Solution Manual for Psychology for Living Adjustment, Growth, And Behavior Today 11

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com Instructor’s Manual Brian Van Brunt

Western Kentucky University

PSYCHOLOGY FOR LIVING: ADJUSTMENT, GROWTH, AND BEHAVIOR TODAY 11th Edition

Steven J. Kirsh State University of New York – Geneseo

Karen Grover Duffy State University of New York - Geneseo

Eastwood Atwater

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© 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.

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ISBN 10: 0205909477 ISBN 13: 9780205909476

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TEACHING AIDS CHAPTER 1: SELF-DIRECTION IN A CHANGING WORLD CHAPTER OVERVIEW Rapid technological and social changes are having a strong impact on the kinds of relationships people form. This new technology allows for more fluid relationships that are less constrained by geographical borders and distances. Individuals now face a greater challenge of self-direction than in the past. Taking charge of our lives means facing up to the importance of decision making, taking calculated risks for the sake of growth, and assuming full responsibility for our lives. It means thinking differently about the boundaries between work and home life and about the implications of managing a larger volume of relationships and social connections. Individuals are increasingly being asked to assess the needs and requirements of their environment, to determine how their current behaviors and attitudes match with expectations, and work to develop new and adaptive coping strategies. This new freedom, while invigorating and exciting, can also create anxiety and worry as individuals carve out their own choices and adapt to an ever-changing landscape. LECTURE SUGGESTIONS 1. Living in the information age. Describe some of the consequences and implications of living in an information-oriented society, such as the need for more education and high-tech skills and the importance of computers at home and work. Point out the proliferation of careers that depend largely on creating, processing, and distributing information. You might explore the futuristic information pipeline combining cable TV, telephones, and computers that will soon allow people to browse through store merchandise, order the latest Hollywood movies, read world news, and request a wide variety of information services, all with the push of a button. 2. Societal change. Explore the consequences of putting a greater priority on one's personal needs and growth than on social conformity. To what extent does this orientation awaken people and energize them to do their best? What about the possible pitfalls, such as confusing the search for fulfillment with selfishness? Some critics claim that the extension of personal entitlement without a corresponding sense of responsibility in our society has raised our expectations so much that they easily exceed our efforts to achieve them, generating frustration and disappointment. 3. Why aren’t more people self-actualized? A familiar explanation is based on Maslow’s concept of the hierarchy of needs, namely that only as one’s lower needs are relatively satisfied do the higher needs for self-actualization come into play. Yet Maslow gave many other reasons, such as the emphasis placed on material success and security. Eventually, he explained that the lack of self-actualization may be due to the basic struggle between growth-fostering and growthdiscouraging forces, such as the fear of the unfamiliar. Individuals must have an intense desire to grow in order to offset apathy and resistance to growth.

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com 4. Three-phase cycle: Discuss the three-phase cycle of change. How individuals 1) realize things are different than they were, 2) react to the change with adaptation or anxiety and discomfort; 3) grow from reorganizing and altering their attitudes behaviors and values in response. Have class members choose a particular event in their lives that matches this three-phase cycle. Examples may include moving from high school to college, ending of a dating relationship, or moving to a different area geographically or culturally. Focus on the process of how the students adapted to the change. Consider having students give an example of where they adapted well and where they struggled to adapt. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What changes can we expect in the job market as a result of the information age? 2. In what ways are individuals taking greater charge of their lives today? 3. How do the problems of other countries impact our society? 4. What are the effects of American individualism on our society and on international relations? 5. What are the positive aspects of personal freedom? What are some of the drawbacks? 6. How have social media and technology caused problems in the ways we communicate with our peers? How have they improved our communications? 7. What are some of the traits we possess that remain relatively stable over time? 8. In discussing adaptation and change, what is the value of tradition and consistency both for individuals and for a larger society? CLASS ACTIVITIES 1. How our world has changed. Ask students to think of all the scientific and technological advances that have occurred in American society since their birth, and list them for the class. Do the same for all the social, cultural changes that have taken place during the same period. Then discuss the impact of these changes on our lives—both positive and negative. How have these changes affected the quality of our lives? What are some of the contributions and/or problems that have resulted, either directly or indirectly, from the widespread use of television and computers? 2. Your growth inventory. Ask students to take out an 8 x 11 sheet of paper and draw a vertical line down the middle of the page. Have them label the left-hand column "Personal Strengths" and the right-hand column "Shortcomings." Then ask them to jot down as many of their positive qualities and features that need changing as they can think of in the appropriate columns. Since most of us do not dwell enough on our assets and potentials, instruct the students to make the list of positive qualities longer than the list of shortcomings. You might ask students to write a page or so indicating their personal strengths as well as the particular shortcomings most in need of improvement. 3. Universal human values. Ask students to develop a list of what they believe are universal human values. Ask them to examine each value and analyze how each value relates to their personal philosophy. Ask them to arrange the values in order of their importance to themselves. You might also ask students to share their most important values and explain what makes them so important.

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com 4. Social media. Ask the students to draw several equal-sized large circles on a piece of paper. Have them group their relationship in these circles by the different ways they form relationships. One may be social media sites. Another may be those people they text message with. Another may be friends who live close to them. Discuss how these circles change over time. Ask them how the circles cross and overlap. Talk about the various strengths and weaknesses of each type of social network. 4. Suggestions for self-actualization. Divide the class into small groups of three to five students. Then ask them to think of as many different suggestions as they can for actualizing their human potential. Encourage them to use their imaginations, but also include some practical strategies, such as the better use of time. Have someone in each group record the suggestions as they are made. After 15 to 20 minutes, invite each group to share some of their suggestions with the rest of the class. EXERCISES 1. Social change. What two or three societal changes are having the greatest impact on your life (e.g., changes in technology, the economy)? Write a page or so about how your life is affected by these changes. For example, think about how a computer has altered your academic, business, and personal life. Are most of the societal changes having a negative or positive impact on your life? Are you coping with the changes appropriately? Are the changes helping you grow? 2. Change as a challenge or threat. Select some change that has occurred in your environment recently, such as a new professor, a marital engagement, or layoffs at work. Then write a page or so describing how you feel about this change, especially whether you see it as a challenge or a threat and why. 3. Identify your level of interdependence. Identify at least one important aspect of your life, such as a job, a friendship, or marriage. Then describe in a few paragraphs how much you’re prepared to give to this relationship and how much you expect in return. Are your expectations fair? If the give and take is unbalanced, how do you think your expectations will affect your relationships? 4. How important is self-fulfillment to you? Think about what you do that is fulfilling. What are your life goals? Are they generally other-centered or self-centered, and is this adaptive and growth-oriented? What do you do to actively meet these goals? 5. Self-fulfillment and personal and social involvement. Select some area of your life that has been very gratifying to you (an accomplishment, relationship, etc.) and describe the extent to which your sense of fulfillment depended on involvement with others. QUESTIONS FOR SELF REFLECTION 1. Are you more optimistic about your own personal future than that of our society or the world? Sample Answer: I am more optimistic about my personal future. Despite the news that talks

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com about a difficult job market for me in the future and some of the global conflict that is going on around the world, I have been successful in learning that hard work pays off. I work hard on my studies and have a plan for the future that I am very hopeful about reaching my goals. I liked the part in the chapter that talked about taking calculated risk. There are no guarantees for success other than trying your hardest to reach your goals and finding ways to overcome obstacles that get in your way. Having an understanding that my future is connected to the larger society and world is important, but in the end I think I am in charge of my own destiny and that hard work and determination are the best tools for me to reach my goals. 2. Are you so concerned about keeping your options open that you may suffer from the inability to make decisions? Are you too perfectionistic? Sample Answer: There are certainly times where I get so caught up in doing something right that I struggle in order to complete a project or paper on time. I notice this in some of my classes where I set very high goals for myself in terms of both understanding the course material and earning the best possible grade that I can. For me, I don’t think I’m too perfectionistic, but I do have a drive that pushes me to do the best I can on each given assignment. I do find it funny that I am always more reasonable and forgiving when trying to help my friends reach the goals that they are struggling to reach. I think I would be better if I took my own advice when it comes to make decisions and trying not to always find the perfect solution to things I am trying to choose between.

3. How much control do you feel you have over your life? How much control do you think you need? Are you a self-directed person? Sample Answer: Right now, I don’t feel like I have a whole lot of control over my life at all. I have a set number of classes I have to take in order to do well in school. If I don’t take all of these classes now and do well, I will have setbacks in reaching my goals for graduation. Even my free time is limited because I play sports and have to also work in time for practice, studying and friends. I think I am pretty self-directed when working towards my goals. I think the problem comes in when I have to sacrifice the things I want to in order to finish the things I need to do. I need to have the control (and maybe willpower) in order to reach the goals I’ve set for myself. After reading this chapter, I also have come to realize that I need to make sure I don’t just see change and challenge as a threat, but as a byproduct of the choices I make towards the things I want to accomplish.

4. Would you agree that many of the ground rules in our society have changed from one century to the next? How so? Sample Answer: I think some things change and some things stay the same. Obviously, things

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com like freedom of speech and not killing each other (at least in America) don’t change very much from one century to the next. However, the more subtle social rules like how we related to our parents, how we raise our children, how we interact with our friends and work seem to have shifted pretty strongly. I also think there are things that change very drastically. An example might be how we see homosexuality and gay marriage. There is no way these things would be seen even close to ‘normal’ even fifty years ago---let alone 100. So society often changes some ground rules in order to reflect the social needs and development that occurs in a growing society. 5. Have you met people who act as if there are no rules—that anything goes? What are such people like? Sample Answer: It’s funny that you ask this question. You have described one of my closest friends. Sometimes I watch how she makes decisions and I just wonder what might be going on in her mind. She seems outside of the normal social rules and pressures of what is considered right and wrong. She also seems to live her life without any sense of shame or regret. She just does what she wants. I’ve seen this have a negative impact on some areas of her life. Her grades are definitely not as good as they could be if she followed the rules and spent more time doing things that were healthy for her. I imagine it must be fun for her to live life without feeling as constrained as other people might feel, but I also wonder if that might get old for her after a while. It might be that her wild and carefree days might come to an end and she will have to work harder to reach the goals she wants to achieve. 6. How important are self-fulfillment values to you? Sample Answer: Being self-fulfilled is important to me, but its not the most important thing to me in my life. I like to have the feeling that I am reaching the goals I strive for like passing a class with a certain grade, saving up for a new video game or sending time with friends that I really like. These kind of things are important to me and I enjoy feeling fulfilled in my social, physical and psychological life. On the other hand, it is very important for me to live my life in a way that also has a sense of service for others. As a religious person, this is one of the core values that I try to live my life. It is important for me to give back to others, to be altruistic and to care about how other people feel. I suppose since this is part of what I want from life and helps me feeling fulfilled, this is another example of living my life in a self-fulfilled way. 7. Do you expect more out of life than your parents did? Sample Answer: That’s a tricky question. My parents have been very successful in their careers and have made a lot of money by choosing careers that are financially rewarding. I have never had to go without when I wanted something and they have always provided for me and my brother and sister.

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com That being said, I think there are also ways to get different things out of life. Success can be defined different ways. For example, while we never went without when it came to material possessions, a nice house and lots of vacations there were times when I saw both of my parents working much harder then they probably wanted to in order to give us the things we wanted. So I supposed having free time and enjoying life instead of just being financially successful is another way to get more out of life without following them in their busy career paths. 8. Can you remember a difficult time in your life and, in retrospect, realize it was a time of growth? Sample Answer: I remember back in high school I was trying to date a girl that I really liked and she just wasn’t that into me. I spent time talking to her, being a friend and hoping that she would see it as something more. I put all of my time and effort into trying to change that friendship into something more. When I finally asked her, she said she didn’t like me that way. At the time, I was devastated and overwhelmed. I thought I would never be with anyone like her. When I look back on it now with some perspective, I can see that I what I was doing wasn’t really that healthy and I kind of was obsessed with her. Now I am in a relationship with someone who is into me as much as I am into them. This is a much healthier way to be. I think I grew from the past mistakes I made. 9. Would you agree that personal fulfillment is achieved mostly in and through our relationships with others? Sample Answer: I both agree and disagree. I think knowing who you are as a person is the most important thing to establish a healthy view of self. If someone defines their own fulfillment on their relationship with others, there is always the chance that they will be let down. Instead, I think people need to know who they are and feel good about themselves without having to define their fulfillment through others will be happier in the long haul. On the other hand, you can’t really be happy unless you have some kind of social connections with those around you. Happiness depends on having some people to lean on, hang out with and who have your back. If someone doesn’t have any friends or relationships, I don’t think they can really know what kind of person they are. It’s like living your life without any mirrors. You can only truly see yourself in the reflection of other people. 10. What keeps you from self-actualizing? Sample Answer: I think time is the one big thing that keeps me from self-actualizing right now. I have so many competing things I have to do it becomes overwhelming to think about living a life with a sense of balance while I am trying to juggle so many things. I have five classes I’m trying to do well in so I can eventually get into graduate school. I have to balance my time with friends, family and the clubs and organizations I go to on a weekly basis. I think when I am older; I will be able to live my life in a way that is more self-actualized. I will

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com have achieved some of my goals and will be able to reflect more on the things I’ve accomplished. Right now, I have too many of my basic needs that are competing to be met. When I have graduated college, gotten my degree and have a job, then I think it will be easier to see myself as self-actualized. MEDIA RESOURCES 1)

A Christmas Carol starring Alaistar Sim (1951) or the animated version of the movie starring Jim Carrey (2009). Scrooge goes on a journey of self-redemption with the help of three ghosts.

2)

Disney's the Kid (2000) starring with Bruce Willis. Russ is a 40-year-old image consultant who is failing in his personal life. With the help of an 8-year-old boy, Russ tackles issues from his childhood in or order to experience personal growth.

3)

Forrest Gump (1994) starring Tom Hanks, Gary Sinese, and Robin Wright. Over the course of decades, Forrest, who is of below average intelligence, has a powerful influence in the lives of those he meets, including his friends Jenny and Lieutenant Dan.

4)

Groundhog Day (1993), starring Bill Murray and Andie MacDowell. What would you do if you had to live the same day over and over again? Would you use the time for personal gain or personal growth? “Groundhog Day is a romantic comedy that addresses this very issue.

5)

Schindler’s List (1993) starring Liam Nielson, Ralph Fiennes, and Ben Kingsley. Oskar Schindler is a man driving by greed. He drinks heavily, gambles, and womanizes. He also becomes an unlikely hero during World War II as he risks everything trying to save Jews from Nazi concentration camps.

FURTHER READINGS Bucher, R. D. (2009). Diversity consciousness: Opening our minds to people, cultures and opportunities. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. This is a readable book that i.ncorporates current research and works by other authors to help the reader move to better understanding and respect for diversity. Lechner, F. J., & Boli, J. (Eds.). (2008). The globalization reader. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. This edited book is a comprehensible compendium of ideas on globalization. It turns a complex and important topic into a thoughtful set of essays from various vantage points. Johnson, D. W. (2009). Reaching out: Interpersonal effectiveness and self-actualization. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. An expert on group behavior and interpersonal relationships examines the relevancy of other people to the concept of self-actualization and vice versa.

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and wellbeing. New York: Free Press. Explains the importance of meaning and purpose, positive emotions, relationships, and accomplishment to happiness and fulfillment. Patterson, K. (2011). Change anything: The new science of personal success. New York: Business Plus. Provides a new approach to how individuals can change their lives for the better.

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com CHAPTER 2: THE PUZZLE OF CHILDHOOD CHAPTER OVERVIEW Those who study child development understand this period of adjustment and growth can be explained from a variety of perspectives, each providing a limited view of how children grow, think, feel, and interact. The biological perspective calls attention to the genetic factors that influence our personal attributes, such as intelligence and sociability. The ecological perspective focuses on four distinct but interrelated settings that influence children’s development: the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. The psychodynamic view focuses on how key elements in the environment shape the way children resolve various crises and conflicts, such as trust versus mistrust and autonomy versus shame. The social learning perspective emphasizes the importance of learning and environmental influences and the possibility of modifying our behavior throughout our lives. Each approach to understanding childhood development, adjustment, and growth contributes to our overall understanding of how children develop their temperament, attachment to others, and their self-concept. LECTURE SUGGESTIONS 1. The person-situation issue. Describe how each perspective contributes to our understanding of this issue. For instance, the biological view emphasizes the importance of genetic, ecological, and physical factors in our makeup, though these, in turn, depend on our interaction with the environment, as described in the ecological perspective. Although the psychodynamic view stresses the importance of a person acting out of character, so to speak, current thinkers are paying more attention to the individual’s relationship with his or her present circumstances. In contrast, the social learning perspective emphasizes the primary importance of the environment (situation), though the recent emphasis on cognitive psychology includes how the individual perceives and reacts to the environment. 2. Birth order. Discuss the role birth order may have in terms of childhood development. Recent research points to birth-order effects being more myth than fact. Help students understand the thinking behind how birth order impacts development from a social-cognitive perspective. Refer to the text box titled “Do Birth Order Effects Really Exist?” 3. Three developmental tasks. Focus students on the three developmental tasks and how each task is influenced by the four perspectives outlined in the chapter. For instance, how temperament and attachment are primarily influenced by biology, while self-concept is influenced strongly by early caregiver relationships and the environment. 4. Parenting. Parenting style has a considerable influence on child development. Discuss parents’ influence on attachment, which in turn affects a variety of cognitive, emotional and social characteristics. Discuss the four parenting styles presented and how children raised in each of those styles might develop. Finally, address physical punishment and its efficacy in child rearing. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com 1. How much of your own personality do you believe is determined by temperament? Or by learning? 2. To what extent is our behavior motivated by unconscious needs and conflicts? 3. Do you agree that the way we interpret and react to events is often more important than the events themselves? 4. How important is one’s self-concept and self-esteem in the larger scheme of things? 5. How much of our behavior springs from free choice? How much is determined by our circumstances? 6. Ask students to name at least one major contribution from each of the four perspectives to our understanding of personal adjustment and growth. 7. How has the discipline practice of spanking and media violence shaped our society? CLASS ACTIVITIES 1. Erikson’s developmental tasks. Ask students to review Erikson’s first five stages of psychosocial development and to identify the developmental task that is characteristic of their age group. Then each student is to discuss in a page or so how well he or she is coming to terms with the positive and negative aspects of the appropriate developmental task. For instance, those in their late teens and early twenties who are normally wrestling with the task of identity achievement and its associated confusion might comment on areas of their identity with which they are most concerned. These could include their career or marriage, how well they are progressing, and the doubts they are experiencing. 2. Cognitive variables. Select a typical student problem, such as not doing well on an exam. Then ask students to suggest different ways one could understand and respond to this situation. Emphasize that how we perceive and respond to an event is more important than the event itself. Thus, one student may make it a learning experience by going over her answers on the test and getting suggestions for improvement. Another may prematurely conclude that the teacher is unfair or that he can’t do the work, will exert less effort, and will continue to do poorly. 3. Freud’s view. Ask students to discuss what their thoughts and feelings are about Sigmund Freud’s approach. Have students list the stages in Freud’s theory and identify relevant examples from each stage that they have observed from their own life. 4. Videogame violence. Divide the class into two groups. One group will argue that there are negative effects to videogame violence (i.e., exposure leading to aggressive behavior), while the other group will argue there is no relationship between videogame violence and aggressive behavior. Have each group prepare a ten-minute statement that outlines five clear statements to support their main argument. Give each group five minutes to offer a rebuttal to the other group. 5. The Role of the Father. Based on the text box titled “Recognizing the Importance of Fathers,” discuss the influence of fathers on childhood development. Are there activities and lessons that are better taught by mothers? How do same-sex couples or single parents raising children impact development?

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com EXERCISES 1. Apply Erikson’s stages to your childhood. Write approximately a page explaining how well you mastered the appropriate developmental task for any of Erikson’s stages while you were growing up. If possible, comment on how your past development affects your current state of well-being. 2. Identifying ecological influences. Think about the various ecological influences in your life. Identify two examples for each system in the ecological environment. 3. Barriers to personal growth. Each of the four major perspectives covered in this chapter offers a different view of the barriers to personal growth. The biological view reminds us of the importance of heredity to our temperament, the ecological perspective highlights the importance of the interrelated environments we face, the psychodynamic view stresses the cumulative effect of the crises we face across development, and the social learning view emphasizes faulty models, environments, and maladaptive behavior. Write a paragraph or so explaining how each of these views may help to account for the barriers to your own personal growth. 4. What can you learn from watching violence on TV? According to the social-learning theory, we learn by observing others. Watch a show containing real violence (such as that shown in the evening news), realistic violence (e.g., a dramatic series), and cartoon violence (makes sure it’s a funny cartoon). What did you learn about violence when watching each of these shows? Write your experiences down so you can compare and contrast what you learned. 5. Which major perspective most reflects your views? Select one of the four major perspectives that is most compatible with your own thoughts on adjustment and development. Then write a page or so explaining why you prefer this viewpoint. To what extent are you receptive to viewpoints different from your own? Would you agree that no one perspective possesses the whole truth? QUESTIONS FOR SELF-REFLECTION 1. Why is it important to take a perspective approach to the study of development? Sample Answer: I think it helps to have a perspective approach because we know that there are so many different factors that influence an individual’s sense of development. It is not just a biological process by which an individual matures, but one that involves multiple perspectives. To offer a practical example, I am the product of not only my biology, but also my upbringing. My teachers, church, friends and society as a whole have influenced the person I am today. To assume that I am who I am because of a single developmental factor would neglect the broader diversity of the influences on my life.

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com 2. Given what you now know about development, do America’s children stand a reasonably good chance of being happy and well adjusted? Sample Answer: I believe each generation in America has done better than the previous generation. While it may not be perfect, I believe the way children are raised today creates a number of opportunities for them to be happy and well-adjusted. There have been amazing improvements in schools, medical care, and protective factors placed by society to ensure a successful development for todays children. I believe a large factor in this is related to parent’s being better educated about the developmental needs of children. By educating parents, the knowledge of how to raise children well is passed onto the children. While things aren’t perfect and there will also be gaps in knowledge, I believe America’s children have a reasonably good change at being both happy and better adjusted than previous generations. 3. Are there personal characteristics that seem to run in your family tree? Sample Answer: I would say that there are. We have always been a family that had put a premium on working hard to obtain the things we went. This has been driving force in my family that I can trace back to my grandparents creating a chain of restaurants in New York City prior to the great depression. I also see a potential for the males in my family tree to tend towards slightly more aggressive methods to resolve conflicts and arguments. They tend to be more forceful in their interactions with authority figures and tend towards yelling when they don’t have things go their way. I wonder how much of this is a biological developmental process within my family and how much is more related to how we were raised. 4. Do you agree with Erikson that across development we are faced with specific crises? Sample Answer: I do think there are specific crisis that we encountered throughout our lives and that part of being a happy and well-adjusted person requires that we meet these crisis events and work to resolve the two sides of the coin in front of us. This may require some sacrifice and difficult times of argument as we try to find a middle ground and balance. I’m not sure the stages are as clearly laid out in Erickson’s model as I have experienced in my life. I wonder if some of the crisis points we face are different given things like gender, ethnicity and our upbringing. I do think each person goes through a series of developmental challenges, however I’m not so sure they are exactly as how Erickson lays out in his theory. 5. How do you feel about Freud’s psychosexual stages of development? Are they realistic? Sample Answer: I’ve heard about these stages even before I took this class. They have always seemed kind of contrived to me. I have a hard time believing that people are either well adjusted or they aren’t because of when they were toilet trained or how they learned to stop sucking there thumb.

download instant at http://testbankinstant.com I do think Freud was onto something about how we view marriage and our relationships. For me, I think I am dating someone who has some very similar traits to my mother. I’m not sure that this translates to me having some kind of weird complex against my father or anything, but I do think we learn who we want to be with from the early relationships we have with out parents. 6. Why is attachment in infancy important to relationships later in life? Sample Answer: From the book, I’ve learned that these early connections are important because they create some stability for the rest of our lives. I think when people have a chance to be raised in a way where things are consistent and stable; they learn something about how the world works. I think this helps us understand that the world is a safe place and gives us some permission to explore without worrying so much. I think the opposite is true as well. If you were raised in a way that didn’t provide you safety or a sense that tomorrow will be the same as today, then I think that may lead to struggles with how a person sees the world for the rest of their lives. They may learn that people shouldn’t be trusted or that you should just take what is in front of you because there is no promise that it will be there in the future.

7. Have you experienced birth-order effects? What might account for differences between siblings, other than the order that they were born? Sample Answer: I totally have experienced birth order effects in my life. I am the older brother and have one younger brother. When I went away to college, I know it was really hard for my younger brother. We didn’t always get along well with our parents and I feel like he thinks I abandoned him when I went away to school. I think some of that was always being the little brother looking up to me for answers. I also think the kind of things I like to study like psychology is different than the sports he likes to play. I think we each have found our own special place to excel and some of that has to do with our birth order. However, as I learned in reading this chapter, I do think some of this could be related to our different gifts like intelligence and genetics. 8. Do you think that if caregivers knew more about adjustment and child development, the world would be a different place? How so? Sample Answer: I think it could really help if people who were caring for younger children especially had a better understanding of how they see the world. There are times when I see people watching their kids or other people’s kids and they seem to expect so much more from the little kid then I think they are capable of giving. For example, I saw a little kid who must have been like two at the store the other day. The parents were yelling at him for reaching for stuff on the shelves. I think that is pretty normal for a two year old to be curious about all those different colored packages and stuff. I also think hitting

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