Solutions: Chapter 1: The Nature of History - The Historian

 

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Lfnptcr >8 Pfc Intur Inturc c ge Fbstgr Fbstgry y“ Pfc Fbstgrbni  PCVPOGGD NI\[C_\

Lfcldpgbit >.> (pnkc ?) >.

Fbstgry8 tfc stu`y ge tfc pnst. Zrcfbstgry8 tfc pcrbg` ge tbac ocegrc wrbtbik wns usc`.

?.

Fbstgry lgacs erga tfc Krccd wgr` fbstgrbn, acnibik ‖digwmc`kc erga bivcstbkntbgi‒.

.? (pnkc .

Fbstgrbni8 sgacgic wfg bs ni cxpcrt bi, gr n stu`cit ge, fbstgry.

?.

\tu`cits bi slfggms, fbstgrbnis ni` nrlfncgmgkbsts.

.< (pnkc 3) >.

Mbornrbcs, nrlfbvcs, auscuas, tfc Bitcrict, ctl.

?.

Lrgss-lfcldbik8 wfci agrc tfni gic sgurlc bs usc` tg andc surc tfc biegrantbgi bs lgrrclt. Nrtcenlt8 niy fuani-an`c gohclt.

.0 (pnkc ;) >.

Zrbanry sgurlc8 n sgurlc erga tfc tbac ge tfc cvcit4 n ﬎rst-fni` nllguit ge wfnt fnppcic`. \clgi`nry sgurlc8 n sgurlc erga n mntcr `ntc, netcr tfc tbac ge tfc cvcit.

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Obns8 wfci ni nllguit bs igt onmnilc`, out uienbrmy envgurs gic sb`c. \gactbacs bt bs uilgislbgus4 uilgislbg us4 sgactbacs bt bs `cmbocrntc, tg bi﬏ucilc gtfcrs. Zrgpnkni`n8 biegrantbgi tfnt fns occi `csbkic` tg bi﬏ucilc tfc nttbtu`cs ge tfc kcicrnm puombl. Bt bs kcicrnmmy obnsc`, getci nppcnms tg tfc cagtbgis (ecnr, nikcr, mgynmty) ni` any cvci oc an`c up.

.

Zrbanry sgurlcs, ogtf vbsunm.

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Pg dccp biegrantbgi ‖ui`cr ygur fnt‒ (sclrct) sg tfnt bt wgum` igt rcnlf tfc cicay ni`

:) >.

Lfrgigmgky8 puttbik cvcits bitg tfc scqucilc bi wfblf tfcy fnppcic`.

?.

Fbstgrbnis put cvcits bi gr`cr oy8 `bvb`bik tbac bitg fgurs, `nys, wccds, agitfs ni` ycnrs ni` krgupbik ycnrs bitg `cln`cs (>: ycnrs), lciturbcs (>:: ycnrs) ni` abmmciibn (>,::: ycnrs)4 grknibsbik cvcits usbik n lgaagi ecnturc gr tfcac erga n pcrbg` ge fbstgry4 usbik tbacmbics, ctl.

OL.

3.

_cbitcrprctntbgi8 sccbik sgactfbik bi n `beecrcit mbkft.

i  s 

Si`crstni`bik Fbstgry qucstbgis (pnkc >?) >.

Abssbik wgr`s8 pnst4 cvb`cilc4 sgurlcs4 biegrantbgi4 prcfbstgry4 nrlfncgmgky4 nrlfncgmgky4 pcgpmc.

?.

Pg rclgkibsc pnttcris ge lfnikc, tg ui`crstni` fgw fuani cxpcrbcilc fns sfnpc` sglbcty ni` tfc wgrm`, tg nvgb` abstndcs erga tfc pnst, ctl.

? ni` >.

T_cscnrlf tnsd usbik tfc gimbic >2>> lcisus rclgr`s.Q

?.

Pg andc Aussgmbib mggd ns tfgukf fc bs bi lgitrgm ge tfc fgrsc fbascme4 tg andc fba mggd pgwcreum, mbdc n abmbtnry fcrg gr kcicrnm. Bt bs n sclgi`nry sgurlc.

2;

 

N_PCENLP PCNLFC_‒\ _C\GS_LC OG GD 

 \GS_LC\ NI@ \DBMM\ OGGD NI\[C_\

_cvbsbgi ni` \dbmm Oubm`bik >. \gurlcs Pnsd (pnkc >) Zrbanry

\clgi`nry

Pfc @bnry ge n Rguik Kbrm  oy  oy Niic Ernid

Fbtmcr8 Pfc _bsc ge Cvbm @U@

Agsnbl erga Zgapcbb

Fbstgry tcxtoggd

Pfc I  Icw cw Rgrd Pbacs  Pbacs 

Obgkrnpfy ge Dnrm Anrx

Canbm

?. Ssbik n Pbacmbic (pnkc ?) TIuaocrc` tg sfgw tfcbr lgrrclt gr`cr gi tfc tbacmbic, mcet tg rbkft. Lfcld tfnt tfcbr `bstrboutbgi bs prgpgrtbgintc.Q >.

(n) Icwkrnikc pnssnkc tgao nt Orø in Oübiic wns lgapmctc oy8 ?,3:: OL

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(`) tfc lbty ge _gac bs egui`c` oy tfc twbis _gaumus ni` _caus8 ;3< OL

03:

5.

(e) tfc Nztcl Capbrc enmms tg \pnibsf lgiqubstn`grcs8 lgiqubstn`grcs8 N@ >3?>

;.

(c) tfc Cnstcr _bsbik tndcs pmnlc bi Brcmni`8 N@ >2>5

6.

(k) nmm Brbsf wgaci knbi tfc rbkft tg vgtc8 N@ >2??

2.

(o) [grm` [nr BB lgacs tg ni ci`8 N@ >203

>:.

(b) Brcmni` hgbis tfc Curgpcni Sibgi (tfci lnmmc` tfc CCL)8 N@ >2;<

Fgw aniy ycnrs pnssc` octwcci8 n ni` f8 ?,?>; ycnrs l ni` `8 ;25 ycnrs c ni` b8 3; ycnrs e ni` h8 ;> ycnrs o ni` k8 ?< ycnrs

tf lcitury N@

N@ >:::

N@ >:22

>0tf lcitury N@

N@ >st lcitury N@

N@ ?:::

N@ ?:22

 

HSIBG_ LRLMC FB\PG_R

0. Pbacmbi Pbacmbic c ge Rgur Mbec Mbe c (pnkc

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(pnkc 3) ;.>. _cvbsbgi ^ucstbgis Nrlfbvc8 n pmnlc tfnt lntnmgkucs ni` stgrcs lgmmcltbgis ge wrbttci `gluacit sgurlcs, c.k.

tfc Intbginm Nrlfbvcs. ?.

Auscua8 n pmnlc tfnt lgmmclts ni` `bspmnys gohclts egr puombl c`ulntbgi ni` npprclbntbgi, c.k. tfc Intbginm Auscua.

.

Zrbanry wrbttci sgurlc.

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Pfc `ny ni` `ntc8 Cnstcr Agi`ny ?? Nprbm >2>5. Pfnt ‖ig trnbis fn` rui sbilc >.g‒l & tfnt tfc ”cicay‑ wcrc bi pgsscssbgi ge F. TFnrlgurtQ \trcct \tntbgi‒. Pfnt ‖tfc \bii Ecbiicrs fn` rbsci & tndci tfc K.Z.G., Fnrlgurt \t., tfc Onid ge Brcmni` & wcrc strgikmy citrcilfc` bi tfc Krcci‒. ‖Ucry ecw sgm`bcrs nogut‒, ctl.

::

 

HSIBG_ LRLMC FB\PG_R

Lfnptcr ?8 Pfc Inturc ge Fbstgry “ Pfc Nrlfncgmgkbst  PCVPOGGD NI\[C_\

Lfcldpgbit ?.> (pnkc >5) >. ?.

Cxlnvntc8 wfci nrlfncgmgkbsts `bk up tfc krgui` tg ﬎i` cvb`cilc mcet oy pcgpmc bi tfc pnst. Ncrbnm pfgtgkrnpf8 n pfgtgkrnpf ge tfc krgui` tndci erga ni cmcvntc` pgsbtbgi, c.k. erga n fcmblgptcr fcmblgp tcr..

.

Pcst trcilf8 n snapmc fgmc `uk tg hu`kc wfctfcr bt bs wgrtf cxlnvntbik tfc wfgmc sbtc.

 \    g m      u  t    b      g

Pgpsgbm8 tfc tgpagst, agst rclcit mnycr ge sgbm. ?.

Orusfcs, sfgvcms ni` trgwcms.

) >.

_n`bg-lnrogi `ntbik8 n actfg` ge `ntbik onsc` gi tfc stcn`bmy `rgppbik mcvcms ge lnrogi->0 bi tbssuc gvcr tbac.

?.

Pfc Acsgmbtfbl pcrbg`.

. Pfc Nrlfncgmgkbst‒s Pggms (pnkc ;) Lmgldwbsc erga tgp mcet8 \bcvc4 sfgvcm4 trgwcm4 lnacrn4 orusf.

?. Pbacmbi Pbacmbic8 c8 Brbsf Nrlfncgmgky (pnkc 6) TPfc ﬎inm gr`cr wbmm `cpci` gi wfcrc tfc scvcitf btca ﬎ts8 tfc nrtcenlt cnlf stu`cit lfgsc gi pnkc ? ge tfcbr Zgrtegmbg.Q >.

(`) Pfc dibec anrds gi tfc ocnr‒s ogic egui` bi Lg. Lmnrc (npprgx. >:,::: OL)

?.

(o) Pfc lnrogi-`ntc lnrogi-`ntc` ` Aguit \ni`cm fnzcmiuts (npprgx. ;,::: OL)

:?

0.

(c) Pfc ﬎rst enracrs mbvc` nt tfc Lâb`c Ebcm`s (0,:::“>

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N_PCENLP PCNLFC_‒\ _C\GS_LC OG GD 

[grdbik wbtf tfc Cvb`cilc! \gurlc8 N _cpgrt gi N @bk (pnkc >:) >.

_n`bg-lnrogi `ntbik, strntbkrnpfy, ctl.

?.

Pfc tfbrtccitf lcitury.

) >.

Zgrtuknm wns b`cnmmy mglntc` gi tfc c`kc ge Curgpc ni` lmgsc tg Nerbln. Bts dbiks wnitc` tg ﬎i` icw trn`c rgutcs tfnt lgum` andc Zgrtuknm rblf cigukf tg prgtclt btscme erga bts agrc pgwcreum icbkfogurs, cspclbnmmy \pnbi.

?.

Fc egui`c` tfc slfggm egr invbkntbgi nt \nkrcs tg orbik tgkctfcr snbmgrs ni` lnrtgkrnpfcrs tg n`vnilc digwmc`kc ni` tg pcreclt invnm tclfigmgky.

06;.

 

(o) `n Knan snbmc` nrgui` Nerbln tg Bi`bn bi >02;. 0.

Pfcy sct up ni capbrc nmgik tfc Nerblni ni` Bi`bni lgnsts4 lgitrgmmc` tfc trn`c nrgui` Nerbln4 Zgrtuknm oclnac wcnmtfy4 gtfcr lguitrbcs sgukft tg egmmgw Zgrtuknm‒s cxnapmc.

Lfcldpgbit 2.< (pnkc >?.

Gi tfc Ac`btcrrnicni ni` nmgik tfc Nerblni ni` Curgpcni Ntmnitbl lgnsts.

?.

Fc rcn` tfc wgrds ge Anrlg Zgmg ni` Ztgmcay ni` stu`bc` n anp oy Pgslnicmmb ni` tfcsc lgivbilc` fba tfnt Lfbin wns gimy 0,3:: da tg tfc wcst.

?0) >.

Lgmuaous ocmbcvc` fc fn` mni`c` bi Bi`bn ni` sg tfc pcgpmc fc egui` tfcrc aust oc Bi`bnis.

?.

Egg` (pgtntgcs, pbicnppmcs, tgantgcs, lgeecc, lfglgmntc, anbzc, tcn), nibanms (turdcy).

?;) >.

Fuani snlrb﬎lc4 aniy kg`s4 usc` wgg` ni` stgic wcnpgis4 ig actnm tggms4 ig fgrscs, lnttmc, sfccp.

?.

Fc fn` fcnr` ruagurs ge tfcbr krcnt wcnmtf.

.

Fc fn` fcnr` ruagurs nogut tfc wcnmtf ge tfcbr dbik`ga.

?.

Nt Lnhnanrln, bi gr`cr tg prgvgdc tfc Bilns, Zbznrrg scit tfca n prbcst ni` tfc Obomc. [fci tfc Biln dbik rchcltc` bt, Zbznrrg nttnldc` ni` lnpturc` tfc dbik, Ntnfunmpn.

.

Lgmgibsntbgi bs wfci n lguitry tndcs gvcr nigtfcr tcrrbtgry ni` scttmcs sgac ge bts gwi pcgpmc tfcrc tg lgitrgm bt. Orbtnbi lgmgibsc` Igrtf Nacrbln, \pnbi lgmgibsc` Acxblg, Zgrtuknm lgmgibsc` Ornzbm, tfc Ictfcrmni`s lgmgibsc` tfc \pblc Bsmni`s (ag`cri-`ny Bi`gicsbn), ctl.

?.

Pfc pcgpmc ge \gutf Nacrbln fn` ig baauibty gr rcsbstnilc tg Curgpcni `bscnscs ni` abmmbgis wcrc wbpc` gut.