Sociology Anthropology Notes (1)

SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY PRELIM NOTES INTRODUCTION MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF THE SUBJECT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Human Beings Place/Setting (where human beings exist) Language Society Culture Beliefs Government Rules

FACTORS AND BENEFITS THAT GIVE RISE TO BE INCLUDED IN THE GROUP They have: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Similar goals and objectives Similar functions Sense of belongingness Common Ideology Common Language Common culture and practice/beliefs Common standards/norms

SOCIOLOGY The word was taken from two languages – the dead language Latin and Greek. Latin “socios” - companion Greek “logos” – word Technically, sociology is the scientific study of society including the important elements such as relationships, groups, cultures, norms and, most importantly, human persons.

CULTURE Culture is the great difference between humans and lower forms of animals. It is not a standard. Humans can understand and practice culture. A person being cultured is the person with good breeding. QUALITIES OF CULTURE Culture is: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Something learned Something transmitted Something social. It is always in the context of the relationship. Something gratifying. It is facing a sense of fulfilment and gratitude. Something adaptive. It was made to adjust to another culture. Something that has integrity. It can create cultural practices in our time period.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE 1. Social norms – standards in distinguishing what is wrong and right, and a criteria in what is proper and improper, what is good and bad.  Folkways – can be understood as a typical habit. It is also patterns of expected behaviour within a certain group.  Mores – there are norms that are valued as punishable.  Laws – there are three laws: the natural law, sin, and the divine law.  Fashions, facts, and craze - forces of social changes that show the status of people.  Social institutions - are responsible for analysing and criticizing social norms, folkways, mores, and laws as well as checking if they are adaptable or not. o Family o Economic institution o Political institution o Religious institution o Educational institution 2. Ideas – include beliefs and superstitions.  Beliefs – give meaning and interpretation of culture by use  Superstitions – practices which have no scientific basis 3. Material culture – used to preserve our practices.

DIFFERENT TERMS IN CULTURE Cultural traits – referring to the smallest unit of all cultures practiced or the smallest culture to a more fundamental basis Cultural pattern – synonymous with uniformity, they are the patterns of practices that are unformed or common Subculture – within a bigger group, there will always be small groups existing within a big group. Subculture is an individual because each person has different interests from other people Ethnocentrism – refers to the pride of your ethnicity, saying that you are proud of your ethnicity Xenocentrism – refers from not showing pride of your ethnicity or seeking interests from overseas. Culture shock – happens when you are experiencing a culture which is different from your own culture Culture relativism – contrary with cultural absolutism; there is no standard culture Culture complex – happens when you need people of different culture Culture area – a place where a certain culture is being found or placed Culture center – a place where a certain culture finds its place of origin Cultural diffusion – when a culture is not being or no longer practiced, it will die eventually Counterculture – the opposition to the wrong culture How do you acquire culture? 1. By discovery 2. By invention 3. By borrowing What is practice? Practice coincides with repetition.

VALUES Values refer to an important value system to an individual. You need to check your values from time to time. Technically, values are:    

Standards and being viewed as an expression of intuitive ends, goals, and purpose of social activities. In addition, values determine what is good and what is bad. In a similar way, we can view values as a criteria to which norms are judged. Lastly, values are the most moral imperative of the society. All values possess the inherent goods in it.

Robin Williams, an American sociologist, proposed four tests to determine if a value is operative or beneficial to the society. 1. Extensiveness – a value is extensive when it is recognized or practiced by the majority of the people. 2. Duration – a value is durable when it is tested through time. 3. Intensity – a value is intense when it is greatly affects the peoples’ values in a positive way. 4. Prestige of the carrier – where there is a sort of feeling of worthiness and gratitude on taking your part. _____________________________________________________________________

PERSONALITY Personality is derived from the Latin word “persona” meaning “mask.” It refers as a symbol that helps a person to adjust to people in walks of their life. Technically, personality is the characteristic patterns of behaviour and module thinking that determines a person’s adjustment to the environment. It is also something genetic. There are two kinds of personality: Wholesome personality – in which a person can be easily get along with other people. Shuttered personality – in which a person cannot get easily get along with other people.

How to determine our personality? There are four determinants: Biological inheritances – refers to the traits inherited from parents, like intelligence, talents and attitudes. Geographical environment – refers to the location, the climate and the resources in the environment where a person belongs. Cultural environment – examining the cultural environment influences you to the greater extent. Social environment – refers to the people living within the environment having the same qualities. _____________________________________________________________________

AGE We view it as our point of reference as we passed through the cycle of growth.

CATEGORIES OF AGE Infancy – from birth to two weeks beyond Babyhood – after three months Adolescence – 10-18 years old Adult stage – 18 years old to old age, wherein a person will manage to make a career and his own family. 5. Old age – retirement age wherein a person will be fulfilled or regretted for not fulfilling his opportunities. 1. 2. 3. 4.

FIVE STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT BY SIGMUND FREUD 1. Oral stage – starting from birth to the age one, the main source of gratification is the infant’s mouth, lips, and tongue. 2. Anal stage – from age one to three, the main source of gratification relies on the person’s bowel movement. Toilet training is required. 3. Phallic stage – from the age of three to six, the main source of gratification is in the person’s sex organs. 4. Latency stage – from the age six to 18, 5. Genital stage – from the age of 18 onwards, ______________________________________________________________________

SOCIALIZATION The basic concept of socialization is that there is always an interaction. Interaction is different if there are two or more people talking. Socialization is defined as truly a process in which an individual learns to conform to the norms/standards of its social where he acquires a status and plays a corresponding role. In socialization we should be conformed to our current status: our rights, objections and roles. FACTORS FACILITATING THE SOCIALIZATION 1. Use of language It is considered as one of the decreed achievements of human life; but is considered as one of the most abused part of the human life. 2. Status It is the position of the individual in a social cycle which implies the collection of rights and duties.  Ascribed status – it is stated as destined. It was from this status that we received roles. Roles – functional and dynamic aspects of status. Deviant – a sociological term for people who violate the norms of the society Deviant behavior – also known as an abnormal behavior, it is any violation or acts not conforming to the norms.

There is a difference between SEX and GENDER Sex is the biological difference between a male person and a female person; while gender is the psychological, social, and cultural differences of male and female persons.

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR These are the forms of behavior that violates the norms of the society. The one who violates these norms is called a deviant. Deviant behavior is not fully absolute. There are also universal norms that should conform worldwide, regardless of location or nationality. Example is the Ten Commandments.

TWO EXPLANATIONS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR 1. Biological – deviations that are genetic in nature 2. Psychological – there are reasons why there are deviations psychologically. The people have:  No inner confidence within themselves  No inner ability to control themselves Specifically, there are also series leading to deviation:       

Series of frustration Series of rejection Series of insecurities or immaturity Family or personal problems Love Inability to accept towards painful realities Instant mentality (destroys the virtue of patience)

TWO SOCIOLOGISTS WHO EXPLAINED WHY DEVIATIONS ARE ALWAYS THERE: 1. Emile Durkheim – explains that deviations are caused by rapid social changes. 2. Robert K. Merton – explains that deviations are caused by modern, industrial society. The richer the country, the higher the rate of deviance. Merton also gave reasons causing the modern, industrial society: The people are busy acquiring the following:  Material wealth;  Education;  Prestige;  Glory;  Honor; and  Power.

Merton also described the THREE KINDS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR 1. Conformists – persons having no principle in life or being careless regardless of negative effects. (Conformists accept society's goals and the socially acceptable means of achieving them (e.g.: monetary success is gained through hard work). Merton claims that conformists are mostly middle-class people in middle class jobs who have been able to access the opportunities in society such as a better education to achieve monetary success through hard work. – Wikipedia) 2. Ritualists – persons with the principle of sacrifice as their only way to live even if they didn’t prosper. (Ritualism refers to the inability to reach a cultural goal thus embracing the rules to the point where the people in question lose sight of their larger goals in order to feel respectable. Ritualists reject society's goals, but accept society's institutionalised means. Ritualists are most commonly found in dead-end, repetitive jobs, where they are unable to achieve society's goals but still adhere to society's means of achievement and social norms. – Wikipedia) 3. Retreatists – persons having dislike to the social norms or governmental norms to the point of forming a new group and a new set of rules which they think are right. (Retreatism is the rejection of both cultural goals and means, letting the person in question "drop out". Retreatists reject the society's goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. Merton sees them as true deviants, as they commit acts of deviance to achieve things that do not always go along with society's values. – Wikipedia) TWO THEORIES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR 1. Conflict (hindi ko makuha iyong meaning. Please fill it in the comment section.) 2. Control – there is a deviation when the people in the authority can no longer control its people. TWO EXAMPLES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR 1. Drugs (Drug Abuse/Addiction) Different Drugs Used in the Philippines  Sedatives – also known as depressants. It has a calming effect on nervous system and reduces anxiety and excitement. Overdosing it can lead to having a depressed brain and respiratory control. Examples are tranquilizers and sleeping pills.

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Stimulants – increases alertness and physical dispositions, therefore preventing fatigue and hardens sleepiness or drowsiness. Examples are cocaine, heroin, caffeine, and shabu.  Hallucinogens – also known as psychedelics, It affects thinking and selfawareness. Examples are cocaine, heroin, and marijuana.  Narcotics – also known as psychedelics, it is used as anaesthesia. Its effects are drowsiness and inducing sleep. Overdosing it results in having both psychological and physiological defects.  Marijuana – always available in the Philippines. 2. Prostitution – any sexual act including sexual intercourse on a mercenary basis. Three Characteristics of Prostitution Prostitution is:  Immoral  Exploitation  Lowers the human dignity ______________________________________________________________________

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS (KING JAMES VERSION) 1. I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me. And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commands. 3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain; for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. 4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: But the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle. Nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day, and hallowed it. 5. Honor thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. 6. Thou shalt not kill. 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8. Thou shalt not steal. 9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass nor anything that is thy neighbour’s.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS (KING JAMES VERSION) SHORTENED VERSION 1. I am the Lord thy God. Thou shalt not have other gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. 3. Remember the Sabbath day, to make it holy. 4. Honor thy father and thy mother. 5. Thou shalt not kill. 6. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 7. Thou shalt not steal. 8. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. 9. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s wife. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s goods.