Sociology and Anthropology Reviewer

Sociology and Anthropology Reviewer Chapter 1: Sociology as a Science: Areas, Branches and Historical Development Sociology   

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Gk. word logos = “Science” or “study” Lt. word socius = “group” or “partner” According to Joseph Fichter o Sociology is the scientific study of patterned and shared human behavior Auguste Comte o Used the term “Sociology” in 1838 Systematic study of the patterns of human behavior  deals with life of a group o Focus in social behavior not on individuals Microlevel (face to face interaction)  Macrolevel (aggregate political systems, economic systems, or world systems)

Sociology as a Science 

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Deals with systematized or organized body of facts about patterns of human interaction and of group life o People living in interdependence Social scientist  studies the social world o Sociologist  Concerned with how groups are formed, affect their members and how the members affect their group Systematic o Define the problem o Formulate hypothesis o Experiment  Gather data  Control, manipulate, analyze variables  Results  valid o Conclusion Ethnography  participant observation

Areas of Sociology 

Focuses on: o Social relations

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o Social stratification o Social interaction o Culture o Deviance There are 7 areas in the study of sociology: o Social organization – covers the studies of:  Social institutions  Social mobility  Social groups  Social stratification  Bureaucracy  Ethnic groups  Relations  Topics like:  Family education  Politics  Religion economy o Social psychology – deals with the study of human nature resulting from:  Group life  Social attitudes  Collective behavior  Personality formation  Views man w/ reference to group life o Social change and social disorganization – include changes in culture and social relations as wells as social disruptions such as:  Juvenile delinquency  Population problems o Human ecology – deals with the nature and behavior of a given population  Relationship w/ other social groups and with the existing institutions o Population or demography – studies the:  Number  Composition  Changes  Quality  Affect the: o Economic o Political o Social systems @jrb2013

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Sociological theory and method – concerned on how principles and theories of group of life may be applied and utilized for the regulation of man Applied sociology – concerned with the findings of pure sociological research in various fields:  Criminology  Community development  Education  Marriage  Problems and aspects of man’s daily life

Historical Development of Sociology   

Began in early part of 18th century to the first quarter of the 19th century Developed in western Europe o Due to Industrial Revolution In Philippines it was started at UST in 1901 by Fr. Valentin Marin OP

Auguste Comte   

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Father of sociology French philosopher Coined the term sociology from latin term socius which means “social” or “being with others” and gk word logos meaning “science” or “study” Positive Philosophy Law of Three Stages o Theological phase  Reference to God o Metaphysical phase  Stage of investigation o Scientific phase  Find solutions to social problem Idea of positivism

Karl Marx     

German philosopher Political economist Historian Political theorist Sociologist

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Communist Revolutionary Founder of Communism Author of Communist Manifesto Believed that everything is conditioned and controlled by capitalism o Will end through organized actions of an international working class

Emile Durkheim     

French sociologist Instrumental in the formation of sociology and anthropology First to obtained doctorate degree Author of Division of Labor in Society Suicide is a solitary act o Can only be understood by analyzing society or social mechanisms o Types of suicide:  Egoistic type  Failure of economic development and division of labor  Altruistic type  High integration societies  Individuals are less important than the needs of society  Anomic type  Moral deregulations and lack of legitimate aspirations  Fatalistic type  Overly oppressive societies  I would rather die

Max Weber o o o o o o

German lawyer Politician Scholar Political economist Sociologist Introduced the VERSTEHEN method

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Sociologist must not only employ objective methods  look into the subjective meaning that people attach to their own behavior and that of others

Ferdinand Toennies  

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Social theory of Gemeinshaft and Gesellschaft Gemeinshaft o Type of group willed into being because of symphathy among its members or the expression of the will  Neighborhood  Friendship Gesellshaft o Arbitrarily willed group that arises to attain some definite end.  City  State

William Graham Summer      

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Sociologist Anthropologist Scholar Influential professor at Yale university Author of Folkways and the Science of Society Introduce the term “ethnocentrism” o Intended to express his anti-imperialist sentiment Folkways  social norms

A.R. Radcliffe-Brown   

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American-Norwegian sociologist and economist and a primary mentor along with John R. Commons, of the institutional economics movement Author of The Theory of the Leisure Class Concepts on conspicuous consumption, ostentatious display, trained incapacity, predatory culture, absentee ownership and discretional control

Pitirim Sorokin 

Russian-American sociologist

Talcott Parsons  

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American Sociologist Action Theory o Based on methodological theory of voluntarism and epistemological theory of analytical realism Human actions circumscribed by norms or ultimate principles of action

George Simmel   

German Jewish Dyad and triad Known as privatdozent

Sociology in the Philippines 

Randolph David o Journalist o UP Sociologist

Social anthropologist Developed the theory of structural functionalism Made anthropology as college subject

Friedrich Engels   

German scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher Father of communist theory Co-author of Communist Manifesto

Thorstein Veblen

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