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Metabolic Engineering Wei‐Shou Hu
Solving Metabolic Flux Analysis: Equations Solving a set of material balance equations for a biochemical reaction network: Example: The incomplete combustion of CH4 to CO2, CO and H2O is shown in the following set of chemical reactions:
Input Output CH 4 + O2 → CO2 + CO + H 2 O
Known reactions : CH 4 + 2O2 ⎯⎯ → CO2 + 2 H 2 O 2CH 4 + 3O2 ⎯⎯ → 2CO + 4 H 2 O If all the inputs and outputs (i.e. amount of CH4, O2 consumed and that of CO2, CO, H2O produced) are completely balanced, the fraction of CH4 going to both reactions can be determined. On the other hand, if the material balance is not closed, there will be uncertainty about the solution, and the distribution of materials can only be estimated. The following outlines the steps need to be followed for Metabolic Flux Analysis:
1. List all reactions and chemical species The chemical species for this problem are: CH4, O2, CO, CO2, H2O J1 CH 4 + 2O2 ⎯⎯ → CO2 + 2 H 2O J2 2CH 4 + 3O2 ⎯⎯ → 2CO + 4 H 2O
The Stoichiometric coefficients are:
CH 4 O2
CO
CO2 H 2O
1
−1
−2
0
2
2
J2
−1
−3
2
0
4
J
2. Set up Material Balance Equations for every species: We will set up material balance equations for this chemical reaction network. The symbol q is used to represent external fluxes measured. Remember any flux out of the system is negative, while any flux into the system is taken as positive.
Metabolic Engineering Wei‐Shou Hu
dCH 4 = qCH 4 − J1 − 2 J 2 dt dO2 = qO2 − 2 J1 − 3 J 2 dt dCO = − qCO + 2 J 2 dt dCO2 = − qCO2 + 2 J1 dt dH 2 O = − q H 2O + 2 J 1 + 4 J 2 dt
(1)
If pseudo‐steady state is assumed, then all the left hand terms of the ODE’s will become zero and the system of equations can re‐written as:
J1 + 2 J 2 = qCH 4
(2)
2 J1 + 3J 2 = qO2 2 J 2 = qCO 2 J1 = qCO2 2 J 1 + 4 J 2 = q H 2O The system of equations can be written in the matrix form as:
⎡1 ⎢2 ⎢ ⎢0 ⎢ ⎢2 ⎢⎣ 2
⎡ qCH 4 ⎤ 2⎤ ⎢ ⎥ qO2 ⎥ 3⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡J ⎤ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ = ⎢ qCO ⎥ ⇒ AX = Q ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ J 0 ⎥ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎢ qCO2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ qH 2O ⎥⎦
(3)
The matrix A of the left hand side of equation 3 is referred to as the stoichiometric matrix, the vector X on the left hand side is the flux vector, the vector Q on the right hand side is the external interaction matrix, as discussed later. If in given reaction network, a compound exists only internally, the element in the corresponding vector is zero.
Metabolic Engineering Wei‐Shou Hu
3. Solving the system of equations: Let us consider a general case. Generally, a metabolic network contains m compounds and n reactions, all transient material balances can be represented by the following expression: dY = AX (t ) − Q (t ) dt
Where Y: m dimensional vector of intracellular concentrations (denoted as ci for the ith species) of intermediates, metabolites and nutrients X: n metabolic fluxes (denoted as Ji) A: Stoichiometric matrix m×n (denoted as aij) Q: vector of m specific substrate consumption or product formation (denoted as qi) or material flow in and out of the system being evaluated
⎡ c1 ⎤ ⎢c ⎥ Y = ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢M ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ cn ⎦
⎡ J1 ⎤ ⎢J ⎥ X = ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢M ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣Jn ⎦
⎛ a11 K a1n ⎞ A = ⎜⎜ M O M ⎟⎟ ⎜a ⎟ ⎝ m1 L amn ⎠
⎡ q1 ⎤ ⎢q ⎥ Q = ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢M ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ qn ⎦
In the equation, the dilution due to cell volume change caused by growth (due to cell division) is considered negligible. The specific rate refers to the metabolic rate based on per cell or per unit biomass. In general, we are interested in how materials flow in the metabolic system, so we are interested in how materials are distributed in each cell. For this purpose, the metabolic rates used in general can be converted to be on a per unit cell mass basis. The time constants characterizing the metabolic transients are typically very rapid compared to the time constants of cell growth and process dynamics, therefore, the mass balances can be simplified to only consider the steady‐state behavior. Eliminating the derivative yields:
AX (t ) = Q(t )
or
⎡ J1 ⎤ ⎡ q1 ⎤ ⎛ a11 K a1n ⎞ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎜ M O M ⎟ ⎢ J 2 ⎥ = ⎢ q2 ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ ⎢M ⎥ ⎢M ⎥ ⎜a ⎟ L a ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ mn ⎠ ⎢ ⎝ m1 ⎣ J n ⎦ ⎣ qn ⎦
Metabolic Engineering Wei‐Shou Hu
This form is similar to what was derived in previous example as shown in equation 3. Depending on the number of fluxes q’s are measured, there may be different number of unknowns (in addition to J1 and J2). There are three possible cases: •
•
•
Fully specified system: The system has same number of equations as variables. There exists only one solution. If m=n, where rank(A)=m is the number of linearly independent equations, then X has a unique solution. For example: if only two of the external fluxes are known, and we are interested in estimating J1 and J2 only, then the above set of equations becomes a fully‐specified 2×2 system. In the following we discuss the Gauss‐ Elimination method to solve such a system of equations. Over‐specified system: This occurs when m>n, where rank(A)=m is the number of linearly independent equation in the system of equations, the solution to the problem is unique and obtained via a Least‐square fitting scheme. In general, biological systems are over‐specified, as a particular metabolite can participate in numerous pathways. For example, if three of the external fluxes for say CO2, CO and O2 are known, then the system becomes over specified. In the following we discuss the Least squares method to solve such a system of equations. Under‐specified system: In this case there are more number of unknowns as compared to the number of equations. This occurs if rank(A)=m, where m n
(14)
Which depends on the variables J1, J2, J3,…Jn. A necessary condition for S to be a minimum is: n n ⎛ ⎞ dS = −∑ 2 ⎜ bi − ∑ aij J j ⎟ ai1 =0 dJ1 i =1 ⎝ j =1 ⎠
(15)
n n ⎛ ⎞ dS = −∑ 2 ⎜ bi − ∑ aij J j ⎟ ai 2 =0 dJ 2 i =1 ⎝ j =1 ⎠
M n n ⎛ ⎞ dS = −∑ 2 ⎜ bi − ∑ aij J j ⎟ ain =0 dJ n i =1 ⎝ j =1 ⎠
This is a n×n system of linear equations, which is fully specified and can be solved using the Gauss‐Elimination method discussed before. Lets again solve the previous example of methane combustion, if we now have three equations and 2 unknowns. Let us suppose qCH4=3 mM/s, qO2=4 mM/s and qCO2=1 mM/s. The system of equations becomes: J1 + 2 J 2 = 3 2 J1 + 3 J 2 = 4 2 J1
=1
Then the squared sum of residuals becomes: S = ( 3 − J1 − 2 J 2 ) + ( 4 − 2 J1 − 3 J 2 ) + (1 − 2 J1 ) 2
2
2
Minimizing S gives us two equations: dS = 0 ⇒ 9 J1 + 8 J 2 = 13 dJ1
dS = 0 ⇒ 8 J1 + 13 J 2 = 18 dJ 2
Now we can solve these two equations using Gauss‐Elimination method. Again, multiplying the first equation with ‐9/8 and adding to the second equation. The transformed equations are shown in the following. Now, using back substitution we obtain the best fit solution. J1 + 8 / 9 J 2 = 13/ 9 53/ 9 J 2 = 58 / 9
⇒ J 2 = 58/ 53 = 1.094 mM / s J1 = 13/ 9 − 8 / 9 J 2 = 10 / 9 − 8/ 9 × 58/ 53 = 66 / 477 = 0.138 mM / s
Metabolic Engineering Wei‐Shou Hu
Example: Pentose phosphate pathway In the next section, we discuss the example of a metabolic pathway called the Pentose Phosphate pathway as shown in the following. Let us suppose the influx of glyceraldehyde‐6‐ phosphate into the pentose phosphate pathway is 100 moles/s, the rate of outflux of Ribose‐5‐ Phosphate is 50 moles/s and that of CO2 is 12 moles/s.
Figure 1 Pentose phosphate pathway A simplified figure of the pentose phosphate pathway is shown below, which would be used for the Metabolic Flux Analysis (MFA). Lets write down the mass balance for each species. The system of equations in (16) shows the steady state mass balance equations.
Figure 2 Simplified figure for MFA
Metabolic Engineering Wei‐Shou Hu 1.G 6 P :
J +J =q 1 10 G6P
2.CO 2 :
J =q 1 CO2
{also NADPH :
(16)
2 J1= q NADPH }
3.Ribu 5 P :
J −J −J =q 1 4 5 Ribu 5 P
4.R 5 P :
J −J =q 4 6 R5P
5. X 5 P :
J −J −J =q 5 6 8 X 5P
6. S 7 P :
J −J =q 6 7 S 7P
7.G 3 P :
J − J + J + 2J = q 6 7 8 9 G 3P
8. F 6 P :
J +J −J +J =q 7 8 9 10 F 6P
9. E 4 P :
J −J =q 7 8 E 4P
As you may notice, there are 9 equations and 8 variables, the system seems over‐specified. However, one of the equations is a linear combination of the others and thus is not independent. Note that the carbon balance gives:
6qCO2 + qO2 + 5qribu 5 P + 5qR 5 P + 5q X 5 P + 7qS 7 P + 3qG 3 P + 6qF 6 P + 4qE 4 P = 0 Hence, we eliminate one of the equations, specifically we eliminate the equation (eq 7) corresponding to G3P to obtain a set of linearly independent equations and solve for the following:
⎡1 ⎢1 ⎢ ⎢1 ⎢ ⎢0 ⎢0 ⎢ ⎢0 ⎢0 ⎢ ⎢⎣ 0
0 0 −1
0 0 −1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0
0 1
−1 −1
0 0
0 −1
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
−1 1 1
0 1 −1
0 −1 0
1 ⎤ ⎡ J1 ⎤ ⎡ qG 6 P ⎤ ⎡100 ⎤ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢ J 4 ⎥ ⎢ qCO2 ⎥ ⎢⎢12 ⎥⎥ 0 ⎥ ⎢ J 5 ⎥ ⎢ qribu 5 P ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ J 6 ⎥ ⎢ qR 5 P ⎥ ⎢50 ⎥ = = 0 ⎥ ⎢ J 7 ⎥ ⎢ q X 5 P ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ J 8 ⎥ ⎢ qS 7 P ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ 1 ⎥ ⎢ J 9 ⎥ ⎢⎢ qF 6 P ⎥⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥⎢ ⎥ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ J10 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ qE 4 P ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦
This equation is of the form AX=Q. Solving the set of equations in MATLAB, the flux J1,…,J10 can be estimated. The values of flux are:
J1= 12.0000 J4= 37.0000
Metabolic Engineering Wei‐Shou Hu
J5= ‐26.0000 J6= ‐13.0000 J7= ‐13.0000 J8= ‐13.0000 J9= 62.0000 J10= 88.0000
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