km qugltjkgkms iu lþcmris9 Læi. Filtêc mbm gbeuc rgfjifãlji mxpmrjcmltgb gfmrfg km `gtis m mxjstîlfjg9 Læi. Fil`jmci-bi mltæi ás fhgcgs, pijs sö filtêc si`jscgs m jbusýms–.  Fic jssi, mbm qujs kjzmr qum, pir mxmcpbi, gs fjîlfjgs ojiböejfgs læi kmvmrjgc `gzmr lmlhucg supisjåæi cmtg`ãsjfg siorm gs irjemls m gs `ulåýms kg vjkg, qum kmvmrjgc smr mxpbjfgkgs gpmlgs mc tmrcis cgtmrjgjs. Cmsci sm hiuvmr qugbqumr `iråg rmspilsçvmb pmbg vjkg lg [mrrg gbêc kg böejfg m km mvjkîlfjgs filfrmtgs, g fjîlfjg læi kmvm `gzmr qugjsqumr supisjåýms g rmspmjti m læi kmvm kmcilstrgr qugbqumr jltmrmssm pir mbg. Lgs fjîlfjgs hucglgs, hiuvm ucg rmnmjåæi smcmbhgltm kgs jkmjgs rmbjejisgs m km tikgs gs `ircgs km trglsfmlkmltgbjsci. Qsjföbieis pjilmjris, jlfbujlki Jvgl Qgvbiv (78;:-7:60), N. O. Ugtsil Ugtsil (7858-7:=8) m O. @ @.. Vdjllmr (7:1;-7::1), pripusmrgc-sm g mxgcjlgr i ficpirtgcmlti hucgli km cglmjrgs qum kmjxgvgc km bgki tikgs gs jkmjgs siorm mspãrjtis iu gbcgs jcgtmrjgjs. Mbms glgbjsgrgc i ficpirtgcmlti hucgli fici rmspistgs gprmlkjkgs g lmfmssjkgkms prçtjfgs km siormvjvîlfjg. O. @. Vdjllmr kmsmlvibvmu sug tmirjg ki omhgvjirjsci lg kêfgkg km 7:?1. Mbm kmcilstriu qum gs pmssigs pikmc smr filkjfjilgkgs g mxjojr kmtmrcjlgkis ficpirtgcmltis. I mxpmrjcmlti km Qgvbiv fic fæms fhmeiu g ucg filfbusæi smcmbhgltm. Gi gbjcmltgr is fæms mc smu bgoirgtörji, Qgvbiv tifgvg ucg sjlmtg. Mc piufi tmcpi, is fgfhirris mstgvgc sgbjvglki sö gi iuvjr i sic kg sjlmtg. Qgvbiv greucmltiu qum is smrms hucglis tgcoêc tîc 8:

rmspistgs filkjfjilgkgs. Vjeculk @rmuk (78=0-7:6:) filfmomu g cmltm fici uc gpgrgti cmltgb usgki pgrg bjegr g pmssig fic i culki mxtmrli. Mbm trgåiu ucg kjstjlåæi mltrm i jk, is jcpubsis jlstjltjvis oçsjfis ki ficpirtgcmlti hucgli, qum ipmrgc fic ogsm li prjlfãpji ki prgzmr4 i mei, g cmltm filsfjmltm, qum ipmrg fic ogsm li prjlfãpji km rmgbjkgkm m filtribg lissgs `ulåýms mxmfutjvgs m lissgs rmbgåýms li culki4 m i supmrmei, g smkm kis vgbirms cirgjs, kg mspjrjtugbjkgkm m kg filsfjîlfjg. Km gfirki fic @rmuk, i mei sm cgltêc mc filstgltm mstgki km tmlsæi, tmltglki filtribgr is jcpubsis prjcjtjvis ki jk, gs tmlkîlfjgs cirgjs ki supmrmei m gs kmcglkgs fil`bjtgltms ki culki mxtmrli. G rgfjilgbjkgkm kmpmlkm ki filtribm kmssms ficpbmxis jcpubsis psjfiböejfis. G psjfibiejg `rmukjglg vî gs mciåýms

fici `iltms pitmlfjgjs km pmrturogåæi km ucg pmrsilgbjkgkm mqujbjorgkg.

 

Gpmsgr kg jl`buîlfjg kmssgs jkmjgs lgs fjîlfjgs hucglgs m lg fubturg pipubgr, mc cmgkis ki sêfubi XX uc lþcmri frmsfmltm km gfgkîcjfis m tmrgpmutgs pgssgrgc g qumstjilgr mssgs goirkgemls cmfgljfjstgs gi ficpirtgcmlti hucgli. Mc 7:01, Nmricm Orulmr m @rgld Cjbbmr `ulkgrgc i Fmltmr `ir Fieljtjvm Vtukjms lg Hgrvgrk ]ljvmrsjty, fic i ionmtjvi km jr gbêc ki pgrgkjecg omhgvjirjstg m mxpbirgr g lgturmzg jltrãlsmfg kg cmltm m kg filsfjîlfjg. Nmgl Qjgemt nç km`mlkjg goirkgemls cgjs qugbjtgtjvgs pgrg mltmlkmr fici gs frjglågs m is gkubtis gprmlkmc m vjvmlfjgc i culki. Iutris psjföbieis m tmrgpmutgs sm ipusmrgc gi qum filsjkmrgvgc smr filfmpåýms lmegtjvgs km smltjcmltis m mciåýms rmsubtgltms kgs trgkjåýms rgfjilgbjstgs m omhgvjirjstgs, qum _. K. Bgjle fhgciu ‒g psjfibiejg lmegtjvg ki g`mti–. Gbeuls mstukjisis, fici Bgjle, gfrmkjtgvgc qum is cikmbis rgfjilgbjstgs km psjfibiejg mrgc sjlticgs km uc priobmcg cgjir, ‒km qum lissg fjvjbjzgåæi rmprjcm læi sö is jlstjltis, læi sö g smxugbjkgkm, cgs qugbqumr `ircg km trglsfmlkîlfjg–. G pgrtjr ki jlãfji ki sêfubi XX, `irgc kmsmlvibvjkgs cujtgs tmirjgs gbtmrlgtjvgs ki omc-mstgr hucgli. Ujbbjgc Ngcms (78;?-7:71), Pjdtir @rgldb (7:1=-7::5), Fgrb Nule (785=-7:07), Gorghgc Cgsbiw (7:18-7:51), Fgrb _iemrs (7:1?-7:85) m cujtis iutris pripusmrgc, fgkg uc g smu ciki, filfmjtis cgjs hgrciljisis km smltjcmltis, mspjrjtugbjkgkm, mspjrjtugbjkgkm, cmltm m firpi. Gbeuls, fici Gbgl Ugtts (7:7=7:56) m Gbkius Huxbmy (78:;-7:06), ogsmgrgc-sm mc gltjeis mlsjlgcmltis irjmltgjs qum læi `gzjgc tgltgs kjvjsýms mltrm cmltm, firpi m mspãrjti. Lg kêfgkg km 7:01, ucg ficpbmxg rmgåæi fubturgb filtrg i rgfjilgbjsci ficmågvg g eglhgr `iråg, ucg rmgåæi qum sm cglj`mstiu mc mxtmlsgs cukglågs li qum i hjstirjgkir fubturgb _gycilk Ujbbjgcs fhgciu km ‒mstruturg km smltjcmlti– kg êpifg.

I civjcmlti ki frmsfjcmlti pmssigb I civjcmlti ki frmsfjcmlti pmssigb tmvm jlãfji lg kêfgkg km 7:;1 m frmsfmu rgpjkgcmltm lis glis 7:01, prjcmjri lis Mstgkis ]ljkis m kmpijs lg Muripg. ‒Frmsfjcmlti pmssigb– rm`mrm-sm g vçrjis tjpis km gtjvjkgkms mc erupi qum vjsgc g mxpbirgr is rmbgfjilgcmltis mltrm gs pmssigs m gpri`ulkgr i filhmfjcmlti km sj cmscgs m kgs iutrgs pmssigs. Mssms erupis, fhgcgkis km ‒erupis [–, mlfirgngvgc is pgrtjfjpgltms g vmr i culki pmbis ibhis kis iutris m glæi rmpmlsgr sugs gpbjfgkgs pröprjgs pmrfmpåýms sj cmscis. Lmssmsm mlfiltris, rgri, mrgc têfljfgs km siorm krgcgtjzgåæi, grtãstjfgs

iutrgs gtjvjkgkms ‒frjgtjvgs–4 mrgc usgkgs tmirjgs gbtmrlgtjvgs km psjfglgbjstg psjfglgbjstgss

 

fici Nule m _iemrs4 m cujtgs vmzms mrgc jltmergkgs têfljfgs irjmltgjs km cmkjtgåæi m rmbgxgcmlti `ãsjfi, jlfbujlki g jieg. Hinm is prjlfãpjis m gs prçtjfgs ki civjcmlti ki frmsfjcmlti pmssigb filstjtumc gs ogsms km priergcgs km figfhjle  m cmltirjle m jlfiltçvmjs bjvris `irgc puobjfgkis g rmspmjti mc tiki i culki. Is kijs pjbgrms ki civjcmlti ki frmsfjcmlti pmssigb sæi g jlkjvjkugbjkgkm m g gutmltjfjkgkm. Gbeuêc qum kmsmng ucg mxpmrjîlfjg km frmsfjcmlti pmssigb ‒pikm filsjkmrgr-sm cmlis mcifjilgb, `ãsjfg iu smlsugbcmltm mspiltïlmi ki qum eistgrjg. Mbm pikm smltjr-sm sibjtçrji m tmr kj`jfubkgkm km sm ficuljfgr fic gutmltjfjkgkm fic is iutris. Is vgbirms ki trmjlgcmlti km smlsjojbjkgkm m ki trgogbhi mc erupi sæi g hilmstjkgkm m g gprmsmltgåæi ki smb`   gutîltjfi–.   Is mlfiltris mc erupi gtrgãrgc ucg cubtjkæi km fbjmltms pgegltms mc ousfg km rmbgfjilgcmltis cgjs gutîltjfis. I civjcmlti ki frmsfjcmlti pmssigb tgcoêc ê jcpubsjilgki pmbi kmsmni qum cujtgs pmssigs tîc km filmftgr-sm fic smus pröprjis tgbmltis lgturgjs m fic g sug frjgtjvjkgkm. frjgtjvjkgkm. :1

:7

‒Is kijs pjbgrms ki civjcmlti ki frmsfjcmlti pmssigb sæi g jlkjvjkugbjkgkm m g gutmltjfjkgkm.– Km gfirki fic Fgrb _iemrs, g mxpbisæi ki civjcmlti ki frmsfjcmlti pmssigb rmsubtiu ki kmfbãlji kgs frmlågs rmbjejisgs iregljzgkgs m kg lmfmssjkgkm km mlfiltrgr `iltms gbtmrlgtjvgs km smltjki kg vjkg. Pjftir Pjftir @rgldb gfrmkjtgvg qum uc lþcmri kmsfilhmfjki km pmssigs si`rjg ki qum mbm fhgciu km ‒vçfui mxjstmlfjgb–, g pmrkg km uc smltjki `ulkgcmltgb pgrg g mxjstîlfjg qum `gzjg g vjkg vgbmr g pmlg. Lg vjsæi km @rgldb, ‒i vçfui rmsubtgltm, i smltjcmlti km vgzji ê uc kis prjlfjpgjs kmsg`jis pgrg g psjqujgtrjg–. Fgrb Nule filfirkiu. Mc sug bileg fgrrmjrg pri`jssjilgb fici psjfglgbjstg, mbm trgtiu pgfjmltms ‒km tikis is pgãsms fjvjbjzgkis kg [mrrg–. Km tikis is smus pgfjmltms qum mstgvgc lg smeulkg cmtgkm kg vjkg, ‒iu smng, fic cgjs km 6= glis, lmlhuc cm gprmsmltiu uc priobmcg qum, mc þbtjcg jlstïlfjg, læi mlvibvmssm mlfiltrgr ucg pmrspmftjvg rmbjejisg pgrg g vjkg. Qissi kjzmr fic smeurglåg qum tikis mbms, smc mxfmåæi, smltjgc mssm cgbmstgr pir tmr pmrkjki gqumbm mbmcmlti qum gs rmbjejýms km tikis is tmcpis kmrgc g smus smeujkirms m sö `irgc furgkis is qum filsmeujrgc rmfupmrgr :?

:6

sug pmrspmftjvg rmbjejisg–.

 

[mrgpmutgs hibãstjfis km`mlkmrgc sjstmcgs km glçbjsm qum mlvibvjgc tikg g liåæi km ‒smr li culki– ki jlkjvãkui, jlfbusjvm g mxprmssæi km smltjcmltis pmssigjs. pmssigjs. G êtjfg jcpbãfjtg ê vjvmr li gquj m geirg. Mc vmz km smr mxfbusjvgcmltm mxjstmlfjgbjstg, g filtrgfubturg, fici vmji g smr filhmfjkg, tgcoêc tjlhg rgãzmsg trglsfmlkîlfjg, mc jltmrmssms mspmfjgbcmltm cmtg`ãsjfis. _mpmlsgr is rmbjejýms vgbirms cgtmrjgbjstgs m ousfgr pir cmji km gbtmrlgtjvgs, ifupgvgc i fmltri kmssms civjcmltis. I kmsegstm kgs mstruturgs rmbjejisgs trgkjfjilgjs kmu buegr á cubtjpbjfgåæi km frmlågs msitêrjfgs, rmbjejýms `ulkgcmltgbjstgs m fubtis km tiki tjpi. I jltmrmssm lgs fhgcgkgs pgrgfjîlfjgs, lg pmrfmpåæi mxtrgssmlsirjgb m mc mstgkis gbtmrlgtjvis km filsfjîlfjg tgcoêc eglhiu `iråg.

Kjstþrojis mcifjilgjs Gpmsgr km tikgs gsfilfmltrgkg tmltgtjvgs kgmcfiltrgfubturg, filtrgfubturg , g fubturg cgjlstrmgc  kg sgþkm cmltgb filtjlug kjstþrojis mcifjilgjs, pgrg i kmbmjtm kgs jlkþstrjgs `grcgfîutjfgs. I ficpbmxi mkj`ãfji kg sgþkm cmltgb pgssiu cgjs km fmc glis smlki filstruãki fic ogsm li filfmjti km kimlågs mcifjilgjs. Irjmltgkirms, tmrgpmutgs, psjföbieis m psjqujgtrgs km tiki tjpi `butugc lg cgrê gsfmlkmltm `ircgkg pir pmssigs qum prifurgc gnukg pgrg mlfiltrgr i smltjki kg vjkg m rmsibvmr priobmcgs km gutijcgemc, rmbgfjilgcmltis iu trgucgs, fic sjlticgs qum væi kmskm ucg kmprmssæi tmcpirçrjg gtê uc fibgpsi ficpbmti. Mssms priobmcgs læi sm rmstrjlemc g pmssigs fic kjstþrojis fbãljfis. Cubtjkýms km pmssigs qum pgrmfmc tmr tuki lg vjkg tîc kj`jfubkgkm km bjkgr fic smltjcmltis m rmbgfjilgcmltis.

Gs tgjs hgojbjkgkms si`t  Mstgcis tmstmculhglki i civjcmlti frmsfmltm kg ‒psjfibiejg pisjtjvg–, i mstuki kg `mbjfjkgkm m ki omc-mstgr. ]c kis pjilmjris kmssm civjcmlti ê Kgljmb Eibmcgl, qum greucmltg qum g îl`gsm kicjlgltm li WJ kmvmrjg smr mqujbjorgkg pir ucg îl`gsm jeugb li WM, i quifjmltm mcifjilgb. Jltmbjeîlfjg mcifjilgb sjelj`jfg g fgpgfjkgkm km ficprmmlkmr m mxprmssgr smltjcmltis pmssigjs4 g fgpgfjkgkm km filvjvmr fic is iutris, ficuljfgr-sm fic fbgrmzg m fic mcpgtjg4 m rmgejr pisjtjvgcmltm m fic smlsjojbjkgkm g livgs l ivgs sjtugåýms. Mssgs ‒hgojbjkgkms si`t – hinm sæi vjstgs fici `ulkgcmltgjs pgrg cgltmr

 

rmbgfjilgcmltis prikutjvis mc fgsg, li trgogbhi m mc filtmxtis qum mlvibvgc uc pgpmb km bjkmrglåg. Is bãkmrms mcprmsgrjgjs vjvmc rmfbgcglki qum is nivmls qum mstæi mltrglki lg `iråg km trgogbhi pgrmfmc cgjs `rgfis lmssgs çrmgs ki qum gs emrgåýms gltmrjirms. I ‒mxãbji smltjcmlti– fic pikmgbulis mstgr cgjs prilulfjgki ki qum lulfg. Eibmcgl fjtg uckibmvgltgcmlti m pri`mssirms qum kmcilstrg ‒ucg tmlkîlfjg culkjgb kg gtugb emrgåæi km frjglågs m nivmls km gprmsmltgr cgjs kjstþrojis mcifjilgjs ki qum g emrgåæi gltmrjir. Mbms sæi cgjs sibjtçrjis m kmprjcjkis, cgjs jrrjtgkjåis m jlkjsfjpbjlgkis, cgjs lmrvisis m prmifupgkis, cgjs jcpubsjvis m germssjvis–.   Vmeulki mbm, mssm ê uc priobmcg ebiogb. Gs rgzýms pgrg jssi sæi cujtgs. Mspmfjgbcmltm lgs mfilicjgs kmsmlvibvjkgs, g `gcãbjg lufbmgr mstç kmsgpgrmfmlki. Cmlis pmssigs mstæi sm fgsglki m, kmltrm gs qum sm fgsgc, gs tgxgs km kjvörfji lulfg l ulfg `irgc tæi gbtgs. Is gkubtis pgssgc cgjs tmcpi trgogbhglki m cmlis tmcpi fic is `jbhis. Gs frjglågs pgssgc cgjs tmcpi gi ficputgkir ki qum orjlfglki fic iutrgs frjglågs. Is pgjs tîc tglti cmki km mxpir is `jbhis gi frjcm qum piufgs frjglågs pikmc orjlfgr `irg km fgsg, g cmlis qum mstmngc gficpglhgkgs km uc gkubti. Km gfirki fic Eibmcgl, mssgs frjglågs frmsfmc smc filhmfmr gs orjlfgkmjrgs gltms ficuls ‒qum kgvgc ás frjglågs tiki tjpi km hgojbjkgkms qum mbgs pikjgc usgr cgjs tgrkm, lg vjkg, fici g fgpgfjkgkm km filtribgr g rgjvg m rmsibvmr kjsfirkïlfjgs–. kjsfirkïlfjgs–. I `gti km smrcis smrms ‒mlfgrlgkis– m læi gpmlgs smrms kmltri km uc firpi `jfiu fbgri pgrg cjc quglki lissi `jbhi Ngcms tjlhg 7? glis m sm prmpgrgvg pgrg is mxgcms `jlgjs lg msfibg. Gbeucgs smcglgs gltms kgs privgs, mbm lis pmreultiu sm, fgsi tjrgssm oigs litgs, pikmrjg eglhgr uc vjkmiegcm. Lös kjssmcis qum læi. Mbm pmreultiu qugb smrjg smu jlfmltjvi lmssm fgsi m kjssmcis qum `jfgrãgcis cujti filtmltms fic mbm. Mbm læi sm jcprmssjiliu. [jriu oigs litgs m, gbeucgs smcglgs kmpijs, vibtiu g pmkjr i vjkmiegcm. Kmssg vmz lös fmkmcis, prjlfjpgbcmltm pirqum mu tgcoêc qumrjg niegr. Ficprgcis i filsibm m vçrjis egcms, pgssmj ucg hirg fil`jeurglki tuki m kmjxmj Ngcms nieglki. Qiufi kmpijs, lissg `jbhg Dgtm, qum tjlhg 8 glis, cm triuxm ucg firkg vmbhg qum mbg mlfiltrgrg li ngrkjc m pmreultiu sm mu pikmrjg `gzmr uc ogbglåi. Mlfiltrmj ucg tçoug, prmlkj g firkg li egbhi km ucg cgfjmjrg m g :;

:=

kmjxmj ogbglåglki `mbjz. Gbeucgs hirgs kmpijs, Ngcms g vju li ogbglåi m `ij

firrmlki orjlfgr fic mbg. Mbms pgssgrgc i rmsti ki kjg, tiki i kjg smeujltm m prgtjfgcmltm i vmræi jltmjri orjlfglki li ogbglåi. Jlvmltgrgc orjlfgkmjrgs,

 

livgs cgliorgs, truqums, gprmsmltgåýms fjrfmlsms m fmlçrjis km `gltgsjg, tuki ejrglki mc tirli kgqumbm ogbglåi. Mbms rjrgc, orjegrgc, `jzmrgc gs pgzms m filtjlugrgc orjlfglki. Orjlfgrgc tglti qum kmsegstgrgc g ergcg m g tmrrg mcogjxi ki ogbglåi. Orjlfgr gi gr bjvrm gorju g jcgejlgåæi kmbms m bhms pripirfjiliu cujti cgjskmltri prgzmrkmkifgsg. qum Pmng gs fmltmlgs köbgrmsqum mcNgcms egcmstmrjg qum `jfgrgc nultglki pimjrg omc, mukmkuvjki sm citjvgki sm mu bhm kjssmssm gbeucgs smcglgs gltms qum, sm tjrgssm litgs oigs lgs privgs, mbm pikmrjg `jfgr fic g firkg vmbhg qum mstgvg bgregkg li  ngrkjc. Hinm mc kjg, gs frjglågs m is nivmls pgssgc cgjs tmcpi smltgkis mstukglki ki qum `gzmlki gtjvjkgkms `ãsjfgs m jltmrgejlki pmssigbcmltm fic is fibmegs. Cujtis sjstmcgs msfibgrms rmkuzjrgc is priergcgs grtãstjfis prçtjfis m gs ipirtuljkgkms pgrg is mstukgltms bjkgrmc fic is smltjcmltis. Qriergcgs km mkufgåæi `ãsjfg tgcoêc `irgc suocmtjkis g erglkms firtms m tuki i qum mssms priergcgs i`mrmfmc pgrg filmftgr gs mlmrejgs `ãsjfgs m cmltgjs gfgoiu smlki rmbmegki g smeulki pbgli. Lmc tuki jssi ê livjkgkm. G jkmjg km trgogbhgr is smltjcmltis tmc sjki cgrejlgbjzgkg cgrejlgbjz gkg hç uc oic tmcpi pmbis sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs gfgkîcjfis. gfgkîcjfis. Lg kêfgkg km 7:51, Glthily Vtirr, pri`mssir km psjfitmrgpjg kg Ix`irk ]ljvmrsjty,, vju cujtis mxmcpbis ki qum fhgciu km ‒lmurism km Ix`irk–, qum ]ljvmrsjty mbm kmsfrmvmu fici ‒prmfifjkgkm jltmbmftugb ficojlgkg fic jcgturjkgkm mcifjilgb–.   Qikm smr prmfjpjtgki gtrjoujr tikgs gs `ircgs km kjstþroji mcifjilgb á mkufgåæi gfgkîcjfg, cgs læi hç kþvjkg km qum mssg mkufgåæi kmsmcpmlhiu smu pgpmb. I furrãfubi gfgkîcjfi filvmlfjilgb mc erglkm pgrtm jelirg gs ‒hgojbjkgkms si`t –. M læi ê pir gfgsi. Ê ucg fgrgftmrãstjfg :0

`ulkgcmltgb ki gfgkmcjfjsci. gfgkmcjfjsci.

Kugs trgkjåýms Gs vjsýms km culki ki Jbucjljsci m ki _icgltjsci pgssgrgc is þbtjcis ?=1 glis mc fil`bjti. Gcois sæi ficpricmtjkis fic i jlkjvjkugbjsci, cgs i`mrmfmc vjsýms kj`mrmltms siorm i qum ê uc vmrkgkmjri jlkjvãkui m i qum ê prmfjsi pgrg sm tirlgr uc. Mu is fhgci km jlkjvãkui ‒rgfjilgb– m jlkjvãkui ‒lgturgb–. Gs kugs goirkgemls tmlkmc g rm`irågr g kjvjsæi mltrm i jltmbmfti m g mciåæi.

I jlkjvãkui rgfjilgb

 

Lg vjsæi km culki rgfjilgbjstg, i jlkjvãkui pissuj kmtmrcjlgkgs qugbjkgkms cmltgjs qum kmvmc smr fubtjvgkgs pmbg mkufgåæi. G jkmibiejg rgfjilgbjstg emriu kjvmrsgs tmirjgs lis fgcpis kg `jbisi`jg m kg fjîlfjg. Gpmsgr km tikgs gs kj`mrmlågs, mssgs tmirjgs tîc gbeucgs fgrgftmrãstjfgs mc ficuc. G böejfg mjlkmpmlkmltm4 g kmkuåæi filstjtumc gs fgrgftmrãstjfgs kjstjltjvgs pmlsgcmlti mssgs fgrgftmrãstjfgs sæi g þljfg `iltmkifil`jçvmb km gutifilhmfjcmlti m ki filhmfjcmlti ki culki cgtmrjgb4 i vmrkgkmjri filhmfjcmlti ê ionmtjvi m jlkmpmlkmltm km vgbirms fubturgjs m smltjcmltis pmssigjs. Gs goirkgemls á mkufgåæi ogsmgkgs li jlkjvjkugbjsci rgfjilgb pgrtmc km gbeucgs prmcjssgs mc ficuc> • G mkufgåæi kmvm sm filfmltrgr lis pikmrms kg rgzæi böejfi-kmkutjvg. •

]cg cmltm rgfjilgb ê kmsmlvibvjkg mxmrfjtglki mssms pikmrms gosirvmlki is vçrjis fgcpis km filhmfjcmlti emrgkis pir mbms.

•

I prjlfjpgb pgpmb kis pri`mssirms ê trglscjtjr mssm filhmfjcmlti. Lm smltjki, g mkufgåæi ê ucg `ircg km jljfjgåæi.

I jlkjvãkui lgturgb I jlkjvjkugbjsci lgturgb pgrtm p grtm km prmcjssgs titgbcmltm kj`mrmltms. Km gfirki fic mssg goirkgemc, tikg frjglåg ê, pir lgturmzg, uc jlkjvãkui þljfi fic tgbmltis m smlsjojbjkgkms jlgtgs. G mkufgåæi kmvm mxtrgjr mssgs qugbjkgkms mc vmz km suprjcj-bgs fic is vgbirms m gs jkmjgs ki culki gkubti. G mkufgåæi læi kmvm smr ogsmgkg li filhmfjcmlti, cgs fmltrgkg lg frjglåg. Is cikmbis lgturgbjstgs km mkufgåæi `gzmc gs smeujltms supisjåýms> •

G mkufgåæi kmvm kmsmlvibvmr g frjglåg fici uc tiki m læi gpmlgs s hgojbjkgkms gfgkîcjfgs. Kmvm jlfbujr is smltjcmltis, i kmsmlvibvjcm `ãsjfi, g mkufgåæi cirgb m g frjgtjvjkgkm kg frjglåg.

•

I gutifilhmfjcmlti ê tæi jcpirtgltm quglti i filhmfjcmlti ki cu mxtmrli. Ê jcprmsfjlkãvmb mxpbirgr is smltjcmltis m vgbirms pmssigjs, o fici gs ipirtuljkgkms km mxmrfjtgr g jcgejlgåæi m g gutimxprmssæ gutimxprmssæi. i.

•

]c kis prjlfjpgjs pgpêjs kis pri`mssirms ê mxtrgjr i jlkjvãkui qum mxj mc fgkg frjglåg. Lmssm smltjki, g mkufgåæi ê uc prifmssi gutirrmgbjzgåæi. :5

[gb qugb gs rgãzms ki jlkjvjkugbjsci rgfjilgb, gs rgãzms ki jlkjvjkugbjsci

lgturgb sæi pri`ulkgs. G jkmjg ki culki lgturgb ifupiu i fmltri ki

 

_icgltjsci ki sêfubi XPJJJ. Mc 7581, Nmgl-Ngfqums Nmgl-Ngfqums _iussmgu puobjfiu sug iorg `jbisö`jfg  Mcãbji, iu kg mkufgåæi, km`mlkmlki ucg livg goirkgemc á mkufgåæi ogsmgkg mc orjlfgkmjrgs, nieis m kjvmrsæi. _iussmgu qumrjg `ircgs km mkufgåæi qum vgbirjzgssmc g jl`ïlfjg m læi jcpusmssmc vgbirms gkubtis á cmltm kgskgfrjglågs. Lis‒fmltrgkg kuzmltislgglis qum smkm`mlkmrgc, smeujrgc, cujtis iutris pjilmjris mkufgåæi frjglåg– km kj`mrmltms pmrspmftjvgs, g jcpirtïlfjg kgs orjlfgkmjrgs m kg frjgtjvjkgkm. Gbeuls kmsmlvibvmrgc is pröprjis sjstmcgs pgrg pricivmr sugs goirkgemls. Mbms jlfbuãrgc Nihgll Qmstgbizzj (75;0-78;5), @rjmkrjfh @rimomb (758?-78=?), Cgrjg Ciltmssirj (7851-7:=?), _ukib` Vtmjlmr (7807-7:?=), Fgrb Ir`` (78:=7:8?) m Nihl Kmwmy (78=:-7:=?). Qgrg tikis mbms, i pgpmb mssmlfjgb kg mkufgåæi ê kmsmlvibvmr g pmrsilgbjkgkm m gs hgojbjkgkms lgturgjs kgs frjglågs. Gs frjglågs kmvmc smr bjvrms pgrg smeujr uc pgkræi lgturgb km kmsmlvibvjcmlti mc vmz km smr iorjegkgs g smeujr ucg smquîlfjg pgkriljzgkg km jlstruåæi. Fici uc msfubtir, i pri`mssir kmvm gficpglhgr gs fgrgftmrãstjfgs mspmfjgjs kg pmrsilgbjkgkm km fgkg frjglåg, rmvmbglki gis piufis i jlkjvãkui kmltri kmbg. Gfjcg km tuki, is lgturgbjstgs qumrjgc goirkgr g frjglåg fici uc tiki> cmltm, firpi m mspãrjti. I vgbir kgs orjlfgkmjrgs `ãsjfgs m jcgejlgtjvgs nç mrg rmfilhmfjki pir `jbösi`is kmskm Qbgtæi m Grjstötmbms. I sêfubi XJX mltriu fic ucg livg pmrspmftjvg. Gs tmirjgs kg mvibuåæi km Kgrwjl `jzmrgc ki kmsmlvibvjcmlti hucgli uc tmcg km mstuki fjmltã`jfi. Qgssiu-sm g prmsucjr qum tiki i ficpirtgcmlti tjlhg gbeucg rmbgåæi fic g siormvjvîlfjg kg mspêfjm. Fici is omoîs m gs frjglågs pgssgc tglti tmcpi orjlfglki, g supisjåæi mrg qum orjlfgr tjlhg ojiböejfg. Lis 7:?1 m ‒priermssjstgs– 7:61, gvglåis lg psjfibiejg ki gbeucg orjlfgr `ulåæi `irgc ficojlgkis ficglis gs tmirjgs kg mkufgåæi m pgssgrgc g jl`bumlfjgr g pibãtjfg mkufgfjilgb ki cgjlstrmgc. Lis þbtjcis fmc glis, hiuvm ucg frmsfmltm prmssæi pir goirkgemls cgjs frjgtjvgs á mkufgåæi. Lis Mstgkis ]ljkis, Nihl Kmwmy kmsmlvibvmu livis cêtikis km mlsjli mc sug msfibg-bgoirgtörji. Lg Kgbtil Vfhiib, mc Livg Zird, m lg Qirtmr Vfhiib, li Cjssiurj, is pri`mssirms mlfirgngvgc i ‒gprmlkmr `gzmlki–. Mssgs jkmjgs `irgc gkitgkgs pir uc civjcmlti cgjs gcpbi lis glis 7:61 pgrg jlfmltjvgr g frjgtjvjkgkm m g gutimxprmssæi lgs msfibgs. Mlquglti Nihl Kmwmy m iutris mstukjisis pricivjgc goirkgemls cgjs bjomrgjs á mkufgåæi, G. V. Cgdgrmldi (7888-7:6:) trgogbhgvg mc smu pröprji sjstmcg lg _þssjg.

G rmvibuåæi kmjxgrg cjbhýms km frjglågs ör`æs m kmsgorjegkgs. Cgdgrmldi

 

filfmomu uc sjstmcg km mkufgåæi ogsmgki li trgogbhi prçtjfi m lg rmspilsgojbjkgkm fibmtjvg. _mfilhmfmlki _mfilhmfmlki i tmrrãvmb si`rjcmlti mcifjilgb kgs frjglågs, mbm bhms pripirfjiliu uc mlircm vgbir lg `ircg km gtjvjkgkms frjgtjvgs, ombmzg m kjvmrsæi m iregljziu uc jl`bumltm priergcg km erupis cusjfgjs m prikuåýms km pmågs m kglåg. Vmeulki uc rmbgtörji siormtmgtrgjs i mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb li _mjli ]ljki, mc 7:67, g mkufgåæi prmfjsgvg bmvgr mc filtg g frjglåg fici uc tiki. I rmbgtörji ml`gtjzgvg g jcpirtïlfjg km gtjvjkgkms bþkjfgs, kg gutimxprmssæi m km gtjvjkgkms frjgtjvgs, qum, ‒sm is psjföbieis mstjvmrmc firrmtis, sæi jltjcgcmltm gssifjgkgs gi kmsmlvibvjcmlti km pmrfmpåýms m smltjcmltis–. G tmlkîlfjg kicjlgltm km vmr i furrãfubi msfibgr fici uc qumorg-fgomåg km cgtêrjgs smpgrgkgs smpgrgkgs prmfjsgvg smr qumstjilgkg omc fici g jkmjg km gprmsmltgr i filtmþki pgrg gs frjglågs fici cmrgs bjåýms g smr gprmlkjkgs. G mkufgåæi prmfjsgvg pgrtjr kg mxpmrjîlfjg, kg furjisjkgkm m ki kmspmrtgr kis tgbmltis jlkjvjkugjs kgs frjglågs. Gs gtjtukms lgturgbjstgs eglhgrgc tmrrmli lg mkufgåæi lgs kêfgkgs km 7:=1 m 7:01, mc pgrtm pir rmprmsmltgr ucg goirkgemc cgjs jeugbjtçrjg á mkufgåæi. Is lgturgbjstgs greucmltgvgc qum g mkufgåæi gfgkîcjfg cgrejlgbjzgvg is smltjcmltis, g jltujåæi, g smlsjojbjkgkm mstêtjfg m g frjgtjvjkgkm, gs cmscgs cmscgs qugbjkgkms qum lis `gzmc hucglis. Lis glis 7:01 m 7:51, g km`msg kg gutimxprmssæi m kg frjgtjvjkgkm lg mkufgåæi tjlhg rgãzms lg jkmjg km pricivmr is smltjcmltis. Mssg goirkgemc sm irjejliu lis gcpbis gvglåis fubturgjs ki civjcmlti ki frmsfjcmlti pmssigb `irg ki ïcojti kg mkufgåæi `ircgb. :8

Mkufglki gs mciåýms Is vçrjis pjilmjris kgs goirkgemls lgturgbjstgs á mkufgåæi læi tjlhgc ucg þljfg `jbisi`jg mc ficuc lmc pricivjgc gs cmscgs prçtjfgs, gssjc fici is pripilmltms kgs `jbisi`jgs rgfjilgbjstgs læi tjlhgc uc þljfi pilti km vjstg. Fgkg uc tjlhg gs pröprjgs filfmpåýms km kmsmlvibvjcmlti hucgli m is pröprjis cêtikis km mlsjli m gprmlkjzgemc. Á cmkjkg qum sugs goirkgemls sm jl`jbtrgvgc lg mkufgåæi pþobjfg, is jkmgjs ki jlkjvjkugbjsci rgfjilgb m ki jlkjvjkugbjsci lgturgb pgssgrgc g rmprmsmltgr kugs ipåýms kjstjltgs> ucg msfibhg mltrm ucg mkufgåæi gfgkîcjfg trgkjfjilgb, ogsmgkg mc kjsfjpbjlgs, m ucg mkufgåæi priermssjstg, fmltrgkg lg frjglåg. Mc smus

mc kjsfjpbjlgs, m ucg mkufgåæi priermssjstg, fmltrgkg lg frjglåg. Mc smus

 

mxtrmcis, mssgs kugs goirkgemls pgrmfmc tmr piufi mc ficuc, cgs mbgs ficpgrtjbhgc pmbi cmlis kijs gspmftis. Gcogs pricivmc g jkmjg kg bjomrtgåæi ki jlkjvãkui kgs rmstrjåýms kg fubturg. Qgrg is rgfjilgbjstgs, i jlkjvãkui tirlg-sm jlkmpmlkmltm kgs jl`buîlfjgs pikmr ki pmlsgcmlti rgfjilgb m ionmtjvi. Qgrtjlki kg prmcjssgfubturgjs km qum ipmbi filhmfjcmlti ionmtjvi mxjstm jlkmpmlkmltmcmltm kgs pmssigs m kg fubturg, i jlkjvãkui rgfjilgb ê bjvrm km prmfilfmjtis m vî i culki mxgtgcmltm fici ê. Qgrg i lgturgbjstg, i ionmtjvi ê bjomrtgr i mspãrjti jlkjvjkugb kgs prmssýms kg fubturg m rmvmbgr i mu gutîltjfi. Fici fgkg pmssig ê mspmfjgb, i mu gutîltjfi mcmrejrç kg cmscg `ircg fici g oiroibmtg sgj kg frjsçbjkg, kmskm qum hgng mspgåi frjgtjvi pgrg mbm frmsfmr. Lmssm gspmfti, mssms kijs jkmgjs sæi gfubturgjs. Gcois rm`irågc g kjvjsæi mltrm jltmbmfti m mciåæi. I frmsfjcmlti pmssigb m i jlkjvjkugbjsci lgturgb `irgc rmgåýms filtrg i ionmtjvjsci, filtrg i trgtgr i filhmfjcmlti fici gbei jcpmssigb. _mticgrmj mssg jkmjg cgjs gkjgltm. I pmrjei mstç mc gvglågr bilem kmcgjs lg kjrmåæi ki suonmtjvjsci m pgssgr g vmr filsfjîlfjg jlkjvjkugb fici gbei ficpbmtgcmltm jlkmpmlkmltm ki culki kis iutris.

‒Is smltjcmltis sæi ucg kjcmlsæi filstgltm kg  filsfjîlfjg hucglg. Vmr ê smltjr s mltjr.– .– Bgjle kmsfrmvm fici msqujzijkm ucg pmssig qum vî ucg kjvjsæi mltrm sug rmbgåæi fic i culki m filsjei cmscg. I msqujzijkm ê jlfgpgz km vjvmlfjgr g sj cmsci nulti fic i culki m sö filsmeum vjvmr mc uc jsibgcmlti kmsmspmrgkir ki culki. Mssg kmsfrjåæi pikm mxgemrgr is pmrjeis ki suonmtjvjsci, cgs i prjlfãpji oçsjfi gjlkg sm gpbjfg. Vm ucg pmssig læi mxjstm ionmtjvg m suonmtjvgcmltm, cgs sö fici ucg jkmltjkgkm suonmtjvg, ‒mbg læi pikm smr rmgb–. Mc iutrgs pgbgvrgs, kmvm hgvmr ucg rmbgåæi pisjtjvg mltrm lissi filhmfjcmlti ki culki mxtmrli m lissi filhmfjcmlti km lös cmscis. Mltæi, qugb ê g rmbgåæi mltrm sgomr m smltjr m qum kj`mrmlåg jssi `gz pgrg g frjgtjvjkgkm9

Vgomr m smltjr

Kmsfgrtms kjssm> Qmlsi, biei mxjsti . Fici _iomrt Ujtdjl iosmrvg, uc pilti km pgrtjkg jeugbcmltm jltmrmssgltm smrjg> ‒Vjlti, biei mxjsti–.   Vmr ê ::

 

smltjr. Is smltjcmltis sæi ucg kjcmlsæi filstgltm kg filsfjîlfjg hucglg. Kmskm trglqujbgs jltujåýms g `þrjgs gvgssgbgkirgs, is smltjcmltis sæi `ircgs km pmrfmpåæi. G cglmjrg fici lis smltjcis siorm ucg fijsg ê ucg mxprmssæi ki lissi rmbgfjilgcmlti rmbgfjilgcmlti fic mbg. Vmltjcmltis sæi gvgbjgåýms. Qir mxmcpbi, pmbg cirtm, mu`irjg fic pir uc lgsfjcmlti, fic ikj`mrm sufmssi, kmprmssæibuti li `rgfgssi, kmfmpåæi g læi rmgbjzgåæi.prgzmr  I cmki kg rgjvg pirqum ucg gcmgåg ê kj`mrmltm km ucg `rustrgåæi. Mssgs pmrfmpåýms tîc filsmquîlfjgs kj`mrmltms tglti `jsjibiejfgcmltm quglti lis ficpirtgcmltis rmsubtgltms. Mciåýms sæi mstgkis jltmlsis km smltjcmlti, qum pikmc mlvibvmr jltmlsgs rmgåýms `jsjiböejfgs. Kugs pmssigs fgjlki li cgr pikmc smltjr mciåýms cujti kj`mrmltms. ]c oic lgkgkir pikm `jfgr jrrjtgki iu `rustrgki. ]cg pmssig qum læi sgom lgkgr pikm mltrgr mc pïljfi. Lis kijs fgsis, mbms mxpmrjcmltgc ucg mxfjtgåæi mcifjilgb.  Gs mciåýms sæi rmbgfjilgkgs, cgs kj`mrmltms kgs gtjtukms mcifjilgjs. Wuglki mstgcis fic cmki iu rgjvg, lissi firpi bjomrg gkrmlgbjlg, qum lis prmpgrg pgrg ucg gåæi vjeirisg. I `buxi sgleuãlmi ê kmsvjgki ki sjstmcg kjemstjvi pgrg is cþsfubis, g `rmquîlfjg fgrkãgfg gfmbmrg, i gåþfgr ê bjomrgki pmbi `ãegki, gs ebïlkubgs sukirãpgrgs sæi mstjcubgkgs m gssjc pir kjgltm. Gs gbtmrgåýms hircilgjs læi sæi kmfjsýms filsfjmltms, cgs jlstjltis gltjeis lgsfjkis kg lmfmssjkgkm km siormvjvîlfjg. Mbgs lis prmpgrgc pgrg g gåæi, bjtmrgbcmltm smc pmlsgr> pgrg ‒butgr– iu ‒`uejr–. Vm g gåæi `ãsjfg læi gfiltmfm iu ê suprjcjkg, `jfgcis fic ucg smlsgåæi km mlmrejg filtjkg. Is hircûljis g cgjs qum jlulkgrgc lissi firpi m qum tmrjgc sjki usgkis pir mssgs gåýms, sm kjspmrsgc gis piufis á cmkjkg qum lissis sjstmcgs sm 711

trglqujbjzgc. mxfjtgåæi mcifjilgbm sm gfgbcg mlquglti g sjtugåæi cukg m lissg filkjåæiG `ãsjfg sm mstgojbjzg, i smltjcmlti km filtmlåæi sm cgltmrç mlquglti jssi læi gfiltmfm. Vm is jlfjkmltms qum privifgrgc g mxfjtgåæi `irmc rmpmtjkis fic `rmquîlfjg su`jfjmltm ‖ sm vjvmrcis bmvglki cirkjkgs km fgfhirris iu fgjrcis li cgr `rmqumltmcmltm ‖, pikmcis kmsmlvibvmr ucg gtjtukm mcifjilgb mc rmbgåæi g fæms iu gi cgr qum jrricpmrç smcprm qum mstjvmrcis pmrti km fgfhirris iu ki cgr iu gtê quglki pmlsgrcis lmbms. Cujtgs kgs lissgs rmgåýms mcifjilgjs tîc rgãzms lgs pri`ulkmzgs km ucg kgs prjcmjrgs pgrtms ki fêrmori g mvibujr. Mssg rmejæi ki fêrmori ‒gltjei– jlfbuj gs gcãekgbgs, erupis km lþfbmis mc `ircg km gcîlkigs lis biois tmcpirgjs cmkjgjs qum filstjtumc pgrtm ki qum ás vmzms ê filhmfjki fici

sjstmcg bãcojfi. Gs rmejýms cgjs gltjegs ki fêrmori gnukgc lg rmeubgåæi kgs `ulåýms firpirgjs qum sustmltgc g vjkg, jlfbujlki g rmspjrgåæi m i

 

cmtgoibjsci km iutris öreæis. I pmlsgcmlti rgfjilgb m gostrgti kmsmlvibvmu-sm cujti cgjs tgrkm lg mvibuåæi ki fêrmori m mstç gssifjgki fic i lmiförtmx, gs kiorgs filtirfjkgs lg supmr`ãfjm kis kijs hmcjs`êrjis fmrmorgjs, m fic i kmsmlvibvjcmlti kis biois `riltgjs. I fêrmori gltjei læi uc ‒pmlsg– li km smltjki ficucprê-priergcgkis kg pgbgvrg. Fici iosmrvg Eibmcgl, ê cgjs filnulti rmeubgkirms qum cgltîc i firpi `ulfjilglki m rmgejlki pgrg egrgltjr g siormvjvîlfjg. Jssi læi sjelj`jfg qum smltjcmlti m rgzæi mstmngc jsibgkis uc ki iutri. [ikgs gs rmejýms ki fêrmori sæi filmftgkgs pir cmji km jltrjfgkis fjrfujtis lmurgjs. Hç ucg ‒kglåg filtãlug mltrm jltmbmfti m mciåýms, smltjcmlti m rgzæi, qum ê mssmlfjgb pgrg i oic `ulfjilgcmlti m cglutmlåæi km gcois–. Km fmrti ciki, tmcis kugs cglmjrgs kj`mrmltms km filhmfmr i culki m jltmrgejr fic mbm> g rgfjilgb m g mcifjilgb. Mssg kjstjlåæi gprixjcg-sm kg kjstjlåæi pipubgr mltrm firgåæi m cmltm> ‒Vgomr li `ulki ki firgåæi qum gbei mstç fmrti ê ucg filvjfåæi kj`mrmltm, km fmrtg `ircg cgjs pri`ulkg, km sgomr g cmscg fijsg fic g cmltm rgfjilgb–. Wuglti cgjs jltmlsi `ir i smltjcmlti, cgjs kicjlgltm g cmltm mcifjilgb sm tirlg m cgjs jlm`jfgz sm tirlg g cmltm rgfjilgb. Mssm sjstmcg pgrmfm rmsubtgr ‒kgs mrgs km vgltgemc mvibufjilçrjg km pikmr filtgr fic mciåýms m jltujåýms pgrg irjmltgr lissg rmgåæi jcmkjgtg mc sjtugåýms km vjkg iu cirtm m lgs qugjs pgrgr pgrg pmlsgr siorm i qum `gzmr pikmrjg lis fustgr g vjkg–. Á cmkjkg qum gcgkurmfmcis, i mqujbãorji mltrm rgzæi m mciåæi cukg, iu kmvmrjg cukgr. Omoîs rmfêc-lgsfjkis sæi ticgkis pir smltjcmltis km `icm, gleþstjg iu filtmltgcmlti m mxprmssgc mssms smltjcmltis fic ruãkis, mxprmssýms `gfjgjs m civjcmltis. Omoîs m gkibmsfmltms sæi `gcisis pir mciåýms turoubmltgs m gbtmrgåýms kmgbgrcgkis, hucir. Ism gkubtis lircgbcmltm tîc cgjs filtribm kgs mciåýms. @jfgcis fic rgzæi, quglki vmcis gkubtis gejlki fici omoîs, erjtglki mc rmuljýms iu fhirglki km `rustrgåæi quglki læi filsmeumc i qum qumrmc. Gcgkurmfmr læi sjelj`jfg rmprjcjr is smltjcmltis iu kmsfilsjkmrgr sug jcpirtïlfjg. Lg jltrjfgkg mfibiejg kg filsfjîlfjg, ‒g `gfubkgkm mcifjilgb irjmltg lissgs kmfjsýms, trgogbhglki bgki g bgki fic g cmltm rgfjilgb, gtjvglki iu kmsgtjvglki is pmlsgcmltis–.   Kg cmscg `ircg, i fêrmori pmlsgltm kmsmcpmlhg uc pgpmb mxmfutjvi siorm gs lissgs mciåýms, mxfmti lgqumbms cicmltis mc qum gs mciåýms sgmc ki filtribm m i fêrmori mcifjilgb firrm sibti. I jltmbmfti læi tmc fici gtjlejr sug m`jfçfjg cçxjcg 717

smc jltmbjeîlfjg mcifjilgb. Cgltmr uc mqujbãorji mltrm is kijs ê jcprmsfjlkãvmb pgrg ucg pmrsilgbjkgkm mqujbjorgkg. Gs rmbgåýms mltrm

 

pmlsgcmlti m smltjcmlti ifupgc i fmltri ki prifmssi frjgtjvi mc tikis is fgcpis, jlfbujlki gs grtms m gs fjîlfjgs.

‒Gs rmbgåýms mltrm pmlsgcmlti m smltjcmlti ifupgc i fmltri ki prifmssi mc tikis is fgcpis, jlfbujlki gs grtmsfrjgtjvi m gs fjîlfjgs.–

Grtjstgs m fjmltjstgs Kmltrm is bmegkis ki Jbucjljsci m ki _icgltjsci mlfiltrgc-sm cujtgs supisjåýms mc ficuc, pirêc mqujvifgkgs, siorm gs grtms m gs fjîlfjgs. Gfrmkjtg-sm qum gs fjîlfjgs sm ogsmjgc mc filhmfjcmlti, `gtis m ionmtjvjkgkm, m qum gs grtms sm ogsmjgc mc mciåýms, gutimxprmssæi, i smr m g suonmtjvjkgkm. Gs fjîlfjgs kmvmc bmvgr gi filhmfjcmlti puri, m gs grtms kmvmc bmvgr á  Is jltrispmfåæi Gs fjîlfjgs þtmjs m fbãljfis gs grtms,m kjspmlsçvmjs. fjmltjstgs pmssigb. sæi rmtrgtgkis fici sæi cmtökjfis, ionmtjvis m is grtjstgs, fici mxprmssjvis, gpgjxilgkis m frjgtjvis. Lg rmgbjkgkm, gs grtms m gs fjîlfjgs sæi cujti cgjs pgrmfjkgs ki qum fistucgcis pmlsgr. Gcogs jlfbumc mbmcmltis ionmtjvis m suonmtjvis4 gcogs sm ogsmjgc mc filhmfjcmlti m smltjcmltis, jltujåæi m mbmcmltis læi böejfis. G frjgtjvjkgkm, mc qugbqumr fgcpi, læi ê mstrjtgcmltm böejfg. Ogsmjg-sm mc smltjcmltis m jltujåýms, omc fici mc jkmjgs mxjstmltms, mspãrjti bþkjfi, filhmfjcmltis m hgojbjkgkms prçtjfgs. Ás vmzms tmcis lissgs jkmjgs cgjs irjejlgjs smc pmlsgr filsfjmltmcmltm g rmspmjti. Vm læi filsmeujcis rmsibvmr uc priobmcg, fistucg smr cmbhir jr kircjr iu pmlsgr mc iutrg fijsg m kmjxgr lissi suofilsfjmltm fhmegr sizjlhi g ucg sibuåæi. Vmltjcmltis, pgbpjtms m jltujåýms tîc smu pgpmb mc tiki tjpi km trgogbhi frjgtjvi. I cmsci sm gpbjfg gi smlsi km mstêtjfg, mbmeïlfjg m ombmzg. M sm gpbjfg g tikis is fgcpis, kg kglåg gi fçbfubi. [glti gs fjîlfjgs quglti gs grtms mlvibvmc pgjxýms pmssigjs m gcogs pikmc smr cujti frjgtjvgs. G fjîlfjg, gssjc fici g grtm, pikm tmr erglkm jl`buîlfjg siorm g cglmjrg fici lis smltjcis mc rmbgåæi gi culki, gssjc fici siorm i culki pmbi qugb tmcis smltjcmltis. Mssgs fgrgftmrãstjfgs kgs grtms m kgs fjîlfjgs prmfjsgc smr filsjkmrgkgs gi rm`bmtjr siorm is prifmssis frjgtjvis m fici mbms kmvmc smr goirkgkis li sjstmcg mkufgfj mkufgfjilgb. ilgb. 71?

Kjsfutjr gs grtms m gs fjîlfjgs jcpbjfg goirkgr ficpbmxgs qumstýms mlvibvmlki g km`jljåæi kis kijs tmrcis. G fjîlfjg jlfbuj ucg mlircm

 

vgrjmkgkm km kjsfjpbjlgs m fgcpis km jltmrmssm, kgs fjîlfjgs lgturgjs ás fjîlfjgs `ãsjfgs, pgssglki pmbi mstuki kg pmrsilgbjkgkm hucglg m kis sjstmcgs sifjgjs. Gs grtms tgcoêc fiormc ucg gcpbg vgrjmkgkm km prçtjfgs, mstjbis m trgkjåýms, tglti hjstirjfgcmltm quglti mc kj`mrmltms fubturgs> kgs ombgs-grtms gi kmsjel, pgssglki pmbgs grtms `ibfbörjfgs trgkjfjilgjs.gi Qgrggrtmsglgti `jls kmstgmkjsfussæi, vgcis ficpgrgr is mxtrmcis km fgkg mspmftri> gs fjîlfjgs `ãsjfgs, vibtgkgs gi culki jlgljcgki, m gs ombgs-grtms, rmbgfjilgkgs ás smlsjojbjkgkms hucglgs.

I prifmssi fjmltã`jfi I prjlfjpgb prifmssi kg fjîlfjg ê g mxpbjfgåæi.  Is fjmltjstgs qumrmc sgomr fici i culki `ulfjilg mc tmrcis ki pröprji culki. G fjîlfjg tmc fici ionmtjvi prikuzjr mxpbjfgåýms sjstmcçtjfgs pgrg mvmltis, smlki qum mssgs mxpbjfgåýms kmvmc pikmr smr vmrj`jfgkgs pir mvjkîlfjgs. Qmbi cmlis lgs fjîlfjgs lgturgjs, pgrtm-sm kg prmcjssg km qum ê pissãvmb kmsmlvibvmr ‒ucg tmirjg km tuki– m qum fgkg fjmltjstg filtrjouj pgrg ficpir uc cisgjfi fibgoirgtjvi km jkmjgs mxpbglgtörjgs. Is fjmltjstgs ousfgc sm kjstglfjgr kis mvmltis qum jlvmstjegc m prikuzjr uc filhmfjcmlti jlkmpmlkmltm kmbms m qum pikm smr vgbjkgki pir qugbqumr iutri fjmltjstg qum sm pripilhg g rmpmtjr gs iosmrvgåýms. I ciki kicjlgltm km ficprmmlsæi fjmltã`jfg ê i rgfjifãlji böejfi-kmkutjvi m g prikuåæi km filhmfjcmlti pripisjfjilgb. Fici cmlfjilmj gltmrjircmltm, siorm g jl`buîlfjg kis tmstms km WJ, cujtgs vmzms sm prmsucm qum gs fjîlfjgs mstæi ‒gfjcg km qugbqumr frãtjfg iu jsmltgs km qugbqumr jl`buîlfjg sifjgb, filfmojkgs lg gtcis`mrg rgrm`mjtg km ucg jlvmstjegåæi purgcmltm fjmltã`jfg pir gbeuc prifmssi km filfmpåæi jcgfubgkg–.   Cgs mssm jkmgb mstç omc bilem kg rmgbjkgkm. G fjîlfjg ê i prikuti km smrms hucglis km fgrlm m issi. I prifmssi gpgrmltmcmltm jcpmssigb kg jlvmstjegåæi fjmltã`jfg mlvibvm qugtri msfibhgs pmssigjs pir pgrtm ki fjmltjstg> g msfibhg kis priobmcgs, is cêtikis km jlvmstjegåæi fjmltã`jfg, kmfjsýms kmfjsýms pmssigjs m is pgkrýms km ionmtjvjkgkm. 716

 G`jlgb, km qumc ê i priobmcg priobmcg9 9 ]cg kgs prjcmjrgs kmfjsýms ki fjmltjstg ê jkmltj`jfgr ucg çrmg km

jlvmstjegåæi, uc filnulti km priobmcgs qumm citjvgåýms bhm jltmrmssgc. Mssg Cjfhgmb kmfjsæi pikm mstgr mlvibtg mc ucg tmjg km jltmrmssms pmssigjs. Qibglyj `gbg kgs pgjxýms jltmbmftugjs kg fjîlfjg. Qgjxýms sæi mxprmssýms km

 

vgbir. Qgjxýms pisjtjvgs sjelj`jfgc qum gbei ê jcpirtgltm pgrg lös. Gs pmssigs qum `jzmrgc erglkms rmgbjzgåýms mc uc kmtmrcjlgki fgcpi lircgbcmltm sæi civjkgs pir ucg pgjxæi pir mstm m pmbg lgturmzg kis prifmssis mlvibvjkis. I tmrci ‒`buxi– tmc sjki usgki pgrg kmsfrmvmr cicmltis mc lissgs qum mstgcis gosirtis mc ucgfici gtjvjkgkm qum ciojbjzg ficpbmtgcmltm fgpgfjkgkms frjgtjvg frjgtjvgs, s, omc lissi filhmfjcmlti, smltjcmltis m jltujåýms. G mcpibegåæi ki fjmltjstg qum `gz ucg kmsfiomrtg ‒ê ucg pgjxæi jltmbmftugb qum lis kjz qum gbei ê prmfjisi m, cgjs pgrtjfubgrcmltm, qum ê prmfjisi pgrg g fjîlfjg–.  Mssm mltusjgsci læi ê uc suoprikuti kg jlvmstjegåæi fjmltã`jfg, cgs pgrtm ki ficpricmtjcmlti pmssigb fic gs qumstýms qum mstæi smlki jlvmstjegkgs. 71;

I cêtiki fjmltã`jfi Is fjmltjstgs, fici qugbqumr iutri smr hucgli, sö sæi rgfjilgjs lg cmkjkg mc qum is filfmjtis fic is qugjs mstæi ficpricmtjkis sæi vmrkgkmjris. Kmsfgrtms qumrjg vmr i culki gtrgvês kg lmobjlg kgs supisjåýms ki smlsi ficuc pgrg iotmr uc smlsi km rmgbjkgkm cgjs rgfjilgb. Vmu cêtiki mlvibvjg suostjtujr uc filnulti km supisjåýms pir iutri, li fgsi pmbis prjlfãpjis ki rgfjifãlji kmkutjvi kg cgtmcçtjfg m kg emicmtrjg. Mbm msfrmvmu mc smu  Kjsfursi siorm i cêtiki> ‒Mssgs bilegs fgkmjgs km rgfjifãlji, tikgs sjcpbms m `çfmjs, kgs qugjs is emûcmtrgs fistucgc sm smrvjr pgrg fhmegr ás cgjs kj`ãfmjs kmcilstrgåýms, cm bmvgc g jcgejlgr qum tikgs gs fijsgs qum g filsfjîlfjg kis hicmls pikm filhmfmr sæi bjegkgs kg cmscg cglmjrg–.  Is fjmltjstgs gfmjtgc g bmejtjcjkgkm km kmtmrcjlgkis cêtikis m prifmkjcmltis. 71=

Mbms sm jkmltj`jfgc fic sjstmcgs mspmfã`jfis km jltmrprmtgåæi m sm mltrmegc á fil`jgojbjkgkm kmssms sjstmcgs. I gstrûlici ‒prmssupým g vgbjkgkm kg cgtmcçtjfg, i cgtmcçtjfi prmssupým g vgbjkgkm kg böejfg m gssjc pir kjgltm–.   [iki i grfgoiuåi kg jlvmstjegåæi fjmltã`jfg fgjrjg pir tmrrg sm gbeuêc ficprivgssm qum mssms sjstmcgs sæi `gbhis. M pikm gfiltmfmr. Gs erglkms cukglågs km pgrgkjecg li mltmlkjcmlti fjmltã`jfi kmsfrjtgs pir [hicgs Duhl (vmng i Fgpãtubi ;) ifirrmrgc nustgcmltm quglki gs mstruturgs km pmlsgcmlti mxjstmltms m kicjlgltms cistrgrgc-sm jlgkmqugkgs. 710

Kmfjsýms pmssigjs

Gs mstruturgs kmsfrjtgs læi kmtmrcjlgc i kmsmlribgr km lmlhucg jlvmstjegåæi fjmltã`jfg mspmfã`jfg. Cgs is fjmltjstgs prmfjsgc mlqugkrgr sugs

 

hjpötmsms m filfmomr mxpmrjcmltis. Gi `gzî-bi, mbms gfgogc ticglki cujtgs kmfjsýms smeujlki frjtêrjis pmssigjs. Kmpijs qum tikgs gs mstgtãstjfgs `irgc fikj`jfgkgs m fgbfubgkgs, gs fibulgs m is kgkis `irgc cmtjfubisgcmltm iregljzgkis lg tmbg ki ficputgkir, gjlkg ê lmfmssçrji glgbjsç-bis m jltmrprmtç-bis pgrg bhmsmxjstm gtrjoujr uc sjelj`jfgki. Li pmssigb fmltri qum km læi tikgspikm gs mcprmjtgkgs fjmltã`jfgs uc mbmcmlti km kmfjsæi smr mrrgkjfgki (lmc kmvm). G fgpgfjkgkm km nubegcmlti pmssigb ê uc kis jlstrucmltis cgjs kmbjfgkis km uc fjmltjstg. Is fjmltjstgs kmpmlkmc kg glçbjsm böejfg, cgs læi sm rmstrjlemc g mbg. G böejfg ê gpmlgs uc kis cêtikis utjbjzgkis pmbis fjmltjstgs. Cgs mbms tgcoêc utjbjzgc iutris cêtikis lmc uc piufi böejfis. G jltujåæi pikm smr jcpirtgltãssjcg lg jlvmstjegåæi fjmltã`jfg. Kmsfiomrtgs fjmltã`jfgs læi rgri rmsubtgc km sgbtis jlmspmrgkis km jcgejlgåæi, quglki i fjmltjstg sm vî suojtgcmltm ki iutri bgki km uc gojsci böejfi, quglki g sibuåæi pgrg uc priobmcg ê jbucjlgkg pir ucg livg pmrfmpåæi, ucg livg gssifjgåæi km jkmjgs iu ucg vjsæi km pissjojbjkgkms jcprmvjstgs. Cujtgs kgs cgjirms kmsfiomrtgs `irgc `mjtgs jltujtjvgcmltm. Is fjmltjstgs pikmc jltujr ucg sibuåæi iu kmsfiomrtg gltms km rmgbjzgr uc mxpmrjcmlti m filfmomr tmstms pgrg vmr sm g hjpötmsm ê fil`jrcgkg iu kmscmltjkg. Fgkg tmltgtjvg ê filfmojkg pgrg smr g cgjs cmtökjfg pissãvmb. Mcoirg g glçbjsm rgfjilgb kmsmcpmlhm i pgpmb prjlfjpgb, mbg filstjtuj gpmlgs ucg pgrtm kg fjîlfjg.

 Gprixjcgåýms  Gprixjcgåým s sufmssjvgs G ionmtjvjkgkm læi egrgltm g vmrkgkm. Greucmltis fjmltã`jfis pikmc smr ionmtjvis, cgs læi sæi lmfmssgrjgcmltm vmrkgkmjris. Lg Jkgkm Cêkjg, is fjmltjstgs m g pipubgåæi mc emrgb gfrmkjtgvgc qum i Vib ejrgvg gi rmkir kg [mrrg. Mrg i qum mbms vjgc gfiltmfmr tikis is kjgs. G filfbusæi mrg ficpbmtgcmltm ionmtjvg, m gosibutgcmltm mqujvifgkg. Vjelj`jfgkis ionmtjvis sæi sjelj`jfgkis tmstgkis usglki frjtêrjis msfibhjkis pir ficuljkgkms mspmfã`jfgs. Jssi læi sjelj`jfg qum is sjelj`jfgkis ionmtjvis smngc jcpmssigjs, lmc pikmrjgc smr. Mbms sæi jltmrpmssigjs. M jssi læi ê egrgltjg km qum mbms firrmspilkgc á rmgbjkgkm, nç qum ‒i culki ki filhmfjcmlti ionmtjvi ê `mjti pmbi hicmc–.  I filhmfjcmlti fjmltã`jfi kmvm smr rmvjsti á cmkjkg qum livgs mvjkîlfjgs iu livgs jkmjgs væi surejlki. I prifmssi `ulkgcmltgb kg fjîlfjg mlvibvm greucmltis m kmogtms, qumstjilgr iu ogsmgr715

sm mc filhmfjcmltis mxjstmltms á buz km livgs jkmjgs iu mvjkîlfjgs. I jltmrmssm læi mstç sö lis `gtis, cgs tgcoêc li qum filtg fici `gtis4 læi sö

 

lg iosmrvgåæi, cgs tgcoêc lg mxpbjfgåæi m li sjelj`jfgki. Mc tikis mssms gspmftis, g frjgtjvjkgkm mstç li fmltri kg fjîlfjg.

I prifmssi grtãstjfi I prjlfjpgb prifmssi kg grtm ê g kmsfrjåæi. Is grtjstgs kmsfrmvmc m mvifgc gs qugbjkgkms  kg mxpmrjîlfjg. I grtjstg læi sm prmifupg fic ucg mxpbjfgåæi sjstmcçtjfg, cgs fic g prikuåæi km `ircgs þljfgs km mxprmssæi pgrg rmprmsmltgr gs qugbjkgkms km sugs pmrfmpåýms m mxpmrjîlfjgs pmssigjs. I pimtg qum msfrmvm siorm i gcir iu g cmbglfibjg tmltg grtjfubgr uc mstgki km smr pmssigb> uc mstgki km mspãrjti iu ucg smlsjojbjkgkm. ]c ficpisjtir pikm tmltgr fgptgr uc smltjcmlti lg cþsjfg m bmvgr i iuvjltm g vjvmlfjgr mssm smltjcmlti. Is grtjstgs qumrmc mltmlkmr i culki pir jltmrcêkji km sugs pröprjgs pmrfmpåýms kmbm, mxprmssglki smltjcmltis, jcgejlglki gbtmrlgtjvgs gbtmrlgtjvgs m frjglki ionmtis pgrg mxprmssgr mssgs jkmjgs. I grtm`gti ifupg i fmltri kgs grtms. Is grtjstgs trgls`ircgc ionmtis m mvmltis mc ionmtis km filtmcpbgåæi. Is ficpisjtirms `gzmc cþsjfg, is pjltirms `gzmc jcgemls, is kglågrjlis `gzmc kglågs m is msfrjtirms `gzmc bjvris, pmågs km tmgtri, ricglfms m pimcgs. Mc sugs qugbjkgkms cgtmrjgjs, smlsirjgjs m mstêtjfgs, mstêtjfgs, g `ircg kg iorg jlfirpirg i sjelj`jfgki. Is grtjstgs trgogbhgc fic jkmjgs siorm qugbqumr tmcg km smu jltmrmssm. Qikmc smr jkmjgs sifjgjs iu pibãtjfgs. Mbms pikmc sm jltmrmssgr pir jkmjgs `ircgjs siorm gs pröprjgs kjsfjpbjlgs. Mssm `ij uc kis prjlfjpgjs jltmrmssms ki cikmrljsci lg cþsjfg, li tmgtri, lg bjtmrgturg m lg pjlturg. I `ircgbjsci, i filfmjtugbjsci, i fuojsci m iutris ‒jscis– sm pripusmrgc g mxpbirgr g lgturmzg m is bjcjtms kgs pröprjgs `ircgs km grtm. Hç ucg kj`mrmlåg mltrm mxprmssgr smltjcmltis pmbgs grtms m kgr vgzæi g mssms smltjcmltis. Is grtjstgs læi mxprmssgc gpmlgs smltjcmltis, mxprmssgc tgcoêc jkmjgs siorm is smltjcmltis4 læi mxprmssgc gpmlgs jkmjgs, cgs smltjcmltis siorm jkmjgs. Fic jssi, mbms pikmc ciojbjzgr tikgs gs çrmgs km smu smr.

‒Læi sæi is jltmrmssms kis grtjstgs iu kis fjmltjstgs qum is kjstjleumc uls kis iutris, cgs i ciki fici mbms sm jltmrmssgc.–

I msfrjtir M. C. qum,kmquglki lifgjr mstgki frjgtjvi, sicis grrglfgkis kis@irstmr cikis kjssm lircgjs pmlsgr. mstgcis Kmjxgcis uc ogbkm li piåi ki lissi suofilsfjmltm m, quglki mssm ogbkm ê jågki, pikmcis mxtrgjr

 

gbei gbêc ki gbfglfm kg lissg cmltm filsfjmltm. ]c grtjstg, kjz @irstmr, ‒cjsturg mssg fijsg fic sugs mxpmrjîlfjgs lircgjs m usg g cjsturg pgrg prikuzjr ucg iorg km grtm. I prifmssi frjgtjvi mcprmeg cujtg mlemlhisjkgkm têfljfg m filhmfjcmlti km culki4 pikm bufrgr fic is pgkrýms frãtjfis, cgs, cjsturgki g mbm, mstç fijsgkgs qumgrtms vmji mlvibvm li ogbkm,kgr qum `ircg, læi pikm smr iotjkgm sio kmcglkg–.   I gqumbg prifmssi fimrîlfjg sjelj`jfgki á vjkg kis smltjcmltis. Is grtjstgs mc emrgb læi pgssgc i kjg jltmjri mc mstgkis km m`mrvmsfîlfjg mcifjilgb. Ogstg vmr uc mlsgji km ucg ficpglhjg km kglåg iu uc cþsjfi prgtjfglki uc jlstrucmlti. Msfrmvmr ricglfms m ficpir pimcgs rmqumr kjbjeîlfjg, gbêc km jlspjrgåæi. G frjgtjvjkgkm lgs grtms, fici lgs fjîlfjgs, rmqumr filtribm kis cgtmrjgjs m kgs jkmjgs m ucg mlircm kjsfjpbjlg pgrg gpmr`mjåigr `ircgs mxgtgs km mxprmssæi. 718

Vjelj`jfgki m jltmrprmtgåæi _mgejr g iorgs km grtm m tmltgr mltmlkî-bgs tgcoêc rmqumr frjgtjvjkgkm. Wuglki gssjstm g ucg pmåg tmgtrgb, g pbgtmjg læi sm vî kjgltm km gbei qum pikm smr bjki sjstmcgtjfgcmltm, fici g tmbg km uc ficputgkir iu uc filnulti km jlstruåýms. ]cg pmåg ê gomrtg á jltmrprmtgåæi mc kijs lãvmjs> i qum ê mxprmssi lg pmåg m i qum ê mxprmssi pmbg pmåg. Jltmrprmtgcis i qum ê mxprmssi lg pmåg á cmkjkg qum mbg sm kmsmlribg kjgltm kis lissis ibhis, gficpglhglki gs gåýms kis pmrsilgemls. M ê sö quglki g pmåg tmrcjlg qum pikmcis filfmomr lissg jltmrprmtgåæi kg iorg fici uc tiki. Kjei ‒lissg jltmrprmtgåæi– pirqum i smltjki kg pmåg pgrg lös pikm smr kj`mrmltm km smu smltjki pgrg is gtirms, pgrg i krgcgturei iu pgrg i kjrmtir. I culki qum i krgcgturei ousfg mvifgr mxjstm lg pçejlg, mc ucg `ircg gostrgtg kg qugb ê jcpissãvmb jl`mrjr g pmr`ircglfm usglki cmjis purgcmltm böejfis. Kgr gi culki kg pmåg tmgtrgb ucg `ircg vjvg mlegng i kjrmtir m is gtirms mc uc ms`iråi filstgltm km jltmrprmtgåæi, `ulkgcmltgki lg jltujåæi, hgojbjkgkms m filhmfjcmlti fubturgb. ]cg pmåg msfrjtg suemrm ucg pmr`ircglfm, cgs læi g kmtmrcjlg. Nmrzy Eritiwsdj (7:66-7:::) iosmrviu qum tikis is erglkms tmxtis rmprmsmltgc ucg mspêfjm km gojsci pri`ulki pgrg lös> ‒Pmngcis i mxmcpbi km  Hgcbmt . Fgkg pri`mssir pikm lis gprmsmltgr uc Hgcbmt ionmtjvi kj`mrmltm. Mbms lis suemrmc Hgcbmts

rmvibufjilçrjis, Hgcbmts pir gã vgj. Læi mxjstm ucrmombkms, Hgcbmt Hgcbmts ionmtjvi. jcpitmltms, G `iråg kgsHgcbmts erglkmsmxfbuãkis iorgs mstçm  nustgcmltm lmssm m`mjti fgtgbãtjfi. ]cg erglkm iorg gorm pirtgs–.   Ê pir 71:

 

jssi qum pmr`ircglfms cmcirçvmjs sæi cgrfgltms m cmcirçvmjs læi sö pmbi trgogbhi frjgtjvi irjejlgb ki krgcgturei, cgs tgcoêc pmbis gtirms qum bhms kæi vjkg4 i Hgcbmt km Ejmbeuk, i Hgcbmt km Orglgeh m gssjc pir kjgltm. Gs pmssigs pikmc tmr ipjljýms cujti kjsfirkgltms siorm iorgs km grtm, vgrjglki kmkmgfirki fic prm`mrîlfjgs pmssigjs m vgbirms fubturgjs. G jcpirtïlfjg ucg iorg km grtm læi tmc fici smr cmkjkg fic ucg rêeug km fçbfubi. Jssi læi sjelj`jfg qum ucg iorg km grtm læi pissg smr gvgbjgkg. ]cg ipjljæi pmssigb smc mcogsgcmlti ê kj`mrmltm km ucg gvgbjgåæi `ulkgcmltgkg. Ionmtjvjkgkm sjelj`jfg qum gs gvgbjgåýms sæi `mjtgs km gfirki fic frjtêrjis kjspilãvmjs g tikis m gprmsmltglki mvjkîlfjgs mlfiltrgkgs lg pröprjg iorg. Lmssm smltjki, ê tæi vçbjki `gbgr mc prifmssis ionmtjvis km `gzmr m jltmrprmtgr g grtm quglti km `gzmr m jltmrprmtgr qugbqumr iutrg fijsg. Qrmsucjr qum gvgbjgåýms grtãstjfgs læi pgssgc km ipjljýms pmssigjs ê tæi mqujvifgki quglti prmsucjr qum tikg ipjljæi fjmltã`jfg rmprmsmltg uc `gti jlkjsfutãvmb. Vjelj`jfgki m jltmrprmtgåæi ifupgc i fmltri km tiki trgogbhi frjgtjvi. Mcoirg gs kmsfiomrtgs fjmltã`jfgs læi rgri smngc gssifjgkgs g fjmltjstgs mspmfã`jfis, mbgs læi sæi mxfbusjvgcmltm kmbms, kg cglmjrg fici gs pjlturgs, pir mxmcpbi, sæi mxfbusjvgcmltm kis grtjstgs qum gs prikuzjrgc. Mc 7:=:, Ugtsil m Frjfd kmsfiorjrgc i KLG m kmsfrmvmrgc sug mstruturg fici smlki is mbmcmltis filstjtutjvis kg vjkg. Gpmsgr km mbms tmrmc sjki is prjcmjris g kmsfiorjr i KLG, i KLG læi mxjstm pir fgusg kmbms. Wugbqumr fjmltjstg qum sjeg i cmsci prifmssi jlvmstjegtjvi fhmegrç ás cmscgs filfbusýms. Fgsi filtrçrji, gs mvjkîlfjgs iu is prifmkjcmltis pikmc smr qumstjilgkis. I cmsci læi sm gpbjfg ás grtms. Kijs iu cgjs grtjstgs qum ficmågssmc ki cmsci piltiiukmfjmltjstgs pgrtjkg qugsm prikuzjrjgc kj`mrmltms. Cgtmcçtjfis pikmcfic smr isfmrtmzg prjcmjris g prikuzjriorgs uc kmtmrcjlgki trgogbhi jltmbmftugb4 pjltirms, pimtgs m kglågrjlis sæi is þljfis g prikuzjr g iorg grtãstjfg. M g iorg ê smcprm gpmlgs ki grtjstg. G iorg grtãstjfg ê pmssigb mc uc smltjki qum læi sm gpbjfg g mqugåýms m fçbfubis cgtmcçtjfis, lis qugjs g fgpgfjkgkm km rmpbjfgr is rmsubtgkis ê jlmrmltm á vgbjkgkm ki trgogbhi. M ê pirqum gs iorgs kis grtjstgs sæi mxfbusjvgcmltm kmbms qum gs jlvmstjegåýms ojierç`jfgs sæi tæi jltmrmssg jltmrmssgltms ltms pgrg is gfgkîcjfis. ]cg iorg km grtm pikm smr siorm qugbqumr ionmti km jltmrmssm km uc grtjstg, gssjc fici uc mxpmrjcmlti iu tmirjg fjmltã`jfg pikm smr siorm qugbqumr tmcg km jltmrmssm km uc fjmltjstg. Grtjstgs m fjmltjstgs pikmc sm

jltmrmssgr pmbi cmsci tmcg. Qjltirms m emöerg`is pikmc smr gpgjxilgkis pir pgjsgemls4 ricglfjstgs m psjföbieis, pmbgs rmbgåýms hucglgs4 pimtgs m

 

ojöbieis, pmbg lgturmzg kg filsfjîlfjg. Læi sæi is jltmrmssms kis grtjstgs iu kis fjmltjstgs qum is kjstjleumc uls kis iutris, cgs i ciki fici mbms sm jltmrmssgc. G kj`mrmlåg mstç lis tjpis km mltmlkjcmlti qum mbms ousfgc m lis cikis km mltmlkjcmlti qum mcprmegc. G gcpbg jkmltj`jfgåæi piltis fibgoirgtjvis mc ficuc mltrm grtms m gski fjîlfjgs bmviu ucg egcg kmkmprinmtis m gi gs surejcmlti qum pikm vjr gg smr, lis tmcpis gtugjs, uc livi _mlgsfjcmlti. [rgtg-sm km uc _mlgsfjcmlti ogsmgki mc ucg ficprmmlsæi cgjs hibãstjfg kg filsfjîlfjg hucglg4 kgs rmbgåýms mltrm sgomr m smltjr4 m km fici tuki i qum pmlsgcis m smltjcis `gz pgrtm ki prifmssi frjgtjvi km kgr smltjki gi culki qum lis fmrfg m gis culkis kmltri km lös.

Filfbusæi ]c culki smc smltjcmltis lissis sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs `gzmc smrjg cujtibjtmrgbcmltm piufi pgrgkmsucgli. goirkgr Cgs mssg is kjcmlsæi hucglg kg lissg pmrsilgbjkgkm. Fici mxpbjfg Biujs Grlguk _mjk> ‒G lmebjeîlfjg ki mstuki kis smltjcmltis m km smu buegr lg mfilicjg kg cmltm tmc sm privgki kmsgstrisg, tglti lg `jbisi`jg quglti lg mkufgåæi. G smlsjojbjkgkm ê cgjs jcpirtgltm mc cujtis tjpis km filhmfjcmlti ki qum sgomcis m rmfilhmfmcis–. rmfilhmfmcis–. Vmr smlsãvmb g sj cmsci m gis iutris ê uc mbmcmlti jcprmsfjlkãvmb li kmsmlvibvjcmlti kgs qugbjkgkms pmssigjs qum sm `gzmc lmfmssçrjgs fic ureîlfjg, lis lmeöfjis, lgs lissgs ficuljkgkms m lg lissg vjkg pmssigb. 771

Ê pmbis smltjcmltis, gssjc fici pmbg qum rgzæi, mlfiltrgcis lissi vmrkgkmjri pikmr frjgtjvi. Ê pir gcois lis qum filmftgcis uls fic is iutris m frjgcis is ficpbmxis m cutçvmjs culkis kg fubturg hucglg.

‒Ê pmbis smltjcmltis, gssjc fici pmbg rgzæi, qum mlfiltrgcis lissi vmrkgkmjri pikmr frjgtjvi. Ê pir gcois qum lis filmftgcis uls fic is iutris m frjgcis is ficpbmxis m cutçvmjs culkis kg  fubturg hucglg.–

 

8

Pifî læi mstç sizjlhi

‒G frjgtjvjkgkm jlkjvjkugb ê qugsm smcprm mstjcubgkg pmbgs iorgs, pmbgs jkmjgs m pmbgs rmgbjzgåýms gbhmjgs.–

I eîlji sibjtçrji9 ]cg jkmjg pipubgr kg frjgtjvjkgkm ê g ki eîlji sibjtçrji lgkglki hmrijfgcmltm filtrg gs firrmltms kgs filvmlåýms, km`mlkmlki jkmjgs qum ljleuêc ngcgjs iusiu km`mlkmr gltms. Læi `gbtgc mxmcpbis km `jeurgs jfûljfgs qum `jzmrgc filtrjoujåýms rmvibufjilçrjgs mc sug çrmg km gtugåæi. Cmlfjilmj gbeuls kmbms mc fgpãtubis gltmrjirms, fici Egbjbmu, Jsggf Lmwtil, Cgrthg Erghgc, mltrm iutris. Cgs g jcgemc ki eîlji sibjtçrji pikm smr mleglisg. Gs jkmjgs irjejlgjs pikmc gtê mcglgr kg jlspjrgåæi km cmltms jlkjvjkugjs, cgs læi suremc mc uc vçfui fubturgb. G frjgtjvjkgkm jlkjvjkugb ê smcprm mstjcubgkg pmbgs iorgs, pmbgs jkmjgs m pmbgs rmgbjzgåýms gbhmjgs. Fici g`jrciu Jsggf Lmwtil, sm mbm vju cgjs bilem, `ij pir mstgr siorm icoris km ejegltms. Cmsci quglki trgogbhgc sizjlhgs, fici ê i fgsi km gbeucgs pmssigs, smus ms`iråis frjgtjvis gfiltmfmc jlmvjtgvmbcmltm kmltri km uc filtmxti fubturgb. Lg prçtjfg, lissg pröprjg vjsæi km culki ê pri`ulkgcmltm g`mtgkg pir lissgs rmbgåýms fic is iutris, li cãljci pirqum usgcis `ircgs ficpgrtjbhgkgs km rmprmsmltgåæi qum frjgcis nultis, fici gs bãleugs qum `gbgcis. Fgkg pmssig tmc g pröprjg vjkg, cgs cujti ki qum frjgcis ê `mjti mc fibgoirgåæi uls fic is iutris. I qum frjgcis nultis ê g fubturg.

[icglki km mcprêstjci ucg mxprmssæi ki gltripöbiei Fbj``irk Emmrtz, tikgs gs vjkgs hucglgs mstæi suspmlsgs mc ‒tmjgs km sjelj`jfïlfjg– qum

 

lös cmscis tmfmcis. Ê pmbg frjgtjvjkgkm qum mssms `jis sæi frjgkis m mltrmcmgkis pgrg `ircgr tmjgs ficpbmxgs kg fubturg hucglg. Li `jc ki sêfubi XPJJJ, i tmrci ‒fubturg–, mc fmrti smltjki, pgssiu g sjelj`jfgr uc prifmssi emrgb km rm`jlgcmlti jltmbmftugb iu sifjgb. Ê lmssm gspmfti qum ucg pmssig pikm smr kmsfrjtg fici ‒fubtg–. G qugbjkgkm km smr fubti ê pgrtjfubgrcmltm gssifjgkg fic g gprmfjgåæi kgs grtms. Qir mxtmlsæi, i tmrci ‒fubturg– tgcoêc jlfbuj i fgcpi emrgb kg gtjvjkgkm grtãstjfg m jltmbmftugb. ]cg kjstjlåæi fistucg smr `mjtg mltrm g grtm mrukjtg m g fubturg pipubgr. ‒Grtm mrukjtg– lircgbcmltm rm`mrm-sm g öpmrg, cþsjfg fbçssjfg, ogbê, kglåg filtmcpirïlmg, ombgs-grtms, bjtmrgturg m fjlmcg sêrjis. ‒Fubturg pipubgr– rm`mrm-sm g cþsjfgs ficmrfjgjs, fjlmcg pipubgr, [P, cikg, kmsjel, `jfåæi pipubgr m iutrgs `ircgs fic gpmbi ás cgssgs. Ê mssm sjelj`jfgki km fubturg qum is mfilicjstgs mc emrgb tîc mc cmltm quglki `gbgc kg ‒jlkþstrjg fubturgb–. I tmrci ‒fubturg– tgcoêc ê usgki mc uc smltjki sifjgb cgjs gcpbi pgrg rm`mrjr-sm gi ciki km vjkg km ucg ficuljkgkm4 smus pgkrýms km trgogbhi m bgzmr, cirgbjkgkm, prçtjfgs jltmbmftugjs, mstêtjfg, frmlågs, prikuåæi mfilûcjfg, pikmr pibãtjfi m rmspilsgojbjkgkm. Ê mssg km`jljåæi sifjgb cgjs gcpbg km fubturg qum tmlhi mc cmltm gquj> is vgbirms m gs `ircgs km ficpirtgcmlti qum fgrgftmrjzgc kj`mrmltms ficuljkgkms sifjgjs. Greucmltmj li Fgpãtubi = qum g jltmbjeîlfjg hucglg ê kjvmrsg, kjlïcjfg m kjstjltg. I cmsci pikm smr kjti kgs fubturgs qum frjgcis.

]cg qumstæi km tmcpi

Fici mu kjssm li Fgpãtubi =, lissis smltjkis `ãsjfis g`mtgc i qum sicis fgpgzms km pmrfmomr ki culki, cgs hç iutris `gtirms qum g`mtgc i qum km `gti pmrfmomcis. Cujtis kmssms `gtirms sæi fubturgjs. Kj`mrmltms fubturgs pikmc tmr pmrfmpåýms rgkjfgbcmltm kj`mrmltms ki culki. Gbeucgs kj`mrmlågs fubturgjs sæi fbgrgs, fici gs bãleugs qum gs pmssigs `gbgc, gs riupgs, g ficjkg m is mstjbis km cirgkjg. Iutrgs kj`mrmlågs sæi cgjs kj`ãfmjs km jkmltj`jfgr pir mstgrmc jlfirpirgkgs lis cikis oçsjfis km pmlsgr. ]c mxmcpbi pikm smr vjsti lgs vgrjgåýms fubturgjs li ciki km pmrfmomr g pgssgemc km tmcpi.

Mc ?117, cukmj-cm fic g cjlhg `gcãbjg km Vtrgt`irk-upil-Gvil, lg Jlebgtmrrg, pgrg Bis Glembms, lis Mstgkis ]ljkis. Lg Muripg, uc sêfubi

 

læi ê cujti tmcpi, cgs mc Bis Glembms ê. Lissg fgsg mc Vtrgt`irk-upilGvil tjlhg sjki filstruãkg mc 7851 m mrg ucg kgs cgjs livgs kg rmejæi. Mrg fmki kmcgjs pgrg sgomr sm i ogjrri jg vgbirjzgr. Lissg fgsg lis Mstgkis ]ljkis `ij filstruãkg mc 7:65, i qum, mc Bis Glembms, ê qugsm ucg filstruåæi hjstörjfg. Is muripmus læi gfhgc qum kmz glis ê tgbvmz cujti tmcpi. Is gcmrjfglis gfhgc m usgc cujti g pgbgvrg ‒kêfgkg–, pgrg trglscjtjr ucg jkmjg km trgkjåæi jlstgltïlmg. Biei kmpijs qum lis cukgcis pgrg Bis Glembms, iuvj li rçkji ki fgrri uc ficmrfjgb km ucg filfmssjilçrjg km guticövmjs kg fjkgkm. Msqumfj i licm kg filfmssjilçrjg, cgs gtê hinm cm bmcori ki sbiegl> ‒Vmrvjlki Bis Glembms fic ireubhi pir qugsm cmjg kêfgkg–. Mc ficpgrgåæi, lg Çsjg, uc cjbîlji læi ê erglkm fijsg. Lg cjlhg prjcmjrg vjgemc g Qmqujc, `uj ngltgr (vifî pikm læi sm surprmmlkmr) mc uc rmstgurgltm fhjlîs. @ij ucg rm`mjåæi cmcirçvmb. Qgrg ficmågr, msfibhj km rm`mrjg `rgleigiprmti–. Gfhmj qum g‒prmti– tmrci `jeurgtjvi‒sipg qum sm mstjbi km fizjlhgr sipg m `issm læi i uc mstgki ki `rglei. Mu mstgvg mleglgki. Is pmkgåis km `rglei mrgc ficpbmtgcmltm prmtis, pir kmltri m pir `irg4 ucg fir km fgrlm qum fistuci gssifjgr á putrm`gåæi. Mu læi mstgvg mleglgki. Qgrg g cjlhg sgtjs`gåæi, rmfmoj uc fgbirisi ibhgr km gprivgåæi ki egråic quglki msfibhj i prgti smeujltm, egriupg fizjkg li vgpir. Mbm bmviu i pmkjki á fizjlhg m vibtiu gbeuls jlstgltms kmpijs fic ucg fmstg km ogcou. Li jltmrjir mstgvg i pmjxm mc qumstæi, vjvi m `gzmlki km tuki pgrg msfgpgr, fic ucg mxprmssæi km gosibuti tmrrir lis ibhis. Mu sgojg qum, sm mu gprivgssm i pmjxm, mstgrjg bhm ucg smltmlåg km cirtm. qum is êgljcgjs prmfjsgc cirrmr pgrgkglki mu ficî-bis m qum mssm tjpi kmVmjcmbjlkrm ucg erglkm hjpifrjsjg. Gbeucgs fubturgs, fici g fhjlmsg, læi sm mltrmegc g mssgs filtrgkjåýms. Cmsci gssjc, læi mstiu gfistucgki g filhmfmr pmssigbcmltm i gljcgb qum mstiu prmstms g ficmr. Gssmltj smc cujti ïljci m, qujlzm cjlutis kmpijs, i pmjxm mstgvg km vibtg lg cjlhg `rmltm, fizjki li vgpir, tiki ml`mjtgki m fic uc ibhgr rmprivgkir. Qgrg læi ficmågr g ficmr biei km fgrg, ficmltmj fic i egråic qum gkiri ficjkg fhjlmsg. Ê vmrkgkm, mspmfjgbcmltm sm mu læi prmfjsgr sifjgbjzgr fic g ficjkg gltms. Mbm gergkmfmu, cgs kjssm qum gqumbm lg vmrkgkm læi mrg uc prgti fhjlîs. Is

cileöjs, mbm mxpbjfiu, cêtikiMc km tmrcis fizjlhgrgsjçtjfis, pmjxm á Fhjlg livmfmltis glistjlhgc gltms. bmvgki Cmlis gqumbm km cjbîlji. pikm smr sö uc cikjsci pgssgemjri.

 

Kj`mrmlågs fubturgjs li smlsi km tmcpi g`mtgc læi sö i ciki fici gs pmssigs bmvgc g vjkg fici tgcoêc sug pmrspmftjvg pibãtjfg. Mc 7:5?, i prmsjkmltm gcmrjfgli _jfhgrk Ljxil sm prmpgrgvg pgrg ucg vjsjtg hjstörjfg á Fhjlg. Vmu smfrmtçrji km Mstgki, Hmlry Djssjlemr, bhm jl`irciu qum i prmcjmr fhjlîs m cjljstri kgs _mbgåýms Fhiupmreultiu Ml-Bgj, mrg uc mstukjisi kg hjstörjg `rglfmsg. Kurgltm gMxtmrjirms, vjsjtg, Ljxil g Fhiu fici mbm gfhgvg qum g _mvibuåæi @rglfmsg, mc 758:, tjlhg g`mtgki g fjvjbjzgåæi ifjkmltgb. Fhiu Ml-Bgj pgriu pgrg pmlsgr uc piufi m rmspilkmu> ‒Gjlkg ê fmki pgrg kjzmr–. Qgrg uc prmsjkmltm gcmrjfgli prmifupgki fic gs cglfhmtms ki kjg smeujltm, mssg vjsæi pglirïcjfg km fgusg m m`mjti kj`jfjbcmltm pikmrjg smr cgjs kj`mrmltm. Gs fubturgs hucglgs sæi jl`bumlfjgkgs pir cujtis `gtirms, jlfbujlki `gtirms emierç`jfis, pgkrýms pipubgfjilgjs, gfmssi g rmfursis lgturgjs m tmflibiejg, m pir mvmltis pibãtjfis, eumrrgs, jlvgsýms m filqujstgs. [ikis mssms jltmrgemc fic jkmjgs m isásvgbirms kmsmlvibvjkis fic i tmcpi`gtirms pmbgs ficuljkgkms pgrggskgr smltjki sugs vjkgs. [ikgs gs fubturgs sæi `ircgkgs km vçrjis mbmcmltis> sjstmcgs km eivmrli, sjstmcgs  nukjfjçrjis, sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs, fbgssms sifjgjs, ifupgåýms, prikuåæi mfilûcjfg m grtms. Fubturgs ficpbmxgs gorjegc jlfiltçvmjs suofubturgs m erupis filtrgfubturgjs qum gprmsmltgc goirkgemls gbtmrlgtjvgs kmltri kg fubturg kicjlgltm. Fici g jltmbjeîlfjg, gs fubturgs læi sö sæi kjvmrsgs, sæi tgcoêc kjlïcjfgs.

‒Gs fubturgs hucglgs sæi ficpbmxgs m kjvmrsgs pirqum g jltmbjeîlfjg ê jltrjlsmfgcmlt jltrjlsmfgcmltm rjfg m frjgtjvg. Fici hucglg g jltmbjeîlfjg, gs fubturgsm læi sö sæi kjvmrsgs, sæi tgcoêc kjlïcjfgs.–

Fubturgs kjlïcjfgs G pgbgvrg ‒fubturg–, li smltjki ojiböejfi, jcpbjfg frmsfjcmlti m trgls`ircgåæi. I cmsci pikm smr kjti kgs fubturgs sifjgjs. G tgxg km cukglåg vgrjg cujti km gfirki fic fgkg fubturg m fic fgkg êpifg. Gtugbcmltm, tmcis tmstmculhgki, mc piufis glis, cukglågs

mxpilmlfjgjs mc cujtgs ficuljkgkms fubturgjs gi rmkir ki culki, á cmkjkg qum g fubturg sm tirlg fgkg vmz cgjs ebiogbjzgkg m filmftgkg.

 

[glti g jltmbjeîlfjg jlkjvjkugb quglti g cukglåg fubturgb sæi kjlïcjfgs m jltmrgtjvgs. Çrmgs mspmfã`jfgs ki fêrmori sm jbucjlgc quglki rmgbjzgcis kmtmrcjlgkgs `ulåýms> bjleugemc, rmfilhmfjcmlti km ristis m gssjc pir kjgltm. Mc qugbqumr gtjvjkgkm, cujtgs çrmgs kj`mrmltms ki fêrmori mc filnulti. cmsci gfiltmfm fic g fubturg sifjgb. Qikmcistrgogbhgc `gbgr smpgrgkgcmltm km I tmflibiejg, mfilicjg, sjstmcgs nurãkjfis, êtjfg m trgogbhi, cgs ucg fubturg sö pikm smr ficprmmlkjkg sm `ir bmvgkg mc filtg g jltmr-rmbgåæi mltrm tikis mssms mbmcmltis.  ]c mxmcpbi ê g jltmrgåæi kgs grtms fic g tmflibiejg. 77 777 7

Grtms m tmflibiejg  Ujbbjgc Vhgdmspmgrm `ij uc kis cgjirms msfrjtirms kg hjstörjg. Mbm `ij pribã`jfi m tgbmltisi. Cgs sug iorg filsjstju qugsm titgbcmltm km pmågs tmgtrgjs m pimsjg. Mbm læi msfrmvmu ricglfms. Qir qum smrç9 ]c ricglfm pgrmfmrjg smr g `ircg lgturgb km mxprmssæi pgrg uc kis cgjirms filtgkirms km hjstörjgs ki culki. Vhgdmspmgrm læi msfrmvmu ricglfms pirqum g jkmjg privgvmbcmltm lulfg bhm pgssiu pmbg fgomåg. Mbm vjvmu li sêfubi XPJ. I ricglfm sö sm kmsmlvibvmu fici ucg `ircg km grtm li sêfubi XPJJJ, lg mstmjrg kg jcprmssæi m ki surejcmlti km ucg erglkm fbgssm bmtrgkg fic gpmtjtm pir lgrrgtjvgs mxtmlsgs. Fic cgjs pmssigs gb`gomtjzgkgs m g cmbhirjg kis cêtikis km jcprmssæi, i ricglfm, fici i filhmfmcis geirg, ficmåiu g ticgr `ircg. G irqumstrg cikmrlg ê uc djt   km `mrrgcmltgs qum pissjojbjtg fmrtis tjpis km cþsjfg. G trgkjåæi cusjfgb fbçssjfg kg Muripg ifjkmltgb mvibuju fic i gvglåi kg irqumstrg m smus jlstrucmltis km cmtgb iu cgkmjrg. G cþsjfg fbçssjfg smrjg ficpbmtgcmltm kj`mrmltm hinm smc is jlstrucmltis km firkgs, cmtgjs m jlstrucmltis km sipri m is sils qum mssms jlstrucmltis pissjojbjtgrgc pgrg ficpisjtirms m cþsjfis. Gs grtms vjsugjs mvibuãrgc bgki g bgki fic g tmflibiejg. Qjltirms m msfubtirms pgssgrgc sêfubis rmejstrglki g jcgemc km pmssigs, buegrms m mvmltis. Mssm `ij uc km smus prjlfjpgjs pgpêjs m `iltms km rmlkg. G jlvmlåæi kg `itierg`jg gfgoiu fic mssm cilipöbji, kjspiljojbjzglki uc cêtiki rçpjki, ogrgti m `jmb km rmejstri vjsugb. G livg tmflibiejg bmviu g

jl`bgcgkis kmogtms lg Gfgkmcjg _mgb Jlebmsg siorm i livi stgtus  kis grtjstgs. Gbeuls tmcjgc qum g `itierg`jg bmvgssm á cirtm kg pjlturg.

 

Iutris sm pmreultgvgc sm ucg `itierg`jg pikmrjg smr filsjkmrgkg ucg iorg km grtm. Lg rmgbjkgkm, g `itierg`jg mstgvg qumorglki is cibkms lis qugjs gs jkmjgs mstgombmfjkgs siorm g grtm tjlhgc sjki `ircgkgs. Fici Ugbtmr Omlngcjl (78:?-7:;1) iosmrviu, g qumstæi læi mrg sm ucg `itierg`jg smr ucg grtm, cgs qum i kmsmlvibvjcmlti `itierg`jg pikjg jcpbjfgvg pgrgiorg g km km`jljåæi kg i pröprjg grtm.   Wuglki kgg `itierg`jg mvibuju, li kmfirrmr ki sêfubi XX, pgrg sm trgls`ircgr mc ucg `ircg km grtm pir sj sö, mbg pgssiu g smr vjstg læi tglti fici ucg gcmgåg ás grtms vjsugjs, cgs fici ucg `ircg km bjomrgåæi. Bjvrms kgs rmstrjåýms kgs iorgs `jeurgtjvgs, is pjltirms pgssgrgc g mxpbirgr livgs pissjojbjkgkms> kg mxprmssæi km smltjcmltis pmssigjs gis bjcjtms kg `ircg vjsugb pmbg grtm gostrgtg m filfmjtugb. Jlivgåýms tmfliböejfgs lg prikuåæi km tjltgs m pjecmltis tgcoêc gorjrgc livis hirjziltms frjgtjvis lg pjlturg. I jcprmssjiljsci `ij `gfjbjtgki, mc pgrtm, 77?

pmbg jlvmlåæi km tuois km cmtgb `bmxãvmjs pgrg i trglspirtm kg tjltg, `gfjbjtglki pgrg is pjltirms trgogbhgr gi gr bjvrm m fgptgr is cicmltis `uegzms km buz m pgjsgemls. Kg cmscg `ircg fici is pjltirms tmcjgc qum g `itierg`jg pukmssm bmvgr á cirtm kg pjlturg, cujtg emltm gfhiu qum i fjlmcg smrjg i `jc ki tmgtri. Lmlhucg kgs kugs prmvjsýms gfiltmfmu. Kmpijs ki gkvmlti ki fjlmcg, i tmgtri `ij bglågki mc uc livi pmrãiki km jlvmltjvjkgkm m jlivgåæi, mspmfjgbcmltm lgs kêfgkgs km 7:?1 g 7:=1. Gs tmflibiejgs sæi lmutrgs. I qum filtg ê qumc gs utjbjzg m pgrg quî. Wugbqumr `mrrgcmltg lgs cæis km uc grtjstg pikm rmsubtgr mc ucg iorg km grtm. ]cg fglmtg hjkrierç`jfg iu uc prifmssgkir km tmxti pikmc smr usgkis pgrg ficpir ucg mxfmbmltm bjtmrgturg iu rgojsfgr ucg bjstg km ficprgs. ]cg fïcmrg lgs cæis km uc grtjstg pikm prikuzjr ucg grtm tæi jlstjegltm quglti qugbqumr iorg prikuzjkg usglki pjlfêjs m tjltgs.

‒Ê ucg fgrgftmrãstjfg jltmrmssgltm kg cukglåg  fubturgb qum, pir uc tmcpi, gs livgs tmflibiejgs tmlkmc g smr usgkgs pgrg `gzmr g cmscg fijsg km smcprm.– Qir uc tmcpi, gs livgs tmflibiejgs tmlkmc g smr usgkgs pgrg `gzmr g

cmscg fijsg km smcprm. Is prjcmjris `itöerg`is mlqugkrgvgc gs pmssigs pgrg jcjtgr uc rmtrgti fici sm `issm ucg pjlturg g öbmi. Fic g mvibuåæi

 

kg tmflibiejg, is `itöerg`is kmsfiorjrgc qum pikjgc rmejstrgr cicmltis m mvmltis qum g pjlturg læi tjlhg fici rmejstrgr. G jlvmlåæi kg fïcmrg pirtçtjb Oriwljm pir Emirem Mgstcgl mc 7:11 bmviu g `itierg`jg ás cgssgs m trgls`irciu g fubturg pipubgr. Qir uc tmcpi, is prjcmjris `jbcms gs uc filvmlåýms ki tmgtri. Is kjrmtirms utjbjzgvgc fïcmrg fipjgrgc jcövmb mc cmbikrgcg filvmlfjilgb m `jbcgvgc i qumucg sm pgssgvg kjgltm kg fïcmrg. Á cmkjkg qum gs fïcmrgs `jfgvgc cgjs bmvms, mbms pmrfmomrgc qum pikjgc cukgr ïleubis m bifgjs m g jlvmlåæi ki `ifi cövmb pissjojbjtiu jcgemls cgjs jltjcjstgs. Fic is fjlmgstgs `gzmlki mxpmrjcmltis fic mssgs livgs pissjojbjkgkms têfljfgs, g bjleugemc fjlmcgtierç`jfg ficmåiu g sm `ircgr m, mc filsmquîlfjg, is `jbcms sm tirlgrgc uc fgcpi kj`mrmlfjgki km frjgåæi grtãstjfg. G tmflibiejg m g frjgtjvjkgkm mstæi mc ucg filstgltm sjlmrejg. Gs livgs tmflibiejgs gprmsmltgc livgs pissjojbjkgkms pgrg i trgogbhi frjgtjvi frjgtjvi mvibuãrgc kgs tmflibiejgs bmvg g qum mvibuåýms tmfliböejfgs. Fïcmrgsm mi usi pjecmltis á cmkjkg is grtjstgs `irgc jlvmltglki livgs têfljfgs pgrg usç-bis4 jlstrucmltis cusjfgjs m têfljfgs km ergvgåæi mvibuãrgc fic gs gcojåýms frjgtjvgs km cþsjfis m prikutirms. Hinm, gs tmflibiejgs kjejtgjs pripirfjilgc g pmssigs ki culki tiki `mrrgcmltgs smc prmfmkmltms pgrg gpbjfgr sug frjgtjvjkgkm li sic, kmsjel, fjîlfjgs m grtms. M, gi usgr mssgs `mrrgcmltgs, is usuçrjis frjgc livgs rmkms m gpbjfgåýms qum jltmrgemc fic i kmsjel m g prikuåæi km si`twgrm  m hgrkwgrm  mc tikis is lãvmjs. Á cmkjkg qum g rmvibuåæi kjejtgb gfmbmrg, pikmcis mspmrgr cikis gjlkg cgjs rgkjfgjs km prikuåæi frjgtjvg, fungs kg filsmquîlfjgs sæi tæipgrg kj`ãfmjs km prmvmr quglti gs filsmquîlfjgs `itierg`jg i `irgc is grtjstgs kg mrggeirg vjtirjglg.

I qum vifî qumr kjzmr9 ]c kis mxmcpbis cgjs fbgris kg lgturmzg kjlïcjfg kg fubturg ê g vmbifjkgkm lg qugb gs bãleugs `gbgkgs mvibumc. [ikgs gs bãleugs vjvgs mstæi cukglki. Livgs pgbgvrgs m mxprmssýms suremc filtjlugcmltm pgrg gficikgr livgs sjtugåýms, jkmjgs m smltjcmltis. I Ix`irk Mlebjsh  Kjftjilgry puobjfg supbmcmltis pgrg jlfbujr livgs pgbgvrgs m mxprmssýms

qum li jkjicg. pmssigs tjpi Cgs km fijsg vmmcmltrgrgc mssgs livgs pgbgvrgsGbeucgs fici uc kmsvjikmpbirgc ki jlebîsmssm firrmti. `ij söm li sêfubi XPJJJ qum `ij `mjtg ucg tmltgtjvg km `ircgbjzgr g irtierg`jg m g

 

piltugåæi kg bãleug jlebmsg. G bjleugemc qum `gbgcis li sêfubi XXJ smrjg prgtjfgcmltm jljltmbjeãvmb pgrg Vhgdmspmgrm, gssjc fici g bjleugemc kmbm pgrg lös. Gbvjl [i``bmr mstjciu qum Vhgdmspmgrm privgvmbcmltm mltmlkmrjg gpmlgs fmrfg km ?=1 cjb kgs ;=1 cjb pgbgvrgs km usi lg bãleug mbm jlebmsg hinm. Jstimc ê, sm Vhgdmspmgrm cgtmrjgbjzgssm hinmemrgb mc Bilkrms, mltmlkmrjg, cêkjg, sö fjlfism km fgkg livm pgbgvrgs ki lissi vifgoubçrji. Fici kjz [i``bmr, sm mstjvmssm gquj geirg, ‒i Ogrki smrjg smcjbmtrgki–. 776

‒Vm Vhgdmspmgrm sm cgtmrjgbjzgssm mc Bilkrms hinm, mbm smrjg smcjbmtrgki.–

[mirjg m jkmibiejg  ]c tmrfmjri mxmcpbi ê ficpisti kgs jltmrgåýms mltrm g tmirjg m g jkmibiejg. Li Fgpãtubi ;, `gbmj siorm i pikmr kgs jkmjgs emrgkirgs. I smlsi ficuc suemrm qum gs vmbhgs tmirjgs sæi suostjtuãkgs gssjc qum suremc tmirjgs livgs m cmbhirms, fgpgzms km mxpbjfgr cmbhir gs mvjkîlfjgs. Cgs lmc smcprm ê i qum gfiltmfm. Lg prçtjfg, gs tmirjgs pikmc smr tæi sunmjtgs gis cikjscis quglti i ficprjcmlti km sgjgs iu i firtm kgs bgpmbgs. Oig pgrtm kgs tmirjgs pmrcglmfm rmbmegkg g uc rmbgtjvi msqumfjcmlti. Fjmltjstgs, grtjstgs m `jbösi`is ki culki tiki mstæi filtjlugcmltm prikuzjlki livgs jkmjgs km tiki tjpi. Cgs kmtmrcjlgkgs jkmjgs pikmc smr suojtgcmltm gkitgkgs pmbgs cgssgs. Fici gbeucgs jkmjgs pgssgc g kicjlgr gs iutrgs9 Lmc smcprm ê pir smrmc cmbhirms iu cgjs pilkmrgkgs. Iutris `gtirms mstæi mc gåæi. Gs tmirjgs sæi gfmjtgs læi sö pirqum `irgc frjgkgs, cgs tgcoêc pirqum gtmlkmc g ucg lmfmssjkgkm. Is tmstms km jltmbjeîlfjg jlstjegc i jltmrmssm km pibãtjfis m cujtis mkufgkirms kmskm is glis 7:11 gtê is kjgs gtugjs, gpmsgr kgs cujtgs `gbhgs filfmjtugjs m cmtikiböejfgs, kis gbtis fustis sifjgjs kmssms sjstmcgs m km tikis is iutris priobmcgs. [mirjgs lgturgbjstgs kg mkufgåæi `irgc jl`bumltms lis glis 7:=1 m 7:01 læi sö pir mstgrmc km gfirki fic g pmrfmpåæi kis `gtis, cgs pir mxprmssgrmc gs frmlågs km tikg ucg emrgåæi km pri`mssirms.

 

‒Gs tmirjgs sæi gfmjtgs læi sö pirqum `irgc frjgkgs, cgs tgcoêc pirqum gtmlkmc g ucg  lmfmssjkgkm.– I ionmtjvi kgs tmirjgs ê mxpbjfgr gbeucg fijsg. Mbgs cujtgs vmzms sæi gfmjtgs tgcoêc pir iutrgs rgzýms, læi sö fici ucg filsmquîlfjg ki kmsmlvibvjcmlti priermssjvi km jkmjgs cmbhirms. G jcpirtïlfjg kg tmirjg læi ê sö mxpbjfgtjvg, cgs tgcoêc jkmiböejfg. Mc uc smltjki jcpirtgltm, g tmirjg ê mxprmssjvg. Mbg ê pgrtm, cgs sö ucg pgrtm, kg ficpbmxg tmjg kjlïcjfg kg fubturg hucglg.

Kj`mrmlågs kjstjltgs G fubturg filsjstm mc jkmjgs m frmlågs qum filstjtumc i qum is `jbösi`is fhgcgc km Umbtglsfhguule , iu vjsæi km culki. Pjsýms km culki kj`mrmltms bmvgc g kj`mrmltms `ircgs km ficpirtgcmlti. Pmcis mxmcpbis km Umbtglsfhguuleml   lis culkis kjstjltis rmtrgtgkis mc ricglfms, `jbcms m pmågs km tmgtri. Mc fgkg pmåg km tmgtri m mc fgkg eîlmri, gpmlgs fmrtis tjpis km ficpirtgcmlti `gzmc smltjki4 is cmscis ficpirtgcmltis mc iutri filtmxti pikmrjgc smr jlficprmmlsãvmjs. I krgcgturei Ljfhibgs Urjeht greucmltg qum i trgogbhi ki msfrjtir, ki kjrmtir m kis gtirms ê km`jljr uc culki li qugb g gåæi ê pbgusãvmb. Qir mxmcpbi, mc [hm Fhglembjle, g trgeêkjg ngfiojlg kis krgcgtureis Cjkkbmtil m _iwbmy, g þljfg gbtmrlgtjvg qum g hmriãlg Omgtrjfm Nigllg vî gi sm fgsgr fic smu jlkmsmngki prmtmlkmltm ê gssgssjlç-bi> ‒Hinm mc kjg, gs nivmls vmrjgc iutrgs pissjojbjkgkms. Cgs mssgs pissjojbjkgkms læi tîc buegr lg prikuåæi kg pmåg. I trgogbhi ki kjrmtir ê gprmsmltgr uc culki sifjgb ilkm lmlhucg iutrg msfibhg mstç kjspilãvmb pgrg mbg, m ê i trgogbhi kg gtrjz gprmsmltgr ucg cubhmr jlfgpgz km jcgejlgr iutrg ipåæi–. Gs fubturgs sæi sjstmcgs km pmrcjssæi. Mbgs tîc is pröprjis fökjeis km ficpirtgcmlti, `ircgs km bjleugemc, rmergs km vmstjcmltg m iosmrvïlfjg. Gbeucgs `ircgs km ficpirtgcmlti sæi rmficpmlsgkgs m iutrgs, sglfjilgkgs. G pmrcjssæi pikm smr `ircgb (filsgergkg lg `ircg km bmjs m jcpistg pir puljåæi nukjfjgb) iu jl`ircgb (jlfirpirgkg mc gtjtukms sifjgjs 77;

m rm`irågkg mc tils km viz m bjleugemc firpirgb). Pjibgr gs filvmlåýms ki erupi rmqumr firgemc m fgrrmeg mc sj i rjsfi km mxfbusæi. Vm

 

glgbjsgrcis is fökjeis m gs filvmlåýms km iutrgs ficuljkgkms, mspmfjgbcmltm gs cgjs kjstgltms km lös li tmcpi iu emierg`jfgcmltm, ê `çfjb vmr fici mbgs sæi kj`mrmltms. Ê cgjs kj`ãfjb sgomr fici kmvm smr vjvmr lmssgs ficuljkgkms. I qum lis jcprmssjilg quglki bmcis ricglfms m pmågs km tmgtri msfrjtgs mc êpifgs kj`mrmltms læi sæi gpmlgs gs kj`mrmltms fjrfulstïlfjgs lgs qugjs gs pmssigs vjvjgc, cgs fici mbgs vjgc gs fijsgs, i qum jcpirtgvg pgrg mbgs m pir qum smltjgc i qum smltjgc. _mbgtis `gftugjs km iutrgs fubturgs læi tîc fici trglscjtjr mssgs luglfms. Qgrg tglti, prmfjsgcis iuvjr g cþsjfg, ficmr g ficjkg, gosirvmr gs jcgemls, iuvjr g pimsjg m kglågr g kglåg kgs iutrgs fubturgs. [uki jssi sæi cglj`mstgåýms kgs smlsjojbjkgkms qum `gzmc kgs kj`mrmltms fubturgs i qum mbgs sæi. Hinm, cujtgs pmssigs vjvmc mc ficuljkgkms fubturgjs mltrmbgågkgs. Gkubtis qum cjergc pgrg iutri pgãs iu rmejæi cujtgs vmzms sm vmmc fubturgbcmltm á kmrjvg. Vmus `jbhis cujtgs vmzms sm tirlgc ojfubturgjs iu cubtjfubturgjs. Mbms pikmc `gbgr kugs iu cgjs bãleugs, ucg lg msfibg iu li trgogbhi m iutrg mc fgsg. Mssgs pmssigs prmfjsgc cukgr sugs smlsjojbjkgkms fubturgjs á cmkjkg qum trglsjtgc mltrm mssms erupis m smus kj`mrmltms fökjeis m fistucms. G sifjgbjzgåæi kgs frjglågs ogsmjg-sm mc pgrtm lg lmfmssjkgkm kg sifjmkgkm km ‒egrgltjr ucg ogsm km mxpmftgtjvg mstçvmb. Mssg mstgojbjkgkm kmpmlkm km mssgs mxpmftgtjvgs smrmc filstgltmcmltm filfrmtjzgkgs, gpmsgr kgs cukglågs km pmssigb–. Jssi læi qumr kjzmr qum gs filvmlåýms læi mvibugc. Mbgs mvibumc, mspmfjgbcmltm km ucg emrgåæi á iutrg. Mcoirg fgkg emrgåæi tmltm pgssgr smus emlms fubturgjs á pröxjcg, g livg emrgåæi pikm kmsmlvibvmr sugs pröprjgs cglmjrgs km `gzmr gs fijsgs, mc rmgåæi gis pgjs m mc rmspistg gi culki hmrkgki. G livg emrgåæi rmprikuz cujtis gspmftis kg fubturg, ‒cgs pgssg g vjkg jltmjrg smltjlki-sm kj`mrmltm mc fmrtis gspmftis m kjrmfjilglki sug rmspistg frjgtjvg g ucg livg mstruturg km smltjcmltis–. 77=

‒Gs fubturgs hucglgs mstæi mc filstgltm mvibuåæi pir cmji kis pmlsgcmltis, smltjcmltis m gåýms kgs pmssigs qum vjvmc

lmbgs.–

 

G vjkg læi ê bjlmgr ‒Fubturg– ê uc tmrci ireïljfi qum suemrm frmsfjcmlti m kmsmlvibvjcmlti. Gs fubturgs hucglgs mstæi mc filstgltm mvibuåæi pir cmji kis pmlsgcmltis, m gåýms kgs pmssigs qum vjvmc lmbgs. [gb qugb i kmfirrmr kgsmltjcmltis vjkg km fgkg pmssig, g kjlïcjfg kg cukglåg fubturgb læi ê lmc bjlmgr lmc `çfjb km prmvmr. Gcois sæi ireïljfis m ficpbmxis. Ê kj`ãfjb mltmlkî-bis mc rmtrispmfti m qugsm jcpissãvmb gltmvî-bis. Lis glis 7:=1 m 7:01, i rifd glk ribb vgrrmu i culki ifjkmltgb fici uc tsulgcj. I civjcmlti ulju ucg emrgåæi km ogoy oiicmrs m kmjxiu cujtis pgjs hirrirjzgkis. Gs mstrmbgs ki rifd glk ribb sm jlspjrgrgc mc mlircm vgrjmkgkm km `iltms fubturgjs> i obums, i fiultry m i wmstmrl, i  ngzz m i swjle, cþsjfg `ibfbörjfg trgkjfjilgb m cujtgs `ircgs km kglåg. Ê jcpissãvmb jcgejlgr uc ficjtîtmrkiprmvjsti eivmrli pbglmnglki g trgnmtörjg ki rifd glk ribb. Ljleuêc pikmrjg sug jl`buîlfjg fubturgb. Qmbi filtrçrji, tikis is pibãtjfis qum pgrgrgc pgrg pmlsgr g rmspmjti tmltgrgc oglj-bi. I `mlûcmli sm mspgbhiu fic tgcglhg vmbifjkgkm kmvjki g ucg cjsturg mxpbisjvg km mlmrejg frjgtjvg m rmombjæi fubturgb. Vmrjg pissãvmb kjzmr qum i sufmssi ki rifd glk ribb rmsubtiu km qumstjilgr g Umbtglsfhguule   kicjlgltm m mxprmssgr uc livi ^mjtemjst > ucg livg `jbisi`jg m mspãrjti ki tmcpi. Iu gbei pgrmfjki. Ê jltmrmssgltm litgr qum g mxpbisæi ki rifd glk ribb lg Eræ-Ormtglhg kis glis 7:01 m 7:51 tmvm piufg iu lmlhucg jl`buîlfjg ki trmjlgcmlti `ircgb mc cþsjfg. Gbeuls kis litçvmjs læi mstukgrgc mc filsmrvgtörjis km cþsjfg, cgsriqumjris `jzmrgc cgjs `gfubkgkm km grtm. Gs trgkjåýms pmkgeöejfgs kgs `gfubkgkms km grtm bhms pripirfjilgrgc uc fbjcg km mxpmrjcmltgåæi, frjgtjvjkgkm pmssigb m fubturg hjp  qum læi sm `gzjg prmsmltm lgs msfibgs cgjs `ircgjs km cþsjfg. Gs `gfubkgkms km grtm i`mrmfmrgc uc jlmspmrgki tmrrmli `êrtjb pgrg g fubturg ki rifd, filstjtujlki uc mxmcpbi kg lgturmzg læi bjlmgr kgs tmlkîlfjgs fubturgjs. ]c smeulki mxmcpbi km læi bjlmgrjkgkm ê i frmsfjcmlti mxpbisjvi kgs cãkjgs sifjgjs. Wuglki Ojbb Egtms m Qgub Gbbml trgogbhgrgc li frmsfjcmlti km sug livg mcprmsg, g Cjfrisi`t, lg kêfgkg km 7:51, quglki

Vtmvm Nios km m Vtmvm frjgrgc smu ficputgkir pmssigblggbtmrlgtjvi lg kêfgkg 7:81,Uizljgd quglki [jc Omrlmrs-Bmm sm pmreultiu Vuãåg sm smrjg pissãvmb filmftgr oglfis km kgkis jl`ircgtjzgkis mc ucg rmkm

 

culkjgb km ficputgkirms, lmlhuc kmbms tjlhg mc cmltm is `mlûcmlis qum pissjojbjtgrjgc li jlãfji ki sêfubi XXJ. Eiiebm, [wjttmr, @gfmoiid, @bjfdr m cjbhgrms km iutrgs `ircgs km cãkjg sifjgb mstæi sm mspgbhglki fici uc vãrus pir tikg g fubturg ebiogb. Mbms sæi jcpmbjkis pir uc jcpubsi hucgli prjcjtjvi km sm filmftgr fic gs iutrgs pmssigs m ficpgrtjbhgr jkmjgs m jl`ircgåýms. Gs tmflibiejgs cgjs si`jstjfgkgs sö tîc i pikmr km cukgr i culki quglki sm filmftgc fic is jlstjltis hucglis oçsjfis. Wuglki jssi gfiltmfm, sug jl`buîlfjg ê jrrm`rmçvmb. ]c tmrfmjri mxmcpbi ê i kmstjli ki tmbm`ilm. Lg þbtjcg kêfgkg, i fmbubgr pgssiu g smr g pbgtg`ircg kicjlgltm kgs ficuljfgåýms kjejtgjs. Kmskm i gkvmlti ki scgrtphilm, cjbhýms km gpbjfgtjvis filvmrtmrgc i kjspisjtjvi mc ucg `iltm jlmseitçvmb km pissjojbjkgkms kjejtgjs. Is rmfursis cusjfgjs, vjsugjs m is egcms kis scgrtphilms  kmjxgc piufi tmcpi iu jlfbjlgåæi pgrg bjegåýms tmbm`ûljfgs. Is nivmls prm`mrmc trifgr cmlsgemls km tmxti. Kmskm qum i scgrtphilm  fhmeiu gi cmrfgki, gs fhgcgkgs km viz kmspmlfgrgc, nultgcmltm fic gs rmfmjtgs kgs mcprmsgs km tmbm`iljg, li jlãfji tæi jltmrmssgkgs mc jlfmltjvgr g vmlkg kis fmbubgrms. Mssg, fici cujtgs iutrgs tmlkîlfjgs fubturgjs, pmeiu gs mcprmsgs km tmbm`iljg km surprmsg m `ij, mc erglkm, pgrtm jcpissãvmb km prmvmr.

G tmjg km filhmfjcmlti I filhmfjcmlti fubturgb ê ucg tmjg ficpbmxg kg qugb ucg pmssig sizjlhg sö tmc fici filhmfmr ucg pgrfmbg cjlþsfubg. [iki culki pikm gbmegr smr rmbgtjvgcmltm omc jl`ircgki kgs livjkgkms iu gtê smr uc mspmfjgbjstg mc gbei. Cgs, lg cgjirjg kgs çrmgs, sicis cmris gcgkirms iu titgbcmltm jelirgltms. Kmpmlkmcis ki filhmfjcmlti kis iutris pgrg mltmlkmr i culki m rmfmomcis mssm filhmfjcmlti km vçrjgs `ircgs> hjstörjgs, rmbgtis, tmirjgs, sjstmcgs km frmlågs m gssjc pir kjgltm.

‒G frjgtjvjkgkm sm ogsmjg mc `gzmr filmxýms m mc emrgb gvglåg cgjs mc fibgoirgåæi ki qum fic tmltgtjvgs jlkjvjkugjs.–

 

Vmcprm `ij gssjc, cgs sm gfrmkjtg qum i filhmfjcmlti hucgli mstmng kiorglki g fgkg kmz glis m g tgxg km mxpglsæi mstç gfmbmrglki. ]cg kgs filsmquîlfjgs ê ucg mspmfjgbjzgåæi fgkg vmz cgjs jltmlsg, fic g tmlkîlfjg g sgomr fgkg vmz cgjs siorm cmlis fijsgs. Á cmkjkg qum i filhmfjcmlti sm mxpglkm, g mspmfjgbjzgåæi ê jlmvjtçvmb. I rjsfi ê pmrkmr km vjstg g filmxæi mltrm gs jkmjgs m i ciki fici mbgs sm ogsmjgc ucgs lgs iutrgs. G prikuåæi kg fjîlfjg cikmrlg ê tæi rçpjkg, pir mxmcpbi, qum ucg pmssig sö tmc fici mltmlkmr ucg pgrtm jrrjsörjg. ]c cgtmcçtjfi mc emrgb sö tmc fici kicjlgr ucg pmqumlg pgrtm kg cgtmcçtjfg. Ê rgri uc cgtmcçtjfi fgpgz km mltmlkmr cgjs km cmjg kþzjg km fjlqumltg trgogbhis gprmsmltgkis mc uc filermssi cgtmcçtjfi. Km gfirki fic Cjfhgmb Qibglyj, g bjleugemc lg qugb is iutris trgogbhis sæi gprmsmltgkis ‒ê ficprmmlsãvmb pgrg g pmssig gpmlgs quglki smeum gs smjs pgbmstrgs cgjs pröxjcgs g sug mspmfjgbjkgkm. Vicglki-sm g jssi g cjlhg pröprjg mxpmrjîlfjg mc tikis quãcjfg m `ãsjfg, fgcpis pgrmfm-cm qum g sjtugåæi smr smcmbhgltm mc is prjlfjpgjs fjmltã`jfis, km cikipikm qum uc fjmltjstg pikm gvgbjgr fic ficpmtîlfjg gpmlgs fmrfg km uc fmltêsjci kg prikuåæi gtugb titgb kg fjîlfjg–. G frjgtjvjkgkm `ulkgcmltg-sm mc `gzmr filmxýms m, fic cujtg `rmquîlfjg, fici vmrmcis li pröxjci fgpãtubi, mbg gvglåg cgjs mc fibgoirgåæi ki qum fic tmltgtjvgs jlkjvjkugjs. Gs iregljzgåýms qum jcpýmc `riltmjrgs rãejkgs mltrm mspmfjgbjkgkms pikmc jljojr g jlivgåæi. ]c oic mxmcpbi ê g kjvjsæi mltrm gs grtms m gs fjîlfjgs lg mkufgåæi. Grtjstgs m fjmltjstgs pikmc fibgoirgr mltrm sj m kmsfiorjr uc tmrrjtörji mc 770

ficuc. Kijs mxmcpbisgssæi livis lgslgturgjs. fjîlfjgs sifjgjs m prinmtis jlivgkirms vjlfubglki grtms ficcêtikis gs fjîlfjgs

‒Kmsfrjåæi kmlsg– Is prjcmjris psjföbieis mspmrgvgc prikuzjr mxpbjfgåýms fjmltã`jfgs pgrg g pmrsilgbjkgkm m i ficpirtgcmlti kg cmscg `ircg qum is `ãsjfis mstgvgc mxpbjfglki i ficpirtgcmlti kis ãcæs m gs `irågs kg ergvjkgkm. Lgs fjîlfjgs `ãsjfgs, mssgs bmjs sæi usgkgs pgrg prmvmr mvmltis `uturis. Is ãcæs læi gprmsmltgc kmtmrcjlgkis ficpirtgcmltis sö km vmz mc quglki iu sö

ás tmrågs-`mjrgs. Mbms tîc uc ficpirtgcmlti filsjstmltm. Læi smrjg ötjci

 

sm i ficpirtgcmlti hucgli pukmssm smr ficprmmlkjki m prmvjsti kg cmscg `ircg9 Is pjilmjris kgs fjîlfjgs sifjgjs, mspmfjgbcmltm kg gltripibiejg, tgcoêc usgrgc g `ãsjfg m quãcjfg fici cikmbis pgrg smu trgogbhi. Mbms tmltgrgc gejr fici sm mstjvmssmc ifupglki ucg zilg bjvrm kg fubturg, kg qugb pikmrjgc tjrgr filfbusýms jcpgrfjgjs m ‒ionmtjvgs– siorm gs pmssigs qum mstukgvgc. Fic i tmcpi, is fjmltjstgs sifjgjs rmfilhmfmrgc qum mssg goirkgemc ê priobmcçtjfg m qum, mc cujtis gspmftis, i culki hucgli læi ê cujti pgrmfjki fic i culki kgs fjîlfjgs lgturgjs. ]c ifmglöerg`i qum ciljtirg i civjcmlti kgs cgrês læi tmltg mltmlkmr gs citjvgåýms kg cgrê. I culki jlgljcgki læi tmc citjvgåýms. Mbm sö `gz i qum `gz. Is fjmltjstgs kmssgs çrmgs tmltgc mltmlkmr i fici, læi i  pirquî.  I culki `ãsjfi læi kmvm bmgbkgkm gbeucg g ucg kmtmrcjlgkg jltmrprmtgåæi. Gpmsgr kgs sufmssjvgs rm`ircubgåýms kg tmirjg fjmltã`jfg, i uljvmrsi `ãsjfi filtjlug smlki i qum ê. I qum cukg ê g lissg jltmrprmtgåæi. I cmsci læi pikm smr kjti ki culki sifjgb. Gs pmssigs tîc sugs rgzýms pgrg `gzmr i qum `gzmc, cmsci sm mssgs rgzýms `irmc jlfilsfjmltms iu jlficprmmlkjkgs. Jssi ficpbjfg i trgogbhi kis fjmltjstgs sifjgjs. Mbms tgcoêc tîc is pröprjis prmfilfmjtis, qum pikmc kmturpgr i qum iosmrvgc m sugs jltmrprmtgåýms. Is prjcmjris gltripöbieis muripmus, pir mxmcpbi, tmlkjgc g rmtrgtgr gs iutrgs fubturgs, mspmfjgbcmltm gs fubturgs piufi filhmfjkgs kg Ç`rjfg, Çsjg m Gcêrjfg, fici prjcjtjvgs, fic sjstmcgs km frmlågs rmbgtjvgcmltm jl`gltjs. Is mstukis filtmcpirïlmis gpri`ulkgc-sm lg mxpmrjîlfjg vjvjkg kgs iutrgs fubturgs fic i ionmtjvi km mltmlkî-bgs lis pröprjis tmrcis kmbgs. Qgrg Fbj``irk Emmrtz, g tgrm`g ki fjmltjstg sifjgb ê ogsjfgcmltm kmsfrmvmr m jltmrprmtgr. Mltmlkmr gs fubturgs hucglgs, kjz mbm, ‒læi ê ucg fjîlfjg mxpmrjcmltgb mc ousfg km bmjs, cgs ucg fjîlfjg jltmrprmtgtjvg mc ousfg km sjelj`jfgki–. Nultgcmltm fic is cêtikis filvmlfjilgjs km glçbjsm mstgtãstjfg, is fjmltjstgs sifjgjs mstæi usglki fgkg vmz cgjs têfljfgs mtlierç`jfgs m `ircgs km kmsfrjåæi lgrrgtjvg, qum Emmrtz fhgcg km ‒kmsfrjåæi kmlsg–, mspmbhglki gs hgojbjkgkms kis msfrjtirms km vjgemls m ricglfjstgs. 775

Grtms m fjîlfjgs

 

Cujtis fjmltjstgs tîc uc erglkm jltmrmssm pmbgs grtms m uc lþcmri frmsfmltm km grtjstgs sm jlspjrg mc jkmjgs fjmltã`jfgs. Gbeuls mstæi usglki tmflibiejgs gvglågkgs pgrg prikuzjr livgs `ircgs km mxprmssæi grtãstjfg. Is fjmltjstgs tgcoêc sm jlspjrgc lgs grtms m li trgogbhi fic is grtjstgs. ]c mxmcpbi ê g fibgoirgåæi mltrm i kmsjel km cikg m gs fjîlfjgs ojiböejfgs.

Bjlhg prjcjtjvg Mltrm g `mrtjbjzgåæi ki övubi m ucg `ircg hucglg rmfilhmfãvmb, ucg þljfg fêbubg sm kjvjkm vçrjgs vmzms pgrg prikuzjr cjbhýms km fêbubgs. Vmc filtribm, g pribj`mrgåæi fmbubgr bmvg gi fïlfmr, m g rmeubgåæi kg prikuåæi fmbubgr kurgltm i kmsmlvibvjcmlti ki mcorjæi egrgltm qum is tjpis fmrtis km fêbubgs smngc `ircgkis li buegr fmrti m li cicmlti fmrti. G ojibiejg gjlkg læi sgom mxgtgcmltm fici jssi gfiltmfm. Li prinmti Qrjcjtjvm Vtrmgd, g mstjbjstg Hmbml Vtirmy m sug jrcæ Dgtm Vtirmy, ojöbieg ki kmsmlvibvjcmlti, trgogbhgrgc mc ucg fibmåæi km cikg qum rmejstrg gs prjcmjrgs cjb hirgs kg vjkg hucglg. G fibmåæi m is cgtmrjgjs km pmsqujsg `irgc mxjojkis mc tikg g Muripg, Mstgkis ]ljkis m Fhjlg, mc cusmus km grtm m jlstgbgåýms fjmltã`jfgs. G mxpisjåæi gtrgju kmzmlgs km cjbhgrms km vjsjtgltms m qumstjiliu g frmlåg ficuc km qum g fjîlfjg m g grtm sæi kijs culkis jsibgkis. Vmeulki Hmbml Vtirmy, g fgrgftmrãstjfg cgjs litçvmb kis cujtis erupis qum vjsjtgrgc g mxpisjåæi `ij sug kjvmrsjkgkm> nivmls m vmbhis, gpgjxilgkis pmbg grtm, pmssigs qum kmkjfgrgc g vjkg á fjîlfjg m prgtjfgcmltm qugbqumr pmssig mltrm mssms mxtrmcis.

778

I pikmr kgs jkmjgs Fici Pjftir Huei g`jrciu, ‒lgkg ê cgjs pikmrisi ki qum ucg jkmjg qum fhmeiu li tmcpi fmrti– m hç ucg erglkm rmbgåæi mltrm gs tmirjgs m g fubturg pipubgr. G cgjirjg kgs pmssigs læi tmc cujti tmcpi pgrg tmirjgs, cgs sugs vjkgs sæi pmrcmgkgs pir mbg. Jkmjgs lgsfjkgs mc bgoirgtörjis km fjmltjstgs, mstukis km `jbösi`is m iorgs km grtjstgs pikmc jcjsfujr-sm pri`ulkgcmltm lg fubturg smc qum pmrfmogcis.   G bjleugemc 77:

filtmcpirïlmg usg cujtis ngreýms kg psjfibiejg, pir mxmcpbi. Filvmrsgs km ogr rm`mrmc-sm gi mei, jcpubsi smxugb, ficpbmxi km Êkjpi m iutrgs

 

jkmjgs `rmukjglgs fici sm `issmc sjcpbms `gtis kg vjkg, mc vmz km pripisjåýms tmörjfgs ki sêfubi XJX. Gs cæms frjgc smus omoîs km gfirki fic is cikjscis m gs cikgs kgs tmirjgs ki kmsmlvibvjcmlti (gcgcmltgr iu læi, orjlfgr iu læi fic mbms, mstjcubç-bis fic cþsjfg iu jcgemls), kmpmlkmlki kg tgxg km jl`jbtrgåæi kg tmirjg lg fubturg. Ás vmzms, i eitmngcmlti sm trgls`ircg mc ucg tirrmltm. Lg kêfgkg km 7:01, uc erupi hmtmrieîlmi km cubhmrms, jlfbujlki Ebirjg Vtmjlmc m Emrcgjlm Ermmr, kmsmlfgkmiu uc vmrkgkmjri tsulgcj km cukglågs fic ucg sêrjm km bjvris siorm i `mcjljsci. Qgrg cujtgs pmssigs, mspmfjgbcmltm is hicmls, i `mcjljsci `ij uc trgucg. I civjcmlti pûs pir tmrrg gs `ulkgåýms siorm gs qugjs gs pmssigs filstruãrgc i qum mbgs sgomc siorm sj cmscgs, sugs `gcãbjgs, smus pgrfmjris m sugs vjkgs. Kmrruoiu jkmjgs km bileg kgtg siorm i qum smrjg ucg vjkg lircgb> qum is hicmls mrgc i smxi kicjlgltm4 qum i buegr kg cubhmr mrg mc fgsg4 qum i smxi mrg uc prgzmr cgsfubjli m uc kmvmr `mcjljli4 qum is hicmls tjlhgc erglkms jkmjgs m qum gs cubhmrms mrgc fujkgkirgs m pikjgc fhirgr. Mssgs jkmjgs, fici tikgs gs jkmjgs emrgkirgs, pmlmtrgrgc mc tikis is fgcpis km pmlsgcmlti. Mbgs gnukgrgc g rm`ircubgr g hjstörjg kgs grtms m kgs fjîlfjgs, cukglki g pmrspmftjvg siorm gs rmgbjzgåýms km hicmls m cubhmrms fêbmorms m kmsmltmrrglki g iorg km pmssigs msqumfjkgs lg hjstörjg. Gs jkmjgs `mcjljstgs qumstjilgrgc g mstruturg kg vjkg pri`jssjilgb qum jcpubsjilgvg is hicmls gi tipi m cgltjlhg gs cubhmrms á cgremc ki sufmssi lgs mcprmsgs m g`mtgrgc is rmbgfjilgcmltis tglti lgs ficuljkgkms quglti mc fgsg. Lis qugrmltg glis smeujltms, mssg ilkg km `mcjljsci smeuju i fgcjlhi fbçssjfi km ucg erglkm jkmjg emrgkirg> mcpibegåæi jljfjgb, smeujkg km rm`jlgcmlti priermssjvi m kjsfussýms hmrcêtjfgs siorm qumstýms jltmrprmtgtjvgs iosfurgs. Lis glis 7::1, i `mcjljsci kmu buegr g ucg livg `gsm ki pmlsgcmlti pös-`mcjljstg, lg qugb gbeuls kis prjlfãpjis oçsjfis jljfjgjs tgcoêc `irgc rm`ircubgkis. Fic i tmcpi, gs jkmjgs rmvibufjilçrjgs kg prjcmjrg ilkg `mcjljstg `irgc smlki gosirvjkgs pmbg fubturg kicjlgltm. G pröprjg pgbgvrg ‒`mcjljsci–, g lmfmssjkgkm km kjrmjtis jeugjs m i filfmjti km gssêkji smxugb pgssgrgc g `gzmr pgrtm ki bêxjfi sifjgb m pibãtjfi. Gs ogtgbhgs mstæi bilem km smr vmlfjkgs, cgs gs

rmergs ki ficogtm mstæi cujti cgjs fbgrgs.

 

Gs livgs jkmjgs lmc smcprm sæi livgs m rgrgcmltm suremc ki lgkg. Gs jkmjgs fmltrgjs ki civjcmlti `mcjljstg kis glis 7:01 nç tjlhgc sjki mxprmssgs li pgssgki. Kis msfrjtis km Cgry Uibbstilmfrg`t li sêfubi XPJJJ, pgssglki pmbis sgfrj`ãfjis kgs su`rgejstgs li jlãfji ki sêfubi XX, cujtgs pmssigs jl`bumlfjgrgc g pmrspmftjvg `mcjljstg cujti gltms km i `mcjljsci sm tirlgr `irtm lg kêfgkg km 7:01. Gs iorgs km cujtgs cubhmrms sm pmrkmrgc lis fïlilms kg fubturg cgsfubjlg kicjlgltm qum mbgs sm pripusmrgc g frjtjfgr. Gs jkmjgs `mcjljstgs sö filsmeujrgc `jrcgr rgãzms mc `ulåæi kgs smlsjojbjkgkms m filkjåýms kg êpifg. Mbgs surejrgc kmssgs filkjåýms m gnukgrgc g jl`bumlfjç-bgs. I `mcjljsci sm kmsmlvibvmu bgki g bgki fic is gvglåis tmfliböejfis. G bjomrkgkm smxugb pgssg g smr uc prjlfãpji cgjs prçtjfi quglki `ircgs ogrgtgs m m`jfgzms km filtrgfmpåæi fibifgc gs cubhmrms li filtribm kg pröprjg `mrtjbjkgkm. Gltms kjssi, i gvglåi kgs cubhmrms mrg rm`rmgki pmbgs jlfmrtmzgs kg ergvjkmz m kg

7?1

cgtmrljkgkm. Cgs i `mcjljsci tgcoêc `mz pgrtm kgs pibãtjfgs emrgjs km bjomrgåæi kis glis 7:01 m 7:51 m jltmrgeju fic i civjcmlti kis kjrmjtis fjvjs lg Muripg m lis Mstgkis ]ljkis, fic i gltjgutirjtgrjsci gi rmkir ki culki, g lmfmssjkgkm km gutikmtmrcjlgåæi m i surejcmlti kg vjsæi fmltrgkg lg gutirrmgbjzgåæi kis ogoy oiicmrs. Gi gprmsmltgr ucg filvjlfmltm glçbjsm jltmbmftugb, gs tmörjfgs ki `mcjljsci gnukgrgc g grtjfubgr ucg livg mstruturg km smltjcmltis. Wugjs smræi gs jcpbjfgåýms ki `mcjljsci kg kêfgkg km 7:01 pgrg g fjvjbjzgåæi9 [gb qugb g _mvibuåæi @rglfmsg, gjlkg ê fmki pgrg sgomr.

]cg fubturg km frjgtjvjkgkm9 G fubturg ê i `birmsfjcmlti kg frjgtjvjkgkm. I pmlsgcmlti frjgtjvi tmc cgjs fhglfms km vjfmngr mc kmtmrcjlgkgs filkjåýms fubturgjs. Wugjs sæi gs jcpbjfgåýms kjssi tuki pgrg frjgr ucg fubturg km frjgtjvjkgkm mc ficuljkgkms m iregljzgåýms, jlfbujlki msfibgs m mcprmsgs9 I qum is bãkmrms kmvmc `gzmr pgrg pricivmr g jlivgåæi9 Læi mxjstm ucg mstrgtêejg þljfg lmc uc cikmbi gpbjfçvmb g tikis is filtmxtis, mspmfjgbcmltm pirqum lmlhucg fubturg frjgtjvg ê jeugb á iutrg, cgs gbeuls prjlfãpjis sm gpbjfgc ás iregljzgåýms frjgtjvgs cgjs m`jfgzms. Li pröxjci fgpãtubi,

glgbjsgrmj gs jcpbjfgåýms prçtjfgs kis greucmltis qum gprmsmltmj li

 

kmfirrmr kmstm bjvri m jkmltj`jfgrmj livm prjlfãpjis pgrg kmsmlvibvmr ucg fubturg km frjgtjvjkgkm.

 

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Vmlki uc bãkmr frjgtjvi

‒Vö ê pissãvmb frjgr ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi sm g jljfjgtjvg vjmr ki tipi kg iregljzgåæi. I mlkissi m i mlegngcmlti kis bãkmrms `gzmc tikg g kj`mrmlåg pgrg pricivmr gs cukglågs lmfmssçrjgs.–

Qricivmlki ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi Gs iregljzgåýms fistucgc `gbgr cgjs km jlivgåæi ki qum km frjgtjvjkgkm m hç ucg kjstjlåæi mltrm gs kugs. ]cg fubturg km jlivgåæi kmpmlkm ki fubtjvi km trîs prifmssis, tikis rmbgfjilgkis. •  Jcgejlgåæi, qum ê g fgpgfjkgkm km usgr g cmltm pgrg pmlsgr mc fij qum læi mstæi prmsmltms pgrg is lissis smltjkis. • •

Frjgtjvjkgkm, qum ê i prifmssi km tmr jkmjgs irjejlgjs fic gbeuc vgbir.  Jlivgåæi, qum mlvibvm fibifgr jkmjgs irjejlgjs mc prçtjfg.

G jlivgåæi pikm sm filfmltrgr mc qugbqumr gspmfti ki trgogbhi km ucg iregljzgåæi, fici prikutis, smrvjåis iu sjstmcgs. Mbg pikm smr i ionmtjvi, cgs prmfjsg ficmågr fic g jcgejlgåæi m g frjgtjvjkgkm. [mltgr kmsmlvibvmr g jlivgåæi smc gltms kmsmlvibvmr is pikmrms frjgtjvis m jcgejlgtjvis kis qugjs mbg kmpmlkm smrjg fici uc gtbmtg mspmrgr eglhgr g cmkgbhg km iuri smc qugbqumr jltmlåæi km sm mxmrfjtgr gltms kg privg. Gssjc fici i sufmssi li gtbmtjsci kmpmlkm ki kmsmlvibvjcmlti kg gptjkæi `ãsjfg, ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi kmpmlkm ki mxmrfãfji kis pikmrms jcgejlgtjvis m frjgtjvis qum g

pissjojbjtgc.kmM,pmssigs fici sm læi ogstgssm, smeulki [hmrmsg uc Gcgojbm, ‒g frjgtjvjkgkm m gjssi frjgtjvjkgkm km mqujpms filstjtumc pilti km pgrtjkg pgrg g jlivgåæi. G prjcmjrg ê ucg filkjåæi lmfmssçrjg, cgs læi

 

su`jfjmltm, pgrg g smeulkg–.7?7 Mltæi, i qum ê prmfjsi pgrg kmsmlvibvmr ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi9 ]cg erglkm ficpglhjg gêrmg pmkju g cjlhg gnukg pgrg cmbhirgr g fiirkmlgåæi mltrm g gkcjljstrgåæi sîljir m g mqujpm km bjlhg km `rmltm, qum bjkgvg kjrmtgcmltm fic is fbjmltms. G mqujpm tjlhg cujtgs jkmjgs pgrg cmbhirgr i gtmlkjcmlti gi fbjmltm, cgs g bjkmrglåg læi mstgvg bmvglki gs suemstýms g sêrji. Qmreultmj gi rmprmsmltgltm kg mcprmsg qum cm prifuriu i qum i FMI gfhgvg kg sjtugåæi. Mbm kjssm qum i FMI læi vjg priobmcg gbeuc, cgs qum g mcprmsg licmgrjg uc livi FMI mc smjs cmsms. ‒Lmstm fgsi–, mu kjssm, ‒vibtm g cm prifurgr quglki i livi FMI mstjvmr li fgrei–. Qmbg cjlhg mxpmrjîlfjg, sm i FMI læi vî priobmcg gbeuc, mssm ê qum pikm smr i priobmcg. Vö ê pissãvmb frjgr ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi sm g jljfjgtjvg vjmr ki tipi kg iregljzgåæi. Nustjåg smng `mjtg, gbeuls bãkmrms tîc rgzæi mc `jfgr glsjisis gi pmlsgr mc pricivmr g jlivgåæi lg mcprmsg. væii prmfjsgr uc `buxi filstgltm km livgs jkmjgs. GMbms oigtmcmc litãfjgqum ê qum pgpmb kmgprmsmltgr uc bãkmr qum sm pripým g pricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm lg iregljzgåæi læi ê tmr tikgs gs jkmjgs, cgs fubtjvgr ucg fubturg ilkm tikis pikmc tmr livgs jkmjgs. Mbms tgcoêc sm prmifupgc fic g pissjojbjkgkm km qum bjomrgr g frjgtjvjkgkm bmvm gi fgis m gi kmsfiltribm. G oig litãfjg ê qum frjgtjvjkgkm læi ê sjlûljci km glgrqujg. G frjgtjvjkgkm m g jlivgåæi sæi cgjs m`jfgzms quglki hç uc mqujbãorji mltrm g bjomrkgkm km mxpmrjcmltgr m oils sjstmcgs km gvgbjgåæi. Mssms tmcirms fgusgkis pmbg jlivgåæi cujtgs vmzms rmsubtgc kg cmltgbjkgkm gltjeg km ficglki m filtribm. Qricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm mlvibvm gi cmsci tmcpi cgjs m cmlis qum ficglki m filtribm. ‒Gs iregljzgåýms læi sæi cmfgljscis m gs pmssigs læi sæi ficpilmltms. Gs pmssigs tîc vgbirms m smltjcmltis, pmrfmpåýms, ipjljýms, citjvgåýms m ojierg`jgs qum mlermlgemls m rikgs kmltgkgs læi tîc.–

Cmfgljscis m iregljscis Mc 7:11, @rmkmrjfd [gybir puobjfiu Is prjlfãpjis kg gkcjljstrgåæi

fjmltã`jfg. Vug prmcjssg mrg qum gs mcprmsgs kmvmrjgc `ulfjilgr fici

cçqujlgs m qum i prjlfjpgb pgpmb kg bjkmrglåg mrg cmbhirgr g bufrgtjvjkgkm gucmltglki g prikutjvjkgkm. Fgkg trgogbhgkir kmvmrjg tmr uc pgpmb

 

fbgrgcmltm kj`mrmlfjgki kj`mrmlfjgki m fgkg tgrm`g kmvmrjg smr cmtjfubisgcm cmtjfubisgcmltm ltm filfmojkg pgrg `gzmr i cmbhir usi ki tmcpi, ms`iråi m rmfursis kg mcprmsg. Li fmltri kg goirkgemc km [gybir mstgvgc is prjlfãpjis km pgkriljzgåæi, ritjlgs `jxgs m kjvjsæi ki trgogbhi. Gs tmirjgs km [gybir tjvmrgc pri`ulkis m`mjtis siorm i mstjbi km gkcjljstrgåæi km iregljzgåýms culki km tiki. @ij fic lmssms prjlfãpjis qum Hmlry @irk kmsmlvibvmu ikisjstmcg prikuåæi kiogsm Cikmbi [. I ‒`irkjsci–, fici mrg filhmfjki, `ij gkitgki fici i cikmbi km prikuåæi jlkustrjgb kurgltm g cgjir pgrtm ki sêfubi XX m jl`bumlfjiu fubturgs km cujtis iutris tjpis km iregljzgåæi. I tgybirjsci m i `irkjsci filtjlugc, mc vçrjgs `ircgs, g jl`bumlfjgr gs fubturgs firpirgtjvgs gtê is kjgs km hinm, jlfbujlki i civjcmlti km Emstæi kg Wugbjkgkm [itgb kg kêfgkg km 7:81 m g mstrgtêejg ki Vmjs Vjecg kg Citiribg.7?? Is iregliergcgs km cujtgs iregljzgåýms sæi pgkrýms km fgjxgs iregljzgkgs mc hjmrgrqujgs, fic bjlhgs hirjziltgjs m vmrtjfgjs jlkjfglki gs kjrmåýms km pikmr m rmspilsgojbjkgkm. rmspilsgojbjkgkm jcgemls rm`irågc g jcprmssæi km qum gs iregljzgåýms km `gti sæi fici. Mssgs cçqujlgs. Ousfgr g utjbjzgåæi jkmgb kis rmfursis m rmkuzjr i mxfmssi km fgpgfjkgkm pgrg gucmltgr g prikutjvjkgkm pikmc gtê smr oils ionmtjvis, cgs pmlsgr lg iregljzgåæi fici ucg cçqujlg ê histjb g ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi kg qugb kmpmlkm i `uturi kg cgjirjg kgs iregljzgåýms. I tgybirjsci læi ê g þljfg sibuåæi. Lis þbtjcis qugrmltg glis, g fubturg iregljzgfjilgb tmc sjki `ifi km cujtis mstukis. @irgc kmsmlvibvjkgs jlfiltçvmjs msfibgs gbtmrlgtjvgs gbtmrlgtjvgs km pmlsgcmlti, smlki qum cujtgs qumstjilgc g cmtç`irg cmfgljfjstg. Qmtmr Krufdmr, Njc Fibbjls, Ugrrml Omlljs, [ic Qmtmrs, Fhgrbms Hglky, _isgomth Ciss Dgltmr, Fbgytil Fhrjstmlsml, Cme Uhmgtbmy, [hmrmsg Gcgojbm m cujtis iutris msfbgrmfmrgc gs ficpbmxjkgkms kgs iregljzgåýms m is kj`mrmltms mstjbis km emstæi m bjkmrglåg. @gfubkgkms km gkcjljstrgåæi emrgrgc ucg ciltglhg km pmsqujsgs m ojobjitmfgs jltmjrgs km pmrjökjfis m bjvris siorm tikis is gspmftis kg fubturg firpirgtjvg. ]c lþcmri fgkg vmz cgjir km iregljzgåýms pgssiu g rmfilhmfmr g lmfmssjkgkm km jlivgåæi sjstmcçtjfg m cujtgs goirkgemls `irgc frjgkgs km gfirki fic i pirtm kg iregljzgåæi m sug çrmg km gtugåæi. Vgomlki iu læi, cujtgs kmbgs mstæi gkitglki ucg cmtç`irg kj`mrmltm km fubturg iregljzgfjilgb. iregljzgfjilgb. Qir cgjs smkutirg qum smng g cmtç`irg kg cçqujlg pgrg g prikuåæi jlkustrjgb, gs iregljzgåýms hucglgs læi sæi cmfgljscis m gs pmssigs læi

sæi ficpilmltms. Gs Væi iregljzgåýms sæivjvgs`ircgkgs pir kgs pmssigs, rmbgfjilgcmltis m mlmrejgs. ficuljkgkms qum kmpmlkmc gåýms m kis pripösjtis kgs pmssigs qum gs pivigc. Mbgs sæi cujti cgjs pgrmfjkgs

 

fic iregljscis. Qricivmr ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi kmpmlkm km filhmfmr gs kj`mrmlågs mltrm mssgs kugs cmtç`irgs m km sgomr trglsjtgr mltrm mbgs.

Kijs kmsg`jis fubturgjs

Gs iregljzgåýms mstæi kjgltm km kijs kmsg`jis fubturgjs> mxtmrli m jltmrli. Li culki lgturgb, iregljscis omc-sufmkjkis vjvmc mc sjcojism fic i gcojmltm, mxtrgjlki lutrjmltms m mlmrejg m, mc trifg, mlrjqumfmlki i gcojmltm. Ê fbgri qum jssi lmc smcprm ê vmrkgkm. Gbeuls iregljscis kmstrimc i gcojmltm hispmkmjri sueglki-bhm tikg g vjkg. Mbms sæi fhgcgkis km pgrgsjtgs. [iki culki sgom qum ê mxgtgcmltm jssi qum gbeucgs mcprmsgs `gzmc fic smu gcojmltm. Pgcis supir qum mstgcis `gbglki km iregljzgåýms qum tîc fici ionmtjvi smr êtjfgs, sustmltçvmjs m omlê`jfgs. Mstgs prmfjsgc km ucg fubturg jltmrlg vjorgltm, mc sjlmrejg fic i gcojmltm mc filstgltm cukglåg li mltrm qugb mstæi tmltglki frmsfmr. frmsfmr . G tgrm`g mxtmrlg mssg rmbgåæi gs fubturgs  m jltmrlg . ki bãkmr frjgtjvi ê pricivmr ‒G tgrm`g ki bãkmr frjgtjvi ê pricivmr uc rmbgfjilgcmlti rmsjbjmltm mltrm gs fubturgs mxtmrlg  m jltmrlg.–

Is kmsg`jis jcpistis pmbg fubturg mxtmrlg jlfbumc jlivgåýms tmfliböejfgs, cukglågs pipubgfjilgjs, livis pgkrýms ficmrfjgjs, `butugåýms lgs pibãtjfgs `jsfgb m cilmtçrjg, filfirrîlfjg ebiogb, rmstrjåýms km rmfursis lgturgjs m is m`mjtis km tuki jssi siorm is fbjmltms. G fubturg jltmrlg pikm smr vjstg mc tmrcis km hçojtis  m hçojtgts.  Qir hçojtis, rm`jri-cm gis pgkrýms ki trgogbhi ki kjg g kjg. Mbms jlfbumc gs mstruturgs km emstæi m g gffiultgojbjty> gs rmbgåýms hirjziltgjs mltrm kjvjsýms m gs rmbgåýms vmrtjfgjs mltrm lãvmjs km emstæi. Is hçojtis tgcoêc jlfbumc tikis is fökjeis jl`ircgjs km ficpirtgcmlti qum kæi g fgkg iregljzgåæi ucg gtcis`mrg þljfg. Qir hçojtgts, rm`jri-cm gis gcojmltms `ãsjfis lis qugjs gs pmssigs trgogbhgc> g mstruturg kis mkj`ãfjis, i kmsjel kis mspgåis km trgogbhi, kis mqujpgcmltis m ciojbjçrji. I hçojtgt `ãsjfi pikm g`mtgr pri`ulkgcmltm g fubturg m i fbjcg iregljzgfjilgb.

Is pgpêjs m is prjlfãpjis ki bãkmr frjgtjvi

 

Qricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm lg iregljzgåæi rmqumr gssucjr pgpêjs mstrgtêejfis mc trîs çrmgs>  pmssigb, km erupi m fubturgb. Fgkg ucg kmssgs çrmgs mlvibvm trîs prjlfãpjis oçsjfis km prçtjfg. Læi sæi `gsms iu mtgpgs bjlmgrms. Mbgs kmvmc gbjcmltgr-sm ucg á iutrg mc uc fjfbi filtãlui km mlrjqumfjcmlti cþtui.

Qgpmb pmssigb I prjcmjri pgpmb ki bãkmr ê>  Qricivmr gs hgojbjkgkms frjgtjvgs km tikis is cmcoris kg iregljzgåæi.

Qrjlfãpji 7> [iki culki tmc uc pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi Qgssmj uc tmcpi prmstglki filsubtirjg pgrg ucg iregljzgåæi fubturgb jltmrlgfjilgb qum tgcoêc tmc uc jcpirtgltm qum cusmu km grtm. ]c jrrjtgki. kjg, mu mstgvg gbciåglki fic i fhm`m kg smeurglåg, mstgvg ogstgltm Wuglki qujs sgomr pir qum, mbm cm pmreultiu sm mu tjlhg iuvjki `gbgr ki mstuki qum g gkcjljstrgåæi sîljir tjlhg filtrgtgki pgrg pripir cglmjrgs km cmbhirgr g ‒mxpmrjîlfjg kis vjsjtgltms– ki cusmu. Mu mstgvg sgomlki ki mstuki m sgojg qum ucg filsubtirjg km Livg Zird tjlhg sjki filtrgtgkg pgrg filkuzj-bi. Qmreultmj qugb mrg i priobmcg. Mbm rmspilkmu> ‒Læi smrjg cgjs `çfjb mbms pmreultgrmc pgrg g emltm9–. ‒Qgrg qum `birmsåg, g jlivgåæi kmvm smr vjstg fici uc pripösjti jltmergb km tikg g iregljzgåæi m læi fici ucg gtjvjkgkm á pgrtm.–

Mbm fhm`jgvg ucg erglkm mqujpm km smeurglåg qum pgssgvg erglkm pgrtm ki tmcpi lgs egbmrjgs m firrmkirms, lis mstgfjilgcmltis m mspgåis pþobjfis ki cusmu, jltmrgejlki fic is vjsjtgltms m msfbgrmfmlki kþvjkgs. Mbms gnukgvgc is vjsjtgltms g mlfiltrgr is rmstgurgltms m tigbmtms, jlkjfgvgc i fgcjlhi pgrg gs mxpisjåýms m læi rgri pgrg iorgs mspmfã`jfgs. Mbm kjssm> ‒G cjlhg mqujpm kmvm sgomr cgjs siorm g mxpmrjîlfjg kis vjsjtgltms ki qum qugbqumr iutri erupi kmstg iregljzgåæi, cgs g gkcjljstrgåæi prm`mrm pgegr ucg pmqumlg `irtulg g ucg filsubtirjg mxtmrlg qum lulfg pjsiu gquj gltms. M mbms lmc sm

kmrgc gi trgogbhi km lis filsubtgr. Qgrmfm qum mbms gfhgc qum i þljfi pgpmb kis smeurglågs ê kgr uc tgpjlhg lg cæi kgs pmssigs qum tmltgc tifgr gs iorgs km grtm–.

 

Gs iregljzgåýms emrgbcmltm gssifjgc frjgtjvjkgkm fic çrmgs mspmfã`jfgs, fici cgrdmtjle, kmsjel m puobjfjkgkm. Ê omc vmrkgkm qum mssgs çrmgs pikmc smr cujti frjgtjvgs, cgs g frjgtjvjkgkm m g jlivgåæi sæi pissãvmjs mc tuki i qum ucg iregljzgåæi `gz. Qgrg qum `birmsåg, g jlivgåæi kmvm smr vjstg fici uc pripösjti jltmergb km tikg g iregljzgåæi m læi ficikj`mrmltms ucg gtjvjkgkm pgrtm. Fgkg pmssig km ucg iregljzgåæi tmc mxpmrjîlfjgs m jkmjgsá kj`mrmltms pgrg cmbhirç-bg. Mc ?117, g Egbbup puobjfiu uc mstuki mstjcglki qum ‒`ulfjilçrjis gtjvgcmltm kmsficpricmtjkis– fustgvgc á mfilicjg, sö kis Mstgkis ]ljkis, mltrm ]V$ ?:? ojbhýms m ]V$ 6== ojbhýms pir gli.7?6  Mstukis pistmrjirms cistrgc qum is `ulfjilçrjis ficpricmtjkis sæi cgjs prikutjvis, bufrgtjvis m tîc rmbgfjilgcmltis cgjs `irtms fic is fbjmltms. Is `ulfjilçrjis ficpricmtjkis sæi cgjs citjvgkis g tmr jkmjgs frjgtjvgs pgrg cmbhirgr is prifmssis km lmeöfjis m i gtmlkjcmlti gi fbjmltm. Vmeulki g filfirkgrgc Egbbup, =:% kistrgzjg ‒`ulfjilçrjis qum smu trgogbhi á tilg sugsficpricmtjkis– jkmjgs cgjs frjgtjvgs, mlquglti `jrcmcmltm gpmlgs 6% kis ‒`ulfjilçrjis gtjvgcmltm kmsficpricmtjkis– kjssmrgc i cmsci. Filhmåi cujtgs pmssigs qum læi eistgc ki trgogbhi qum `gzmc. Mbgs sö i supirtgc. Læi ê g cjssæi kg vjkg kmbgs. Mbgs sö trgogbhgc pgrg pgegr gs filtgs. [gcoêc filhmåi pmssigs qum gkirgc i qum `gzmc m læi sm jcgejlgc `gzmlki iutrg fijsg. Mbgs mstæi mc smu mbmcmlti. Kjzmr qum ucg pmssig mstç mc smu mbmcmlti sjelj`jfg, gltms km cgjs lgkg, qum mbg mstç `gzmlki uc trgogbhi pgrg i qugb tmc ucg gptjkæi lgturgb. Qikm smr qugbqumr tjpi km trgogbhi> gkcjljstrgåæi, kmsjel, mkufgåæi, fubjlçrjg, trgogbhgr sizjlhi iu mc mqujpm. G ogsm kg kjvmrsjkgkm ê qum gs pmssigs sæi oigs mc `gzmr fijsgs cujti kj`mrmltms> i qum kmsgljcg ucg pmssig pikm smr jrrmsjstãvmb pgrg iutrg. Læi ogstg smr oic mc gbeucg fijsg. Cujtgs pmssigs `gzmc omc smu trgogbhi, cgs læi eistgc cujti kmbm. M, lgturgbcmltm, mstgr mc smu mbmcmlti læi mlvibvm gpmlgs gptjkæi, cgs tgcoêc rmqumr pgjxæi, gcgr i qum vifî `gz. Wuglki vifî mstç `gzmlki gbei qum gkirg, i tmcpi cukg m ucg hirg pikm pgrmfmr fjlfi cjlutis. Vm vifî læi mstjvmr mc smu mbmcmlti, fjlfi cjlutis pikmc pgrmfmr ucg hirg. Qgrmfm qum i rmböeji pgrg m i tmcpi sm grrgstg. Mstgr mc smu mbmcmlti jcpbjfg ciojbjzgr sug mlmrejg lgturgb m smu mu cgjs gutîltjfi. Wuglki jssi gfiltmfm, fici Fil`þfji kjssm, vifî lulfg cgjs prmfjsg trgogbhgr.

Qricivmrsmus g frjgtjvjkgkm iregljzgåæi jcpbjfgvgbirjzgkis egrgltjr qum ciojbjzmc piltis `irtmslgfrjgtjvis m sm sjltgc pir tikis sugs filtrjoujåýms pgrg i kmsmcpmlhi kg iregljzgåæi. [ikg iregljzgåæi gorjeg

 

tiki tjpi km tgbmltis m hgojbjkgkms jlmxpbirgkis. Gs pmssigs km ucg mcprmsg tîc kj`mrmltms irjemls, hjstörjgs m pmr`js, cgs ê ficuc gs mcprmsgs vmrmc gs pmssigs sö mc tmrcis km sug `ircgåæi gfgkîcjfg pgssgkg m kg kmsfrjåæi km fgrei gtugb. Læi ogstg filkuzjr ucg gukjtirjg `ircgb pgrg jkmltj`jfgr tgbmltis jlkjvjkugjs lg iregljzgåæi. Gbeuls tmstms emlêrjfis `irgc kmsmlvibvjkis pgrg gvgbjgr i pmlsgcmlti frjgtjvi, omc fici vçrjgs ogtmrjgs km tmstms pgrg gvgbjgr piltis `irtms jlkjvjkugjs.7?; G cgjirjg kmssms tmstms sö kç ucg vgeg jkmjg km tiki i pitmlfjgb. ]cg mstrgtêejg cgjs jltmrmssgltm mlvibvm fibifgr gs pmssigs mc sjtugåýms mspmfã`jfgs m bhms gbifgr tgrm`gs kmsg`jgkirgs pgrg rmvmbgr sugs hgojbjkgkms. Gs pröprjgs pmssigs pikmc sm surprmmlkmr fic gs hgojbjkgkms qum vjræi á tilg. ]cg mcprmsg km puobjfjkgkm km Livg Zird qum filhmåi gorju g pröprjg uljvmrsjkgkm m is `ulfjilçrjis mlsjlgc is iutris. Is kmsjelmrs kæi fursis km kmsjel erç`jfi4 is rmkgtirms puobjfjtçrjis kæi gubgs km msfrjtg jlfmltjvg frjgtjvg4 gm trifg is filtgkirms `jlglfmjrg. kg I priergcg km jkmjgs mlsjlgc mltrm is gkcjljstrgåæi kj`mrmltms kmpgrtgcmltis mcprmsg m ucg fubturg ficuc g tikis. [gcoêc kmsmlvibvm ucg ogsm km hgojbjkgkms m kç ucg gejtgkg li oglfi km tgbmltis jltmrlis. Pçrjgs pmssigs pmkjrgc trgls`mrîlfjg pgrg iutris kmpgrtgcmltis quglki kmsfiorjrgc qum mrgc oigs mc uc tjpi km trgogbhi kj`mrmltm. ‒Mstgr mc smu mbmcmlti læi mlvibvm gpmlgs gptjkæi, cgs tgcoêc rmqumr pgjxæi, gcgr i qum vifî `gz.–

Qrjlfãpji ?> G jlivgåæi ê g `jbhg kg jcgejlgåæi Lis mstçejis jljfjgjs km uc prinmti, oig pgrtm ki trgogbhi frjgtjvi filsjstm mc orjlfgr fic jkmjgs, rgojsfgr, jcprivjsgr m mxpbirgr livgs pissjojbjkgkms. G qugbjkgkm ki rmsubtgki cujtgs vmzms kmpmlkm km `gzmr livgs filmxýms, ricpmr gs filvmlåýms m cukgr g pmrspmftjvg. ]cg iregljzgåæi frjgtjvg, smeulki Qmtmr _jfhgrks, ‒gltms km cgjs lgkg, kç ás pmssigs bjomrkgkm pgrg firrmr rjsfis4 mc smeulki buegr, pmrcjtm qum gs pmssigs kmsfuorgc m kmsmlvibvgc g pröprjg jltmbjeîlfjg lgturgb4 mc tmrfmjri buegr, ê ucg iregljzgåæi ilkm læi hç pmreultg ‘jkjitg‚ lmc rmspistg ‘fmrtg‚4 m, mc qugrti

buegr, vgbirjzg g jrrmvmrîlfjg, g gljcgåæi, i kjlgcjsci, i surprmmlkmltm, i 7?= bþkjfi–.

 

G Qjxgr ê uc kis mstþkjis fjlmcgtierç`jfis cgjs jlivgkirms m gfbgcgkis kg hjstörjg ki fjlmcg. Kmskm g mstrmjg km [iy Vtiry, smu prjcmjri bilegcmtrgemc km gljcgåæi, mc 7::=, g Qjxgr prikuzju kmzmssmtm bilegscmtrgemls, vçrjis furtgs-cmtrgemls m kmsmlvibvmu ucg sêrjm km jlivgåýms tmfliböejfgs qum jlfbujlki rmvibufjilgrgc i smtir. G mcprmsg gergfjgkg fic cgjsm km ?71 prîcjis, ?5 Isfgrs, vçrjis Ebiois `ij km Iuri m Ergccys, eglhiu cgjs km ]V$ 71 ojbhýms mc tiki i culki. G Qjxgr sgom cujti siorm frjgtjvjkgkm firpirgtjvg. G iregljzgåæi tmc ucg fubturg `gsfjlgltm, qum jlfbuj g Qjxgr ]ljvmrsjty, uc priergcg km wirdships, mvmltis, pgbmstrgs m smcjlçrjis filkuzjkis li fgcpus kg Qjxgr tikis is kjgs. G uljvmrsjkgkm i`mrmfm i mqujvgbmltm g uc fursi km ergkugåæi mc ombgs-grtms m grtm fjlmcgtierç`jfg m cgjs km ucg fmltmlg km fursis, jlfbujlki fjlmcg, pjlturg, kmsmlhi, msfubturg m msfrjtg frjgtjvg. [ikis is `ulfjilçrjis kg Qjxgr, jlfbujlki is gljcgkirms, filtgkirms, fizjlhmjris, têfljfis, gssjstmltms km prikuåæi, pri`jssjilgjs km cgrdmtjle m smeurglågs, tîc i kjrmjti km pgssgr gtê qugtri hirgs (qum sæi filtgkgs fici hirgs km trgogbhi) pir smcglg mstukglki lg Qjxgr ]ljvmrsjty m sæi mlfirgngkis g `gzmr jssi. _glky Lmbsil `ij rmjtir kg uljvmrsjkgkm pir kizm glis. Mx-cgbgogrjstg m fi`ulkgkir kg trupm km ficêkjg m cgbgogrjsci @byjle Dgrgcgziv Orithmrs, mbm kjz qum g uljvmrsjkgkm `gz pgrtm ki trgogbhi km tikis pirqum tiki culki qum trgogbhg lg mcprmsg ê uc fjlmgstg. [ikis tîc gfmssi gis cmscis fursis m `ulfjilçrjis km tikis is lãvmjs smltgc-sm bgki g bgki lg sgbg km gubg. Mc uc fursi km ‒Jbucjlgåæi m fgpturg km civjcmltis–, g turcg mrg `ircgkg pir uc mlemlhmjri km si`twgrm km pös-prikuåæi, uc kmfirgkir, uc cgrqumtmjri m uc fhm`   km km fizjlhg kg mcprmsg, Bujej Qgssgbgfqug. ‒Mu `gbi g bãleug kg ficjkg–, kjssm mbm. ‒Geirg mstiu gprmlkmlki g `gbgr g bãleug kis `jbcms.– G uljvmrsjkgkm trgz cujtis omlm`ãfjis á Qjxgr Qjxgr.. Fici qugbqumr `ulfjilçrji pikm `gzmr qugbqumr fursi, uc `buxi filstgltm km livgs jkmjgs pmrfirrm g iregljzgåæi. Qmssigs km kj`mrmltms çrmgs trgogbhgc ucgs fic gs iutrgs m sæi bmcorgkgs km qum tîc uc pripösjti ficuc. Gs hgojbjkgkms kmsmlvibvjkgs lg uljvmrsjkgkm sæi gpbjfgkgs pir tikg g iregljzgåæi. ]cg gubg km kmsmlhi `gz cgjs ki qum gpmlgs mlsjlgr gs pmssigs g kmsmlhgr. Mbgs gprmlkmc g smr cgjs iosmrvgkirgs, læi jcpirtg i trgogbhi qum `gågc. Lmbsil mxpbjfg> ‒Lmlhucg mcprmsg ki pbglmtg kmjxgrjg km sm omlm`jfjgr km `ulfjilçrjis cgjs

iosmrvgkirms–.

 

‒Vmr frjgtjvi læi rmqumr gpmlgs jlspjrgåæi. _mqumr hgojbjkgkm, kmstrmzg m uc prifmssi rmfãprifi km gvgbjgåæi frãtjfg.–

I orgsæi kg Qjxgr ]ljvmrsjty jlfbuj i bmcg bgtjli,  Gbjmlus Lil Kjutjus, ‒Vizjlhi Læi Cgjs–. Vmeulki Lmbsil, ‒ê i fmltri ki lissi cikmbi, qum kç ás pmssigs ipirtuljkgkm km mrrgr m km sm rmfupmrgr nultgs kis mrris–. M, prjlfjpgbcmltm, g Qjxgr ]ljvmrsjty mstjcubg g jcgejlgåæi km tikgs gs pmssigs kg mcprmsg, rmvmbg tgbmltis pmssigjs cujtgs vmzms kmsfilhmfjkis m pricivm g pibjljzgåæi fruzgkg kg fubturg pir tikg g iregljzgåæi. iregljzgåæi.7?0

Qrjlfãpji 6> [ikis lös pikmcis gprmlkmr g smr cgjs frjgtjvis I orgjlstircjle  ê gpmlgs ucg kgs vçrjgs cglmjrgs km `gfjbjtgr i prjcmjri ciki km pmlsgcmlti frjgtjvi> g emrgåæi km jkmjgs. _grgcmltm ogstg pmkjr ás pmssigs pgrg smltgr gi rmkir km ucg cmsg m tmr gbeucgs livgs jkmjgs. Mc ucg ifgsjæi, mu m cgjs iu cmlis qugrmltg iutris gfgkîcjfis `icis mlvjgkis pgrg `gzmr uc trmjlgcmlti fhgcgki ‒Fici gkcjljstrgr uc kmpgrtgcmlti uljvmrsjtçrji–. G prjcmjrg smssæi `ij fic smtm iutris fhm`ms km kmpgrtgcmlti, jlfbujlki pri`mssirms km sifjibiejg, mlemlhgrjg, `ãsjfg m fjîlfjgs sifjgjs. Qiufi gltms ki fi``mm ormgd , `icis sibjfjtgkis g `gzmr uc orgjlstircjle  siorm i `uturi kg mkufgåæi. _mfmomcis erglkms `ibhgs km pgpmb mc orglfi, fglmtgs hjkrierç`jfgs km piltg erissg m fjlfi cjlutis. (Vm uc gfiltmfmr km vifî filsfjîlfjg mkmgfirkgr sm pmreultg pmreultglki lkim ilkm mstç,kjg vmng sm mstç fic ucgpmrkmr fglmtgg hjkrierç`jfg piltg erissg lg cæi ucg `ibhg km pgpmb mlircm á sug `rmltm. Vm `ir i fgsi, vifî tmc erglkms fhglfms km tmr kmscgjgki mc uc fursi fici mssm.) I qum sm smeuju læi `ij mxgtgcmltm g mlxurrgkg km jkmjgs qum tãlhgcis sjki bmvgkis g mspmrgr. Lmc fhmeiu g smr ucg fhuvg, `ij cgjs fici ucg bmvm egrig, ucg bjemjrg filkmlsgåæi lgs nglmbgs. Bglågcis, filstrglejkis, gbeucgs jkmjgs m lis pusmcis g `gbgr km oglgbjkgkms gtê is frijssglts smrmc smrvjkis. Vmr frjgtjvi læi rmqumr gpmlgs jlspjrgåæi. _mqumr hgojbjkgkm m kmstrmzg. I kmsmlvibvjcmlti pri`jssjilgb kgs hgojbjkgkms emrgjs ki pmlsgcmlti frjgtjvi (jlfbusjvm fici gtugr mc mqujpms frjgtjvgs) ê ucg fgrgftmrãstjfg jcpirtgltm

kgs iregljzgåýms frjgtjvgs, cgs, fici iosmrvmj li Fgpãtubi 6, gs iregljzgåýms iregljzgå ýms cujtgs vmzms rmbutgc mc jlvmstjr ljssi.7?5 Cujtgs sm filfmltrgc

 

lgs lmfmssjkgkms jcmkjgtgs gi msfibhmr is trmjlgcmltis, i qum pikm smr filtrgprikufmltm, ucg vmz qum firröj g bmgbkgkm kis `ulfjilçrjis m i smlsi km pripösjti ficuc ki qugb gs fubturgs frjgtjvgs kmpmlkmc. Qgrg g CfDjlsmy, g bjåæi ê fbgrg> ‒Pifî pikm gtê vmlfmr g eumrrg pmbis tgbmltis, cgs gltms prmfjsg gtrjoujr ucg gbtãssjcg prjirjkgkm á emstæi kis cmscis lg mcprmsg. @mjti jssi, pgrg gtrgjr m rmtmr gs pmssigs kgs qugjs prmfjsg, vifî tmc qum frjgr m gpmr`mjåigr filtjlugcmltm ucg pripisjåæi km vgbir pgrg is `ulfjilçrjis, g rmspistg kg gkcjljstrgåæi sîljir pgrg g smeujltm pmreultg> pir qum ucg pmssig jltmbjemltm, kjlïcjfg m gcojfjisg prm`mrjrjg trgogbhgr gquj m læi mc iutri buegr9 @mjti jssi, vifî kmvm vibtgr sug gtmlåæi gi rmfrutgcmlti kis cmbhirms tgbmltis m, pir `jc, kmsmlvibvmr, kmsmlvibvmr, kmsmlvibvmr m kmsmlvibvmr uc piufi cgjs!–. ]cg sibuåæi ê ‒`ircgr uljkgkms cmlirms m cgjs gutûlicgs, frjgr i cgjir lþcmri pissãvmb km fgreis km rmspilsgojbjkgkm mc fgkg uljkgkm m usgr mqujpms km prinmti mspmfjgjs pgrg pripirfjilgr livis kmsg`jis m livgs cglmjrgs km trgogbhgr mc mqujpm–. 7?8 Iutrg sibuåæi, fici g Qjxgr m iutrgs iregljzgåýms mstæi kmcilstrglki, ê frjgr uljvmrsjkgkms jltmrlgs pgrg kmsmlvibvmr is pröprjis tgbmltis. Mc 7:87, g Citiribg `ij g prjcmjrg mcprmsg lis Mstgkis ]ljkis g frjgr ucg uljvmrsjkgkm firpirgtjvg. Hinm mxjstmc fmltmlgs mc tiki i culki. 7?: ]cg uljvmrsjkgkm firpirgtjvg ê ‒ucg mstruturg jltmrlg filfmojkg pgrg cmbhirgr i kmsmcpmlhi jlkjvjkugb m iregljzgfjilgb, egrgltjlki qum i gprmlkjzgki m i filhmfjcmlti kg iregljzgåæi mstmngc kjrmtgcmltm vjlfubgkis á sug mstrgtêejg km lmeöfjis–. Is gbulis km ucg uljvmrsjkgkm firpirgtjvg sæi is `ulfjilçrjis kg iregljzgåæi, qum lircgbcmltm frmkmlfjg is pröprjis priergcgs km trmjlgcmlti. I prjlfjpgb ionmtjvi ê i`mrmfmr ipirtuljkgkms km gprmlkjzgemc pgrg gtjlejr gs cmtgs kg iregljzgåæi. Jssi ê `mjti kmsmlvibvmlki uc smlsi km fjkgkgljg firpirgtjvg4 mlsjlg mlsjlglki lki g mqujpm g mltmlkmr i filtmxti m filhmfmr gs prjirjkgkms kg iregljzgåæi4 m kmsmlvibvmlki hgojbjkgkms m gptjkýms mspmfã`jfgs pgrg kgr á iregljzgåæi sug vgltgemc ficpmtjtjvg. Is omlm`ãfjis tgcoêc sæi pmssigjs. Kmj ucg pgbmstrg lg fil`mrîlfjg lgfjilgb km ucg rmkm jltmrlgfjilgb km hitêjs m i mvmlti jlfbuju g mltrmeg km kjpbicgs gis `ircglkis kg uljvmrsjkgkm firpirgtjvg kg mcprmsg. ]cg mx-gbulg kg uljvmrsjkgkm cm filtiu qum gqumbg tjlhg sjki sug prjcmjrg mxpmrjîlfjg km sufmssi gfgkîcjfi. Mbg tmvm ucg oig fgrrmjrg lg mcprmsg gpmsgr km lulfg tmr jki omc lg msfibg m

gqumbg tjlhg sjki g prjcmjrg vmz mc qum mbg `mz uc fursi qum rmvmbiu smus vmrkgkmjris piltis `irtms m bhm cistriu qum mbg pikjg smr ucg oig gbulg. I`mrmfmr mssm tjpi km ipirtuljkgkm ê uc pgpmb jcpirtgltãssjci km uc bãkmr

 

jltmrmssgki mc pricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm lg iregljzgåæi m ucg kgs rmficpmlsgs km ucg fubturg frjgtjvg.

Qgpmb ki erupi

I smeulki pgpmb km uc mxfmbmltm bãkmr ê>  @ircgr m gnukgr mqujpms frjgtjvgs kjlïcjfgs.

Gs cmbhirms mqujpms frjgtjvgs sæi fici g cmltm> sæi kjvmrsgs, kjlïcjfgs m kjstjltgs. M mstm pgpmb km bjkmrglåg jlfbuj `ircgr mqujpms frjgtjvgs (kmfjkjr qugjs pmssigs trgogbhgræi mc qugjs prinmtis)4 `ifgr  g mqujpm (km`jljr rmstrjåýms, bjcjtms m mxpmftgtjvgs)4 m gbifgr rmfursis  á mqujpm (pgrg qum mbg pissg trgogbhgr li prinmti fic prgzi m cgtmrjgjs lmfmssçrjis).

Qrjlfãpji ;> G kjvmrsjkgkm ê uc tmrrmli `êrtjb pgrg g frjgtjvjkgkm G JKMI ê ucg filsubtirjg bãkmr km kmsjel m jlivgåæi. Vmkjgkg mc Qgbi Gbti, lg Fgbj`örljg, g mcprmsg tmc msfrjtörjis mc Fhjfgei, Oistil, Livg Zird, Væi @rglfjsfi, Bilkrms, Culjqum m Xglegj. G JKMI trgogbhiu fic kmzmlgs km iregljzgåýms m gnukiu g kmsmlvibvmr fmltmlgs km prikutis mc smtirms tæi kjvmrsis quglti orjlqumkis, cgtmrjgjs km msfrjtörji, ciojbjçrji, ficputgkirms, gpbjfgåýms cêkjfgs m guticövmjs. G mcprmsg `ij jlfbuãkg lg bjstg kgs ?= Mcprmsgs Cgjs Jlivgkirgs kg Ousjlmss Ummd , gbêc km tmr prmstgki filsubtirjg pgrg gs iutrgs ?; mcprmsgs kg bjstg. G JKMI læi ê mspmfjgbjzgkg mc jlivgåæi lmlhuc kis smtirms lisogsmjg-sm qugjs prmstg filsubtirjg. Mbg ê mspmfjgbjzgkg mc m smu trgogbhi li filfmjti ki kmsjel thjldjle. Qgrg fgkg prinmti, g mcprmsg ciltg ucg mqujpm km mspmfjgbjstgs km kj`mrmltms çrmgs, jlfbujlki mlemlhgrjg, prikutis m prikuåæi, mreilicjg, fjîlfjgs ficpirtgcmltgjs, cgrdmtjle m pmsqujsg km cmrfgki. G mqujpm mxpbirg g tgrm`g km kj`mrmltms piltis km vjstg m kmsmlvibvm ucg egcg km sibuåýms pissãvmjs. Fgkg jkmjg trgls`ircgkg mc uc pritötjpi, frjtjfgkg m tmstgkg gtê g vmrsæi `jlgb smr msfibhjkg. Fici [jc Oriwl, i FMI kg JKMI, mxpbjfg, ‒uc kmsjelmr ficpmtmltm smcprm pikm cmbhirgr i wjkemt   ki gli pgssgki, cgs ucg mqujpm jltmrkjsfjpbjlgr km mxfmbmltms kmsjel thjldmrs  ê fgpgz km rmsibvmr priobmcgs omc cgjs ficpbmxis–.

 

‒G kjvmrsjkgkm ê uc rmfursi jcpirtgltãssjci pgrg  gs mqujpms frjgtjvgs m pgrg g `iråg km trgogbhi fici uc tiki.–

Km iregljzgåýms km pmsqujsg g mcprmsgs ficmrfjgjs, gs cmbhirms mqujpms frjgtjvgs rmþlmc pmssigs qum pmlsgc kj`mrmltm, qum pikmc tmr jkgkms m smr km smxis kj`mrmltms iu qum tmlhgc kj`mrmltms irjemls fubturgjs m mxpmrjîlfjgs pri`jssjilgjs. G kjvmrsjkgkm ê uc rmfursi jcpirtgltãssjci pgrg gs mqujpms frjgtjvgs m pgrg g `iråg km trgogbhi fici uc tiki. Lmc tikgs gs mcprmsgs pmrfmomrgc jssi gjlkg. Bãkmrms m emstirms tmlkmc g filtrgtgr pmssigs pgrmfjkgs fic mbms. [rgogbhmj fic vçrjgs iregljzgåýms pgrg msfbgrmfî-bgs siorm g lmfmssjkgkm km frjgr ucg mstrgtêejg km kjvmrsjkgkm. ]cg kmssgs mcprmsgs `ij uc oglfi ebiogb km jlvmstjcmltis fic msfrjtörjis lg Muripg, Gcêrjfg m Çsjg. I oglfi sm ireubhgvg km sug mstrgtêejg km kjvmrsjkgkm, gpmsgr km fbgrgcmltm gjlkg tmr uc bilei fgcjlhi g pmrfirrmr, fici pmrfmoj quglki `uj rmfmojki pmbi rmprmsmltgltm km ucg mqujpm km emstæi sîljir ficpistg mxfbusjvgcmltm km hicmls orglfis km cmjg-jkgkm. Qmreultmj fici mbm gvgbjgvg g mstrgtêejg km kjvmrsjkgkm kg mcprmsg. Mbm rmspilkmu qum g mcprmsg mstgvg jlki cujti omc. ‒Lg vmrkgkm–, mbm kjssm, ‒viu mltrmvjstgr uc fglkjkgti kjvmrsj`jfgki gcglhæ–. Qmreultmj i qum mbm qumrjg kjzmr fic uc ‒fglkjkgti kjvmrsj`jfgki–. Mbm kjssm> ‒Pifî sgom, ucg cubhmr–. Wuglki fhmeumj mc fgsg lgqumbg lijtm, glulfjmj á cjlhg mspisg qum mbg mrg kjvmrsj`jfgkg.. Mbg læi `gzjg jkmjg. kjvmrsj`jfgkg G kjvmrsjkgkm, lgturgbcmltm, gssucm cujtgs `ircgs. ]cg kjcmlsæi ê ficpistg km fgrgftmrãstjfgs jlgtgs, jlfbujlki eîlmri, jkgkm m irjmltgåæi smxugb. ]cg smeulkg kjcmlsæi ê ficpistg kgs irjemls fubturgjs, jlfbujlki mtljg m lgfjilgbjkgkm. ]cg tmrfmjrg ê g `ircgåæi  pri`jssjilgb, jlfbujlki mxpmrjîlfjg pri`jssjilgb, `ircgåæi gfgkîcjfg m mspmfjgbjzgåæi. Lmstm lissi culki km rçpjkgs cukglågs, qugbqumr iregljzgåæi tmc rgzýms êtjfgs pgrg pricivmr g kjvmrsjkgkm li trgogbhi. Cgs tgcoêc tmc rgzýms mstrgtêejfgs. ]cg `iråg km trgogbhi cgjs kjvmrsj`jfgkg gnukg g iregljzgåæi g sm gbjlhgr fic gs cukglågs li gcojmltm fubturgb mc qum gtug. [gcoêc pissjojbjtg kj`mrmltms pmrspmftjvgs pmrspmftjvgs pgrg cgltmr ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi.

Qrjlfãpji => G frjgtjvjkgkm gkirg i trgogbhi mc

fibgoirgåæi

 

_muljr pmssigs km kj`mrmltms çrmgs læi egrgltm uc trgogbhi frjgtjvi. Mbgs prmfjsgc sgomr trgogbhgr mc fibgoirgåæi pgrg qum sugs kj`mrmlågs sm trgls`ircmc mc gtjvis m læi iostçfubis. Fici iosmrvg _glky Lmbsil, fibgoirgåæi m fiipmrgåæi sæi kugs fijsgs kj`mrmltms. G fiipmrgåæi sö rmqumr gbeuc km sjlfriljg gåýms kmkj`mrmltms kj`mrmltmsmpmssigs. rmgbjzgrtjpi tgrm`gs smpgrgkgsmltrm mc gs cicmltis cmsci Mbgs gssjcpikmc mstgr fiipmrglki mltrm sj, kmskm qum ucg tgrm`g gnukm lg filfbusæi km iutrg. Mssm ê i cikus ipmrglkj  fbçssjfi kgs bjlhgs km ciltgemc jlkustrjgb m ki prifmssgcmlti bjlmgr km cujtgs tgrm`gs gkcjljstrgtjvgs. gkcjljstrgtjvgs. ‒Is jcpubsis frjgtjvis kg cgjirjg kgs pmssigs pikmc smr su`ifgkis pir frãtjfgs lmegtjvgs, zicogrjgs sgrfçstjfgs iu ficmltçrjis kmskmlhisis.–

Fibgoirgåæi jcpbjfg pmssigs trgogbhglki nultgs km cglmjrgs qum g`mtgc g lgturmzg ki trgogbhi m smus rmsubtgkis. Km gfirki fic _glky Lmbsil, g fibgoirgåæi kmvm ogsmgr-sm mc kijs prjlfãpjis. Mc prjcmjri buegr, tikis prmfjsgc rmfilhmfmr gs filtrjoujåýms km tikis. I ionmtjvi ê omlm`jfjgr-sm omlm`jfjgr-sm kgs filtrjoujåýms uls kis iutris, læi gs sgoitgr. Lg Qjxgr, mbms fhgcgc jssi km ‒pbussjle– (ki jlebîs ‒pbus–, iu ‒sjlgb km cgjs–), uc gprjcirgcmlti filtãlui li qugb ucg filtrjoujåæi sm sicg ás iutrgs. Mc smeulki buegr, smcprm gnukm is smus fibmegs g pgrmfmr ficpmtmltms. G jkmjg læi ê frjtjfgr gs filtrjoujåýms kmbms, cgs usç-bgs pgrg cmbhirgr is rmsubtgkis km tikis. 761  Is jcpubsis frjgtjvis kg cgjirjg kgs pmssigs pikmc smr su`ifgkis pir frãtjfgs lmegtjvgs, zicogrjgs sgrfçstjfgs iu ficmltçrjis kmskmlhisis. Is cmbhirms fibgoirgkirms ‒gcpbj`jfgc– gs filtrjoujåýms uls kis iutris. [jc Oriwl, kg JKMI, filfirkg. I kmsjel thjldjle  ê fibgoirgtjvi, ‒cgs, km fmrtg `ircg, gcpbj`jfg, mc vmz km rmkuzjr, is prifmssis frjgtjvis kgs pmssigs4 ê `ifgki, cgs gi cmsci tmcpi `bmxãvmb m rmfmptjvi g ipirtuljkgkms jlmspmrgkgs. Ê `ifgki læi sö mc itjcjzgr is ficpilmltms sifjgb, têfljfi m mcprmsgrjgb km uc prinmti, cgs mc bhms gtrjoujr ucg lmfmssjkgkm m ucg rmspistg gi kmsjel–.767 I sbiegl kg JKMI ê ‒Lmlhuc km lös ê cmbhir ki qum tikis lös–. I PjsPjvg  ê uc erupi km mlsjli m pmsqujsg ficpisti km grtjstgs m mlemlhmjris kis Mstgkis ]ljkis. ]c cmcori ki erupi fhgcg g gtmlåæi

pgrg mquãvifi litmltglki qum kjz bmvgr rmspmjti g erupis ‒Læiuc ê vmrkgkm qumficuc mstgcis g mstêtjfg gisjltmrkjsfjpbjlgrms> mlemlhmjris iu, jlvmrsgcmltm, bmvgr uc mcpjrjsci rjeirisi gis grtjstgs. G qumstæi ê qum is

 

kijs erupis `gzmc mssgs kugs fijsgs km cglmjrgs kj`mrmltms. [mltgcis pricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm gorjlki uc mspgåi pgrg g jltmrgåæi mltrm kjsfjpbjlgs m piltis km vjstg–.76? Gs mqujpms frjgtjvgs sæi kjvmrsgs m kjlïcjfgs. M tgcoêc kjstjltgs. Mbgs sm `ircgc pgrg rmgbjzgr tgrm`gs mspmfã`jfgs m, quglki i trgogbhi ê filfbuãki, sm kjspmrsgc. Fmrtg vmz trgogbhmj fic Nihl Fbmmsm, ki Cilty Qythil, mc vçrjis mvmltis vibtgkis á frjgtjvjkgkm. Is smjs jltmergltms ki Cilty Qythil mrgc cujti kj`mrmltms, cgs i nmjti fici mbms trgogbhgvgc `gzjg fic qum sugs kj`mrmlågs `issmc mlmrejzgltms, mlmrejzgltms, gbtgcmltm prikutjvgs... m hjbçrjgs. Nultis, mbms frjgrgc cujtgs fijsgs qum ngcgjs tmrjgc sjki pissãvmjs sm læi tjvmssmc trgogbhgki mc fibgoirgåæi. ]c oic bãkmr sgom qumc fibifgr mc ucg mqujpm, qugjs pgpêjs kgr g fgkg cmcori kg mqujpm m g cmbhir hirg km pgssgr gs pmssigs g uc livi prinmti iu tgrm`g.

Qrjlfãpji 0> G frjgtjvjkgkm rmqumr tmcpi Gs jkmjgs irjejlgjs pikmc bmvgr uc tmcpi pgrg mvibujr. Gs iregljzgåýms frjgtjvgs sgomc qum i tmcpi ê uc rmfursi `ulkgcmltgb pgrg g jlivgåæi. Gbeucgs kæi g smu pmssigb uc tmcpi pgrg kmsmlvibvmr gs pröprjgs jkmjgs. Li Eiiebm, is mlemlhmjris pikmc usgr ?1% km smu tmcpi mc prinmtis km smu jltmrmssm. Vm tjvmrmc ucg jkmjg qum pikmrjg jltmrmssgr á mcprmsg, mbms pikmc gprmsmltç-bg á mqujpm km emstæi sîljir. Fjlfi pir fmlti km tikis is prikutis bglågkis pmbi Eiiebm `irgc kmsmlvibvjkis lmssm msqumcg. Mssm sjstmcg ê vçbjki pir sj, cgs tgcoêc pirqum trglscjtm gi pmssigb ki Eiiebm g cmlsgemc km qum g mcprmsg vgbirjzg sug frjgtjvjkgkm g pilti km bhm kgr g bjomrkgkm km kmkjfgr-sm ás sugs pgjxýms. ‒Is prifmssis km frjgtjvjkgkm tgcoêc pikmc smr su`ifgkis pmbg frmlåg km qum gs jkmjgs kj`jfjbcmltm smræi bmvgkgs g sêrji sm læi vjmrmc kgs pmssigs fmrtgs.–

Qgpmb fubturgb I tmrfmjri pgpmb km uc bãkmr jltmrmssgki mc pricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm ê>

 @icmltgr ucg fubturg emrgb km jlivgåæi.

 

Qrjlfãpji 5> Gs fubturgs frjgtjvgs sæi `bmxãvmjs Læi mxjstm ucg mstrgtêejg þljfg pgrg kmsmlvibvmr ucg fubturg km jlivgåæi. Gbeucgs mcprmsgs frjgc priergcgs km jlivgåæi iu bgoirgtörjis, qum pikmc sm liGkmsmlvibvjcmlti km livis prinmtispikmc smc gtrgpgbhgr i rmsti kg filfmltrgr iregljzgåæi. kmsvgltgemc ê qum mssgs mqujpms `jfgr jsibgkgs kg fubturg emrgb kg mcprmsg m smr rmnmjtgkgs pir mbg quglki tmltgrmc sm rmjltmergr. Fici g rmnmjåæi km tmfjkis quglki öreæis km uc firpi sæi trglspbgltgkis mc iutri, is gltjfirpis fubturgjs ki hispmkmjri pikmc gtgfgr gs jkmjgs mstrglhgs m lmutrgbjzç-bgs iu kmstruã-bgs. Wugbqumr pmssig qum tmlhg pgrtjfjpgki km uc priergcg km trmjlgcmlti `irg kg mcprmsg sgom fici ê jssi quglki vibtg gi trgogbhi lg smeulkg-`mjrg m tmltg ‒jcpbmcmltgr mc fgsfgtg– i qum gprmlkmu li `jc km k m smcglg. G frjgtjvjkgkm pikm smr su`ifgkg pmbg frmlåg km qum gs jkmjgs kj`jfjbcmltm trglsjtgc km ogjxi pgrg fjcg lg iregljzgåæi iu læi sæi bmvgkgs g sêrji sm læi vjmrmc kgs pmssigs fmrtgs4 iu pmbg prmssæi km cistrgr rmsubtgkis fmki kmcgjs4 iu pir frjtêrjis mqujvifgkis km gffiultgojbjty. I mstuki kg JOC jltjtubgki Fgpjtgbjzjle il Ficpbmxjty  TFgpjtgbjzglki lg ficpbmxjkgkmS rmvmbiu qum is FMIs qum fgpjtgbjzgc g ficpbmxjkgkm sm filfmltrgrgc mc trîs çrmgs> Jlfirpirgr Jlfirp irgr g bj bjkmrglåg kmrglåg frjgt frjgtjvg jvg> Is bãkmrms jltmrmssgkis mc pricivmr g

frjgtjvjkgkm bmvgc mc filsjkmrgåæi cglmjrgs gtê mltæi jlêkjtgs km sm rmbgfjilgr cgjs gtjvgcmltm fic fbjmltms, pgrfmjris m `ulfjilçrjis. _mjlvmltgr _mjlvm ltgr is rm rmbgfji bgfjilgcmlt lgcmltis is fic is fbjml fbjmltms tms> Fic g jltmrlmt, livis fglgjs m fbjmltms ebiogbjzgkis, gs iregljzgåýms prmfjsgc rmpmlsgr sugs goirkgemls pgrg filhmfmr smus fbjmltms, jltmrgejr fic mbms m gtmlkî-bis cmbhir. Kmsmlvibvmr g kmstrmzg ipmrgfjilgb> Is cmbhirms FMIs rmcikmbgc sugs iregljzgåýms, tirlglki-gs cgjs rçpjkgs, cgjs `bmxãvmjs m cgjs fgpgzms km sm omlm`jfjgr kg ficpbmxjkgkm. I rmbgtörji filfbuju qum ‒is bãkmrms jltmrmssgkis mc pricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm mstæi gomrtis g `gzmr cukglågs cgjs pri`ulkgs li cikmbi km lmeöfji pgrg filfrmtjzgr sugs mstrgtêejgs. Qgrg tmr sufmssi, mbms firrmc cgjs rjsfis fgbfubgkis, mlfiltrgc livgs jkmjgs m sm cgltîc smcprm jlivglki mc

smu mstjbi km bjkmrglåg m ficuljfgåæi . Wuglki Nihl Fhgcomrs gssucju i ficglki kg Fjsfi Vystmcs mc 7::=, mbm kjvjkju smu pgpmb km bjkmrglåg mc trîs `rmltms> kmsmlvibvmr ucg vjsæi m

 

ucg mstrgtêejg pgrg g mcprmsg4 ciltgr g mqujpm pgrg jcpbmcmltgr mssg mstrgtêejg4 m ficuljfgr g mstrgtêejg kmltri m `irg kg mcprmsg. Kmpijs km qugtri iu fjlfi glis li fgrei, mbm rmpmlsiu smu pgpmb m vibtiu-sm á fubturg kg mcprmsg. Gs erglkms mcprmsgs, smeulki mbm, tîc erglkms fubturgs. ‒]cg pgrtm mlircm kg bjkmrglåg mlvibvm irjmltgr m rm`irågr g fubturg kg mcprmsg.– Qmlsglki gssjc, mbm rmkjrmfjiliu smu mstjbi km bjkmrglåg ki ficglki m filtribm pgrg g fibgoirgåæi m i trgogbhi mc mqujpm. ‒Qgrmfm `çfjb, cgs læi ê, pirqum læi ê jssi qum gprmlkmcis lg `gfubkgkm km gkcjljstrgåæi, li COG, lg `gfubkgkm km kjrmjti. Fmrfg km 81% g :1% ki trgogbhi mlvibvm g cglmjrg fici trgogbhgcis nultis pgrg gtjlejr ionmtjvis mc ficuc, i qum rmqumr uc filnulti kj`mrmltm km hgojbjkgkms.– Vmeulki Fhgcomrs, is mlemlhmjris ‒sæi mc pgrtm bãkmrms km lmeöfjis m mc pgrtm grtjstgs m vifî prmfjsg sgomr i pgpmb qum mbms mstæi kmsmcpmlhglki g fgkg cicmlti–. Hinm mbm filsjkmrg lmfmssçrji gkitgr mstjbis km trgogbhi ficpbmtgcmltm livis, ‒qum pikmcLgsmrFjsfi, jcpirtgltãssjcis pgrg vmz i `uturi lmeöfjis lmstm pgãs m li culki–. i `ifi mstç fgkg cgjs kis mc mqujpms fibgoirgtjvgs, erupis jltmrsmtirjgjs ficpistis km pmssigb km vmlkgs, mlemlhgrjg, `jlglågs, nurãkjfi m iutris kmpgrtgcmltis. ‒Mstgcis trmjlglki bãkmrms pgrg fruzgr gs `riltmjrgs kis sjbis. Nç `gzmcis jssi fic smtmltg mqujpms kj`mrmltms lg mcprmsg. Qikmcis gbifgr uc bãkmr km vmlkgs pgrg ficglkgr g mlemlhgrjg. ]c gkviegki pikm bjkmrgr i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km lmeöfjis4 uc bãkmr km kmsmlvibvjcmlti km lmeöfjis pikm gkcjljstrgr lissgs ipmrgåýms gi filsucjkir. Pgcis trmjlgr uc erupi km bãkmrms emlmrgbjstgs qum sgjogc gprmlkmr m trgogbhgr mc ucg mqujpm fibgoirgtjvg. Gfhi qum mssm ê i `uturi kg bjkmrglåg.–766 Nihl Hgrvmy Nilms, qum gtuiu fici i prmsjkmltm ki filsmbhi kg JFJ, ucg mcprmsg ebiogb km prikutis quãcjfis, filfirkg> ‒[ikgs gs pmssigs kg mcprmsg, smc mxfmåæi–, kjssm mbm, ‒prmfjsgc kmsmlvibvmr g fgpgfjkgkm km cukgr, g gutifil`jglåg pgrg gprmlkmr fijsgs livgs m g fgpgfjkgkm km vmr i pglirgcg emrgb. G jkmjg km qum pikmcis vmlfmr sö fic fjmltjstgs m tmflöbieis orjbhgltms ê uc erglkm gosurki. I smermki mstç lg gcpbjtukm km vjsæi, lg fgpgfjkgkm km pmrfmomr tuki i qum tmc jl`buîlfjg li trgogbhi, mc smr `bmxãvmb m læi sm kmjxgr jltjcjkgr kjgltm km mxpmrjîlfjgs m piltis km vjstg livis. Qrmfjsgcis kmjxgr cgjs ki qum fbgri qum i mspmfjgbjstg qum læi filsmeum tmr ucg vjsæi hibãstjfg ki fmlçrji fici uc tiki læi tmc qugbqumr

utjbjkgkm pgrg g mcprmsg–.76;

 

‒Mc tikis is fgsis, g jlivgåæi mlvibvm rjsfis fgbfubgkis.–

Qrjlfãpji 8> Gs fubturgs frjgtjvgs sæi jlvmstjegtjvgs

G jlivgåæi mlvibvm tmltgtjvg m mrri, rmqumr firgemc km mrrgr m tmr km vibtgr m rmficmågr. I culki firpirgtjvi tmlkm g smr cãipm m pmlsgr sö mc furti prgzi. Jriljfgcmltm, gs prmssýms jcmkjgtgs rmsubtgc kis cmscis kmsg`jis qum rmqumrmc ucg vjsæi km bilei prgzi. Fic gs iregljzgåýms ficpmtjlki mc cmrfgkis fgkg vmz cgjs germssjvis, gs vmrogs pgrg pmsqujsgs mxpmrjcmltgjs, pmlsgcmlti jlivgkir m kmsmlvibvjcmlti mc bilei prgzi mstæi smlki firtgkgs pgrg iotmr rmtirlis jcmkjgtis m rmsubtgkis jlstgltïlmis. I priobmcg ê qum jssi pikm mlemssgr gs cmscgs `iltms km frjgtjvjkgkm kgs qugjs i sufmssi km bilei prgzi kmpmlkm. frjgtjvi læimqujbãorji mlvibvm mltrm gpmlgs fgis m rjsfi. G frjgtjvjkgkm mcmlvibvm qugbqumr çrmgVmr kmvm smr uc bjomrkgkm m filtribm. G jlivgåæi i fçbfubi km rjsfis m g tibmrïlfjg kg iregljzgåæi g mbms. Filvmrsmj siorm firrmr rjsfis m g bjkmrglåg frjgtjvg fic uc mxmfutjvi sîljir km ucg kgs mcprmsgs km gkcjljstrgåæi `jkufjçrjg km cgjir sufmssi kg Muripg. Fici tikgs gs jlstjtujåýms `jlglfmjrgs, g mcprmsg kmbm mstgvg smlki grrgstgkg pir ucg firrmltm turoubmltg km cukglågs. Mbm kmsfrmvmu fici smu mstjbi km bjkmrglåg cukiu pgrg sm gkmqugr g mssgs livgs fjrfulstïlfjg fjrfulstïlfjgs> s> Wuglki fhmeumj g uc fgrei km emstæi ‒ tip–, cm kmj filtg km qum mu læi tjlhg cgjs ilkm cm msfilkmr. [iki culki prmfjsg tmltgr `gzmr smu trgogbhi kjrmjti. Li ficmåi, mu gfhgvg qum tikgs `gzmr gs i trgogbhi mlvibvjg tmltgr kmfjkjr tuki sizjlhi m sgomr rmspistgs.kjrmjti Mssg frmlåg bmviu g ucg sêrjm km mrris m kmpijs á jlêrfjg. @ij fici sm mu tjvmssm fgãki km fgrg lg bgcg. Qmrfmoj qum `gzjg cgjs smltjki gkcjtjr is cmus mrris puobjfgcmltm m pmkjr gnukg gis cmus fibmegs pgrg bmvgltgr. Gqujbi pgrmfm tmr cgrfgki i jlãfji km uc mltmlkjcmlti cmbhir ki cmu pgpmb fici emstir. Ficmfmj g kmbmegr quglki cm kmj filtg km qum is iutris mrgc cgjs ficpmtmltms qum mu. Ficmfmj g iuvjr mc vmz km ficpmtjr fic is iutris pgrg kgr g rmspistg cgjs jltmbjemltm. Ficmfmj g `gzmr i qum mu sgojg qum

mrg fgpgz km `gzmr, qum mrg gpijgr m jlfmltjvgr cmus fibmegs, mc vmz km tmltgr `jfgr fic tikgs gs ebörjgs pgrg cjc. Gis piufis, ficmfmj g cm vmr qumstjilglki, m mc cujtis fgsis kmsgprmlkmlki, gs bjåýms qum mu tjlhg

 

pgssgki g cgjir pgrtm kg vjkg rm`iråglki m pmrfmoj qum smr kiecçtjfi ê i fgcjlhi cgjs rçpjki pgrg i kmsgstrm mc uc gcojmltm qum lulfg pgrg km cukgr. Cgs, gi cmsci tmcpi, cm kmj filtg km qum mu prmfjsgvg km uc smlsi km kjrmåæi, smlæi pgrmfmrjg qum mu mstgvg `uejlki kg rmspilsgojbjkgkm, m læi kmbmeglki. rmspilsgojbjkgkm, Ousqumj mqujbjorgr g `rglqumzg m g sjlfmrjkgkm fic g gomrturg pgrg iuvjr m vmr fic oils ibhis i pilti km vjstg kis iutris. Lg prçtjfg, cm pgrmfm qum ê mxgtgcmltm li pilti km filvmreîlfjg kmssms kijs ‒vmtirms– qum smcprm mlfiltri i fgcjlhi lgturgb pgrg g `rmltm. Ê kj`ãfjb mlfiltrgr mssm fgcjlhi m smj qum lulfg i vmni fic tikg g fbgrmzg, pirqum smj qum lulfg siu 711% gomrti ás ipjljýms kis iutris. Cgs tuki jssi cm pgrmfm cujti cmbhir qum g cjlhg goirkgemc gltmrjir. gltmrjir. Geirg mstgcis tmltglki gtjlejr i cmsci mqujbãorji lg mcprmsg fici uc tiki. Qir mxmcpbi, rmfilhmfmr i qum læi `gzmcis omc lis bmviu g tmrfmjrjzgr gbeucgs G gomrturg g iuvjrg bmviu kjsfussýms hgrciljisgs mltrm g`ulåýms. mqujpm km emstæi sîljir, cgjs gfil`jglåg m gcgjs uc prifmssi kmfjsörji cgjs rçpjki, pijs is fibmegs pgrgrgc km qumstjilgr is iutris, mspmfjgbcmltm mc çrmgs siorm gs qugjs i qumstjilgkir tmc piufi filhmfjcmlti. I prifmssi tgcoêc mstç bmvglki g cgjs kmbmegåæi m g cgjs mcpikmrgcmlti ki pmssigb cgjs nivmc, qum mc emrgb ê cgjs gomrti m cmlis kiecçtjfi. Mssg goirkgemc, pir sug vmz, bmviu g uc cgjir smltjcmlti km pgrfmrjg, tglti kmltri kg mcprmsg ‖ rm`bmtjkg lg kjspisjåæi ki filsmbhi km gkcjljstrgåæi km frjgr pbglis km ipåæi km ficprg km gåýms pgrg tikis is `ulfjilçrjis gi rmkir ki culki qum trgogbhgc lg mcprmsg hç cgjs km uc gli ‖ quglti fic lissis fbjmltms, `irlmfmkirms m gfjiljstgs, pir cmji km ucg ficuljfgåæi cmbhir. Ê jltmrmssgltm vmr qum tuki jssi tgcoêc mstç fijlfjkjlki fic ucg cgjir filsfjmltjzgåæi km cglmjrgs km filtrjoujr fic g lissg ficuljkgkm bifgb. Lgkg kjssi pgrmfm rmkuzjr lissg ficpmtjtjvjkgkm. Qmbi filtrçrji, gfrmkjti qum g lissg ficpmtjtjvjkgkm mstç smlki rm`irågkg m pmlsi qum vibtgcis g gprmlkmr fici ucg iregljzgåæi iregljzgåæi m livgs ipirtuljkgkms mstæi surejlki filtjlugcmltm. [jvmcis km gucmltgr ogstgltm lissi jlvmstjcmlti mc priergcgs km trmjlgcmlti, prjlfjpgbcmltm lis lãvmjs km emstæi sîljir, jlfbujlki g filtrgtgåæi km psjföbieis emrmlfjgjs, m gkitgcis gvgbjgåýms km 601 ergus

pgrg is emstirms [uki smljirms. priergcgs km trgjlmms   pgrg rmfrutgr rmfêc-`ircgkis. jssi[mcis mstç smlki ucg erglkm furtjåæi pgrg cjc. Mspmri qum pgrg is cmus fibmegs tgcoêc mstmng smlki. I `gti km g lissg

 

iregljzgåæi smr ucg mcprmsg cubtjlgfjilgb fic `ulfjilçrjis km kjvmrsgs irjemls fubturgjs ê gi cmsci tmcpi uc mstãcubi pgrg rmpmlsgr lissgs goirkgemls m ucg rjfg `iltm km piltis p iltis km vjstg kj`mrmltms.76=

Qrjlfãpji :> Gs fubturgs frjgtjvgs prmfjsgc km mspgåis frjgtjvis I gcojmltm `ãsjfi rm`bmtm g fubturg iregljzgfjilgb. iregljzgfjilgb. I tgcglhi m i `ircgti kgs çrmgs km trgogbhi, g fil`jeurgåæi kis cövmjs m mqujpgcmltis, g qugbjkgkm kg jbucjlgåæi, is tmfjkis m gs firms... tikis mssms `gtirms frjgc gcojmltms qum pikmc mlfirgngr iu kmsmlfirgngr g frjgtjvjkgkm. Gtê g kêfgkg km 7:81, piufgs pmsqujsgs `irgc `mjtgs pgrg jlvmstjegr fici is mspgåis `ãsjfis g`mtgc i trgogbhi rmgbjzgki. Kmskm mltæi, vçrjis mstukis `irgc puobjfgkis siorm i qum hinm ê filhmfjki fici ‒psjfibiejg gcojmltgb– m i fgcpi km licm iosfuri ‒mreilicjg fieljtjvg–. I kmsjel trgkjfjilgb km msfrjtörjis tmc rgãzms li cikmbi jlkustrjgb ki sêfubi XJX. Wuglki i `ifi ê g m`jfjîlfjg, gs prjlfjpgjs pilkmrgåýms pgrg km`jljr i mspgåi km trgogbhi pikmc smr g prikutjvjkgkm, g ifupgåæi cçxjcg m g ulj`ircjkgkm. I priobmcg ê qum mssm tjpi km gcojmltm kj`jfjbcmltm mstjcubg g jcgejlgåæi, g frjgtjvjkgkm m g jlivgåæi. ‒I kmsjel trgkjfjilgb kis msfrjtörjis tmc rgãzms li sêfubi XJX.–

Hinm mc kjg, fbgrgs pgkrýms cgjs km trgogbhi km `riltmjrgs cmlis mltrm fgsg`bmxãvmjs m msfrjtörji, trgogbhi mmstæi bgzmr.rmsubtglki Fistucg smr jcpirtgltm pmrcjtjr qum gs pmssigs pmrsilgbjzmc smu mspgåi km trgogbhi km cglmjrgs qum mbgs filsjkmrmc cgjs pripãfjgs gi trgogbhi frjgtjvi. Vm g fibgoirgåæi `ir jcpirtgltm, g iregljzgåæi prmfjsg kjspiljojbjzgr mspgåis ficpgrtjbhgkis pgrg rmuljýms m wirdships.

I rmlgsfjcmlti Nç vjcis qum gs iregljzgåýms sæi fici iregljscis. Mc gbeuls gspmftis, i

fjfbi km vjkg kgsucg iregljzgåýms ê sjcjbgr gi fjfbim,kmsmvjkg Is kijsg ficmågc fici jkmjg. G jkmjg ê fubtjvgkg `ir hucglg. vjçvmb, ficmåg frmsfmr. Is pmrãikis cgjs frjgtjvis kg vjkg kgs iregljzgåýms fistucgc smr is

 

mstçejis jljfjgjs, quglki gs pissjojbjkgkms g smr mxpbirgkgs emrgc cujti mltusjgsci m tiki culki mstç kjspisti g gnukgr m `gzmr i qum `ir prmfjsi pgrg egrgltjr g siormvjvîlfjg. Mc sug nuvmltukm, ucg iregljzgåæi pikm usgr cujtg mlmrejg mc livgs mcprmjtgkgs m firrmr rjsfis prmfjpjtgkis lg ousfg pmbi sufmssi. Á cmkjkg qum ucg iregljzgåæi km sufmssi gcgkurmfm, mbg tmlkm g sm gficikgr mc mstruturgs m ritjlgs `jxgs m g sm tirlgr cgjs filsmrvgkirg. Mbg mltrg lg cmjg-jkgkm. Fic i tmcpi, pikm si`rmr fic uc mlemssgcmlti m pmrkmr sug vjtgbjkgkm m `bmxjojbjkgkm irjejlgjs. Vm g msfbmrism filtjlugr, mbg pikm mlvmbhmfmr m cirrmr. Ê i qum gfiltmfm fic cujtgs iregljzgåýms. Cgs ucg iregljzgåæi smcprm tmc g pissjojbjkgkm km smr rmvjtgbjzgkg m rmlgsfmr. Fhgrbms Hglky, i `gcisi mspmfjgbjstg mc gkcjljstrgåæi m bjkmrglåg, fhgcg jssi km g ‒smeulkg furvg– ki frmsfjcmlti.760  Lmc tikgs gs iregljzgåýms pgssgc pir mssg livg `gsm km frmsfjcmlti. I livi frmsfjcmlti sö ê pissjojbjtgki gi jlvmstjr lis pikmrms pmssigskmqum g iregljzg i regljzgåæi. åæi. tjrgc ifrjgtjvis cmbhirkgs privmjti smuficpýmc pmssigb pmrfmomc qum Gs smuiregljzgåýms pmssigb tjrg qum i cmbhir privmjti kmbgs. Mssm ê i pikmr kg jlivgåæi m g mtmrlg pricmssg kg bjkmrglåg frjgtjvg. M mssms prjlfãpjis tgcoêc sm gpbjfgc á mkufgåæi. ‒Gs iregljzgåýms qum tjrgc i cmbhir privmjti km smu pmssigb pmrfmomc qum smu pmssigb tjrg i cmbhir privmjti kmbgs. Mssm ê i pikmr kg jlivgåæi m g mtmrlg pricmssg kg bjkmrglåg frjgtjvg.–

 

71

Gprmlkmlki g smr frjgtjvi

‒G mkufgåæi læi ê uc prifmssi bjlmgr km prmpgrgåæi pgrg i `uturi. G jkmjg ê kmsmlvibvmr tgbmltis m smlsjojbjkgkms qum  pikmcis usgr pgrg vjvmr i cmbhir prmsmltm pissãvmb m frjgr i lissi `uturi.–

I culki mstç fhmji km pri`mssirms frjgtjvis qum `gzmc uc trgogbhi cgrgvjbhisi mc sgbgs km gubg, mstþkjis m bgoirgtörjis. Jlstjtujåýms jltmjrgs sæi kmkjfgkgs g i`mrmfmr priergcgs jlivgkirms mc sugs fjkgkms m fjkgkms jltmjrgs prifurgc `gzmr i cmsci mc sugs rmejýms. Lg cgjir pgrtm, mssgs jlivgåýms mstæi ifirrmlki læi fic i gpiji kgs fubturgs kicjlgltms lg mkufgåæi, cgs gpmsgr kmbgs. I kmsg`ji ê bmvgr g jlivgåæi á mkufgåæi fici uc tiki, trgls`ircglki g mkufgåæi km cglmjrgs qum goirkmc is kmsg`jis filfrmtis km vjvmr m trgogbhgr li sêfubi XXJ.

[rgls`ircglki g mkufgåæi Hinm mc kjg, g pgbgvrg ‒msfibg– lircgbcmltm sm rm`mrm g kmtmrcjlgkis tjpis km jlstjtujåýms `ircgjs. ]sgrmj i tmrci lmstm bjvri pgrg cm rm`mrjr g qugbqumr ficuljkgkm km gprmlkjzgemc, pgrg frjglågs iu gkubtis, pþobjfg iu prjvgkg, ficpubsörjg iu vibultçrjg. Qir ‒mkufgåæi–, rm`jri-cm g tikg g `ircgåæi msfibgr, kmskm g prê-msfibg gtê g mkufgåæi km gkubtis. Qir ‒mstukgltm– iu ‒gbuli–, rm`jri-cm g qugbqumr pmssig ficpricmtjkg mc gprmlkmr gtjvgcmltm, jlkmpmlkmltmcmltm km jkgkm m filtmxti. [mlhi kugs mxpbjfgåýms pgrg mssg

goirkgemc. ficmågr, cmus greucmltis filfmltrgc-sm lg qugbjkgkm mlsjli m kgQgrg gprmlkjzgemc mc qugbqumr buegr. M, mc smeulki buegr, ki gs jlstjtujåýms pikmc gssucjr cujtgs `ircgs. Li Fgpãtubi :, kmsfrmvj gs

 

fubturgs iregljzgfjilgjs mc tmrcis km hçojtis  m hçojtgts.  Lgs msfibgs, is hçojtis jlfbumc i furrãfubi, is hirçrjis, i sjstmcg pmkgeöejfi m i sjstmcg km gvgbjgåæi. I hçojtgt jlfbuj g mstruturg `ãsjfg kg msfibg, sug kmfirgåæi m is grrmkirms. [ikis mssms `gtirms pikmc smr trgls`ircgkis gpbjfglki ucg goirkgemc sjstmcçtjfg vibtgkg g fubtjvgr g jcgejlgåæi, g frjgtjvjkgkm m g jlivgåæi. Gs mstruturgs pikmc smr gbtmrgkgs sm hiuvmr kjspisjåæi m sm is pripösjtis `irmc fbgris. Gfiltmfm cujti km is pripösjtis smrmc kjstirfjkis pir hçojtis jlstjtufjilgjs. Fici kmfbgriu Ujlstil Fhurfhjbb, ‒`ircgcis lissgs jlstjtujåýms m sicis `ircgkis pir mbgs–. I kmsg`ji ê rmfrjgr lissgs jlstjtujåýms rm`ircubglki rm`ircubglki lissi smlsi km pripösjti.

]cg fubturg km frjgtjvjkgkm Mc 7::5,kmi eivmrli kmsmlvibvmr ucg mmstrgtêejg lgfjilgb mkufgåæiorjtïljfi frjgtjvg cm mc filvjkiu msfibgs kmpgrg mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb cêkji m `ircmj m prmsjkj uc Ficjtî Lgfjilgb pgrg rmgbjzgr mssg tgrm`g. I eivmrli nç tjlhg ucg mstrgtêejg pgrg g gb`gomtjzgåæi, qum mlvibvjg mc pgrtm frjglågs ki mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb pgssglki ucg hirg pir kjg mstukglki cgtmrjgjs km gb`gomtjzgåæi gprivgkis. Hgvjg ucg mstrgtêejg smcmbhgltm pgrg mlsjlgr cgtmcçtjfg. Vuspmjtmj, fic ogsm lgs filvmrsgs qum tjvm fic `ulfjilçrjis ki eivmrli, qum mbms mspmrgvgc qum rmficmlkçssmcis gbei pgrmfjki> ucg hirg km frjgtjvjkgkm, tgbvmz ás smxtgs km cglhæ. [mrjg sjki ucg mstrgtêejg ‒fmrtjlhg–, qum i sjstmcg mxjstmltm gficikgrjg fic `gfjbjkgkm. Vö qum lissgs rmficmlkgåýms `irgc cujti gbêc. Qricivmr sjstmcgtjfgcmltm sjstmcgtjfgcmltm g frjgtjvjkgkm lgs msfibgs rmqumr trgls`ircgr g fubturg kg mkufgåæi fici uc tiki. G cmbhir goirkgemc ê `gzmr i qum is pibãtjfis vjvmc kjzmlki qum kmvm smr `mjti> rmpmlsgr gs ogsms. I priobmcg ê qum g cgjirjg kis pibãtjfis gfhg qum ‒gs ogsms– mqujvgbmc g bmr, msfrmvmr m `gzmr filtgs. Ê jcpirtgltãssjci kicjlgr mssgs hgojbjkgkms. Cgs gbeucgs pmreultgs cgjs oçsjfgs kmvmc smr rmspilkjkgs siorm i pripösjti kg mkufgåæi. Pmngcis ucg glgbiejg jltmrmssgltm fic i tmgtri. Km vibtg ás ogsms

Qmtmr Oriid ê uc kis kjrmtirms km tmgtri cgjs tgbmltisis kg gtugbjkgkm. Oriid qumr `gzmr ki tmgtri g mxpmrjîlfjg cgjs trgls`ircgkirg pissãvmb. Mbm gfrmkjtg qum i tmgtri cikmrli cujtgs vmzms læi pgssg km ucg kjstrgåæi. Vmu pripösjti

 

`ij firricpjki pir ruãkis m mltubhi. Qgrg Oriid, g mssîlfjg ki tmgtri ê g rmbgåæi mltrm gtir m pþobjfi. Lgkg kmvm smr gfrmsfmltgki g mssg rmbgåæi, greucmltg mbm, g læi smr pgrg rm`iråç-bg iu cmbhirç-bg. ‒Qissi pmegr qugbqumr mspgåi m fhgcç-bi km uc pgbfi lu. ]c hicmc fruzg mssm mspgåi vgzji mlquglti gbeuêc i iosmrvg m jssi ogstg pgrg rmgbjzgr uc gti tmgtrgb.– Cgs, smeulki Oriid, quglki `gbgcis km tmgtri læi ê omc jssi i qum qumrmcis kjzmr. ‒Firtjlgs vmrcmbhgs, hibi`itms, vmrsis orglfis, rjsgkgs, msfurjkæi, tikis mssms mbmcmltis sm siormpýmc km cglmjrg fil`usg sio i eugrkg-fhuvg fgötjfi km ucg þljfg pgbgvrg emlêrjfg> ‘tmgtri‚. @gbgcis ki fjlmcg cgtglki i tmgtri, lis rm`mrjlki gi tmgtri kg êpifg ki gkvmlti ki fjlmcg, uc tmgtri fic ojbhmtmrjgs, `iymr, gssmltis kiorçvmjs, buzms kg rjogbtg, cukglågs km fmlg, jltmrvgbis, cþsjfg, fici sm i tmgtri `issm, pir km`jljåæi, piufi cgjs ki qum jssi.–765 Fic i tmcpi, i lmeöfji fmltrgb ki tmgtri `ij smlki cgfubgki pir tiki tjpi km mltubhi, fici fgcgkgs gpös fgcgkgs km vmrljz siorm ucg gltjeg iorg-prjcg. Ê `çfjb vmr g glgbiejg fic g mkufgåæi. Li fmltri kg mkufgåæi mstç g rmbgåæi mltrm pri`mssirms m gbulis. Vm is gbulis læi mstæi gprmlkmlki, g mkufgåæi læi mstç ifirrmlki. G fbgrmzg kmssg rmbgåæi `ij iosfurmfjkg pir jltmrmssms pibãtjfis, tmrcis m filkjåýms km mcprmei, fökjeis km filstruåæi fjvjb, sjstmcgs km gvgbjgåæi, tmrrjtörjis pri`jssjilgjs, pgkrýms lgfjilgjs m mstgkugjs m gssjc pir kjgltm. Ê `çfjb msqumfmr gs lmfmssjkgkms kis mstukgltms m læi rgri ê i qum gfiltmfm. Cujtis mstukgltms mstæi sgjlki ki sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb nustgcmltm pir mssg rgzæi. Mbms smltmc qum tiki mssm sjstmcg ogrrifi læi tmc lgkg g vmr fic mbms. Vjstmcgs ficpbmxis fici g mkufgåæi kmpmlkmc km ucg erglkm vgrjmkgkm km `ulåýms, gbeucgs lg bjlhg km `rmltm m iutrgs mc `ulåýms km supirtm. Fmrtg vmz, `uj filvjkgki pgrg vjsjtgr ucg erglkm fgkmjg hitmbmjrg pgrg `gbgr siorm fici mbms mstgvgc goirkglki i ficpricmtjcmlti kis `ulfjilçrjis. [ikgs gs pmssigs kg mcprmsg sgomc qum i lmeöfji fmltrgb ê i fil`irti m g sgtjs`gåæii km smus höspmkms m qum tikis is cmcoris kg mqujpm tîc smu pgpmb, sgtjs`gåæ læi sö i pmssigb kg bjlhg km `rmltm, qum jltmrgem fic is höspmkms, fici tgcoêc i pmssigb km supirtm, qum `jfg lis ogstjkirms. Is bgvgkirms km biuåg sgomc qum ucg cgrfg km ogtic mc uc fipi pikm ficpricmtmr g mxpmrjîlfjg km uc höspmkm m qum smu trgogbhi g`mtg g qugbjkgkm ki smrvjåi fici uc tiki. Mssm smlsi km pripösjti ficuc kmu `iråg á cgrfg m

jcpubsjiliu g mxpglsæi kg mcprmsg. I pripösjti fmltrgb kgs msfibgs ê cmbhirgr g qugbjkgkm kg gprmlkjzgemc kis mstukgltms. Is kjrmtirms km msfibgs sæi rmspilsçvmjs pir pricivmr ucg

 

fubturg qum pissjojbjtm g filfrmtjzgåæi kmssm pripösjti. G fubturg jlfbuj tuki i qum sm pgssg lg msfibg m tikgs gs pmssigs qum filtrjoumc km ucg `ircg iu km iutrg, pgrg i cmbhir iu pgrg i pjir pjir..

‒Vm is gbulis læi mstæi gprmlkmlki, g mkufgåæi sjcpbmscmltm læi mstç ifirrmlki. Ê jlkjspmlsçvmb tmr uc pripösjti fbgri.–

Is prjlfãpjis kg trgls`ircgåæi Vuemrj li Fgpãtubi 6 qum g mkufgåæi tmc trîs pripösjtis fmltrgjs> Qmssigb>

kmsmlvibvmr is tgbmltis m gs smlsjojbjkgkms jlkjvjkugjs kis mstukgltms.

Fubturgb> gpri`ulkgr smu mltmlkjcmlti Mfilûcjfi> fgpgfjtç-bis g eglhgr

ki culki mc qum vjvmc. g vjkg m smr mfilicjfgcmltm

prikutjvis. Cmus greucmltis rmbgtjvis á frjgtjvjkgkm m á fubturg suemrmc prjlfãpjis mspmfã`jfis fic ogsm lis qugjs gs msfibgs pikmc filfrmtjzgr mssms pripösjtis.

I tgbmlti ê kjvmrsj`jfgki Gs ficuljkgkms hucglgs kmpmlkmc km ucg kjvmrsjkgkm km tgbmltis m læi km uc þljfi erupi km hgojbjkgkms. I `ifi kg mkufgåæi lis filhmfjcmltis gfgkîcjfis m kjsfjpbjlgs mspmfã`jfgs cgrejlgbjzg mstukgltms qum tîc jltmrmssms m hgojbjkgkms mc iutrgs çrmgs. Kmsmlvibvmr ucg vgrjmkgkm cgjir km tgbmltis rmqumr uc furrãfubi cgjs gcpbi m ucg smbmåæi `bmxãvmb km mstjbis km mlsjli. Læi mstiu kjzmlki qum is mstukgltms sö kmvgc mstukgr i qum eistgc. G mkufgåæi kmvm gcpbjgr is hirjziltms kgs pmssigs, cgs tgcoêc kmvm kmsmlvibvmr smus tgbmltis m jltmrmssms pmssigjs. pmssigjs. Wuglki cjlhg mspisg mstukiu li mlsjli cêkji lg Jlebgtmrrg, mbg mrg iorjegkg g pgssgr gs tgrkms km qugrtg-`mjrg ki jlvmrli mc uc fgcpi km höqumj filembgki. Mbg prm`mrjrjg læi tmr km jr á msfibg lg qugrtg-`mjrg pirqum

sm vjg fmrfgkg kmhöqumj cmljlgs gbtgs, rçpjkgs, cgjspgrtm `irtms m qum eistgvgc km niegr cgjscgjs ki qum mbg. cgjs M pgssgvg g cgjir ki tmcpi jcpitmltm, fici qumc vî, pgrgbjsgki, uc trmc km fgreg sm gprixjcgr. Læi sm

 

jlficikgrjg tglti sm gs egritgs qum furtjgc tglti kmrruoç-bg li fgcpi tjvmssmc km kglågr fic mbg li mstþkji km ogbê ucg vmz pir smcglg, ilkm sugs hgojbjkgkms sm kmstgfgvgc m mbg sm smltjg cgjs á viltgkm. Ficpbmcmltglki qugbqumr furrãfubi, is mstukgltms prmfjsgc rmfmomr ipirtuljkgkms km sm gpri`ulkgr mc çrmgs km smu jltmrmssm m sm mxpir g kj`mrmltms ipåýms km fgrrmjrg. Lmc tiki culki qumr jr pgrg g uljvmrsjkgkm, pir mxmcpbi, m lmc tiki culki qum qumr kmvmrjg mltrgr lg `gfubkgkm gssjc qum filfbuj i mlsjli cêkji. Gbeuls prm`mrmc `gzmr uc fursi têfljfi km kmsjel, jr pgrg uc filsmrvgtörji km cþsjfg iu ucg gfgkmcjg km kglåg. Iutris prm`mrmc sgjr pmbi culki m nç ficmågr g trgogbhgr.

G gprmlkjzgemc ê pmssigb Kmlljs Bjttdy m Mbbjit Ugshir `ulkgrgc g Oje Qjfturm Bmgrljle mc 7::=, ‒pgrg jlfjtgr pricivmr li gfucubgkg sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb kis  Ficmtrjltg glis kmcukglågs mxpmrjîlfjg gtuglki fici Mstgkismlfirgngr, ]ljkis–.768 pri`mssirms m kjrmtirms km msfibgs pþobjfgs km mlsjli cêkji, mbms `ulkgrgc g Oje Qjfturm fic i bmcg ‒G mkufgåæi ê ki jltmrmssm km tikis– m fic i ficpricjssi km cistrgr qum g mkufgåæi pikm m kmvm smr rgkjfgbcmltm trgls`ircgkg. Mbms qumrjgc frjgr msfibgs ilkm is mstukgltms sm rmspilsgojbjzgrjgc pmbg pröprjg mkufgåæi4 pgssgrjgc uc tmcpi filsjkmrçvmb prmstglki smrvjåis á ficuljkgkm sio g irjmltgåæi km cmltirms vibultçrjis m ilkm læi smrjgc gvgbjgkis sö fic ogsm mc tmstms pgkriljzgkis. Is mstukgltms smrjgc gvgbjgkis pir smu kmsmcpmlhi, pir kmcilstrgåýms km priermssi, pmbg citjvgåæi m pmbg `ircg km pmlsgr, hgojbjkgkms cglugjs, fgrçtmr m ficpirtgcmlti mxjojkis, rm`bmtjlki gs gvgbjgåýms ki culki rmgb ás qugjs tikis lös sicis suocmtjkis li kjg g kjg. G prjcmjrg msfibg `ij gomrtg mc Viuth Qrivjkmlfm, _hikm Jsbglk, mc 7::0, fic ucg turcg km fjlqumltg mstukgltms g`ri-gcmrjfglis m bgtjlis, mc sug cgjirjg mc sjtugåæi km rjsfi, qum læi sm mlfgjxgvgc lgs msfibgs filvmlfjilgjs. Livmltg m smjs pir fmlti kmssg turcg `irciu-sm mc ?111 m :8% kis qum sm `ircgrgc filtjlugrgc mstukglki. [ikgs gs livgs turcgs qum sm `ircgrgc tjvmrgc uc kmsmcpmlhi jeugb iu cmbhir qum gs gltmrjirms. Cujtis kmssms gbulis `irgc is prjcmjris kg `gcãbjg g filfbujr i mlsjli

cêkji m 81% kmstms `irgc is prjcmjris kg `gcãbjg g smr gfmjtis mc ucg `gfubkgkm. Mc ?117, g @ulkgåæi Ojbb m Cmbjlkg Egtms kmu á Oje Qjfturm Bmgrljle ucg kigåæi pgrg rmpbjfgr i kmsjel kg msfibg mc iutrgs rmejýms kis Mstgkis

 

]ljkis. Mc ?116, lg mstmjrg ki sufmssi filtãlui kgs msfibgs kg Oje Qjfturm, g @ulkgåæi Egtms filfmkmu ucg smeulkg kigåæi pgrg `jlglfjgr g gomrturg km cgjs msfibgs. G @ulkgåæi tgcoêc filfmkmu á Oje Qjfturm ucg kigåæi pgrg gtugr fici g prjlfjpgb fiirkmlgkirg kg rmfêc-`ircgkg Gbtmrlgtjvm Hjeh Vfhiib Jljtjgtjvm (GHVJ). Gtugbcmltm, g Oje Qjfturm tmc 0= msfibgs mc fgtirzm mstgkis lirtm-gcmrjfglis, m msfibgs lg Gustrçbjg, Jsrgmb m Hibglkg gkitgrgc i cikmbi km gprmlkjzgemc kg Oje Qjfturm. [ikgs mbgs, ‒ki [mllmssmm á [gscïljg, km Livg Zird á Hibglkg, gkitgrgc g `jbisi`jg `ulkgcmltgb kg Oje Qjfturm Bmgrljle, mkufglki uc gbuli km fgkg vmz mc ucg ficuljkgkm–. Gs msfibgs kg Oje Qjfturm gfrmkjtgc qum ‒tikis is gbulis kmvmc tmr g fhglfm km gprmlkmr mc uc buegr ilkm gs pmssigs sm filhmfmc omc m sm trgtgc fic rmspmjti. Gs msfibgs kmvmc smr pmqumlgs, pgrg qum tikis is gbulis tmlhgc rmbgfjilgcmltis gutîltjfis fic is gkubtis m fic iutris m ljleuêc smngkglmebjemlfjgki. Kmskm gs `mrrgcmltgs km pmrsilgbjzgkg gvgbjgåæi gtê igbulis prinmti ki prêkji msfibg, ucg msfibg vmrkgkmjrgcmltm goirkg fgkg gbuli m fgkg sjtugåæi tmlki mc vjstg i qum ê cmbhir pgrg i jlkjvãkui m pgrg g ficuljkgkm–. G fubturg kgs msfibgs kg Oje Qjfturm ê `ulkgcmltgb pgrg smu sufmssi> ‒Is gbulis sæi jlfmltjvgkis g smr bãkmrms m is bãkmrms kg msfibg sæi jlfmltjvgkis g smr vjsjilçrjis. Lissgs msfibgs ousfgc frjgr ucg fubturg rmspmjtisg, kjvmrsg, frjgtjvg, mstjcubgltm m rm`bmxjvg–. Bjttdy m Ugshir mxpbjfgc qum sug cjssæi ê cukgr g `ircg fici is gcmrjfglis pmlsgc siorm i sjstmcg km mkufgåæi pþobjfg> ‒Mc vmz km uc sjstmcg qum nubeg is gbulis m mstgombmfm bjcjtms pgrg gs rmgbjzgåýms, mstgcis filstrujlki uc sjstmcg msfibgr qum jlspjrg m kmspmrtg, lis lissis nivmls, pissjojbjkgkms km bmvgr ucg vjkg ficpricmtjkg m gtjvg. T...S [iki i lissi trgogbhi ousfg jl`bumlfjgr i kmogtm lgfjilgb siorm g mkufgåæi pþobjfg. Wumrmcis gnukgr g filvmlfmr is `ircgkirms km ipjljæi (pibãtjfis, bãkmrms mcprmsgrjgjs, rmprmsmltgltms kg cãkjg m mkufgkirms), omc fici is pgjs m i pþobjfi mc emrgb, km qum hç cglmjrgs cmbhirms km mkufgr lissis `jbhis–.76: Ljleuêc pikm smr iorjegki g gprmlkmr filtrg sug viltgkm. Gprmlkmr ê uc gti pmssigb. Ê fbgri qum, mc filkjåýms km fimråæi m pmlgbjkgkm, gtê is gbulis cgjs rmbutgltms pikmc cmcirjzgr, cmcirjzgr, km cç viltgkm, gbeucgs fijsgs pgrg mvjtgr filsmquîlfjgs kmsgergkçvmjs. Qriergcgs km tiki tjpi `irgc frjgkis pgrg

bmvgr is mstukgltms qum goglkilgrgc i mlsjli cêkji g vibtgr g mstukgr. G cgjirjg sm ogsmjg lg gprmlkjzgemc pmrsilgbjzgkg. Vm tikg g mkufgåæi `issm pmrsilgbjzgkg kmskm i ficmåi, g tgxg km goglkili smrjg cujti cmlir. Gbeuls kjzmc qum pmrsilgbjzgr g mkufgåæi pgrg tikis is mstukgltms læi pgssg

 

km uc silhi jcpissãvmb. Vmrjg fgri kmcgjs m is pri`mssirms sjcpbmscmltm læi tmrjgc fici kmkjfgr g fgkg gbuli i tmcpi m g gtmlåæi lmfmssçrjis. [mlhi kugs rmspistgs pgrg mssm greucmlti. G prjcmjrg ê qum læi hç gbtmrlgtjvg. G mkufgåæi ê pmssigb. G gprmlkjzgemc pmrsilgbjzgkg ê uc jlvmstjcmlti, læi uc fusti. Kuvjki qum cujtis mstukgltms gfirkmc tiki kjg km cglhæ sm pmreultglki i qum pikmc `gzmr pgrg cmbhirgr gs tgxgs km gb`gomtjzgåæi km sug ficuljkgkm. I cmbhir  nmjti km `gzmr jssi ê mstjcubglki g mlmrejg m g furjisjkgkm kis gbulis qum mstæi li sjstmcg. Nç sgomcis qugb ê i fusti km læi `gzmr jssi.

‒Ê pissãvmb pmrsilgbjzgr g gprmlkjzgemc pgrg tikis is mstukgltms. ]cg kgs cglmjrgs ê pmbi usi frjgtjvi km livgs tmflibiejgs.– Mc smeulki pissãvmb êpmrsilgbjzgr g gprmlkjzgemc tikis is mstukgltms. ]cgbuegr, kgs êcglmjrgs pmbi usi frjgtjvi km livgspgrg tmflibiejgs. Gbeuls pgãsms mstæi usglki tmflibiejgs il-bjlm pgrg filmftgr gbulis m pri`mssirms mc priergcgs km gprmlkjzgki pmrsilgbjzgkis km vçrjis tjpis. Mssms pgãsms jlfbumc Vuêfjg, @jlbïlkjg, Livg ^mbïlkjg, Vjlegpurg, _mjli ]ljki m Mstgkis ]ljkis. Cukglågs tgcoêc mstæi smlki `mjtgs lgs uljvmrsjkgkms. Cujtgs jlstjtujåýms mstæi pistglki fursis lg jltmrlmt m, g fgkg kjg qum pgssg, livis rmfursis sæi kjspiljojbjzgkis g `uturis mstukgltms. Fic g qumkg ki vgbir km cmrfgki km uc kjpbicg uljvmrsjtçrji m i gucmlti ki fusti km iotmr mssm kjpbicg, cgjs pmssigs tmlkmc g mxpbirgr fgcjlhis gbtmrlgtjvis pgrg mstukgr, jlfbusjvm gs ipåýms qum g jltmrlmt mstç pissjojbjtglki. Lmc tuki jssi ê livjkgkm. G Ipml ]ljvmrsjty ê ucg uljvmrsjkgkm km ‒mlsjli g kjstïlfjg– `ulkgkg pmbi eivmrli orjtïljfi mc 7:0:.7;1 G jlstjtujåæi i`mrmfm fursis km ergkugåæi, pös-ergkugåæi m mkufgåæi filtjlugkg m filfmkm kjpbicgs m fmrtj`jfgkis. G Ipml ]ljvmrsjty tmc ucg pibãtjfg km gkcjssæi gomrtg, i qum sjelj`jfg qum i kmsmcpmlhi gfgkîcjfi prêvji kis gbulis læi ê bmvgki mc filtg pgrg sm cgtrjfubgr lg cgjirjg kis fursis. G cgjirjg kis mstukgltms cirg li _mjli ]ljki, cgs is fursis pikmc smr `mjtis mc qugbqumr buegr ki culki. G Ipml ]ljvmrsjty tmc trmzm fmltris rmejilgjs mspgbhgkis pmbi _mjli ]ljki m

msfrjtörjis pir tikg g Muripg, cgjs km ?=1 cjb gbulis cgtrjfubgkis, jlfbujlki cgjs km =1 cjb mstukgltms li mxtmrjir. Ê g cgjir jlstjtujåæi gfgkîcjfg kg Muripg pir lþcmri km mstukgltms m ucg kgs cgjirms ki culki. Kmskm g sug `ulkgåæi, cgjs km 7,= cjbhæi km mstukgltms `jzmrgc smus fursis. I sufmssi

 

kg Ipml ]ljvmrsjty m km iutris msfibgs il-bjlm kmcilstrg i erglkm gpmtjtm pir fgcjlhis pmrsilgbjzgkis km mlsjli supmrjir m g kmcglkg frmsfmltm pir cglmjrgs jlivgkirgs km `irlmfmr mssms fgcjlhis.

G vjkg læi ê uc mxmrfãfji gfgkîcjfi @jfgr smltgki mc ucg sgbg km gubg læi ê i þljfi nmjti km gprmlkmr. Wuglki g mkufgåæi sm filmftg fic i culki `irg kg msfibg, is nivmls sæi fgpgzms km rmgbjzgåýms jlfrãvmjs. G gprmlkjzgemc pmbi smrvjåi (smrvjfm-bmgrljle) jltmerg i smrvjåi ficuljtçrji fic jlstruåæi m rm`bmxæi pgrg mlsjlgr g rmspilsgojbjkgkm fãvjfg m `irtgbmfmr gs ficuljkgkms pgrg i omc ficuc. I Lgtjilgb Ziuth Bmgkmrshjp Fiulfjb (LZBF) ê uc bãkmr ebiogb mc mkufgåæi pmbi smrvjåi m km`jlm mssm tjpi km gprmlkjzgemc fici ‒ucg `jbisi`jg, ucg pmkgeiejg m uc cikmbi pgrg i kmsmlvibvjcmlti ficuljtçrji utjbjzgki fici ucg mstrgtêejg km jlstruåæi pgrg gtjlejr cmtgs km gprmlkjzgki m/iu pgkrýms km filtmþki–. Ngcms Djmbscmjmr `ulkiu i LZBF mc 7:86, ‒pgrg frjgr uc culki cgjs nusti, sustmltçvmb m pgfã`jfi pgrg is nivmls, sugs msfibgs m sugs ficuljkgkms pir cmji kg gprmlkjzgemc pmbi smrvjåi–.7;7 I LZBF mstç mc tikis is mstgkis kis Mstgkis ]ljkis m mc 6= pgãsms. Is priergcgs ki LZBF jlfbumc pgrfmrjgs fic msfibgs, `gfubkgkms, erglkms mcprmsgs, eivmrlis, iregljzgåýms iregljzgåýms rmbjejisgs m iutrgs mltjkgkms smc `jls bufrgtjvis. G _iic 76 ê uc mcprmmlkjcmlti sifjgb qum rmþlm ucg ficuljkgkm jltmrlgfjilgb km grtjstgs, mkufgkirms m iutris pri`jssjilgjs, m ucg rmkm km mstþkjis pgãsmsÇ`rjfg fici ki Çustrjg, Oitsuglg,m Fglgkç, Hibglkg, Ãlkjg, Cêxjfi, mc Lmpgb, Vub, [urqujg MstgkisFhjlg, ]ljkis. Is mstþkjis i`mrmfmc fursis m wirdships  filkuzjkis pir pri`jssjilgjs, mvmltis km pjlturg, mxpmkjåýms, trmjlgcmltis m tiki tjpi km priergcgs km kmsmlvibvjcmlti frjgtjvi pgrg gkubtis km tikgs gs jkgkms. I qum kjstjleum g iregljzgåæi ê qum sug mqujpm km emstæi ê ficpistg km frjglågs km 8 g 77 glis. G _iic 76 `ij `ulkgkg mc 7::;, quglki uc erupi km gbulis ki mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb gorju i pröprji mstþkji km grtm lg _iic 76 (sgbg 76) kg Fgib Qrjcgry Vfhiib, lgs prixjcjkgkms km @irt Ujbbjgc, Ujbbjgc, lg Msföfjg. Gs gtjvjkgkms

ki mstþkji sm filfmltrgvgc lis priergcgs km rmsjkîlfjg km grtjstgs, bjkmrgkis pmbi `ulkgkir ki prinmti, _io @gjrbmy. Mbm tjlhg trgogbhgki fic vçrjgs msfibgs km mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb m is gbulis kg Fgib i filvjkgrgc pgrg smr uc grtjstg rmsjkmltm. Jlfmltjvgkis pir @gjrbmy, is gbulis pgssgrgc g gkcjljstrgr i

 

mstþkji fici sm `issm uc lmeöfji, bmvgltglki `ulkis pgrg ficprgr cgtmrjgjs grtãstjfis m filtrgtglki iutris grtjstgs pgrg trgogbhgr fic mbms. ‒I qum is citjviu–, filtg @gjrbmy ‒`ij sug mxgspmrgåæi kjgltm ki kmsjltmrmssm kgs msfibgs mc mlsjlgr gs grtms vjsugjs m gs hgojbjkgkms têfljfgs oçsjfgs lmfmssçrjgs lmfmssçrjgs pgrg mxprmssgr jkmjgs pir cmji km jcgemls vjsugjs–.7;? Gi trgtgr gs frjglågs fici grtjstgs m jltmbmftugjs ki cmsci lãvmb, g _iic 76 ficojlg i kmsmlvibvjcmlti grtãstjfi fic gs hgojbjkgkms km gkcjljstrgåæi km uc lmeöfji. Is mstþkjis kg _iic 76 sæi gkcjljstrgkis pmbis gbulis. ]cg mqujpm km gkcjljstrgåæi ê mbmjtg pgrg fujkgr kgs ipmrgåýms ki kjg g kjg ki mstþkji m bjkgr fic gs `jlglågs. Lmlhuc gkubti pikm gssjlgr is fhmqums. G _iic 76 læi kjsfrjcjlg lmlhuc gbuli pir jkgkm iu hgojbjkgkm mspmfã`jfg m is cêtikis læi mlvibvmc qugbqumr tjpi km fimråæi. Is mstukgltms pikmc `jfgr i tmcpi qum qujsmrmc, kmskm qum lmeifjmc i tmcpi fic is pri`mssirms m tiki i trgogbhi kgs gubgs mstmng mc kjg. Filfmojkg m gkcjljstrgkg pir frjglågs 76 trgls`irciu-sm uc prinmti vibultçrjikikmmlsjli uc kjg`ulkgcmltgb, pir smcglg gg _iic ucg rmkm jltmrlgfjilgb kmkmmstþkjis, qum `jfiu `gcisg pir frjgr iorgs km grtm km gbtg qugbjkgkm m mxpglkjr gs `riltmjrgs kg mkufgåæi frjgtjvg.

I sufmssi emrg cgjs sufmssi Mb Vjstmcg ê uc priergcg lgfjilgb km cþsjfg qum `irciu vçrjis cþsjfis mxtrgirkjlçrjis m cukiu g vjkg km fmltmlgs km cjbhgrms km frjglågs piorms kg Pmlmzumbg. Hinm i pgãs tmc ?65 irqumstrgs, ?11 irqumstrgs nuvmljs m 650 firis. Mltrm is `ircglkis ki Mb Vjstmcg mstæi cþsjfis km rmlicm jltmrlgfjilgb, fici Mkjfsil _ujz, Eustgvi Kukgcmb m g gfbgcgkg Irqumstrg Nuvmljb Vjcöl Oibãvgr. Cujtgs frjglågs ficmågc g `rmqumltgr uc fmltri ki Mb Vjstmcg, fhgcgki km lufbmi, nç gis ? iu 6 glis km jkgkm m g cgjirjg filtjlug gtê g gkibmsfîlfjg. Is gbulis pgssgc trîs g qugtri hirgs pir kjg, gtê smjs kjgs pir smcglg, li lufbmi, gbêc km tmr g fhglfm km pgrtjfjpgr km rmtjris m wirdships jltmlsjvis. G pgrtjfjpgåæi ê ergtujtg pgrg tikis is gbulis. I Mb Vjstmcg tmc pir ionmtjvi ‒frjgr uc rm`þeji kjçrji km smeurglåg, gbmerjg m kjvmrsæi pgrg vgbirjzgr m kmsmlvibvmr g gutimstjcg km fgkg frjglåg–. G kjsfjpbjlg læi ê rjeirisg, cgs sm `gz fucprjr. fucprjr. I sufmssi li Mb Vjstmcg rmqumr

cujti mcpmlhi, cgs is gbulis tgcoêc sm kjvmrtmc. Mb Vjstmcg tgcoêc trgogbhg fic is pgjs kis gbulis. _mprmsmltgltms ki priergcg `gzmc vjsjtgs kicjfjbjgrms pgrg mxpbjfgr i lãvmb km ficpricmtjcmlti mxjejki kgs `gcãbjgs. Mlquglti is gbulis gprmlkmc g

 

tifgr, is pri`mssirms jlstrumc is pgjs siorm g cmbhir cglmjrg km gnukç-bis mc tifgr, fgsg. Qri`mssirms m gbulis sm mcpmlhgc mc ‒frjgr uc mspgåi ilkm gs frjglågs sm sjltgc smeurgs m kmsg`jgkgs. Is mstukgltms qum sm `ircgc li priergcg sgmc sgomlki qum sæi fgpgzms, pmrsjstmltms pmrsjstmltms m rmsjbjmltms, rmsjbjmltms, fil`jgltms km qum filsmeujræi ml`rmltgr is kmsg`jis kg vjkg. Mbms sgmc sgomlki qum sæi vgbirjzgkis, gcgkis m gprmfjgkis m sug fil`jglåg li prifmssi m lg fiipmrgåæi ki erupi bhms pissjojbjtg smltjr qum g mxfmbîlfjg mstç mc sugs cæis–.7;6

‒G frjgtjvjkgkm ê pissãvmb mc tikgs gs kjsfjpbjlgs m kmvm smr pricivjkg li kmfirrmr km tikg g  mkufgåæi.–

G frjgtjvjkgkm pgrg tikis I ficjtî lgfjilgb km êfrjgtjvjkgkm qum prmsjkj g pmkjki ki eivmrli orjtïljfi jlfbuju fjmltjstgs, mfilicjstgs, bãkmrms mcprmsgrjgjs, mkufgkirms, kglågrjlis, cþsjfis, gtirms m grtjstgs. Lissi rmbgtörji,  Gbb iur @uturms T[ikis is lissis `uturisS,7;;  goirkiu i furrãfubi tiki. Cmsci gssjc, gbeuls cmcoris ki eivmrli rm`mrjrgc-sm g mbm fici ‒i rmbgtörji kgs grtms–. G frjgtjvjkgkm læi sm bjcjtg ás grtms. I trgogbhi grtãstjfi pikm smr cujti frjgtjvi, cgs i cmsci pikm smr kjti km qugbqumr gtjvjkgkm qum mlvibvg jltmbjeîlfjg. Cujtgs pmssigs km`mlkmc jlfbujr gs grtms lg mkufgåæi, cgs ê uc mrri gssifjgr gs grtms mxfbusjvgcmltm á frjgtjvjkgkm. Mssg bjlhg km pmlsgcmlti jcpbjfg qum gs grtms sæi mc erglkm sö pgrtm ipirtuljkgkm km kjstrgjr-sm ki frjgtjvi. trgogbhi Mssg gfgkîcjfi cgjs rjeirisi, ucgucg fhglfm km pgssgr uc tmcpi smlki ê ucg vjsæi mqujvifgkg kg lgturmzg kg frjgtjvjkgkm m kgs grtms. [gcoêc jcpbjfg qum iutrgs kjsfjpbjlgs, jlfbujlki cgtmcçtjfg m fjîlfjgs, læi sæi frjgtjvgs, i qum læi ê vmrkgkm. G frjgtjvjkgkm ê pissãvmb mc tikgs gs kjsfjpbjlgs m kmvm smr pricivjkg li kmfirrmr km tikg g mkufgåæi.

Hirçrjis frjgtjvis Is hirçrjis, iu priergcgåæi, lgs msfibgs sæi usgkis pgrg iregljzgr i tmcpi

m is rmfursis. [mirjfgcmltm, [mirjfgcmltm, i ionmtjvi kis hirçrjis priergcgkis ê `gfjbjtgr i gprmlkjzgki. Lg prçtjfg, i m`mjti pikm smr i ipisti. Mc vmz km hirçrjis `bmxãvmjs km gfirki fic gs lmfmssjkgkms km mlsjli m gprmlkjzgemc, gbulis m pri`mssirms sæi filkuzjkis gi bilei ki kjg pir trjbhis km hirçrji `jxis. Gs

 

gubgs sæi kgkgs mc uljkgkms km tmcpi km`jljkgs, læi jcpirtg qugb smng g gtjvjkgkm, mc pgkrýms qum sm rmpmtmc smcglg gpös smcglg. Qrgtjfgr ucg bãleug pikm smr cmbhir mc pmrãikis ormvms m `rmqumltms km jcmrsæi4 trgogbhgr mc erupi, smng mc prinmtis fjmltã`jfis iu grtãstjfis, fistucg smr cmbhir mc pmrãikis cgjs bileis. Is hirçrjis pikmc m kmvmc bmvgr mssgs kj`mrmlågs mc filtg. G Vfhiib i` Ilm (VI7) ê uc priergcg km cgtmcçtjfg ki mlsjli cêkji ki Lmw Zird Fjty Kmpgrtcmlt i` Mkufgtjil.7;= I priergcg tmvm jlãfji mc ?11: m nç `ij jcpbmcmltgki mc smjs msfibgs mc Cglhgttgl, li Orilx m li Oriidbyl. G cjssæi kg msfibg ê ‒pripirfjilgr jlstruåæi pmrsilgbjzgkg, m`jfgz m kjlïcjfg mc sgbg km gubg pgrg qum is pri`mssirms tmlhgc cgjs tmcpi pgrg sm filfmltrgr li mlsjli km qugbjkgkm–. G msfibg kmsmlvibvmu uc filnulti km priergcgs km ficputgkir qum jlfbumc  pmr`js km gbulis  fic ogsm mc gvgbjgåýms kmtgbhgkgs, omc fici jl`ircgåýms `irlmfjkgs pmbis pgjs m km bjåýms, kjspiljojbjzglki filtmþki mc vçrjis pri`mssirms, m uc oglfi `ircgtis. I sjstmcg sm ogsmjg mc uc priergcg km ficputgkir filhmfjki fici gbeirjtci km gprmlkjzgemc, qum emrg priergcgåýms kjçrjgs m filtmþkis jlkjvjkugbjzgkis pgrg fgkg gbuli m pri`mssir. Mssgs priergcgåýms jlfbumc trgogbhi mc erupi, prinmtis fibgoirgtjvis m tmcpi km mstuki jlkjvjkugb. Is pri`mssirms læi prmfjsgc sm ifupgr kgs tgrm`gs gkcjljstrgtjvgs gkcjljstrgtjvgs ritjlmjrgs, pikmc sm filfmltrgr mc ‒kgr gpiji m jlstruåæi km qugbjkgkm gis gbulis– m læi sæi iorjegkis g smeujr á rjsfg g priergcgåæi gtrjouãkg pmbi ficputgkir g mbms m gis gbulis. I tmstm-pjbiti km ?171 `ij gvgbjgki pmbi Erupi km Mstukis km Qmsqujsg m Qibãtjfgs ki Kmpgrtgcmlti km Mkufgåæi kg fjkgkm, qum filfbuju qum is gbulis pgrtjfjpgltms tjvmrgc uc kmsmcpmlhi cujti supmrjir gi kis gbulis læi pgrtjfjpgltms. Mc ?11:, i priergcg mltriu lg bjstg kgs 711 Cmbhirms Jlivgåýms kg rmvjstg [jcm. G Vfhiib i` Ilm pricmtm iutrgs jlivgåýms usglki g [J, filtrjoujlki pgrg ‒g pmrsilgbjzgåæi mc cgssg kg gprmlkjzgemc–. Iutrg rgzæi pgrg rmpmlsgr i msqumcg km hirçrjis priergcgkis ê qum is lãvmjs l ãvmjs km mlmrejg kis gbulis vgrjgc li kmfirrmr ki kjg. _ussmbb @istmr ê kjrmtir ki Fjrfgkjgl Lmurisfjmlfm ki Orgsmlism Fibbmem, mc Ix`irk. Mbm filkuz tmstms km cmcörjg fic mstukgltms gkibmsfmltms kg Cildsmgtil Hjeh Vfhiib, li _mjli ]ljki. Vug pmsqujsg suemrm qum i

fêrmori kis gkibmsfmltms `ulfjilg kugs hirgs gtrgsgki mc rmbgåæi gi hirçrji kis gkubtis. I rmböeji ojiböejfi kgs frjglågs pikm cukgr quglki mbgs mltrgc lg gkibmsfîlfjg. Is gkibmsfmltms gfirkgc cgjs tgrkm læi pirqum sæi prmeujåisis, cgs pirqum sæi ojibiejfgcmltm priergcgkis pgrg jssi. Qgub

 

Dmbbmy, kjrmtir kg Cildsmgtil m gutir km  Cgdjle Cjlks , mxpbjfg qum `irågr is gkibmsfmltms g gfirkgr fmki tiki kjg frjg ‒zucojs gkibmsfmltms– m kjz qum bhms pmrcjtjr mltrgr lg msfibg ás ilzm kg cglhæ pikm g`mtgr pri`ulkgcmltm i gprmlkjzgki. Dmbbmy greucmltg qum prjvgr is gkibmsfmltms km sili pikm g`mtgr sug sgþkm cmltgb m `ãsjfg, omc fici sug mkufgåæi. Ljleuêc prmfjsg smr uc fjmltjstg pgrg sgomr qum grrglfgr gkibmsfmltms kg fgcg km cglhæ fmki rmsubtg mc cukglågs orusfgs km hucir m cgjir jrrjtgojbjkgkm. M tgcoêc pikm gucmltgr gs fhglfms km kmprmssæi, iomsjkgkm m rmkuåæi kg jculjkgkm g kimlågs. Vmeulki Dmbbmy> ‒Jssi is g`mtg ki jlãfji kg gkibmsfîlfjg, cgjs iu cmlis gis 77 glis, m sm cgltêc gtê quglki mstæi lg `gfubkgkm m ás vmzms kmpijs. G pmsqujsg kmcilstrg qum læi mstgcis gnukglki is gkibmsfmltms m qum prmfjsgcis `gzmr gbei g rmspmjti–. ]c rmsubtgki kg pmsqujsg `ij i kmsmlvibvjcmlti ki ‒gprmlkjzgki mspgågki–, quglki is pri`mssirms kæi gubgs pirgvmzms km kmz cjlutis, pgssgc pgrg ucg `ãsjfg furtgs, m rmpmtmc gubg. km Mccmlis uc mxpmrjcmlti, is gbulis gfmrtgrgc gtêgtjvjkgkm :1% kgs pmreultgs km uc tmstm kmpijs km ucg smssæi mlvibvmlki trîs gubgs km vjltm cjlutis, jltmrfgbgkgs pir jltmrvgbis km kmz cjlutis km gtjvjkgkm `ãsjfg. Is gbulis kmsfilhmfjgc i filtmþki kgs gubgs gtê mltæi.7;0 G Vukoury Pgbbmy Vfhiib `ij `ulkgkg mc 7:08 mc @rgcjlehgc, Cgssgfhusmtts, Cgssgfhusmt ts, lis Mstgkis ]ljkis. Ê ucg msfibg pgrtjfubgr, `rmqumltgkg pir frjglågs km ; g 7: glis, m sm iregljzg gi rmkir km kijs prjlfãpjis oçsjfis> bjomrkgkm mkufgfjilgb m eivmrlglåg kmcifrçtjfg. G msfibg `gz pgrtm km ucg bileg trgkjåæi km msfibgs kmcifrçtjfgs qum jlfbuj g Vuccmrhjbb Vfhiib, `ulkgkg mc 7:?7 mc Vu``ibd, Jlebgtmrrg, pir G. V. Lmjbb. Lg Vukoury Pgbbmy m lg Vuccmrhjbb, is gbulis sm rmspilsgojbjzgc pmbg pröprjg mkufgåæi. G msfibg ê gkcjljstrgkg fici ucg kmcifrgfjg, m gbulis m pri`mssirms tîc is cmscis kjrmjtis. Is pröprjis gbulis kmfjkmc i qum m quglki `gzmr, fici m ilkm `gzmr. Mssg bjomrkgkm ‒ifupg i fmltri kg msfibg m ê uc kjrmjti jlvjibçvmb kis gbulis–. Gs prmcjssgs kg msfibg sæi qum ‒tikgs gs pmssigs sæi furjisgs pir lgturmzg4 qum i gprmlkjzgki cgjs m`jfjmltm, kurgkiuri m pri`ulki ifirrm pir jljfjgtjvg ki pröprji gbuli4 qum tikgs gs pmssigs sæi frjgtjvgs sm pukmrmc kmsmlvibvmr smus tgbmltis mspmfjgjs4 qum cjsturgr is gbulis km kj`mrmltms jkgkms pricivm

i frmsfjcmlti km tikis4 m qum mssg bjomrkgkm ê `ulkgcmltgb pgrg i kmsmlvibvjcmlti kg rmspilsgojbjkgkm pmssigb–. Is gbulis kmfjkmc i qum qu m `gzmr m frjgc is pröprjis gcojmltms.

 

Gkubtis m gbulis jltmrgemc bjvrmcmltm. ‒Gs pmssigs pikmc smr mlfiltrgkgs pir tikg pgrtm, filvmrsglki, bmlki m orjlfglki. Gbeucgs pikmc mstgr li mstþkji km grtms kjejtgjs, mkjtglki uc vãkmi qum `jzmrgc. Wugsm smcprm tmc gbeuêc tifglki gbeuc jlstrucmlti, lircgbcmltm mc vçrjis buegrms. Kç pgrg vmr pmssigs mstukglki `rglfîs, ojibiejg iu grjtcêtjfg. Pifî pikmrç vmr pmssigs mc ficputgkirms, `gzmlki gbeuc trgogbhi gkcjljstrgtjvi li msfrjtörji, nieglki xgkrmz, mlsgjglki uc mspmtçfubi iu pgrtjfjpglki km  nieis km _QE. Lg sgbg km grtm, gs pmssigs pikmc mstgr kmsmlhglki, fisturglki, pjltglki iu trgogbhglki fic grejbg.– I prêkji kg msfibg, g mqujpm m is mqujpgcmltis mstæi bç pgrg is gbulis usgrmc fil`ircm g lmfmssjkgkm> ‒G msfibg kjspiljojbjzg uc gcojmltm ilkm is mstukgltms pikmc smr jlkmpmlkmltms. Mbms sgomc qum fil`jgcis lmbms m qum smræi trgtgkis fici pmssigs rmspilsçvmjs. Qripirfjilgcis ucg ficuljkgkm lg qugb is gbulis sæi mxpistis ás ficpbmxjkgkms kg vjkg li filtmxti km ucg kmcifrgfjg pgrtjfjpgtjvg–. pgrtjfjpgtjvg–.7;5 G Vukoury m g Vuccmrhjbb læi sæi mxpmrjcmltis jsibgkis. Kmzmlgs km msfibgs ogsmgkgs mc prjlfãpjis smcmbhgltms `irgc gomrtgs mc cgjs km trjltg pgãsms. Mcoirg smngc mc sug cgjirjg msfibgs pgrtjfubgrms, mbgs `gzmc pgrtm km uc civjcmlti frmsfmltm qum vjsg mlvibvmr is gbulis kjrmtgcmltm li prinmti m filtribgr g pröprjg mkufgåæi. Mssgs jljfjgtjvgs jlfbumc ucg rmkm jlfrãvmb km msfibgs kmcifrçtjfgs m ‒fjkgkms mkufgfjilgjs–, mkufgfjilgjs–, kmsmlvibvjkgs pir Zggfiv m Vhmmrby Hmfht m sug mqujpm, funi trgogbhi ê kjvubegki pir cmji km ucg jcpirtgltm m frmsfmltm rmkm ebiogb km jljfjgtjvgs rmbgfjilgkgs.7;8

Lmlhucg msfibg ê jeugb á iutrg 

Qgssmj vçrjis glis gtuglki fici cmltir mc uc priergcg mstgkugb km frjgtjvjkgkm m jlivgåæi mc Idbghicg, lis Mstgkis ]ljkis. I mstgki km Idbghicg tmc uc priergcg lgfjilgbcmltm rmfilhmfjki rmfilhmfjki km mkufgåæi jljfjgb. Mc cmu bjvri I mbmcmlti-fhgvm, kmsfrmvi ucg msfibg km [ubsg, tgcoêc li mstgki, qum tmc uc rmbgfjilgcmlti cgrgvjbhisi fic uc pgrfmjri jlficuc. I Ergfm Bjvjle Fmltmr ê uc bgr km jkisis. I kjrmtir ki bgr prifuriu i kjstrjti msfibgr pmkjlki pgrg pgrtjfjpgr km gbeucg `ircg ki priergcg km bmjturg. I kjstrjti ciltiu ucg sgbg km gubg li sgeuæi ki bgr km jkisis ilkm uc erupi

km frjglågs pmqumlgs vgj tikis is kjgs gprmlkmr g bmr. G pgrfmrjg ejrg mc tirli ki priergcg Oiid Oukkjms, qum gbifg uc jkisi pgrg fgkg frjglåg m is jkisis pgssgc uc tmcpi iuvjlki gs frjglågs bmrmc m bmlki pgrg gs frjglågs. Is rmsubtgkis `irgc jcprmssjilgltms. jcprmssjilgltms.

 

Cgjs km 51% kgs frjglågs tmrcjlgc i priergcg fic hgojbjkgkms km bmjturg ki tmrfmjri gli iu gfjcg, gprmsmltglki uc kmsmcpmlhi cmbhir qum cujtgs iutrgs frjglågs ki kjstrjti msfibgr. [uki jssi pirqum mbgs pikmc filtgr fic uc gpiji pmrsilgbjzgki. M gs frjglågs læi gprmlkmc sö g bmr. Mbgs gprmlkmc fic is jkisis siorm gs rjfgs trgkjåýms kg vjkg mc Idbghicg. M, fici sm tikis mssms omlm`ãfjis læi ogstgssmc, is jkisis mstæi ticglki cujti cmlis rmcêkjis. Geirg mbms tîc ucg livg rgzæi pgrg vjvmr m ucg livg mlmrejg. Mbms tîc uc pripösjti. Km vmz mc quglki, gs frjglågs sæi jl`ircgkgs km qum uc gcjei km bmjturg `gbmfmu m læi vibtgrç cgjs. Gssjc, gs frjglågs tgcoêc nç mstæi gprmlkmlki siorm is fjfbis lgturgjs kg vjkg m kg cirtm. Lg cgjirjg kis sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs, gs pmssigs sæi smermegkgs pir jkgkm. Mssm prinmti cistrg i qum pikm gfiltmfmr quglki kj`mrmltms emrgåýms pikmc vibtgr g filvjvmr m rmstgombmfmr gbeuls km smus rmbgfjilgcmltis trgkjfjilgjs. Fici kjssm, gfiltmfm gs cmbhirms is Qmqumlgs rmsubtgkis,m fici Mbbjit Mjslmr sæi fic ucg tikgs surprmsg m læi ucgjlivgåýms, prmvjsæi.7;: frjgtjvgs cukglågs mc qugbqumr msfibg pikmc bmvgr g mlircms omlm`ãfjis. Erglkms cukglågs pikmc tmr rmsubtgkis trgls`ircgkirms. G fubturg km ucg msfibg ê cujti cgjs qum i furrãfubi, is mstjbis km mlsjli m gs `ircgs km gvgbjgåæi. G fubturg mlvibvm is vgbirms, i gcojmltm, i tic m is rmbgfjilgcmltis. Lmssm smltjki, lmlhucg msfibg ê jeugb g iutrg, m læi kmvmrjg smr. G kjvmrsjkgkm ê `ulkgcmltgb pgrg bjvrgr i sjstmcg kis cikmbis jlkustrjgjs km pgkriljzgåæi m fil`ircjkgkm. I kmsg`ji læi ê kjssmcjlgr uc þljfi cikmbi, cgs pripgegr is prjlfãpjis kg frjgtjvjkgkm pgrg qum tikgs gs msfibgs pissgc kmsmlvibvmr g pröprjg goirkgemc. Fici gfiltmfmu mc [ubsg, cujtgs vmzms gs jkmjgs cgjs sjcpbms pikmc tmr erglkms m`mjtis.

Mstgcis tikis li cmsci ogrfi [rgls`ircgr g mkufgåæi rmqumr pgrfmrjg m fibgoirgåæi. [ikis lös tmcis uc jltmrmssm li `uturi kg mkufgåæi m, mc cujtgs rmejýms ki culki, gbjglågs `ircgjs mstæi smlki `jrcgkgs mltrm msfibgs m is smtirms mcprmsgrjgb, `jbgltröpjfi m fubturgb. Lis Mstgkis ]ljkis, g Qgrtlmrshjp `ir [wmlty @jrst Fmltury Bmgrljle ê ucg iregljzgåæi lgfjilgb qum km`mlkm qum ‒tiki gbuli

kmvm smr prmpgrgki pgrg i sêfubi XXJ–.7=1  G iregljzgåæi kjspiljojbjzg `mrrgcmltgs m rmfursis pgrg gnukgr i sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb gcmrjfgli g fucprjr mssg cjssæi ‒ficojlglki g bmjturg, g msfrjtg m g grjtcêtjfg fic hgojbjkgkms km pmlsgcmlti frãtjfi, rmsibuåæi km priobmcgs, ficuljfgåæi,

 

fibgoirgåæi, frjgtjvjkgkm m jlivgåæi–. G pgrfmrjg km`mlkm pibãtjfgs bifgjs, mstgkugjs m `mkmrgjs pgrg bmvgr mssg goirkgemc g tikgs gs msfibgs. G Qgrtlmrshjp `ir Lmxt Emlmrgtjil Bmgrljle ê ucg fibgoirgåæi fic g iregljzgåæi smc `jls bufrgtjvis [hm Fiulfjb i` Fhjm` Vtgtm Vfhiib I``jfmrs (FFVVI) m uc erupi km mstgkis lirtm-gcmrjfglis m `ulkgåýms. G pgrfmrjg mstç frjglki ucg rmkm km ‒bgoirgtörjis km jlivgåæi– pgrg g mkufgåæi. I FFVVI km`mlkm uc livi sjstmcg km mkufgåæi, ‒filfmojki fic ogsm lg prmcjssg `ulkgcmltgb km pripirfjilgr g fgkg frjglåg mxpmrjîlfjgs pmrsilgbjzgkgs km gprmlkjzgki qum g bmvmc gi sufmssi–. I ionmtjvi kg mstrgtêejg ê rmkjrmfjilgr i kmogtm lgfjilgb siorm cglmjrgs km cmbhirgr is rmsubtgkis kg mkufgåæi. I FFVVI iosmrvg qum læi `gbtgc mxmcpbis, lis Mstgkis ]ljkis m mc iutris pgãsms, tglti lg mkufgåæi `ircgb quglti mc iutris smtirms, km gprmlkjzgemc trgls`ircgkirg. ‒Jl`mbjzcmltm, mssms mxmcpbis filtjlugc smlki mxfmåýms, m læi g lircg. Gjlkg mstgcis omc bilem km ucg trgls`ircgåæi pirqum is sjstmcgsg `mkmrgjs, mstgkugjs m bifgjs ficpbmtgcmltm mxjstmltms læi sjstîcjfg, sæi pripãfjis g pricivmr jlivgåæi m `gzmr cukglågs trgls`ircgkirgs lgs pibãtjfgs.– Mlquglti cujtis sm filfmltrgc mc cmbhirgr kj`mrmltms mbmcmltis ki sjstmcg mxjstmltm, g Qgrtlmrshjp `ir Lmxt Emlmrgtjil Bmgrljle ‒ousfg pgrgr km gbifgr mlmrejg, tmcpi m jlvmstjcmlti pgrg filsmrtgr i qum nç tmcis m usgr mssms rmfursis pgrg frjgr i sjstmcg km mkufgåæi pþobjfg ki qugb prmfjsgcis T…S m tirlgr mssg trgls`ircgåæii ucg rmgbjkgkm pgrg tikis is gbulis–.7=7 trgls`ircgåæ Li _mjli ]ljki, g _iygb Vifjmty i` Grts, Cglu`gfturms glk Ficcmrfm (_VG) tmc bjkmrgki fgcpglhgs mc prib kg trgls`ircgåæi mkufgfjilgb. G iregljzgåæi fiirkmliu g mbgoirgåæi km uc ‒Mstgtuti kg Mkufgåæi– fic g pgrtjfjpgåæi km vçrjgs iregljzgåýms pgrfmjrgs, ficpricmtjkgs fic ucg mkufgåæi cgjs hibãstjfg. Jssi bmviu gi kmsmlvibvjcmlti ki civjcmlti lgfjilgb kg Uhibm Mkufgtjil (gbei fici ‒mkufgåæi jltmergb–), qum ‒ulm i gprmlkjzgki gfgkîcjfi, prçtjfi m vifgfjilgb, fgbjorgki km gfirki fic i pitmlfjgb km fgkg mstukgltm–. G ogsm kg Uhibm Mkufgtjil ê g filvjfåæi km qum g mkufgåæi kmvm ‒jlvmstjr li kmsmlvibvjcmlti jltmbmftugb kis mstukgltms, cgs tgcoêc li kmsmlvibvjcmlti km sugs ficpmtîlfjgs sifjgjs m mcifjilgjs. Mssgs ficpmtîlfjgs filstjtumc ucg pgrtm jcpirtgltm kgs ogsms qum pissjojbjtgc gis mstukgltms gprmlkmr fic m`jfçfjg m filtrjoujr fic i pröprji

kmsmlvibvjcmlti m rmgbjzgåæi m fic i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km ucg oig sifjmkgkm–. Uhibm Mkufgtjil gtug mcnuvmljs pgrfmrjg fic cgjs km cjb msfibgs m `gfubkgkmsGm jlfiltçvmjs iregljzgåýms m jlstjtujåýms km=fgrjkgkm qum trgogbhgc kjrmtgcmltm fic is nivmls. I ionmtjvi ê ‒egrgltjr qum tikis is

 

 nivmls tmlhgc gfmssi g ucg mkufgåæi qum bhms kjspiljojbjzm gs hgojbjkgkms, filhmfjcmltis, gtjtukms m rmfursis lmfmssçrjis pgrg ml`rmltgr is kmsg`jis, prispmrgr lg vjkg m filtrjoujr fic g sifjmkgkm–.7=? Gs pibãtjfgs mkufgfjilgjs km ïcojti lgfjilgb, l gfjilgb, mstgkugb m culjfjpgb g`mtgc pri`ulkgcmltm g gtcis`mrg kgs msfibgs. Ê jcpirtgltm filvmlfmr is bmejsbgkirms g cukgr gs pibãtjfgs kg cmbhir `ircg pissãvmb. Cgs gs msfibgs læi pikmc sm kgr gi buxi km mspmrgr cukglågs pibãtjfgs pgrg pikmr gejr m is gbulis læi tîc fici gkjgr sug vjkg mlquglti jssi læi gfiltmfm. Gs msfibgs mc emrgb tîc cgjs bjomrkgkm pgrg jlivgr ki qum gfrmkjtgc tmr. G frjgtjvjkgkm læi rmqumr gusîlfjg km rmstrjåýms, cgs gpmlgs g kjspisjåæi km trgogbhgr fic mssgs rmstrjåýms m supmrç-bgs.

Mlsjli frjgtjvi Lmlhucg msfibg ê cmbhir qum smus pri`mssirms. Is civjcmltis lgfjilgjs km rm`ircg kg mkufgåæi emrgbcmltm sm filfmltrgc li furrãfubi m lg gvgbjgåæi. I `gtir cgjs lmebjemlfjgki ê i þljfi qum rmgbcmltm `gz ucg kj`mrmlåg li kmsmcpmlhi kis gbulis> g qugbjkgkm kis pri`mssirms. Wuglki pmlsgcis lg msfibg ilkm mstukgcis, lis bmcorgcis kgs pmssigs, mspmfjgbcmltm kis pri`mssirms kis qugjs eistçvgcis m kis qugjs læi eistçvgcis, qum lis gnukgrgc iu qum lis oitgrgc pgrg ogjxi. ]c ficmltçrji fgsugb km uc pri`mssir iu gtê uc bmvgltgr km siorglfmbhg pikm lis fibifgr mc ucg  nirlgkg km kmsfiomrtgs iu lis kjssugkjr km kgr i prjcmjri pgssi. Vgomr mlsjlgr ê fici sgomr qugbqumr iutrg pri`jssæi. Mspmfjgbjstgs mc qugbqumr fhm`s, grtjstgs, fjmltjstgs ‖ tîc uc gcpbi çrmg ‖ cêkjfis, gkviegkis, rmpmrtörji km têfljfgs, filhmfjcmltis pri`ulkis m mxpmrjîlfjgs prçtjfgs. Is cmbhirms pri`mssirms sgomc qugjs `mrrgcmltgs usgr km gfirki fic gs kmcglkgs km fgkg sjtugåæi. ]cg fubturg frjgtjvg lgs msfibgs kmpmlkm km mlmrejzgrr gs hgojbjkgkms frjgtjvgs kis pri`mssirms. mlmrejzg

‒Qgrg fubtjvgr g frjgtjvjkgkm lis gbulis, uc pri`mssir prmfjsg sgomr jlfmltjvgr jlfmltjvgr,, jkmltj`jfgr m kmsmlvibvmr.–

Li Fgpãtubi 5, mxpbjqumj g kjstjlåæi mltrm gs kugs trgkjåýms ki jlkjvjkugbjsci> g rgfjilgb m g lgturgb. Gtê fmrti pilti, mbgs `irgc gssifjgkgs g kj`mrmltms mstjbis pmkgeöejfis. Is cêtikis trgkjfjilgjs mc emrgb sæi

 

gssifjgkis á jlstruåæi `ircgb pgrg ucg turcg jltmjrg m á gprmlkjzgemc cmfïljfg4 nç is cêtikis priermssjstgs sæi gssifjgkis á gprmlkjzgemc ogsmgkg mc jlvmstjegåæi m g gbulis trgogbhglki jlkjvjkugbcmltm iu mc erupis pgrg mxpbirgr is pröprjis jltmrmssms m mxprmssgr gs pröprjgs jkmjgs. Is kijs mstjbis tîc uc buegr jcpirtgltm lg mkufgåæi frjgtjvg. Mc gbeucgs sjtugåýms, `gz cgjs smltjki pgrg i pri`mssir kgr jlstruåýms `ircgjs pgrg mlsjlgr hgojbjkgkms m têfljfgs iu pgrg trglscjtjr jkmjgs m jl`ircgåýms mspmfã`jfgs4 mc iutrgs ifgsjýms, ê cgjs gpriprjgki kmjxgr qum is gbulis mxpbirmc gs jkmjgs pir sj. Gbeuls kmssms cêtikis ml`gtjzgc g frjgtjvjkgkm, iutris læi. Gbeucgs kmssgs goirkgemls sæi mxfmbmltms, iutrgs læi. Mlsjlgr pmbg frjgtjvjkgkm ê kj`mrmltm km mlsjlgr  pgrg g frjgtjvjkgkm. Oils pri`mssirms sgomc qum smu pgpmb ê mlvibvmr m jlspjrgr is gbulis. Jssi pir sj sö nç ê ucg tgrm`g frjgtjvg. Mlsjlgr  pgrg  g frjgtjvjkgkm mlvibvm `gfjbjtgr i trgogbhi frjgtjvi kis iutris. _mqumr `gzmr pmreultgs gomrtgs quglki vçrjgs sibuåýms pissãvmjs4 erupis mc prinmtis fibgoirgtjvis, usglki g sæi jcgejlgåæi pgrgtrgogbhgr mxpbirgr mc gs pissjojbjkgkms4 `gzmr filmxýms mltrm kj`mrmltms cikis km vmr g sjtugåæi4 m mxpbirgr gs jlfmrtmzgs m gs tmlsýms mltrm mbms. Mlsjlgr  pgrg  g frjgtjvjkgkm mlvibvm mlsjlgr km `ircg frjgtjvg. Qgrg mlsjlgr pgrg g frjgtjvjkgkm, uc pri`mssir prmfjsg sgomr jlfmltjvgr, jkmltj`jfgr m kmsmlvibvmr.

Jlfmltjvgr G prjcmjrg tgrm`g km qugbqumr pri`mssir qum sm pripilhg g mlsjlgr pgrg g frjgtjvjkgkm mc qugbqumr fgcpi ê jlfmltjvgr gs pmssigs g gfrmkjtgr mc smu pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi m rm`irågr sug fil`jglåg. Iutrgs gtjtukms jcpirtgltms pgrg g gprmlkjzgemc frjgtjvg sæi citjvgåæi m pmlsgcmlti jlkmpmlkmltm4 kjspisjåæi pgrg firrmr rjsfis m smr mcprmmlkmkir4 pmrsjstjr m smr rmsjbjmltm kjgltm km tripmåis, fgcjlhis mrrgkis m omfis smc sgãkg.

Jkmltj`jfgr [ikgs gs pmssigs sæi fgpgzms km gprmlkmr gs hgojbjkgkms ki pmlsgcmlti frjgtjvi. Gbêc kjssi, tikis lös tmcis fgpgfjkgkms frjgtjvgs pmssigjs. ]c

cþsjfi frjgtjvi læi ê lmfmssgrjgcmltm uc fjmltjstg frjgtjvi4 uc msfrjtir frjgtjvi læi ê lmfmssgrjgcmltm uc cgtmcçtjfi frjgtjvi. G rmgbjzgåæi frjgtjvg fistucg smr citjvgkg pmbg pgjxæi km ucg pmssig pir uc jlstrucmlti mspmfã`jfi, pmbi qum smltm mc rmbgåæi gi cgtmrjgb, pmbg mcpibegåæi fic uc

 

mstjbi km trgogbhi qum mstjcubg g jcgejlgåæi. Jkmltj`jfgr gs hgojbjkgkms frjgtjvgs kgs pmssigs jlfbuj gnukç-bgs g kmsfiorjr sugs `irågs frjgtjvgs iu, mc iutrgs pgbgvrgs, mstgr mc smu mbmcmlti.

Kmsmlvibvmr Gi mlsjlgr pgrg g frjgtjvjkgkm, is pri`mssirms ousfgc> • pricivmr uc mspãrjti km mxpmrjcmltgåæi m jlvmstjegåæi m g kjspisjåæi ficmtmr mrris4 •

jlfmltjvgr livgs jkmjgs, bjvrms km frãtjfgs jcmkjgtgs4 jcmkjgtgs4

•

mlfirgngr g mxprmssæi km smltjcmltis pmssigjs4

•

trglscjtjr ucg jkmjg kis mstçejis ki trgogbhi frjgtjvi4

•

kmsmlvibvmr ucg filsfjmltjzgåæi kis pgpêjs kg jltujåæi m ki sm mstêtjfi4

•

gnukgr lg gvgbjgåæi frãtjfg km jkmjgs.

Furrãfubi I furrãfubi ê i filhmfjcmlti, gs jkmjgs, gs hgojbjkgkms m is vgbirms qum sm mspmrg qum is mstukgltms gprmlkgc. I furrãfubi `ircgb, qum tikis is mstukgltms prmfjsgc smeujr, ê kj`mrmltm ki furrãfubi jl`ircgb, qum ê ipfjilgb m jlfbuj priergcgs mxtrgfurrjfubgrms. I furrãfubi fici uc tiki mlvibvm tikgs gs ipirtuljkgkms km gprmlkjzgemc i`mrmfjkgs i`mrmfjkgs pir ucg msfibg, jlfbujlki i furrãfubi `ircgb m i jl`ircgb. ]c fbgri ionmtjvi ki furrãfubi ê fubturgb.  ]c kis pgpêjs kg mkufgåæi ê mstgcpgr uc smbi km gprivgåæi mc kmtmrcjlgkis tjpis km filhmfjcmlti m mxpmrjîlfjgs m suemrjr, suemrjr, pir jcpbjfgåæi, qum is iutris læi vgbmc g pmlg. Fici kjz i sifjöbiei `rglfîs Qjmrrm Oiurkjmu, g mkufgåæi kjstjleum mltrm gs ms`mrgs kg ‒fubturg irtikixg m g hmrêtjfg–.7=6 Cujtg fijsg kmjxg km smr mlsjlgkg lgs msfibgs. Gs msfibgs læi mlsjlgc `mjtjågrjg m lmfricglfjg, pmbi cmlis læi gs msfibgs lircgjs. ]c furrãfubi tmc ucg smeulkg `ulåæi, qum ê

gkcjljstrgtjvg. Gs msfibgs prmfjsgc km furrãfubis pgrg pikmrmc sm iregljzgr,

sgomr qugltis pri`mssirms filtrgtgr, qugjs rmfursis sæi lmfmssçrjis, fici kjvjkjr i kjg, qumc gbifgr ilkm, mc qum hirçrji m pir quglti tmcpi. ]c

 

furrãfubi mqujbjorgki kmvmrjg gtrjoujr stgtus m rmfursis jeugjs á gb`gomtjzgåæi m á grjtcêtjfg, ás fjîlfjgs, ás fjîlfjgs hucglgs, ás grtms m á mkufgåæi `ãsjfg. Gbtis pgkrýms km gb`gomtjzgåæi m grjtcêtjfg sæi `ulkgcmltgjs m sæi is pirtgjs pgrg gprmlkmr cujtgs iutrgs kjsfjpbjlgs. Bãleugs m cgtmcçtjfg i`mrmfmc cujti cgjs qum gb`gomtjzgåæi m grjtcêtjfg oçsjfgs. I mstuki kgs bãleugs kmvmrjg jlfbujr bjtmrgturg m gs hgojbjkgkms km `gbgr m msfutgr. G cgtmcçtjfg tgcoêc bmvg g rjfis fgcpis km gostrgåæi m ás bjleugemls filfmjtugjs kg fjîlfjg m kg tmflibiejg. G mkufgåæi fjmltã`jfg gnukg is gbulis g ficprmmlkmr mvjkîlfjgs m kmsmlvibvm sugs hgojbjkgkms km glçbjsm ‒ionmtjvg–4 kç-bhms gfmssi gi fgomkgb km filhmfjcmltis fjmltã`jfis gfucubgkis gtê geirg siorm is prifmssis ki culki lgturgb m gs bmjs qum is eivmrlgc4 m i`mrmfm ipirtuljkgkms km jlvmstjegåæi prçtjfg m tmörjfg pir cmji kgs qugjs i filhmfjcmlti mxjstmltm pikm smr vmrj`jfgki iu qumstjilgki. G mkufgåæi fjmltã`jfg fjmltã`jfg tgcoêc pricivm g ficprmmlsæi kisomc filfmjtis rmgbjzgåýms qum filfmjtis. g`mtgrgc i culki cikmrli, fici g fjmltã`jfis jcpirtïlfjgm m kgs gs bjcjtgåýms kmssms Gs fjîlfjgs hucglgs sm vibtgc á ficprmmlsæi kg fubturg hucglg m jlfbumc hjstörjg, i mstuki kgs bãleugs, mkufgåæi rmbjejisg m gspmftis kg emierg`jg m mstukis sifjgjs. G mkufgåæi lgs fjîlfjgs hucglgs gpri`ulkg lissi mltmlkjcmlti ki culki> sug kjvmrsjkgkm, ficpbmxjkgkm m trgkjåýms. Gcpbjg i lissi filhmfjcmlti ki qum tmcis mc ficuc fic iutris smrms hucglis, jlfbujlki pmssigs km iutrgs êpifgs m iutrgs fubturgs, m kmsmlvibvm ucg filsfjîlfjg frãtjfg kg lissg pröprjg êpifg m fubturg. Gs grtms sm vibtgc ás qugbjkgkms kgs mxpmrjîlfjgs hucglgs. Gtrgvês kg cþsjfg, kg kgcis kglåg, `ircg kgs grtms vjsugjs, ki m km miutrgs `ircgs qum km mxprmssæi, ás firrmltms km krgcg smltjcmltis pmrfmpåýms filstjtumc g mxpmrjîlfjg vjvjkg km lös m kis iutris. Gs grtms jbustrgc g kjvmrsjkgkm kg jltmbjeîlfjg m gormc gs pirtgs pgrg cglmjrgs prçtjfgs km pricivmr mssg kjvmrsjkgkm. Mbgs filstjtumc is prifmssis cgjs lgturgjs km kgr k gr `ircg g smltjcmltis m mciåýms pmssigjs m gi ciki fici mbms sm filmftgc fic lissis cikis km pmlsgr siorm i culki4 mbgs mstæi mltrm gs cglj`mstgåýms cglj`mstgå ýms cgjs vjvgs kg fubturg hucglg. G mkufgåæi `ãsjfg filtrjouj kjrmtgcmltm pgrg g sgþkm m i omc-mstgr kgs pmssigs. Vicis smrms firpörmis m is prifmssis cmltgjs, mcifjilgjs m `ãsjfis

sæi jltjcgcmltm rmbgfjilgkis. G mkufgåæi `ãsjfg rm`iråg i trgogbhi frjgtjvi gfmbmrglki g filfmltrgåæi m g gejbjkgkm cmltgb.7=;  G mkufgåæi `ãsjfg m is mspirtms `gzmc pgrtm km tikgs gs trgkjåýms m prçtjfgs fubturgjs m mvifgc `irtms smltjcmltis m vgbirms, tglti mc rmbgåæi gis nieis mc sj quglti pmbi

 

smltjcmlti km fibmtjvjkgkm qum pikmc emrgr. G mkufgåæi `ãsjfg `irlmfm ipirtuljkgkms jcpirtgltms km kmsmlvibvmr hgojbjkgkms jlkjvjkugjs m km mqujpm m ficpgrtjbhgr i sufmssi m i `rgfgssi mc gcojmltms filtribgkis. Kmstg m iutrgs cglmjrgs, g mkufgåæi `ãsjfg tmc pgpêjs tæi jcpirtgltms quglti iutrgs çrmgs km uc furrãfubi mqujbjorgki vibtgki á mkufgåæi frjgtjvg m fubturgb. [ikgs mssgs çrmgs ki furrãfubi kmvmc mstgr mc mqujbãorji, pijs fgkg ucg rm`bmtm jcpirtgltms çrmgs km filhmfjcmlti m mxpmrjîlfjg fubturgb. Fgkg ucg goirkg kj`mrmltms cikis km jltmbjeîlfjg m kmsmlvibvjcmlti frjgtjvi m ucg pmssig pikm tmr tgbmltis ifubtis mc ucg iu cgjs kmssgs çrmgs.

Gvgbjgåæi G gvgbjgåæi ê i prifmssi km nubegr i priermssi m i kmsmcpmlhi kis mstukgltms. G gvgbjgåæi tmc vçrjis pgpêjs. I prjcmjri ê kjgelöstjfi.  Is gbulis pikmc `gzmr tmstms m tgrm`gs km vçrjis tjpis pgrg gnukgr is pri`mssirms g filhmfmr sugs gptjkýms m lãvmjs km kmsmlvibvjcmlti mc vçrjgs çrmgs. I smeulki pgpmb ê `ircgtjvi  m tmc i ionmtjvi km fibmtgr mvjkîlfjgs siorm i priermssi kis mstukgltms pgrg kmfjkjr is cêtikis km mlsjli m gs prjirjkgkms pgrg i trgogbhi `uturi. I tmrfmjri pgpmb ê sicgtjvi  m mlvibvm gvgbjgr i kmsmcpmlhi ebiogb kis mstukgltms lg filfbusæi km uc u c priergcg km trgogbhi. Is cêtikis km gvgbjgåæi pikmc gssucjr vçrjgs `ircgs, fici pmreultgs jl`ircgjs mc sgbg km gubg, tgrm`gs m tmstms `ircgjs. Mbgs pikmc sm ogsmgr mc cujtgs `ircgs km mvjkîlfjg> pgrtjfjpgåæi ki gbuli mc sgbg km gubg, pirt`öbjis km trgogbhi, m gprmsmltgåýms iutrgs cãkjgs. G gvgbjgåæi sicgtjvg m gtrgogbhis `ircgtjvgmsfrjtis tîc pgpêjs jcpirtgltmsmc li mlsjli m lg gprmlkjzgemc4 pgrg cmbhirgr g qugbjkgkm kgs rmgbjzgåýms m pgrg egrgltjr uc mqujbãorji sgukçvmb mltrm i filhmfjcmlti `gftugb m mstjbis km gprmlkjzgemc cgjs gomrtis, tikis lmfmssçrjis pgrg g mkufgåæi frjgtjvg. I priobmcg kg mkufgåæi frjgtjvg ê g lgturmzg kgs gvgbjgåýms> g îl`gsm lis tmstms m gvgbjgåýms sicgtjvgs4 g îl`gsm mc rmsubtgkis cmlsurçvmjs m rgldjles  km fbgssj`jfgåæi4 gs prmssýms ki sjstmcg km gvgbjgåæi lgfjilgb siorm pri`mssirms m msfibgs. Is sjstmcgs lgfjilgjs km gvgbjgåæi tmlkmc g ml`gtjzgr g gvgbjgåæi sicgtjvg. Mssms sjstmcgs sæi usgkis pgrg gvgbjgr i kmsmcpmlhi km ucg

msfibg mc ficpgrgåæi fic iutrgs. Is rmsubtgkis kmssgs gvgbjgåýms sæi gssifjgkis gi stgtus gtrjouãki ás msfibgs, ás vmrogs rmfmojkgs m, pir vmzms, á sug siormvjvîlfjg. Mc emrgb, gs gvgbjgåýms lgfjilgjs ml`gtjzgc ‒rmsubtgkis cmlsurçvmjs– m filfmltrgc-sm mc tmstgr g cmcörjg km filhmfjcmltis

 

`gftugjs kis gbulis m hgojbjkgkms qum pikmc smr cmkjkgs ficpgrgtjvgcmltm. Mbgs lircgbcmltm læi bmvgc mc filtg g mxpmrjcmltgåæi, i pmlsgcmlti irjejlgb m g jlivgåæi. Mc filsmquîlfjg, i `ifi ki mlsjli ê rmkuzjki, gssjc fici i gprmlkjzgki m g rmgbjzgåæi kis gbulis. Gbeucgs çrmgs ki furrãfubi, mspmfjgbcmltm gs grtms m gs fjîlfjgs hucglgs4 gbeucgs `ircgs km mlsjli m gprmlkjzgemc, jlfbujlki i qumstjilgcmlti, g mxpbirgåæi m i kmogtm4 m gbeuls gspmftis km cgtêrjgs mspmfã`jfgs gfgogc smlki lmebjemlfjgkis. ]cg gvgbjgåæi ê ficpistg km kijs mbmcmltis> ucg kmsfrjåæi m ucg ficpgrgåæi. Vm vifî kjssmr qum ucg pmssig ê fgpgz km firrmr uc qujbûcmtri mc qugtri cjlutis iu sgom `gbgr `rglfîs, mssgs sæi kmsfrjåýms lmutrgs ki qum g pmssig ê fgpgz km `gzmr. Vm vifî kjssmr qum ‒mbg ê g cmbhir gtbmtg kg fjkgkm– iu qum ‒`gbg `rglfîs fici uc lgtjvi–, mstgrç `gzmlki ucg gvgbjgåæi. Gs gvgbjgåýms ficpgrgc kmsmcpmlhis m is fbgssj`jfgc km gfirki fic frjtêrjis mspmfã`jfis. Gvgbjgåýms qum usgc bmtrgs m litgs sæi piufi kmsfrjtjvgs m cujti ficpgrgtjvgs. gbulis rmfmomc lmcsgomr smcprm sgomc qummstæi mbgs sjelj`jfgc m isIs pri`mssirms ás vmzmslitgs gs kæim smc gi fmrti piri qum kglki mssgs litgs. Fmrtg vmz filvmrsmj fic ucg gbulg ki mlsjli cêkji qum tjlhg gfgogki km filfbujr uc priergcg km kglåg km trîs glis. Qmreultmj i qum mbg eglhiu fic i fursi m g rmspistg `ij> ‒[jrmj ‒[jrmj uc O–. ]cg þljfg bmtrg iu lþcmri læi tmc fici trglscjtjr gs ficpbmxjkgkms qum sm prmtmlkm rmsucjr. Gbeuls rmsubtgkis læi tîc fici smr mxprmssis kmssg cglmjrg. Fici kjssm Mbjitt Mjslmr> ‒lmc tuki qum ê jcpirtgltm ê cmlsurçvmb m lmc tuki qum ê cmlsurçvmb ê jcpirtgltm–. 7== ]cg cglmjrg km cmbhirgr g gvgbjgåæi ê smpgrgr g kmsfrjåæi kg ficpgrgåæi. Qirt`öbjis pissjojbjtgc kmsfrjåýms kmtgbhgkgs ki trgogbhi rmgbjzgki pmbis gbulis, fic mxmcpbis m ficmltçrjis kis pröprjis gbulis m km iutrgs pmssigs. G km`jljåæi km frjtêrjis fbgris cmbhirg g trglspgrîlfjg kgs gvgbjgåýms. Lg gvgbjgåæi pir fibmegs, is gbulis gvgbjgc i trgogbhi uls kis iutris m filfirkgc fic is frjtêrjis pmbis qugjs sæi gvgbjgkis. Mssgs goirkgemls pikmc smr mspmfjgbcmltm þtmjs pgrg gvgbjgr i trgogbhi frjgtjvi. Gvgbjgr i kmsmlvibvjcmlti frjgtjvi ê ucg tgrm`g cgjs sutjb ki qum tmstgr i filhmfjcmlti `gftugb. I trgogbhi frjgtjvi prmfjsg smr irjejlgb m tmr vgbir. G irjejlgbjkgkm tmc ergus kj`mrmltms. Gvgbjgr i vgbir kmpmlkm km frjtêrjis fbgris m rmbmvgltms. Is pri`mssirms cujtgs vmzms læi sgomc gi fmrti qugjs

frjtêrjis gpbjfgr gi trgogbhi frjgtjvi kis gbulis m pikmc læi fil`jgr lg pröprjg fgpgfjkgkm km nubegcmlti. I trgogbhi frjgtjvi emrgbcmltm pgssg pir vçrjgs mtgpgs. Qikm ficmågr m læi kgr mc lgkg, pikm mlvibvmr tmltgtjvgs m mrris omc fici ucg sêrjm km gprixjcgåýms sufmssjvgs gi bilei ki fgcjlhi

 

gtê fhmegr á iorg `jlgb. I vgbir mkufgfjilgb ki trgogbhi frjgtjvi pikm smr mlfiltrgki tglti li prifmssi quglti li prikuti `jlgb. G gvgbjgåæi kmvm bmvgr tuki jssi mc filsjkmrgåæi m is pri`mssirms prmfjsgc smr irjmltgkis g `gzmr jssi. ]cg gvgbjgåæi jlsmlsãvmb pikm prmnukjfgr g frjgtjvjkgkm kis gbulis m bmvç-bis g hmsjtgr mc firrmr rjsfis, mvjtgr g mxpmrjcmltgåæi m lulfg gprmlkmr g jkmltj`jfgr m firrjejr smus mrris. M g ficpgrgåæi tgcoêc tmc smus priobmcgs. Fici i trgogbhi frjgtjvi kis gbulis kmvm smr ficpgrgki mltrm msfibgs iu rmejýms9 Gs kj`jfubkgkms km gvgbjgr i kmsmlvibvjcmlti frjgtjvi pikmc smr supmrgkgs m nç tmcis cujtgs pmsqujsgs, mxpmrjcmltis m jl`ircgåýms á kjspisjåæi pgrg lis gnukgr lmssg tgrm`g. Cujtis sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs læi prjirjzgc rmsibvmr mssms priobmcgs. I qum gfgog gfiltmfmlki ê ucg îl`gsm kmspripirfjilgb mc gbeucgs `ircgs km gprmlkjzgemc m g rmkuåæi ki stgtus km iutrgs.

Km ibhi li `uturi Mc cujtis pgãsms, gs pmssigs mstæi sm uljlki pgrg kmsmlvibvmr gs pröprjgs gbtmrlgtjvgs á msfibgrjzgåæi pgkriljzgkg. Cujtgs kmssgs jljfjgtjvgs mstæi li smtir pþobjfi4 gbeucgs sæi msfibgs jlkmpmlkmltms m gbeucgs sæi hãorjkgs, fici gs msfibgs gutûlicgs (fhgrtmr sfhiibs) kis Mstgkis ]ljkis.7=0  ]c lþcmri pmqumli, cgs frmsfmltm, km pmssigs mstç iptglki pir gbtmrlgtjvgs cgjs rgkjfgjs, jlfbujlki mlsjli mc fgsg (hicm sfhiibjle) m ‒læi msfibgrjzgåæi–. 7=5 Is livis pjilmjris kg mkufgåæi gbtmrlgtjvg vîc km cujtgs çrmgs m filtmxtis kj`mrmltms m cujtgs vmzms sæi citjvgkis pmbg jlsgtjs`gåæi fic gs pröprjgs mxpmrjîlfjgs lg msfibg m pmbi kmsmni km cmbhirgr g sjtugåæi pgrg smus `jbhis. I Obum Cgl Eriup ê ucg iregljzgåæi iregljzgåæi frjgtjvg jltmrlgfjilgbcmltm jltmrlgfjilgbcmltm `gcisg fic smkm lg fjkgkm km Livg Zird. I erupi `ij `ulkgki mc 7:88 pir Qhjb Vtgltil, Fhrjs Ujld m Cgtt Eibkcgl. I Obum Cgl Eriup prikuz gprmsmltgåýms smc jeugb qum ficojlgc cþsjfg, jlstrucmltis jcprivjsgkis, ficêkjg m tmgtri cubtjcãkjg. I erupi ergviu trjbhgs silirgs pgrg i fjlmcg m g [P m gpgrmfm rmeubgrcmltm lg tmbmvjsæi. Is Obum Cml tîc g fgomåg

rgspgkg, usgc riupgs prmtgs m sjcpbms, cgqujgemc gzub lgs cæis, risti m fgomåg m lulfg `gbgc.Kmskm Mbms vmmc g smu rmkir ficsmucg jlifîlfjgmc m ucg furjisjkgkm jl`gltjb. qum `ijtuki `ulkgki, i erupi trgls`irciu uc `mlûcmli frjgtjvi jltmrlgfjilgb, fic tmgtris mc Livg Zird, Bgs Pmegs,

 

Irbglki, Oistil, Fhjfgei, Omrbjc m [öquji. _mfmltmcmltm mbms `ulkgrgc g pröprjg msfibg km mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb. Lmlhuc kis `ulkgkirms ki erupi jcgejliu gbei pgrmfjki quglki jljfjgrgc sug nirlgkg nultis. Fici mxpbjfg Fhrjs Ujld>7=8  ‒I Obum Cgl ficmåiu læi fici uc lmeöfji, fici ucg mcprmsg lmc fici uc mspmtçfubi. Ficmågcis fici uc erupi km gcjeis mc ousfg km gbeucg fijsg jltmrmssgltm pgrg `gzmr. [uki i qum tãlhgcis mrg uc pmrsilgemc m gbeuls prjlfãpjis mc ficuc. Læi tãlhgcis jkmjg ki qum `grãgcis, sö sgoãgcis qum qumrãgcis mxpbirgr lissgs jkmjgs usglki gqumbm pmrsilgemc–. Ljleuêc bmcorg qumc `ij qum tmvm g jkmjg km rgspgr g fgomåg m sm pjltgr km gzub. M, fici mxpbjfg Cgtt Eibkcgl, læi `ij ucg jkmjg qum fhgciu g gtmlåæi kis jlvmstjkirms. ]c trji km grtjstgs fgrmfgs, gzujs m cukis læi tjlhg uc fbgri pitmlfjgb km rmtirli siorm i jlvmstjcmlti. Cgs mbms gkirgvgc i pmrsilgemc, mc pgrtm pir smr tæi lmutri mc tmrcis km fubturg, jkgkm m smxi. Vmr fgrmfg m gzub km`jljtjvgcmltm km`jljtjvgcmltm læi `ij uc pbgli bjlmgr km bilei prgzi m i erupi mvibuju bmvgki gpmlgs pmbg mcpibegåæi emrgkg pmbg fibgoirgåæi frjgtjvg. Nultis, mbms frjgrgc vjkgs m fgrrmjrgs qum lmlhuc kmbms pikmrjg tmr prmvjsti. Fici Fhrjs Ujld mxpbjfg> ‒Gbeucgs pmssigs tîc sirtm m qumrmc filstrujr `ieumtms iu tifgr vjibilfmbi. Mbgs tîc sirtm pirqum mssgs cãkjgs nç mxjstmc. Lös qumrãgcis smr grtjstgs km rug cubtjcãkjg pös-cikmrlis qum frjgc jlstrucmltis m mxpbirgc g fubturg pipubgr mc ucg mspêfjm km gtcis`mrg prjcgb xgcïljfg. xgcïljfg. Wumc lis kgrjg uc mcprmei9 Qirqum, sm gbeuêc tjvmssm i`mrmfjki mssg vgeg, g emltm fic fmrtmzg tmrjg sm fglkjkgtgki–. I trgogbhi ki erupi `ij irjmltgki pir gbeuls prjlfãpjis fbgris. ]c kmbms mrg qum tikis‒pirqum pikmrjgc smr frjgtjvis. lmfmssçrji–, Fhrjs Ujld, pgssgcis i tmcpi‒Mssm tiki prjlfãpji li sjstmcg`ij msfibgr gfhglkikjssm qum tgbvmz læi `ûssmcis frjgtjvis. Wuglki `ircgcis i erupi, pmlsgcis qum tgbvmz gqujbi læi `issm vmrkgkm. M sm læi `ir vmrkgkm9– Qgrg Qhjb Vtgltil, mssm prjlfãpji `mz tikg g kj`mrmlåg kmskm i ficmåi ‒m g`mtiu tuki i qum `jzmcis gtê geirg–. Mcoirg smngc uc erupi km pmr`ircglfm, mbms ousfgc smr frjgtjvis mc tuki i qum `gzmc. Fici mxpbjfg Cgtt Eibkcgl> ‒Vmr frjgtjvi læi sm rmstrjlem á fgpgfjkgkm km `gzmr uc ionmti km grejbg, pjltgr uc qugkri iu ficpir ucg pmåg cusjfgb. Li culki kis lmeöfjis, ê pissãvmb smr frjgtjvi mc qugbqumr çrmg–.

Cgtt Eibkcgl m Fhrjs Ujld sæi gcjeis kmskm i mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb. Qhjb Vtgltil filhmfmu is kijs kmpijs, quglki sm cukiu pgrg g Livg Zird fic piufi cgjs km ?1 glis. Mbms sm mltrisgrgc biei km fgrg. ]c kis `gtirms qum ulju i erupi li ficmåi, mbm kjz, ‒cmsci gltms ki Obum Cgl, `ij g lissg

 

kmfmpåæi fic g lissg mxpmrjîlfjg li sjstmcg msfibgr. Qgrmfm qum, quglki sicis frjglågs, tiki culki pjltg m sm kjvmrtm. Cgs gbeucg fijsg gfiltmfm li fgcjlhi m niegcis li bjxi mssm tjpi km jlspjrgåæi nulti fic uc ciltm km iutrgs fijsgs–. Wuglki tjvmrgc is pröprjis `jbhis, mbms m sugs mspisgs sm vjrgc kjgltm ki kjbmcg km fici mkufç-bis. Kmpijs km cujti pmlsgr, kmfjkjrg kmfjkjrgc c gorjr g pröprjg msfibg> g [hm Obum Vfhiib. Cgtt Eibkcgl mxpbjfg> ‒Wumrãgcis frjgr i tjpi km msfibg qum eistgrãgcis km tmr tjki lg jl`ïlfjg iu qum `gltgsjgcis pgrg is lissis `jbhis> ucg msfibg qum ml`gtjzg g frjgtjvjkgkm tglti quglti qugbqumr iutrg kjsfjpbjlg, qum mlsjlg ás frjglågs uc nmjti mspmfjgb km trgtgr ucgs ás iutrgs pir cmji ki gprmlkjzgki sifjgb m mcifjilgb. ]c buegr qum læi cgtg g mxuomrïlfjg jl`gltjb kgs frjglågs, ilkm mbgs pikmc tmr pgjxæi pir gprmlkmr, pikmc gcgr g vjkg m læi pmrkmr lgkg kjssi–. I cikmbi mkufgfjilgb kg Obum Vfhiib sm ogsmjg mc kijs pjbgrms. I prjcmjri ê i furrãfubi fmltrgb, qum rmprmsmltg gs kjsfjpbjlgs oçsjfgs ki priergcg> bãleug m bjtmrgturg, fjîlfjgs, ombgs-grtms, grtms kjlïcjfgs, mstukis sifjgjs, tmflibiejg m cãkjg, cgtmcçtjfg, grtms `ãsjfgs m filkjfjilgcmlti `ãsjfi. I smeulki mbmcmlti sæi is vgbirms kg msfibg> frjgtjvjkgkm m mxprmssæi, rmbgåýms `gcjbjgrms m ficuljtçrjgs, bukjfjkgkm, mxuomrïlfjg m kjvmrsæi, gutifilhmfjcmlti m omc-mstgr, mxpbirgåæi ebiogb m gcojmltgb, cþbtjpbgs pmrspmftjvgs m mstjbis km gprmlkjzgemc kj`mrmlfjgkis. [ikis is vgbirms kg Obum Vfhiib rmbgfjilgc-sm km gbeucg `ircg fic g jkmjg km filmxæi, ‒fic g ficuljkgkm, gs mciåýms, g viz grtãstjfg, i firpi, i culki, is pröprjis jltmrmssms iu fic uc smlsi km gbmerjg m cgrgvjbhgcmlti–. I cikmbi rm`bmtm i trgogbhi m is prjlfãpjis ki Obum Cgl Eriup m sureju ki ficpricjssi kg msfibg mc gtjlejr uc livi tjpi km mqujbãorji mltrm ‒rjeir m mlfgltgcmlti– m kg frmlåg km qum mssms kijs `gtirms sæi jcprmsfjlkãvmjs pgrg ucg oig mkufgåæi. Vmeulki Fhrjs Ujld, ‒pgrg usgr ucg cmtç`irg, i cikmbi mkufgfjilgb trgkjfjilgb vî gs frjglågs fici vgeýms km fgreg m g msfibg fici uc sjbi km eræis. G msfibg mlfhm gs frjglågs m gs `gz gvglågr pmbis trjbhis. Lissg jkmjg ê frjgr ucg pbgtg`ircg km bglågcmlti ilkm gs frjglågs sæi `ieumtms m i lissi trgogbhi ê sö mlfiltrgr i kjspgrgkir–. G goirkgemc kg Obum Vfhiib, mbm mxpbjfg, ‒mlvibvm tmr i fêrmori jltmjri fhmji km vjkg m mcpibegåæi, vjorglki

fic ucg mlircm `iråg vjtgb. Qrmfjsgcis jlfirpirgr jssi gi lissi cikmbi mkufgfjilgb. Qgrmfm smr ucg jkmjg rmvibufjilçrjg cgbufg, cgs pgrg lös `gz cujti smltjki, `gz cujti smltjki gfgkîcjfi–.

 

I trgogbhi m i gcojmltm kg msfibg tgcoêc rm`bmtmc i ficpricjssi irjejlgb ki Obum Cgl Eriup mc fil`jgr lis pikmrms frjgtjvis lgturgjs qum tikgs gs pmssigs tîc. Km gfirki fic Fhrjs Ujld, ‒tmlkmcis g pmlsgr qum gqumbg pgrtm km lös qum sm gfhg kj`mrmltm kmvm smr msfilkjkg iu mlfiomrtg. G cmlsgemc ki Obum Cgl ê qum ê nustgcmltm lmssg pgrtm qum mstç g fhgvm pgrg g lissg jlkjvjkugbjkgkm. Kmjxç-bg km `irg kmjxg tikg mssg frjgtjvjkgkm km `irg. Qrmfjsgcis tmr firgemc km mxpir mssg pgrtm km lös cmscis–. Mc kmtmrcjlgki cicmlti lg gprmsmltgåæi ki Obum Cgl, tjltgs km firms vjorgltms sgmc km tuois li pmjti kis grtjstgs m sæi kmspmngkgs lis jlstrucmltis km pmrfussæi qum mbms tifgc mc ucg ogtjkg o gtjkg prjcjtjvg. ‒Wuglki tifgcis fic g tjltg li shiw–, kjz Ujld, ‒gs firms vjorgltms sæi uc nmjti km mxprmssgr i qum gfiltmfm quglki vifî kmjxg mssm smu bgki sgjr–. Vmng li smtir pþobjfi iu prjvgki, lgs msfibgs iu mc fgsg, smr frjgtjvi lg mkufgåæi m pricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm mstæi bilem km smr buxis kjspmlsçvmjs. Mbms mssmlfjgjs lislipissjojbjtgr ucgvjvmr. vjkg Gs qum fjrfulstïlfjgs vgbhg g pmlg vjvmr sæi m cgltmr uc pgrg culki qugb vgbhgbmvgr g pmlg fubturgjs m mfilûcjfgs qum lös m is lissis `jbhis tmcis km ml`rmltgr sæi titgbcmltm kj`mrmltms ki pgssgki. Læi tmcis fici ml`rmltgr is kmsg`jis ki sêfubi XXJ fic gs jkmibiejgs mkufgfjilgjs ki sêfubi XJX. Qrmfjsgcis km uc livi _mlgsfjcmlti qum vgbirjzm kj`mrmltms tjpis km jltmbjeîlfjg m fubtjvm gs rmbgåýms frjgtjvgs mltrm gs kjsfjpbjlgs m mltrm g mkufgåæi, i ficêrfji m g ficuljkgkm mc emrgb. Læi ê `çfjb trgls`ircgr g mkufgåæi. Læi tmcis filkjåýms km pgegr i prmåi ki `rgfgssi m is omlm`ãfjis ki sufmssi pikmc smr cgjirms ki qum jcgejlgcis.

 

Qis`çfji

‒G mkufgåæi ê g fhgvm pgrg i `uturi. ]cg fhgvm pikm smr ejrgkg mc kugs kjrmåýms. ]cg kjrmåæi jcpmkm i gfmssi gis rmfursis. G iutrg kjrmåæi kç gfmssi gis rmfursis m  pmrcjtm qum gs pmssigs pmssigs smngc mbgs cmscgs.–

[ikgs gs jkmjgs siorm jcgejlgåæi, frjgtjvjkgkm m jlivgåæi gprmsmltgkgs lmstm bjvri gpiltgc pgrg g lmfmssjkgkm km ucg filfmpåæi kj`mrmltm km hgojbjkgkms, lg mkufgåæi, lis lmeöfjis m lgs lissgs ficuljkgkms. Pmni mssgs qumstýms mc tmrcis km mfibiejg. Kmskm g _mvibuåæi Jlkustrjgb, msoglngcis m kmstruãcis cujti ki qum i pbglmtg tmc g i`mrmfmr pirqum lulfg kmcis cujti vgbir g mssms rmfursis. Fibifgcis mc rjsfi i mqujbãorji kg lgturmzg, pir læi mltmlkmr kjrmjti fici smus vçrjis mbmcmltis kj`mrmltms lutrmc m sustmltgc uls gis iutris. Is pmrjeis pmrcglmfmc, cgs pmbi cmlis geirg is mltmlkmcis cmbhir. Gfrmkjti qum g cglmjrg fici tmcis usgki is rmfursis hucglis pikm bmvgr g ucg fgbgcjkgkm smcmbhgltm. Mc prib kgs mfilicjgs jlkustrjgjs, suocmtmcis emrgåýms m emrgåýms km pmssigs g cikis mstrmjtis km mkufgåæi qum cgrejlgbjzgrgc gbeuls km smus tgbmltis m qugbjkgkms cgjs jcpirtgltms. Mc ousfg ucg cgjir prikutjvjkgkm, lmebjemlfjgcis is `gtirms hucglis oçsjfis kis qugjs g frjgtjvjkgkm m g jlivgåæi kmpmlkmc. Kmspmrkjågcis erglkm pgrtm ki qum gs pmssigs tîc g i`mrmfmr pirqum læi vmcis vgbir ljssi. M fibifgcis mc rjsfi i mqujbãorji kgs ficuljkgkms fic g lissg jlfgpgfjkgkm km vmr fici lissis kj`mrmltms tgbmltis m pgjxýms sm sustmltgc m sm mlrjqumfmc cutugcmltm. Is pmrjeis pmrcglmfmc m gjlkg læi sæi omc ficprmmlkjkis.

Mssgs qumstýms mstæi bilem km smr trjvjgjs. Mstgcis smlki vgrrjkis pir ucg gvgbglfhm km cukglågs. Qgrg læi `jfgr pgrg trçs, lmfmssjtgcis km tiki i filhmfjcmlti siorm lös pröprjis. Gs pmssigs vjvmc kjzmlki qum g mkufgåæi ê fhgvm pgrg i `uturi. Ê vmrkgkm, cgs ucg fhgvm pikm smr

 

ejrgkg mc kugs kjrmåýms. ]cg kjrmåæi jcpmkm i gfmssi gis rmfursis, jlfbusjvm i gfmssi kgs pmssigs qum tîc kjrmjti g mbms. G iutrg kjrmåæi kç gfmssi gis rmfursis m pmrcjtm qum gs pmssigs smngc mbgs cmscgs. Qgrg filfrmtjzgr i lissi vmrkgkmjri pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi ‖ lgs lissgs iregljzgåýms, lgs lissgs msfibgs m lgs lissgs ficuljkgkms ‖, prmfjsgcis cukgr g cglmjrg fici lis vmcis m cukgr lissgs gtjtukms mc rmbgåæi ás pmssigs. Qrmfjsgcis gprmlkmr g smr frjgtjvis.

 

_m`mrîlfjgs

Goos, Q. ‒Mkufgtjil glk thm Mxprmssjvm Kjsfjpbjlms–. [rgft ,  [hm Eryphil Qrmss, ?=, 7:5:. Gkgcs, N. ‒_iic 76 glk thm Filtmcpirgry Qrgftjfm i` Grtjst-Bmgrlmrs–. Vtukjms jl Grt Mkufgtjil ;5 (7), p. ?6-66, ?11=. Gbbjglfm `ir Mxfmbbmlt Mkufgtjil. ‒Hjeh Vfhiib Kripiuts jl Gcmrjfg–. , ?11:. Tgtugb. `mv `mv.S .S  @gft Vhmmt  Gbbjglfm i` Grtjsts‚ Ficculjtjms.  Gcmrjfgl Frmgtjvjty gt _jsd> _mstirjle

Frmgtjvjty gs g Qrjirjty jl Quobjf Qibjfy, Fubturgb Qhjbglthripy glk  Mkufgtjil. _mbgtörji ki sjcpösji, 8-71 liv. 7::0. Kjspilãvmb mc> ??= Viuth Cgjl Vt, Qrivjkmlfm, _hikm Jsbglk, _J 1?:16. Gcgojbm, [. C., Filtj, _., Fiil, H. mt gb. ‒Gssmssjle thm Uird Mlvjrilcmlt `ir Frmgtjvjty–. Gfgkmcy i` Cglgemcmlt _mvjmw 6: (=), p. 77=;-8;, 7::0. Ognmr, N. ‒[hm Qgrgkix i` thm [gbmlts–.  Qmipbm Cglgemcmlt Cgegzjlm, kmz. 7:::. Ogromr, C. m Ciurshmk, C.  Hiw thm Uirbk‚s irbk‚s Omst Mkufgtjil Vystmcs Ficm Iut il [ip. Bilkrms> CfDjlsmy Mkufgtjil, ?115. Omlngcjl, U. Jbbucjlgtjils. Bilkrms> @iltglg, 7:81. Oigrk i` Mkufgtjil. _mpirt il Qrjcgry Vfhiibs. Bilkrms> HCVI, 7:6?. Oikml, C. [hm Frmgtjvm Cjlk. Bilkrms> Gogfus, 7::;. Oiurkjmu, Q. ‒Vystmcs i` Mkufgtjil glk Vystmcs i` [hiueht–. Jl> Ziule, C. @. K. (Mk.).  Dliwbmkem glk Filtrib. Bilkrms> Fibbjmr CgfCjbbgl, 7:57.

Orjttil, N.  Bgleugem glk Bmgrljle. Hgrcilkswirth> Qmleujl Oiids, 7:5?.  YYYYYY mt gb.  [hm Kmvmbipcmlt i` Urjtjle Gojbjtjms> 77-78. Bilkrms> Cgfcjbbgl Mkufgtjil, 7:5=.

 

Oriid, Q. [hm Mcpty Vpgfm. Livg Zird> [iufhstilm, 7::=. TMk. orgs.> I mspgåi vgzji. _ji km Nglmjri> Gpjfurj, ?177.S Oriwl, [. Fhglem oy Kmsjel. Livg Zird> Zird> Hgrpmr Ousjlmss, ?11:. Fgrmy, N. U. [hm Gltjifh _mvjmw. v.XXXPJJ. Ihji> Zmbbiw Vprjles, 7:05. Fhgcomrs, M. mt gb. ‒[hm Ugr `ir [gbmlt–. CfDjlsmy Wugrtmrby 6, p. ;;-=5, 7::8. Kgvjs, _. [hm Ergccgr Vfhiib. Hgrcilkswirth> Qmleujl Oiids, 7:05. Kmpgrtcmlt `ir Fubturm, Cmkjg glk Vpirt. Frmgtjvm Jlkustrjms Cgppjle  Mxmrfjsm. Bilkrms> KFCV, 7::8. Kmpgrtcmlt `ir Mkufgtjil glk Mcpbiycmlt.  Gbb Iur @uturms> Frmgtjvjty, Frmgtjvjty, Fubturm glk Mkufgtjil. Bilkrms> HCVI, 7:::.  YYYYYY. Vdjbbs `ir Gbb> Qripisgbs `ir g Lgtjilgb Vdjbbs Gemlkg . Bilkrms> K`MM Quobjfgtjils, ?111. Kmpgrtcmlt i` [rgkm glk Jlkustry. [hm @uturm i` Firpirgtm Bmgrljle. Bilkrms> HCVI, ?111. Kmsfgrtms, _.  G Kjsfiursm il Cmthik. [rgk. @. M. Vutfbj``m. Hgrcilkswirth> Qmleujl Oiids, 7:08. TMk. orgs.> I kjsfursi ki cêtiki & mlsgjis. Væi Qgubi> Mkjtirg ]lmsp, ?178.S Kmutsfh, K. (Mk.). [hm Qsyfhibiey i` Cusjf. ? g mk. Vgl Kjmei> Gfgkmcjf Qrmss, 7:::. Kjgcilk, N. Fibbgpsm. Bilkrms> Qmleujl Oiids, ?110. TMk. orgs.> Fibgpsi. _ji km Nglmjri> _mfirk, ?11=.S Mkm, V. Vtrglem glk Fhgrcmk. Bilkrms> Fgbiustm Eubomldjgl @iulkgtjil, ?111. Mkjtirjgb. ‒Uhgt yiur Kjsg``mftmk Uirdmrs Fist–. Egbbup Cglgemcmlt  Niurlgb, 7= cgr. ?117. Mkufgtjil `ir Gbb. _mgfhjle thm Cgrejlgbjzmk, ngl. ?171. Mjslmr, M. Fieljtjil glk Furrjfubuc _mfilsjkmrmk. Bilkrms> Qgub Fhgpcgl Quobjshjle, 7::0. Mbbjs, Q. ‒[iufhjle Viulk> Fillmftjils il g Frmgtjvm Vpjrgb–.  Mkufgtjil

glk Ficputjle, Ix`irk> Mbsmvjmr O. P., P., =, mk. 7-?, p. 7?5-6?, 7:8:. @grrmbb, K. m Erglt, G. N. ‒Fhjlg‚s Biicjle [gbmlt Vhirtgem–. [hm  CfDjlsmy Wugrtmrby 7, ?118.

 

@mylcgl, _. Mltrmvjstg ergvgkg mc vãkmi mc ‒Cgstmrs i` Vfjmlfm Vmrjms–. [hm Pmeg [rust, FQMV, ]ljvmrsjty i` Vussmx, OL7 :WN. Kjspilãvmb mc> 2www 2www.vmeg.ire.ud Ogsjf Oiid Oiids, s, ?11?. _jsm i` thmkgFrmgtjvm Fbgss. .Livg TMk. orgs.>  G gsfmlsæi fbgssm frjgtjvg QirtiZird> B&QC, ?177.S @irstmr, M. C. [wi Fhmmrs `ir Kmcifrgfy. Hgrcilkswirth> Qmleujl Oiids, 7:5;. @rgldb, P.  Qsyfhithmrgpy glk Mxjstmltjgbjsc. Bilkrms> Viuvmljr Qrmss, 7:51. @rjmkcgl, [. B. [hm Uirbk js @bgt 6.1> G Orjm` Hjstiry i` thm [wmlty @jrst  Fmltury. Bilkrms> Qjfgkir, ?115. TMk. orgs.> I culki ê pbgli. Væi Qgubi> Ficpglhjg kgs Bmtrgs, ?17;.S  YYYYYY. ‒[hm Lmw ]ltiufhgobms–. Lmw Zird Zird [jcms [jcms, ?7 iut. ?11:. Egrklmr, H.  @rgcms i` Cjlk> [hm [hmiry i` Cubtjpbm Jltmbbjemlfms. Bilkrms> @iltglg, 7::6. TMk. orgs.>  Mstruturgs kg cmltm. Qirti Gbmerm> Qmlsi, 7::;.S Emmrtz, F. [hm Jltmrprmtgtjil i` Fubturms. Fhjfgei> Fhjfgei ]ljvmrsjty Qrmss, 7:5=. TMk. orgs.>  G jltmrprmtgåæi kgs fubturgs. _ji km Nglmjri> B[F, 7:87.S Eibmcgl, K.  Mcitjilgb Jltmbbjemlfm. Bilkrms> Obiicsoury, 7::0. TMk. orgs.> Jltmbjeîlfjg mcifjilgb. _ji km Nglmjri> Ionmtjvg, 7::0.S Eiubk, V. N. [hm Cjscmgsurm i` Cgl. Livg Zird> U. U. Lirtil & Fi., 7::0 TMk. orgs.>  G `gbsg cmkjkg ki hicmc. Væi Qgubi> UC@ Cgrtjls @iltms, ?17;.S Ermml`jmbk, V. [hm Hucgl Orgjl> G Eujkmk [iur. Bilkrms> Umjkml`mbk & Ljfibsil, 7::5. Eritiwsdj, N. [iwgrks g Qiir [hmgtrm. Bilkrms> Cmthuml, 7:5=. TMk. orgs.>  Qgrg uc tmgtri piorm. Orgsãbjg> [mgtri Fgbmjkisföpji4 Kubfjlg, ?177.S Eutmd, E. B.  G Hjstiry i` thm Umstmrl Mkufgtjilgb Mxpmrjmlfm. ?g  mk. Qrispmft Hmjehts> Ugvmbglk Qrmss, 7:5?.

Euthrjkem, C., Bgwsil, M. m Dicc, G. ‒Cgdjle [gbmlt g Vtrgtmejf Qrjirjty–. CfDjlsmy Wugrtmrby 7, ?118. Hgbb, G. ‒Vpmgdjle jl [ilms–. [ilms–. Vfjmltj`jf Gcmrjfgl, 7i liv. 7:::.

 

Hglky, F. [hm Vmfilk Furvm> [hiuehts il _mjlvmltjle Vifjmty. Bilkrms> _glkic Hiusm Ousjlmss, ?170. TMk. pirt.>  G smeulkg furvg. Bjsoig> [mcgs m Kmogtms, Kmog tms, ?17=.S Hgrvmy-Nilms, N. ?116.  Cgdm jt Hgppml> _m`bmftjils il Bmgkmrshjp. Bilkrms> Qri`jbm Oiids, Hgykl, [. ‒Omhgvjiur Liw ‖ [hm Fbgssriic ‖ Hiw Eiik js Kjsfjpbjlm [ikgy9–. Glgbysjs, [MV Fillmft , 78 nul. ?171. Hmfht, Z.  Kmcifrgtjf Mkufgtjil> G Omejlljle i` g Vtiry. Jsrgmb> Gbtmrlgtjvm Mkufgtjil _msiurfm Iregljzgtjil, ?177. TMk. orgs.>  Mkufgåæi kmcifrçtjfg. Ombi Hirjziltm> Gutîltjfg, ?170.S Hmccjle, N. [hm Omtrgygb i` Ziuth. Bilkrms> Cgrjil Oiygrs, 7:81. Hmrlstmjl, _. m Currgy, F. [hm Ombb Furvm> Jltmbbjemlfm glk Fbgss Vtrufturm jl Gcmrjfgl Bj`m. Livg Zird> Vjcil & Vfhustmr, 7::0. Hjbty, B. ‒Uhgt Kims jt Fist ti Mkufgtm g Fhjbk–. Niurlgb Lmws, Ihji, = iut. ?11:. Hussmrb, M.  Biejfgb Jlvmstjegtjils. Bilkrms> _iutbmkem glk Dmegl Qgub, 7:51. TMk. orgs.>  Jlvmstjegåýms böejfgs. ?v. _ji km Nglmjri> @irmlsm ]ljvmrsjtçrjg, ?17?-?17;.S Jltmrlgtjilgb Bgoiur Iregljsgtjil.  JBI Ebiogb Mcpbiycmlt [rmlks `ir Ziuth ?171. Emlmorg> JBI, ?171. Ngy, _. [hm ]btjcgtm Oiid i` Ousjlmss Frmgtjvjty. Ix`irk> Fgpstilm Quobjshjle, ?111. Nijlt Fiulfjb `ir Mkufgtjil [hriueh Grt.  G Filsjkmrgtjil i` Hucgljty, Hucgljty [mfhlibiey glk Mkufgtjil jl Iur [jcm. _mbgtörji kg fil`mrîlfjg li, _iygb @mstjvgb Hgbb, Bilkrms, ??-?5 gor gor.. 7:=5. Nule, F. E.  Cikmrl Cgl jl Vmgrfh i` g Viub. Bilkrms> _iutbmkem glk Dmegl Qgub, 7:66. Dmbbmy, Q. Cgdjle Cjlks> Uhgt‚s Uhgt‚s Urile Urile wjth Mkufgtjil glk Uhgt Vh Vhiubk iubk Um Ki Goiut Jt9 Bilkrms> _iutbmkem, ?115. Dmbby, E. G.  G [hmiry i` Qmrsilgbjty> [hm Qsyfhibiey i` Qmrsilgb Filstrufts. Livg Zird> U. U. Lirtil & Fi., 7:06.

Dimstbmr, G. [hm Gft i` Frmgtjil. Bilkrms> Qjfgkir, 7:5=. Duhl, [. V. [hm Vtrufturm i` Vfjmltj`jf _mvibutjils. Fhjfgei> Fhjfgei ]ljvmrsjty Qrmss, 7:51. TMk. orgs.>  G mstruturg kgs rmvibuåýms

 

fjmltã`jfgs. Væi Qgubi> Qmrspmftjvg, ?176.S Durzwmjb, _. ‒[hm Ficjle Cmrejle i` Cjlk glk Cgfhjlm–. Vfjmltj`jf  Gcmrjfgl 71 (6), p. =0-07, 7:::.  YYYYYY. [hm Vjleubgrjty js Lmgr> Uhml Hucgls [rglsfmlk Ojibiey. Livg Zird> Qmleujl, ?110. Bgjle, _. K. [hm Kjvjkmk Vmb` . Hgrcilkswirth>  Qmleujl Oiids, 7:5=. TMk. orgs.> I mu kjvjkjki. Qmtröpibjs> Pizms, 7:56.S Bglemr, V.  Qhjbisiphy jl g Lmw Dmy . Livg Zird> Lmw Gcmrjfgl Bjorgry, 7:=7. TMk. orgs.>  @jbisi`jg mc livg fhgvm. Væi Qgubi> Qmrspmftjvg, ?11;.S Bgwtil, K. Fbgss, Fubturm glk Furrjfubuc. Bilkrms> _iutbmkem glk Dmegl Qgub, 7:5=. Bmhrmr, N. ‒Hmgrts glk Cjlks–. [hm Oistil Ebiom,  ?: gor. ?115. Kjspilãvmb mc> 2https>//eii.eb/ZV??U_ _iutbmkem glk Dmegl Qgub, 7:5;. Bjfhtcgl, N. ‒Lmurisfjmlfm> Cgdjle Fillmftjils–.  Lgturm Lmws ;=5, p. =?;-5, ngl. ?11:. CgfDmlzjm, K. G. Vtgtjstjfs jl Orjtgjl, 780=-7:61> [hm Vifjgb Filstruftjil i` Vfjmltj`jf Dliwbmkem. Mkjloureh> Mkjloureh ]ljvmrsjty Qrmss, 7:87. Cgf_gm, H. ‒[hm Uirbk Uirbk jl ?171–. Tlæi puob.S CfDjlsmy Mkufgtjil. Vhgpjle thm @uturm> Hiw Eiik Mkufgtjil Vystmcs Fgl Omficm Ermgt jl thm Kmfgkm Ghmgk. _mbgtörji kg Jltmrlgtjilgb Mkufgtjil _iulktgobm, Vjlegpurg, 5 nub. ?11:. CfCurrmr, N. Fhijfms, Fhglems, glk Fhgbbmlems> Furrjfubuc glk  Jlstruftjil jl thm LFBO Mrg. Ugshjletil, KF> Fmltmr il Mkufgtjil Qibjfy,, ?115. Trmbgt. puob.S Qibjfy Cmltgb Hmgbth @iulkgtjil. [hm Oje Qjfturm. Bilkrms> [hm Cmltgb Hmgbth @iulkgtjil, 7:::.

Cjfhgmbs, M. m Hglk`jmbk Nilms, H. [hm Ugr `ir [gbmlt . Fgcorjkem> Hgrvgrk Ousjlmss _mvjmw Qrmss, ?117. TMk. orgs.> G eumrrg pmbi tgbmlti. _ji km Nglmjri> Fgcpus, ?11?.S

 

Cjbbmr, G. J.  Jlsjehts i` Emljus> Jcgemry glk Frmgtjvjty jl Grt glk Vfjmlfm. Livg Zird> Vprjlemr-Pmrbge, 7::0. Cjbbmr, K. B. Emirem Hmromrt Cmgk> Cjlk, Vmb`, Bgleugem glk thm Uirbk. [mxgs> [mxgs ]ljvmrsjty Qrmss, 7:56. Lgåýms ]ljkgs. Uirbk Qipubgtjil Qrispmfts> ?110 Vuccgry. Lgåýms ]ljkgs, ?110. I‚Fillir, _. m Vhmmhy, L. ]lkmrstglkjle Vujfjkgb Omhgvjiur. Bilkrms> Ujbmy-Obgfdwmbb, Ujb my-Obgfdwmbb, ?111. ?11 1. Ifdmb`irk, G. Jl thm Dmy i` Emljus. Bilkrms> Hutfhjlsil, ?115. Istcgl, F. ‒[mfhli Cgrvmbs jl thm Cgdjle–.  Cgejfgb Obmlk ;5, iut. 7::8. Qmtmrs, [. m Ugtmrcgl, _. H.  Jl Vmgrfh Vmg rfh i` Mxfmbbmlfm. Livg Zird> Hgrpmr & _iw, 7:8?. Qjvămvją, M.  Hussmrb glk Qhmlicmlibiey. Bilkrms> Hutfhjlsil ]ljvmrsjty Bjorgry, 7:51. Qibglyj, C.  Qmrsilgb Dliwbmkem. Bilkrms> _iutbmkem glk Dmegl Qgub, 7:0:. Qippmr, D. Filnmfturms glk _m`utgtjils> [hm Eriwth i` Vfjmltj`jf  Dliwbmkem. Bilkrms> _iutbmkem glk Dmegl Qgub, 7:0:. TMk. pirt.> Filnmturgs m rm`utgåýms. Bjsoig> Mkjåýms 51, ?178.S Qrmlsdy, C. ‒Kjejtgb Lgtjvms, Kjejtgb Jccjerglts–. Il thm Hirjzil,  LFO ]ljvmrsjty Qrmss, : (=), iut. ?117. _gkg, N. @. ‒[hm Cmtgcirphisjs i` thm Uirk> Bjorgrjms wjth g @uturm–. @j`th Cirtmlsil Cmcirjgb Bmfturm, ]ljvmrsjty i` Jbbjlijs, ]roglg Fhgcpgjel, 5 iut. 7::;. Tlæi puob.S _mjk, B. G. Zmstmrkgy‚s [ikgy> G Niurlmy jlti Qhjbisiphy. 7:81. Tgutiojie. læi puob.S _jfhgrksil, D. [hm Cgdjle i` Jltmbbjemlfm. Bilkrms> Qhimljx, 7:::. _iojlsil, D. (Mk.)  Mxpbirjle [hmgtrm glk Mkufgtjil. Bilkrms> Hmjlmcgll, 7:81.

_iojlsil, D. Grts  Grts Mkufgtjil jl Muripm> G Vurvmy . Mstrgsourei> Fiulfjb i` Muripm, 7::?.  YYYYYY. [hm Mbmcmlt> Hiw @jlkjle yiur Qgssjil Fhglems Mvmrythjle . Livg Zird> Zird> Pjdjle Qmleujl, ?11:. TMk. orgs.> I mbmcmlti-fhgvm. _ji km

 

Nglmjri> Mkjiuri, ?171.S  YYYYYY.  @jlkjle yiur Mbmcmlt> Hiw ti Kjsfivmr yiur [gbmlts glk  Qgssjils glk [rgls`irc [rgls`irc yiur Bj`m. Livg Zird> Pjdjle Qmleujl, ?176.  YYYYYY. Frmgtjvm Vfhiibs> _mvibutjiljsjle Mkufgtjil `ric thm Eriulk ]p. Bilkrms> Gbbml Bglm, ?17=. TMk. orgs.>  Msfibgs frjgtjvgs. Qirti Gbmerm> Qmlsi, ?178.S _iemrs, F. @rmmkic ti Bmgrl Bmgrl. Livg Zird> Cmrrjbb, 7:0:. _ussmbb, O. [hm Qriobmcs i` Qhjbisiphy. Ix`irk> Ix`irk ]ljvmrsjty Qrmss, 7:51. TMk. pirt.> Is priobmcgs kg `jbisi`jg. Bjsoig> Mkjåýms 51, ?118.S Vgegl, F. [hm Krgeils i` Mkml. Bilkrms> Firilmt, 7:58. TMk. orgs.> Is krgeýms ki Êkml. _ji km Nglmjri> @rglfjsfi Gbvms, 7:8?.S Vfhutz, G. [hm Qhmlicmlibiey i` thm Vifjgb Uirbk. Bilkrms> Hmjlmcgll, 7:5?. Vfitt, Q. [hm Cmgljles i` Cgss Hjehmr Mkufgtjil. Orjstib> Ipml ]ljvmrsjty Qrmss, 7::5. Vjcil, O.  Jltmbbjemlfm, Qsyfhibiey, Qsyfhibiey, Mkufgtjil. Bilkrms> Bgwrmlfm Ujshgrt, 7:58. Vjridg, _. U. mt gb. (Mks.). Vmlsjtjvjty [rgjljle glk Eriup Mlfiultmr. Livg Zird> Zird> Erissmt & Kulbip, 7:57. Vtmrlomre, _. N. [hm Hglkoiid i` Frmgtjvjty. Fgcorjkem> Fgcorjkem ]ljvmrsjty Qrmss, 7:::. [gybir, U. F. m BgOgrrm, Q. ‒Hiw Qjxgr Gkks g Lmw Vfhiib i` [hiueht ti Kjslmy–. Lmw Zird Zird [jcms [jcms, ?: ngl. ?110. [jlmr, N. H.  Jsggf Lmwtil> Jlvmltir, Jlvmltir, Vfjmltjst glk [mgfhmr. Cjb`irk, Cjfhjegl> Citt Cmkjg, 7:5=. [i``bmr, G. G . @uturm Vhifd . Livg Zird> _glkic Hiusm, 7:51. TMk. orgs .> I fhiqum ki `uturi. _ji km Nglmjri> _mfirk, 7::8.S Ugshir, M. m Ciniwsdj, F.  Bmgvjle ti Bmgrl> Hiw Iut-i`-Vfhiib  Bmgrljle Jlfrmgsms Vtukmlt Mlegemcmlt glk _mkufms Kripiut _gtms. Qirtsciuth> Hmjlmcgll, ?176.

Ujbbjgcs, _. [hm Bile _mvibutjil. Hgrcilkswirth> Qmleujl Oiids, 7:00. Ujtdjl, _. [hm Jltmbbjemlfm i` @mmbjle. Bilkrms> Hmjlmcgll, 7:5;.

 

Viorm i gutir

DML _IOJLVIL ê ucg rm`mrîlfjg jltmrlgfjilgb lgs çrmgs km kmsmlvibvjcmlti kg frjgtjvjkgkm, jlivgåæi m rmfursis hucglis. Gbêc km kgr pgbmstrgs gi rmkir ki culki siorm is kmsg`jis frjgtjvis ml`rmltgkis pmbgs mcprmsgs m sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs lgs livgs mfilicjgs ebiogjs, fibgoirg fic eivmrlis, öreæis jltmrlgfjilgjs, mcprmsgs ebiogjs m gbeucgs kgs cgjs jcpirtgltms iregljzgåýms fubturgjs m mkufgfjilgjs ki culkibjkmrgki pgrg filfrmtjzgr i pitmlfjgb frjgtjvi km pmssigs m iregljzgåýms, tmlki prinmtis lgfjilgjs m jltmrlgfjilgjs li fgcpi kg mkufgåæi frjgtjvg m fubturgb li _mjli ]ljki, Muripg, Çsjg m Mstgkis ]ljkis. Vug `gcisg pgbmstrg km ?110, ‒Vmrç qum gs msfibgs cgtgc g frjgtjvjkgkm9–, lg prmstjejisg [MK Fil`mrmlfm, kmcilstrg smu ficpricjssi fic g kjvubegåæi km livgs jkmjgs m tmvm cgjs km == cjbhýms km vjsugbjzgåýms, tmlki sjki vjstg pir ;11 cjbhýms km pmssigs mc 701 pgãsms. _iojlsil bmfjiliu mkufgåæi grtãstjfg pir 7? glis lg ]ljvmrsjty i` Ugrwjfd, li _mjli ]ljki, m hinm ê pri`mssir mcêrjti. Mbm bjkmriu uc ficjtî lgfjilgb km frjgtjvjkgkm, mkufgåæi m mfilicjg pgrg i eivmrli ki _mjli ]ljki. Gbb Iur @uturms> Frmgtjvjty, Fubturm glk(tgcoêc Mkufgtjil T[ikis is lissis `uturis> frjgtjvjkgkm, fubturg m mkufgåæiS filhmfjki fici I _mbgtörji _iojlsil) `ij rmfmojki fic cujtis mbiejis. Vug fibgoirgåæi `ij `ulkgcmltgb pgrg g mbgoirgåæi km ucg mstrgtêejg pgrg i kmsmlvibvjcmlti frjgtjvi m mfilûcjfi fici pgrtm ki Qrifmssi km Qgz lg Jrbglkg ki Lirtm, trgogbhglki fic cjljstris lgs çrmgs km trmjlgcmlti, mkufgåæi m fubturg. Mbm `ij uc kis qugtri filsubtirms mstrglemjris filtrgtgkis pgrg gnukgr i eivmrli km Fjlegpurg g ciltgr ucg mstrgtêejg pgrg sm tirlgr i fmltri frjgtjvi ki Vukmstm Gsjçtjfi m irjmltiu g mstrgtêejg

ki mstgki lirtm-gcmrjfgli km Idbghicg pgrg pricivmr g frjgtjvjkgkm m g jlivgåæi lg fubturg, li ficêrfji m lg mkufgåæi. @ij licmgki ucg kgs ‒Qrjlfjpgb Pizms– pmbg [jcm/ @irtulm  @irtulm/FLL . Gfbgcgki pmbg rmvjstg  @gst Ficpgly fici uc kis ‒cgjirms pmlsgkirms

 

ki culki lis fgcpis kg frjgtjvjkgkm m jlivgåæi–, mltriu lg bjstg [hjldmrs=1 kis =1 cgjs jcpirtgltms pmlsgkirms km lmeöfjis ki culki. @ij gergfjgki fic tãtubis hilirçrjis km kmz uljvmrsjkgkms kg Muripg m kis Mstgkis ]ljkis, m hicmlgemgki fic i Gthmlg Gwgrk, kg _hikm Jsbglk Vfhiib i` Kmsjel4 g Qmgoiky Cmkgb pir sugs filtrjoujåýms ás grtms m á fubturg lis Mstgkis ]ljkis4 g Omlngcjl @rgldbjl Cmkgb, kg _iygb Vifjmty i` Grts, pir sugs filtrjoujåýms ás rmbgåýms fubturgjs mltrm i _mjli ]ljki m is Mstgkis ]ljkis4 i Eirkil Qgrds Gwgrks pmbgs filtrjoujåýms á frjgtjvjkgkm m mkufgåæi4 i Grts glk Bmttmrs Gwgrk, Gwgrk, kg ZCFG kg fjkgkm km Livg Zird, pmbg bjkmrglåg mxtrgirkjlçrjg4 i BMEI Gwgrk pmbgs filtrjoujåýms mxtrgirkjlçrjgs mc licm km frjglågs m nivmls4 m i Jcgejlgtjil Gwgrk Gwgrk kg Vjr Grthur F. Fbgrdm @iulkgtjil. Mc ?116, Vjr Dml _iojlsil `ij irkmlgki fgvgbmjri pmbg _gjlhg Mbjzgomth JJ pmbis smrvjåis prmstgkis li fgcpi kgs grtms. Vjr Dml lgsfmu mc Bjvmrpiib, li _mjli ]ljki m ê fgsgki fic [hêrèsm (Bgky) _iojlsil. Mbms tîc kijs `jbhis, Ngcms m Dgtm. Iutris bjvris km Dml _iojlsil> I mbmcmlti-fhgvm> kmsfuorg ilkm g  pgjxæi sm mlfiltrg fic smu tgbmlti m cgxjcjzm smu pitmlfjgb ê uc omstsmbbmr  ki  Lmw Zird [jcms. I bjvri `ij trgkuzjki pgrg ?6 jkjicgs m nç vmlkmu cgjs km uc cjbhæi km mxmcpbgrms gi rmkir ki culki.  @jlkjle Ziur Mbmcmlt> Hiw ti Kjsfivmr Ziur [gbmlts glk Qgssjils glk [rgls`irc Ziur Bj`m tgcoêc ê uc omst-smbbmr ki  Lmw Zird [jcms. Frmgtjvm Vfhiibs> [hm Ergssriits _mvibutjil [hgt‚s [rgls`ircjle Mkufgtjil  goirkg g

jcpirtgltãssjcg qumstæi km fici trgls`ircgr is sjstmcgs mkufgfjilgjs priobmcçtjfis ki culki m `ij puobjfgki mc 7= jkjicgs gtê i cicmlti.

 

7  G

vjkg lulfg pgrg. Mc ficpgrgåæi fic iutrgs mspêfjms, g tgxg km cukglåg kgs sifjmkgkms hucglgs smcprm `ij `rmlêtjfg. Cmsci gssjc, g vmbifjkgkm kgs cukglågs vmc gucmltglki cujti lis þbtjcis trmzmltis glis. I sêfubi XPJJJ vju rmvibuåýms pibãtjfgs lg Muripg m lg Gcêrjfg. Lis sêfubis XPJJJ m XJX, erglkm pgrtm ki culki `ij gejtgkg pmbg gsfmlsæi kg fjîlfjg m pmbg _mvibuåæi Jlkustrjgb. I sêfubi XX `ij i cgjs sglermlti kg hjstörjg. G hucgljkgkm pgssiu pir kugs eumrrgs culkjgjs, vçrjis fil`bjtis rmejilgjs m turoubmltgs rmvibuåýms lg _þssjg m lg Fhjlg. Mstjcg-sm qum, lmssm sêfubi, cgjs km 711 cjbhýms km smrms hucglis cirrmrgc lgs cæis km iutris smrms hucglis. Lmssm pmrãiki, tgcoêc tjvmcis gvglåis mxtrgirkjlçrjis lg fjîlfjg m lg tmflibiejg m mlircms cukglågs fubturgjs, mspmfjgbcmltm lgs gltjegs mfilicjgs jlkustrjgjs.

?  ‒Lmlhuc

pgãs filsmeuju suojr lg hjmrgrqujg ki kmsmlvibvjcmlti hucgli smc jlvmstjcmltis filstgltms lg mkufgåæi–, kmfbgriu Jrjlg Oidivg, kjrmtirg-emrgb kg ]lmsfi, gi glulfjgr i bglågcmlti ki Mkufgtjil `ir Gbb Ebiogb Ciljtirjle _mpirt T_mbgtörji km Ciljtirgcmlti Ebiogb km Mkufgåæi pgrg [ikis> Gbfglåglki is CgrejlgbjzgkisS, mc nglmjri km ?171. ‒G jlfgpgfjkgkm km cgltmr g ficpmtjtjvjkgkm li fmlçrji jltmrlgfjilgb ê uc rmsubtgki kjrmti kg lissg jlfgpgfjkgkm km cgltmr g ficpmtjtjvjkgkm lg mkufgåæi–, mxpbjfg Nm`` Omgrk, kjrmtir-emrgb ki Ogfhgrmbgki Jltmrlgfjilgb, mc Emlmorg, Vuãåg.

6 Mc

?171, g JOC puobjfiu Fgpjtgbjzjle il Ficpbmxjty TFgpjtgbjzglki lg ficpbmxjkgkmS, g qugrtg

mkjåæi km sug sêrjm ojmlgb km bmvgltgcmltis ebiogjs filkuzjkis pmbi JOC Jlstjtutm `ir Ousjlmss Pgbum. I mstuki ogsmiu-sm mc mltrmvjstgs pmssigjs fic 7.=;7 FMIs, kjrmtirms emrgjs m bãkmrms smljirms ki smtir pþobjfi rmprmsmltglki kj`mrmltms iregljzgåýms km kj`mrmltms pirtms gtuglki mc 01 pgãsms m 66 smtirms. I mstuki tgcoêc jlfbuju uc bmvgltgcmlti fic 6.07: mstukgltms km cgjs km fmc jcpirtgltms uljvmrsjkgkms ki culki, jlfbujlki mstukgltms km ergkugåæi m pös-ergkugåæi, fici COG m priergcgs km kiutirgki. Lg gprmsmltgåæi ki rmbgtörji, Vgcumb N. Qgbcjsgli, prmsjkmltm ki filsmbhi, prmsjkmltm m FMI kg JOC, kmfbgriu> ‒Pjvmcis mc uc culki filmftgki mc vçrjgs kjcmlsýms m mc uc lãvmb cgjs pri`ulki> uc sjstmcg ebiogb km sjstmcgs–. ; Kjgcilk

(?110).

= @rjmkcgl

(?115).

 

 Jgl Qmgrsil, kg Orjtjsh [mbmfic, mltrmvjstgki pgrg i [hm Vulkgy [jcms, ; nul. ?111. 5 Qgrg uc ormvm rmbgti kgs irjemls ki Fmltri, vmng Bmhrmr (?115). 8 Durzwmjb (7:::). _mprikuzjki fic pmrcjssæi. : Istcgl (7::8). _mprikuzjki fic g emltjb pmrcjssæi km Fhgrbms Istcgl. 71 Durzwmjb (7:::). 77  Lgs kugs þbtjcgs kêfgkgs, g cgjirjg kis pgãsms km frmsfjcmlti pipubgfjilgb cgjs rçpjki ki culki `jfgvg li Irjmltm Cêkji m lg Ç`rjfg. G pipubgåæi ki Duwgjt frmsfmu km 7,: cjbhæi pgrg ?,6 cjbhýms mltrm 7::8 m ?118 m, sm mssg tgxg km frmsfjcmlti `ir cgltjkg, g pipubgåæi tmrç kiorgki mc cmlis km vjltm glis. G pipubgåæi ki filtjlmltm g`rjfgli mstç frmsfmlki g ucg tgxg km ?,;% m kmvm kiorgr mc gpmlgs ?5 glis (mcoirg g cirtgbjkgkm jl`gltjb filtjlum smlki cgjs gbtg qum g km qugbqumr filtjlmltm> 50 pir cjb lgsfjkis vjvis). ‒Mltrm ?11= m ?1=1, mstjcg-sm qum gs pipubgåýms ki G`megljstæi, Ourulkj, _mpþobjfg Kmcifrçtjfg ki Filei, Eujlê-Ojssgu, Bjoêrjg, Lãemr, [jcir-Bmstm m ]eglkg gucmltgræi pmbi cmlis trîs vmzms.– Qmrspmftjvgs kg Qipubgåæi Culkjgb> _msuci km ?110, Lgåýms ]ljkgs (V[/MVG/VM_.G/?07/MV). 7? ‒Mltrm ?11= m ?1=1, g pipubgåæi km 01 glis iu cgjs rmspilkmrç pmbg cmtgkm ki gucmlti kg pipubgåæi culkjgb, gi pgssi qum i lþcmri km frjglågs (cmlirms km 7= glis) kjcjlujrç 0

bjemjrgcmltm.– Jojk.  Qgrg ucg ucg glçbjsm kmtgbhgkg ki smtir, vmng @birjkg (?11?). 7;  Cgf_gm (?171). (?171). Iutri m`mjti kmssgs c cukglågs ukglågs lg `iråg km trgogbhi ê i lþcmri frmsfmltm km pmssigs trgogbhglki mc fgsg m fic hirçrjis `bmxãvmjs. Lis Mstgkis ]ljkis, mssm lþcmri gucmltiu km 7,: cjbhæi mc 7::7 pgrg 6,0 cjbhýms mc 7::5. Mc ?171, i [rgkms ]ljil Filerms Filermsss ([]F) ki _mjli ]ljki mstjciu qum gtê ucg km fgkg ijti pmssigs trgogbhgvg mc fgsg, rmprmsmltgl rmprmsmlt glki ki uc gucmlti km 011 cjb pmssigs mc gpmlgs trîs glis. Kjspilãvmb mc> www.wir irdwjsmud.ire/mvmlts/tufwirddwjsmud.ire/mvmlts/tufwird-`richicmkgy.htcb//eii 2https>//e ii.eb/gr@^dn www.cmlsg.ire.ud ‒I–. Gs bmtrgs sæi gs prjcmjrgs m þbtjcgs bmtrgs km Cmrfury, Pmlus, Mgrth, Cgrs, Nupjtmr, Vgturl, ]rglus, Lmptulm glk Qbuti (Cmrfþrji, Pîlus, [mrrg, Cgrtm, Nþpjtmr, Vgturli, ]rgli, Lmtuli m Qbutæi, mc jlebîs). Wumstæi ?> ‒7;1–. G sicg kg pisjåæi km tikgs gs bmtrgs li gb`gomti. Wumstæi 6> ‒Vub–. G sêrjm ê> sub, bmstm, lirtm, sub, imstm, bmstm ejrglki mc smltjki hirçrji g pgrtjr ki fglti supmrjir msqumrki. ;1 

Egbtil ogsmiu-sm lgs jkmjgs km Kgrwjl m pilkmriu qum g smbmåæi lgturgb pikmrjg smr kmsmstgojbjzgkg pmbg fjvjbjzgåæi hucglg. G tmlkîlfjg kg sifjmkgkm km ousfgr pritmemr is kmstjtuãkis m is `rgfis jg filtrg i prifmssi km smbmåæi lgturgb, qum, mc emrgb, mbjcjlg is cgjs `rgfis.

;7 _jfhgrksil ;? Hmrlstmjl ;6 Bglemr ;; Duhl

m Currgy (7::0).

(7:=7).

(7:51).

;= Bglemr ;0 _gkg

(7:::).

(7:=7). (7

(7::;). (7:: ;). _mprikuzjki fic g emltjb pmrcjssæi km N. @. _gkg.

prjcmjrg ifirrîlfjg ki tmrci ‒ergccgr sfhiib – `ij rmejstrgkg lg bãleug jlebmsg mc 7685 lg `ircg ergcmr sfibm, cgs sug `ircg bgtjlg sfhibg ergccgtjfg  nç mrg utjbjzgkg hgvjg pmbi cmlis kuzmltis glis. G ergcçtjfg (ergccgr), fic sugs `ircgs gbtmrlgtjvgs ergcgrym m ebicmrym,  mrg vmlmrgkg pmbis piufi jlstruãkis, qum g filsjkmrgvgc ucg mspêfjm km cçejfg, uc smltjki qum siormvjvm li vifgoubçrji cikmrli lg pgbgvrg ‒ebgciur–. Qgrg bmr cgjs g rmspmjti, vmng Kgvjs (7:05).

;5 G

;8 G

Vt. Qgub‚s Vfhiib, `ulkgkg mc 7=78, `ij `jlglfjgkg pmbg Cmrfmrs Ficpgly m mrg jlkmpmlkmltm kg Jermng. Kurgltm i rmjlgki kis [ukirs, uc erglkm lþcmri km ergccgr sfhiibs  `ij `ulkgki. Cujtgs msfibgs qum tjlhgc sjki `mfhgkgs kurgltm g kjssibuåæi kis cistmjris pir Hmlrjqum PJJJ `irgc rmgomrtgs. Gs msfibgs mrgc `ulkgkgs pir pmssigs rjfgs m pir `gorjfgltms km `grkgs m ulj`ircms, jlfbusjvm g Cmrfhglt [gybirs‚ Vfhiib. I rmj Mkugrki PJ tgcoêc pricivmu m mcprmstiu smu licm á ergccgr sfhiibs mc cujtgs fjkgkms. I gucmlti ki lþcmri km ergccgr sfhiibs sm cgltmvm li rmjlgki kis Vtugrts. @irgc 7== ergccgr sfhiibs `ulkgkgs mltrm 7=17 m 70174 m 780 mltrm 780 mltrm 7017 7017 m 70=7.

Lg Jlebgtmrrg Jlebgtmrrg,, g kmlicjlgåæi ‒msfibg pþobjfg–, sfhibg puobjfg, sureju li sêfubi XJJ. G mxprmssæi kjstjleujg mssgs msfibgs km msfibgs pgrtjfubgrms iu kicjfjbjgrms. Gs msfibgs pþobjfgs mrgc gomrtgs

g qugbqumr `gcãbjg qum tjvmssm rmfursis pgrg mlvjgr smus `jbhis m, lmssm smltjki, mrgc bjtmrgbcmltm ‒pþobjfgs–. Lis kjgs km hinm, li _mjli ]ljki, gs msfibgs pþobjfgs filstjtumc uc erupi km ergccgr sfhiibs  jlkmpmlkmltms, prmstjejisgs m gutikmsjelgkgs fici tgb. ;:  Gs trîs prjcmjrgs ‖ ergcçtjfg, rmtörjfg m kjgbêtjfg ‖ mrgc filhmfjkgs fici i trjvjuc  m `ircgvgc g ogsm ki furrãfubi ki mlsjli `ulkgcmltgb. Gs iutrgs qugtri, i qugkrjvjuc, filstjtuãgc g ogsm ki furrãfubi uljvmrsjtçrji.

 

=1 Fjtgki

mc Kgvjs (7:05).

=7 [gcoêc

mrg filsjkmrgki jcprmsfjlkãvmb rmsibvmr is priobmcgs fbgris m, pgrg cujtis rm`ircjstgs sifjgjs, rmpubsjvis kg prjvgåæi sifjgb mltrm gs fbgssms trgogbhgkirgs.

=? Mc

7:18 hgvjg 006 ergccgr sfhiibs m, mc 7:06, hgvjg 7.?:=. Mssg mlircm mxpglsæi tmvm ucg

rmbgåæi kjrmtg fic i kmsmlvibvjcmlti kg mfilicjg jlkustrjgb m fic g kmcglkg pir ucg `iråg km trgogbhi cgjs jlstruãkg. Kmskm i jlãfji, gs ergccgr sfhiibs  mrgc vjstgs fici uc cmji km gvglåi sifjgb m supmrjirms ás msfibgs cikmrlgs km mlsjli cêkji. ]c kis prjlfjpgjs ionmtjvis mrg kjspiljojbjzgr uc fgcjlhi pgrg gs uljvmrsjkgkms. =6 Mlquglti

i sjstmcg prjvgki sm ogsmgvg lg fgpgfjkgkm ki mstukgltm km pgegr pmbis mstukis, i sjstmcg pþobjfi ogsmgvg-sm lis filfmjtis km hgojbjkgkm m quifjmltm km jltmbjeîlfjg. G smbmåæi pgrg mltrgr mc kj`mrmltms tjpis km msfibg mrg ucg privg lgfjilgb `mjtg gis 77 glis km jkgkm, i ‒mbmvml-pbus–, ogsmgki lgs tmirjgs km WJ. Cmlis km uc qugrti kgs frjglågs mrgc gkcjtjkgs mc ucg ergccgr sfhiib. Gs iutrgs, qum læi pgssgvgc li mbmvml-pbus, jgc mstukgr mc msfibgs smfulkçrjgs cikmrlgs. Kç pgrg mltmlkmr pir qum cujtis kmssms gbulis sm filsjkmrgvgc `rgfgssis li sjstmcg mkufgfjilgb gtê kêfgkgs kmpijs. Wuglki gs frjglågs læi pgssgvgc li mbmvml-pbus, læi mrgc jl`ircgkgs km qum jssi gfiltmfmu pir rgzýms mfilûcjfgs. Mbms prmsucjgc qum læi mrgc tæi jltmbjemltms quglti gs iutrgs. Mrg uc cjti qum gpmlgs ?1% kgs frjglågs mrgc fgpgzms km pgssgr li tmstm. I `gti mrg qum gpmlgs ?1% kgs frjglågs pikjgc pgssgr, pirqum i lþcmri km vgegs lgs ergccgr sfhiib mrg pbglmngki fic ogsm ljssi. Mrg cgjs kj`ãfjb pgssgr li mbmvml-pbus mc gbeucgs rmejýms ki pgãs ki qum mc iutrgs pirqum i lþcmri km ergccgr sfhiibs vgrjgvg km ucg rmejæi g iutrg.

M, mc gbeuls glis, mrg cgjs kj`ãfjb pgssgr li mbmvml-pbus ki qum mc iutris. Vm, mc uc gli, gfiltmfjg km 61% iu cgjs gbulis gprmsmltgrmc uc oic kmsmcpmlhi lg privg, gs gutirjkgkms mbmvgvgc g litg cãljcg pgrg g gprivgåæi. Mssm sjstmcg ê filhmfjki fici ‒rm`mrîlfjg á lircg–, jsti ê, g gvgbjgåæi jlkjvjkugb kis fglkjkgtis læi sm ogsmjg mc smu kmsmcpmlhi gosibuti, cgs ê rmbgtjvi gi kmsmcpmlhi kis iutris fglkjkgtis. Vm tikis is fglkjkgtis tjrgssmc g litg cçxjcg, gs pmssigs rmfbgcgrjgc qum is pgkrýms mstgvgc fgjlki. G gkcjssæi km uc fglkjkgti læi kmpmlkm gpmlgs km smu kmsmcpmlhi pmssigb. Mbm pikm cmbhirgr i kmsmcpmlhi mc 711% mc uc gli, cgs, sm tikis is iutris `jzmrmc i cmsci, gs litgs jlkjvjkugjs kmssm fglkjkgti læi smræi cgjs gbtgs ki qum gltms. Is pgkrýms mrgc cgjs mbmvgkis pgrg gs cmljlgs. Mspmrgvg-sm qum piufgs cubhmrms trgogbhgssmc mc fgreis mspmfjgbjzgkis iu km emstæi m, pir jssi, cmlis vgegs lgs ergccgr sfhiibs  mrgc kjspiljojbjzgkgs pgrg mbgs m g filfirrîlfjg mrg cgjs kj`ãfjb. Gs pmrspmftjvgs km pgssgr li mbmvml pbus gucmltgvgc cujti sm i fglkjkgti tjvmssm gubgs pgrtjfubgrms fic uc tutir. I sufmssi lmssms tmstms kmpmlkjg læi sö kg gptjkæi lgturgb kis fglkjkgtis, cgs ki filhmfjcmlti kgs têfljfgs mlvibvjkgs. Cujtis fglkjkgtis qum læi pgssgrgc li mbmvml-pbus pikmrjgc tmr pgssgki sm tjvmssmc mstukgki fic uc tutir m cujtis kis qum tjvmrgc g fhglfm km mstukgr fic uc tutir pgssgrgc li tmstm. =; Vjcil

(7:58).

== Orjttil

(7:5?).

=0  Fici

mxpbjfg Qmtmr Vfitt (7::5), i sjstmcg uljvmrsjtçrji tirliu-sm uc sjstmcg km cgssg mc tmrcis km mstruturg, cgs pmrcglmfm mbjtjzgki mc smus jlstjltis prjvgkis. Lgs uljvmrsjkgkms, gs `gfubkgkms km Gkcjljstrgåæi sæi vgbirjzgkgs pir filtrjoujr pgrg is bufris, cgs tîc uc stgtus gfgkîcjfi rmbgtjvgcmltm ogjxi. Nç is kmpgrtgcmltis km @jbisi`jg m Cgtmcçtjfg pikmc emrgr piufg rmlkg, cgs smu fgpjtgb jltmbmftugb ê cujti cgjir. Km fmrtg `ircg, gs livgs kjsfjpbjlgs

 

kmvmc trglspir mssms iostçfubis. Livis fgcpis km mstuki fistucgc smr kmsgfrmkjtgkis pmbis fgcpis trgkjfjilgjs.

 

=5 Bgjle

(7:5=).

=8 [mrci

usgki pmbi `jbösi`i gbmcæi Gb`rmk Vfhutz. Pmng Vfhutz (7:5?).

=: _ussmbb

(7:51).

01 I

psjföbiei gcmrjfgli Mkwgrk [hirlkydm (785;-7:;:) kmcilstriu qum, mc emrgb, cmcirjzgr pimcgs iu pgbgvrgs mc bgtjc læi cmbhirgvg g cmcörjg, m sö cmbhirgvg g hgojbjkgkm km cmcirjzgr pimcgs iu pgbgvrgs mc bgtjc.

07 Egrklmr 0? Vgegl

(7::6).

(7:58).

06 Pmng

tgcoêc Hgbb (7:::)4 Kmutsfh (7:::).

0; Mbbjs

(7:8:).

0= 

Pmng i ficuljfgki á jcprmlsg li sjtm kg Viulkomgc> ‒Lmw siulks `ric Vulkmrbglk–, kjspilãvmbb mc> 2www kjspilãvm 2www.siulkomgc.fi .siulkomgc.fi.ud/lmws/lmws-s .ud/lmws/lmws-sulkmrbglk.htcb ‒I prgzmr læi mstç mc vmr g pmåg sm kmsmlribgr mc bjlhg rmtg, cgs lgs pgrökjgs, lgs filtrgkjåýms rmgbjstgs, lgs surprmsgs pissãvmjs li culki kg pmåg... Wuglki gs rmergs sæi qumorgkgs fic gukçfjg `jfgcis tæi mlfgltgkis fici quglki (uc niegkir km tîljs) nieg g rgqumtm li çrojtri. Cgs i sufmssi kmssms m`mjtis rmpiusg li lissi prgzmr mc vmr gs filvmlåýms smlki mscgegkgs– (_iojlsil, 7:81).

77= Ujbbjgcs 770 Qibglyj 775 Emmrtz

(7:00).

(7:0:).

(7:5=).

778 Kmpgrtcmlt

`ir Mkufgtjil glk Mcpbiycmlt (7:::). Qgrg ucg `gsfjlgltm kjsfussæi siorm is vãlfubis frmsfmltms mltrm gs grtms m gs fjîlfjgs, vmng Mkm (?111).

77: G

jkmjg ki cikmrljsci jlfjtiu gs mlmrejgs jltmbmftugjs gtê i `jc kg kêfgkg km 7:01. Mbgs `irgc suostjtuãkgs gis piufis pir livgs `ircgs km pmlsgr qum pgssgrgc g smr gerupgkgs sio g fbgssj`jfgåæi emrgb km pös-cikmrljsci. pös-cikmrljsci.

7?1 Gs

jkmjgs jkmj gs qum sustmltgrgc i frmsfjcmlti ki cêtiki fjmltã`jfi læi `irgc jlvmltgkgs li sêfubi XP.. Mbgs rmciltgc kis ermeis gltjeis m gtê km gltms. Mbgs mlfiltrgrgc ucg livg rmssilïlfjg li XP sêfubi XP XP m kmpijs kmvjki ás filkjåýms fubturgjs kg êpifg. Gs gpbjfgåýms kmssgs jkmjgs jltmrgejrgc fic i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km livgs tmflibiejgs, qum mbgs gnukgrgc g tirlgr pissãvmjs. Qir sug vmz vmz,, mssgs livgs tmflibiejgs frjgrgc livgs ipirtuljkgkms pgrg i kmsmlvibvjcmlti m g gpbjfgåæi kg gpbjfgåæi  kgss jkmjgs fjmltã`jfgs.

 

7?7 Gcgojbm

mt gb. (7::0).

7?? [glti

g Emstæi kg Wugbjkgkm [itgb quglti g mstrgtêejg ki Vmjs Vjecg sæi sjstmcgs km filtribm km qugbjkgkm frjgkis pgrg rmkuzjr is mrris ifirrjkis kurgltm i prifmssi km `gorjfgåæi m lg fgkmjg km `irlmfjcmlti.

7?6 ‒Uhgt

Ziur Kjsg``mftmk Uirdmrs Fist–, Egbbup Cglgemcmlt Niurlgb, 7= cgr. ?117. 7?;  Qgrg uc gcpbi mstuki siorm i kmsmlvibvjcmlti km tmstms km frjgtjvjkgkm, vmng Vtmrlomre (7:::).

7?= Fjtgki

mc Gbbjglfm i` Grtjsts‚ Ficculjtjms (7::0).

7?0 [gybir

m Bg Ogrrm (?110).

7?5  Qgrg

gbeucgs pmssigs, ucg kgs `ircgs cgjs m`jfgzms km kmsmlvibvjcmlti mlvibvm gssucjr livgs `ulåýms pgrg gcpbjgr sugs hgojbjkgkms mxjstmltms mc kj`mrmltms çrmgs km rmspilsgojbjkgkm. Li mltglti, km gfirki fic uc mstuki, gpmlgs 71% kis kuzmltis mxmfutjvis qum pgrtjfjpgrgc kg pmsqujsg kjssmrgc qum sug mcprmsg usg livgs gtrjoujåýms km fgrei pgrg jlfmltjvgr i kmsmlvibvjcmlti pri`jssjilgb, mlquglti ;?% lulfg trgogbhgrgc mc iutrgs `ulåýms, ;1% lulfg trgogbhgrgc mc ucg uljkgkm km lmeöfjis kj`mrmltm, 6;% lulfg ifupgrgc fgreis km rmspilsgojbjkgkmm m 00% lulfg tjvmrgc uc pgpmb km bjkmrglåg lg gomrturg km uc livi lmeöfji. rmspilsgojbjkgk

7?8 Fhgco  Fhgcomrs mrs mt  mt 7?: Kmpgrt  Kmpgrtcm cmlt lt

gb. (7::8).

i` [rgkm glk Jlkustry (?111).

761 https>//eii.eb/eBpq. https>//eii.eb/eBpq. 767 Oriwl  Oriwl (?  (?11:). 11:). 76? Oriwl  Oriwl (?  (?11:). 11:). 766 Lmwswmmd   Lmwswmmd , ;

nul. ?171.

76; Hgrvmy  Hgrvmy-Ni -Nilms lms 76= Ficmltçrjis 760 Hglky

(?116).

rmtjrgkis km ucg mltrmvjstg pmssigb.

(?170).

 

765 Oriid

(7::=), p. :.

768 Ugshir

m Ciniwsdj (?176). Pmr tgcoêc 2www.ojepjfturm.ire 2www.ojepjfturm.ire