Sócrates, Platón y Aristóteles

 

XPG@GEB YPGDXLDB HM ALCBTBAÊG O¹ OBJ@PM5 Agvlb Gohrm Jmhlog Brmccgog  D]PTB5 = tb @ AMDFG5 < hm euclb hm 0907 Xmjg5  Xmjg5  

7.   TÔDPGXMT 0.  YCGXÔO 4.  GPLTXÔXMCMT XPLJMTXPM5 0hb

HMTGPPBCCGP 4= YPMN]OXGT DBO T]T PMTY]MTXGT HM CBT XMJGT  GQGOUGHBT.

7. ²W]ÊMO MPG TBDPGXMT2 Tmr uob hm cbs auohghbrms hm cg alcbsbaêg bddlhmotgc y mc prljmrb hm cbs trms prlodlpgcms rmprmsmotgotm hm cg alcbsbaêg nrlmng (euotb g Ycgtôo y Grlstôtmcms). Fg`mr slhb jgmstrb hm Ycgtôo. Ybpucgrlzgr mc usb hm h m cg jgyìutldg b «jìtbhb sbdrçtldb» dbjb nuêg mo cg `õsqumhg hm cg vmrhgh y mc dbobdljlmotb. 0. ²TMNÕO TBDPGXMT D]GC MT MC B@EMXLQB HM CG ALCBTBAÊG2 Tmnõo Tôdrgtms, mc b`emtlvb hm cg alcbsbaêg ms mc hm mosm÷gr cg vlrtuh. G mstm mamdtb, ms prmdlsb dbobdmr prmvlgjmotm cgs obrjgs ìtldgs nmomrgcms, mc `lmo uolvmrsgc, pums cg vlrtuh y mc dbobdljlmotb ob abrjgo jçs qum uog uolhgh. 4. ²W]Ì MT MC @LMO \ MC JGC YGPG TÔDPGXMT2 Ygrg Tôdrgtms cg vmrhgh sm lhmotlaldg dbo mc `lmo jbrgc, mstb slnolaldg qum qulmo dbobzdg cg vmrhgh ob pbhrç jmobs qum prgdtldgr mc `lmo. Tg`mr y vlrtuh dblodlhmo pbr cb tgotb qulmo dbobdm cb rmdtb gdtugrç dbo rmdtltuh y mc qum fgdm mc jgc ms pbr lnobrgodlg.

 

8. ²D]ÇC MT MC BPLNMO HM CG JG\Ì]XLDG2 Cg pgcg`rg jgyìutldg hmrlvg hmc tìrjlob jglmutlkôs hmc nrlmnb qum slnolaldg tìdoldg hm gslstlr mo cbs pgrtbs. Mc brlnmo hm cg jgyìutldg sm cm gtrl`uym g Tôdrgtms =. ²W]Ì MT CG JG\Ì]XLDG2 Tôdrgtms cb abdgclzô mo –mc grtm hm gyuhgr g pgrlr dbobdljlmotbs‚. Mc mstlcb sbdrçtldb dboslstm mo qum, g `gsm hm prmnuotgs, mc lotmrcbdutbr jmhltm y modumotrm cgs rmspumstgs ìc jlsjb. 1. ²DÔJB A]ODLBOG CG JG\Ì]XLDG2 Cg jgyìutldg ms uo jìtbhb b uog tìdoldg qum dboslstm mo rmgclzgr prmnuotgs g uog pmrsbog fgstg qum ìstg hmsdu`rg dbodmptbs qum mstg`go cgtmotms u bductbs mo su jmotm. Mc dumstlbogrlb ms hmsgrrbccghb pbr uo jgmstrb qum hm`m modgrngrsm, dbo sus prmnuotgs, hm nulgr g su hlsdêpucb fgdlg mc dbobdljlmotb ob dbodmptugclzghb. >. ²W]Ì BYLOG@G TÔDPGXMT TB@PM CG YBCLXLDG GXMOLMOTM2 Tôdrgtms sm bpboêg g`lmrtgjmotm g cg hmjbdrgdlg qum hlrlnêg Gtmogs hurgotm su vlhg ghuctg. Tmnõo ìc cg hmjbdrgdlg gtmolmosm ob sm modbotrg`g g cg gcturg hm uo nb`lmrob lhmgc rmprmsmotghb pbr uo pmramdtb rìnljmo hlrlnlhb pbr alcôsbabs. 6. ²W]Ì MT CG ÌXLDG TMNÕO TÔDPGXMT2 Tôdrgtms mxpcldg dôjb cg prçdtldg hmc `lmo pmramddlbog gc smr fujgob, pbr mc dbotrgrlb, cg prçdtldg hmc jgc dbrrbjpm su ogturgcmzg. g. D. auohô cg Gdghmjlg hm Gtmogs, lostltudlôo qum dbotlougrêg g cb cgrnb hm jçs hm obvmdlmotbs g÷bs y g cg qum Grlstôtmcms gduhlrêg hmshm Mstgnlrg g mstuhlgr alcbsbaêg gcrmhmhbr hmc 41> g. 74. ²W]LÌOMT LOAC]MODLGPBO G YCGXÔO \ DBJB2 Ycgtôo aum loacumodlghb pbr5 Yltçnbrgs5 Guoqum Tôdrgtms loacumodlô g Ycgtôo hlrmdtgjmotm dbjb sm rmcgdlbog mo cbs hlçcbnbs, cg loacumodlg hm Yltçnbrgs sb`rm Ycgtôo, b mo uo smotlhb jçs gjpclb, cbs pltgnôrldbs, dbjb Grqultgs, tgj`lìo pgrmdm fg`mr slhb slnolaldgtlvg. Grlstôtmcms galrjô qum cg alcbsbaêg hm Ycgtôo slnulô hm dmrdg cgs mosm÷gozgs hm cbs pltgnôrldbs y Dldmrôo rmpltm mstg galrjgdlôo. Yltçnbrgs sbstuvb qum tbhgs cgs dbsgs sbo oõjmrbs, y mc dbsjbs prbvlmom hm prlodlplbs oujìrldbs. Lotrbhueb mc dbodmptb hm ljltgdlôo abrjg dbjb gcnb hlstlotb hm cg jgtmrlg, y qum mc juohb aêsldb ms uog hm uo juohb jgtmjçtldb mtmrob. Tôdrgtms5 Ycgtôo aum uob hm cbs hmvbtbs smnulhbrms eôvmoms hm Tôdrgtms. Cg rmcgdlôo prmdlsg motrm Ycgtôo y Tôdrgtms slnum slmohb uo çrmg hm hlsduslôo motrm cbs mstuhlbsbs. Grlstôtmcms gtrl`uym uog hbdtrlog hlamrmotm dbo rmspmdtb g cgs abrjgs g Ycgtôo y Tôdrgtms. Grlstôtmcms sunlmrm qum cg lhmg hm cgs abrjgs hm Tôdrgtms sm pumhm hmsdu`rlr g trgvìs hm cg lovmstlngdlôo hmc juohb ogturgc, g hlamrmodlg hm cgs Abrjgs hm Ycgtôo qum mxlstmo jçs gccç y aumrg hmc rgonb brhlogrlb hm cg dbjprmoslôo fujgog. 78. ²W]Ì TBO CGT LHMGT TMNÕO YCGXÔO2 Ycgtôo dboslhmrg qum cg Lhmg ms mc b`emtb hm uog lotuldlôo lotmcmdtugc y qum rmprmsmotg cg msmodlg lojutg`cm y mtmrog hm cg rmgclhgh (ms gemog gc dgj`lb, pbr cb tgotb), y qum tlmom mxlstmodlg lohmpmohlmotm hm cg rmgclhgh smosl`cm (b smg, qum ms su`slstmotm). 7=. ²W]Ì XLYB HM OGX]PGCMUG XLMOMO CG LHMGT2 Cg ogturgcmzg dmotrgc hm cgs lhmgs ms qum mccgs sm plmosgo, sm gogclzgo, sì dgtmnbrlzgr, y sm usgo pgrg rmsbcvmr prb`cmjgs g`strgdtbs. 71. ²G W]ÊMO TM CM GXPL@]\M CG XMBPÊG HM CGT LHMGT2 Cg tmbrêg hm cgs lhmgs b abrjgs sm cg gtrl`uym gc alcôsbab Ycgtôo, cg dugc mstg`cmdm uog aumrtm hlamrmodlgdlôo motrm cb qum pmrdl`ljbs g trgvìs hm

 

cbs smotlhbs y cb qum pbhmjbs ccmngr g dbobdmr pbr jmhlb hmc rgzbogjlmotb sb`rm cb qum ccgjg "abrjgs" b "lhmgs". 7>. ²W]Ì PMCGDLÔO FG\ MOXPM CGT LHMGT \ CGT ABPJGT2 Cg rmcgdlôo hm cgs lhmgs y cgs dbsgs, Ycgtôo cgs mxpcldg dbjb cg mxlstmodlg y hugclhgh hm hbs juohbs prlodlpgcms mc lotgonl`cm (cgs lhmgs) y mc juohb tgonl`cm b smosl`cm (cgs abrjgs). 76. MVYCLDG CBT HBT J]OHBT TMNÕO YCGXÔO Mc juohb lotgonl`cm, ms gqumc juohb mo mc dugc sbcb pmrtmomdmo cgs pmrsbogs hmshm su gcjg, sus lhmgs, su rgzbogjlmotb y sus smotljlmotbs. Mc juohb tgonl`cm, ms gqumc qum pbhmjbs pmrdl`lr hmshm oumstrbs smotlhbs, y ms mc juohb rmgc tgc y dbjb cb vlvljbs, cb pmrdl`ljbs jmhlgotm mc tgdtb, mc nustb, cg vlstg, mc bêhb b mc bcagtb. 7. ²W]ÊMO MPG GPLTXÔXMCMT2

 

dlmotêaldb ogdlhb mo cg dluhgh hm Grlstôtmcms aum uo alcôsbab, pbcêjgtg y dlmotêaldb Mstgnlrg, gc obrtm hm Gotlnug Nrmdlg. Ms dboslhmrghb euotb g Ycgtôo, mc pghrm hm cg alcbsbaêg bddlhmotgc. Tus lhmgs fgo memrdlhb uog mobrjm loacumodlg sb`rm cg flstbrlg lotmcmdtugc hm Bddlhmotm pbr jçs hm hbs jlcmolbs. 06. ²W]Ì TBO CBT DBODMYXBT2 Mc dbodmptb ms motmohlhb dbjb cg rmprmsmotgdlôo lotmcmdtugc hm uo b`emtb, hlamrmodlçohbsm, pums, hm cb smotlhb, cb pmrdl`lhb, cb ljgnloghb b cb rmdbrhghb. 0