Society and Culture Module
Short Description
Module for Society and Culture...
Description
FOREWORD A soci societ ety, y, or a human human soci societ ety, y, is a grou group p of peop people le related to each each other other thro throug ugh h persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or o r virtual territory, territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social (social relations) relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and culture and institutions institutions a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. !n the social sciences, sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification evinces stratification and"or dominance patterns dominance patterns in subgroups. !nsofar as it is collaborative, collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap. #ulture, on the other hand, is an important part of our lives. !t tells us how to cooperate among groups of people and how to survive as a species. #ulture is defined as a body of learned behaviors
shared
by
individuals
within
a
society.
!t
is
made
up
of
shared
values, values, norms, norms, and beliefs beliefs as well as material material objects objects such as tools, tools, automobiles automobiles,, television televisions, s, shoes, and anything else that is made by humans. $he %atin root of the word cultura means cultura means &to cultivate.' e humans shape or cultivate the world around us to suit our needs. #ulture is something that we cannot live without. $his $his module module intend intendss to introd introduce uce concept concepts, s, theori theories, es, and perspe perspecti ctives ves vital vital in the understanding of society and culture. An in depth discussion of basic social institutions forming the social structure structure will be emphasized in order to increase increase the awareness awareness regarding regarding the current current issues confronting the present social structure. !n so doing individual and collective functions in confronting such issues will be realized. urthermore, a special discussion will be devoted on family planning, ta*ing into account family planning and reproductive health concepts and issues that are significant agendum of the society+s society+s project on social order.
DIOSDADO P. ZULUETA
CONTENTS #HA-$/ !. !0$/123#$!10
4
0ature and 5eginnings of 6ociology and Anthropology
4
-erspective6 in 3nderstanding the 6ociety
7
#HA-$/ !!. 61#!$8
4
6ocio9cultural volution: $ransformation of 6ocieties
4
6ocial ;roups and 1rganizations
7
3nderstanding 6ocialization
4<
#HA-$/ !!!. #3%$3/
=>
hat is #ulture?
=>
#omponents of #ulture
=@
#haracteristics of #ulture
!ssues in 3nderstanding #ulture
B
#HA-$/ !C. 5A6!# 61#!A% !06$!$3$!106
/eligion and 6ociety
>
;overnment and %aw
><
conomy
>
ducation
>4
Darriage and amily
>=
#HA-$/ C. DA//!A;, AD!%8 -%A00!0; A02 /6-106!5% /6- 106!5% -A/0$H112
>>
Darriage
>>
/eproductive Health
@>
amily -lanning
@7
/esponsible -arenthood
7
B
CONTENTS #HA-$/ !. !0$/123#$!10
4
0ature and 5eginnings of 6ociology and Anthropology
4
-erspective6 in 3nderstanding the 6ociety
7
#HA-$/ !!. 61#!$8
4
6ocio9cultural volution: $ransformation of 6ocieties
4
6ocial ;roups and 1rganizations
7
3nderstanding 6ocialization
4<
#HA-$/ !!!. #3%$3/
=>
hat is #ulture?
=>
#omponents of #ulture
=@
#haracteristics of #ulture
!ssues in 3nderstanding #ulture
B
#HA-$/ !C. 5A6!# 61#!A% !06$!$3$!106
/eligion and 6ociety
>
;overnment and %aw
><
conomy
>
ducation
>4
Darriage and amily
>=
#HA-$/ C. DA//!A;, AD!%8 -%A00!0; A02 /6-106!5% /6- 106!5% -A/0$H112
>>
Darriage
>>
/eproductive Health
@>
amily -lanning
@7
/esponsible -arenthood
7
B
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Objectives:
%earn about the nature and beginnings of 6ociology and Anthropology and develop better perspective in understanding the 6ociety such as the #onflict -erspective, 6ymbolic9 !nteractionist -erspective and 6tructural9unctional Analysis. Analysis. A. Nature a! "e#ii#s "e#ii#s $% S$ci$&$# S$ci$&$#' ' a! At(r$) At(r$)$&$#' $&$#'
$he central central concer concern n of 6ociety 6ociety and #ultur #ulturee is the intera interacti ction on of person persons, s, societ societies ies,, cultures, environments and time. 6ociety and #ulture draws on cross9disciplinary concepts and social social resear research ch method methodolog ologies ies from from anthro anthropol pology ogy,, commun communica icatio tion, n, cultur cultural al studie studies, s, media media studies, philosophy, psychology, psychology, social ecology ecolog y and sociology. 6ociety and #ulture has direct relevance to the immediate needs of students and to their future lives by enabling students to develop understanding of: •
themselves
•
their own society and culture
•
the societies and cultures of others.
Nature
Anthropology is the study of human*ind, in all times and places. !n other words, it is the science of man which denotes the natural history of man*ind. !n the general classification of *nowledge it stands as the highest section of zoology or the science of animals, itself the highest section of biology or the science of living beings. $o anthropology contribute various sciences, whic which h hold hold thei theirr own own inde indepen pende dent nt plac places es in the the fiel field d of *nowl *nowled edge. ge. $hus $hus anato anatomy my and physiology display the structure and functions of the human body, while psychology investigates the operations of the human mind. -hilology deals with the general principles of language, as well as with the relations between the languages of particular races and nations. thics or moral 4
science treats manEs duty or rules or conduct toward his fellow men. %astly, under the names of sociology and the science of culture, are considered the origin and development of arts and sciences, opinions, beliefs, customs, laws, institutions generally among man*ind, their course in time being partly mar*ed out by the direct record of history, while beyond the historical limit our information is continued by inferences from relics of early ages and remote districts, to interpret which is the tas* of pre9historic archaeology and geology. 0ot only are these various sciences concerned largely with man, but several among them have in fact suffered by the almost entire exclusion of other animals from their scheme. !t is undoubted that comparative anatomy and physiology, by treating the human species as one member of a long series of related organism, have gained a higher and more perfect understanding of man himself and his place in the universe than could have been gained by the narrower investigation of his species by and for itself. !t is to be regretted that hitherto certain other sciences 99 psychology, ethics, and even philology and sociology9have so little followed so profitable an example. 0o doubt the phenomena of intellect appear in vastly higher and more complete organization in man than in beings below him in the scale of nature, that beasts and birds only attain to language in its lower rudiments, and that only the germs of moral tendency and social law are discernible among the lower animals. 8et though the mental and moral interval between man and the nearest animals may be vast, the brea* is not absolute, and the investigation of the laws of reason and instinct throughout the zoological system, which is already casting some scattered rays of light on the study of manEs highest organization, may be destined henceforth to throw brighter illumination into its very recesses. 0ow this condition of things, as well as the accepted order in which the sciences have arranged themselves by their mode of growth, ma*e it desirable that anthropology should not too ambitiously strive to include within itself the sciences which provide so much of its wealth, but that each science should pursue its own subject through the whole range of living beings, rendering to anthropology an account of so much of its results as concerns man. 6uch results it is the office of anthropology to collect and co9ordinance, so as to elaborate as completely as may be the synopsis of manEs bodily and mental nature, and the theory of his whole course of life and action from his first appearance on earth. As will be seen from the following brief summary, the information to be thus brought together form contributing sciences is widely different both in accuracy and in soundness. hile much of the descriptive detail is already clear and well filled in, the general principles of its order are still but vaguely to be F
discerned, and as our view Guits the comparatively distinct region near ourselves the prospect fades more and more into the dimness of conjecture. 6ociology, on the other hand, is defined as the scientific study of human society and human interaction. 6ociologists are interested in many different aspects of society such as culture, socialization, criminology, social inequality, social groups, organizations, social change, and social institutions (and the list could go on and on). !n order for you to understand more about human society, you should first become acGuainted with the discipline of sociology. 6ociology is the study of the populace in various groupings and settings. !t involves the systematic examination of human social activity, from everyday face9to9face encounters to the movements of civilizations throughout history. 3nli*e disciplines that focus on a single aspect of society, sociology stresses the complex relationships governing all dimensions of social life, including the economy, state, family, religion, science, social ineGuality, culture and consciousness. !ts inGuiry is guided by several theoretical traditions and grounded in the empirical observation of social reality. hile the experiences of modern, estern societies gave rise to formal sociological inGuiry, the insights to be gained from the discipline are not limited to this realm. or example, sociology has particular relevance for understanding global change, as much of the world engages in its own process of modernization. Doreover, sociologists maintain that their perspective, as well as many of their insights, is generalizable beyond the specific historical context in which they were first conceived. 6ociology is characterized as a discipline by several distinct modes of inGuiry. irst and foremost, sociology emphasizes human sociality as central to its pursuit. !n this view, human action is to be understood within a web of social relationships and broader structures. -articular studies may focus on intimate, face9to9face interaction or on the movement of entire civilizations through history, but all sociology views human action in context. !n this way, sociology distinguishes itself from psychology and some forms of political philosophy that considers the autonomous individual to be a meaningful unit of analysis. 6ociology sees humans as fundamentally social. =
6ociological inGuiry is holistic in maintaining that human action can be understood only by lin*ing it organically to the whole of social life. 6ocial theories are central to sociological investigation, in part, because they provide comprehensive statements regarding the connections among the various facets of social life. hile particular theories may emphasize certain forces (e.g., economic, cultural) as having greater significance in shaping society, as a discipline sociology see*s to understand the relationship among these forces within social life as a whole. !n this way sociology may be distinguished from disciplines li*e economics and political science that focus on a particular dimension of social life as the center of their inGuiry. 6ociological inGuiry is analytical and structural. 6ociology does not accept at face value common sense understandings or publicly stated positions about society rather, it see*s to probe beneath the surface for the actual dynamics. $he political implications that particular sociologists draw from such a critical understanding may vary from conservative to radical, but critiGue is common to all sociological analysis. 6ociology demands empirical evidence that lin*s sociological ideas to lived experience. 6ociologists employ a wide variety of techniGues to collect and analyze the data of human experience, but all sociological *nowledge must be grounded in some form of empirical or historical reality. !n its demand for empirical foundations, sociology is appropriately regarded as a science99whether it is as an interpretive science concerned with meaning of social events and cultural values, as a historical science concerned with social institutions and structures, or as a positivistic science concerned with discovering explanatory laws of human behavior. inally, sociology is a morally engaged discipline. $he substance of sociological inGuiry has direct relevance for ethical issues regarding the human condition. 6ociologists differ in whether or not they maintain that sociological inGuiry can or should serve as a basis for establishing moral truths. 0evertheless, the systematic investigation of what is in our society, particularly those aspects of society that we identify as social problems, naturally raises ethical Guestions about how society should be. A distinctive aspect of sociology is the study of the conflicts and contradictions between social values and ideals, on the one hand, and social structures and reality on the other. !n this way, sociology provides an important bridge between
the objective inGuiry of the natural sciences and the morally engaged approach common to the humanities. As a discipline practiced by trained professionals, sociology brea*s down into several subfields, reflecting the special interests of its practitioners. $he American 6ociological Association identifies several sections, many with their own publications and sessions at national professional meetings99religion, family, medical sociology, theory, and so on. $ypically, upper9 level courses in sociology programs are organized to reflect these interests. "e#ii#
$he history of anthropology goes bac* to the days of discoveries and explorations from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries and to the accounts of early estern explorers, missionaries, and colonial officials of the strange behavior and beliefs of people they had come in contact with. 2iscoveries of flint tools and other artifacts in rance and other parts of urope in the early nineteenth century gave evidence of the existence of man a million years ago. $hese discoveries happened at a time when advances in chemistry and physics were made, arousing an interest in scientific inGuiry (Haviland, 7>@). Dodern anthropology in both its physical and cultural aspects started only around the twentieth century. 1n the other hand, sociology, considered one of the youngest of the social sciences, was developed by Auguste #omte around the middle of the nineteenth century. #omte believed that the methods and techniGues of the natural sciences could also be applied to the study of society. He coined the term &sociology' to designate the new science, a term derived from the %atin word socius, meaning &society in interaction,' and the ;ree* word logos, meaning &study.' 1ther pioneers were Herbert 6pencer, Iarl Darx, and erdinand $oellies, who were also armchair philosophers. 0ot until the time of mile 2u r*heim, ;eorge 6immel, and Dax eber in urope, and eventually #harles H. #ooley, /obert . -ar*, and .!. $homas in the 3nited 6tates was empirical investigation used in the study of social phenomena. 2ur*heim laid the foundation for modern sociology by using empirical investigation in the study of suicide in rance, the division of labor in society, and the elementary forms of religious life.
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6ociological and anthropological theories were developed to explain various social phenomena. 6ome were divergent, but the theories eventually converged on some common grounds. $hese ideas were diffused in urope, in the Americas, and Asia. ventually, the disciplines of sociology and anthropology were introduced in the -hilippine colleges and universities. Deve&$)*et i t(e P(i&i))ies
Anthropology started as a practical activity of colonizers in the service of #hristianity and the 6panish ;overnment. thnographic data were provided by the early chroniclers li*e Pi#a%etta , L$arca, P&acecia , and Fr. C(iri$ who wrote the early culture and society in the
rediscovered archipelago which was named &ilipinas' in honor of Iing -hilip !! of 6pain. renchman Alfred Darche led archeological explorations in 7th century. !t was followed by the American government which became interested in the various ethnic groups in the country. thnological surveys in the -hilippines replaced the 5ureau of 0on9#hristian $ribes. Ot&e' H. "e'er (7F) elevated anthropology as an academic discipline at the Uiversit' $% t(e P(i&i))ies . !t was offered as one of the courses in the department of history,
and later on, merged with sociology. Anthropology prospered as a distinct course in -hilippines schools. 6chools who have doctorate degree in the early years were Uiversit' $% Sa Car&$s (#ebu), Atee$ De +ai&a Uiversit' , and ,avier Uiversit' (#agayan 2e 1ro #ity). Fr. -a&eti +ari introduced sociology in the -hilippines in @7 as a course on
criminology at the Uiversit' $% Sat$ T$*as . !n 77, 6ociology was introduced at Si&i*a Uiversit' and the T(e$&$#ica& Se*iar' . Sera%i +acarai# was the first ilipino to receive a doctorate degree in sociology in
747. &!ntroduction to 6ociology' was the first text in the 3niversity of the -hilippines written by 6erafin Dacaraig. 6ociologists after Dacaraig were: @
•
ua Rui/ J offered courses in social wor* in the 3niversity of the -hilippines
•
Pr$%. +arce&$ Ta#c$ J succeeded 2r. Dacaraig
•
F&$ra Dia/ Cat)usa J invited to teach sociology at the #entro scolar 3niversity in
7F, and •
Dr. "eici$ Cata)usa J invited to serve as a professional lecturer in sociology at the
3niversity of the -hilippines in 7F@. P(i&i))ie S$ci$&$#ica& S$ciet' was organized by a group of ilipino educators and
visiting professors in the different regions. !ts objectives are: •
$o increase *nowledge about social behavior
•
$o gather data on social problems for their possible solutions
•
$o train teachers and researchers in the field of sociology, and
•
$o develop cooperation and unity among social scientists in the -hilippines #onsiderable efforts have been made to define and to determine the fields of sociology.
$here are considerable specializations in subject matter and in approach. 6ociological principles are being employed in the analysis of an increasing number of social situations. $he study of various problems led to discovering, refining, and perfecting new methods of sociological investigations. !n 79B) is characterized by children becoming less concerned with
their bodies and developing s*ills for coping with their environment. !t is when 1edipus and le*tra complex are resolved. B. eita& )eri$! (adolescence and puberty)is the age of maturity, adult sexuality and
functioning. •
A&%re! A!&er:
Adler is *nown for his wor* on individual psychology. -eople begin life with both innate striving and physical deficiencies which combine to produce feelings of inferiority. $hese feelings stimulate style to set a goal of overcoming their inferiority. S$cia& iterest or a deep concern for the welfare of other people is the sole criterion by which human actions should be judged. $heories: 47
$he three major problems of life are ei#(b$r&' &$ve< 9$r@ and seua&. $hese can only be solved through social interest. All behaviors are consistent with a person+s final goal. Human behavior is shaped by people+s subjective perception of situations. Here!it' and evir$*et provide the building materials of personality but people+s
creative power is responsible for their lifestyle. Ecuses< a##ressi$ and 9it(!ra9a& are some of people+s various safeguarding
tendencies as conscious or unconscious attempts to protect inflated feelings of superiority against public disgrace. "irt( $r!er , ear&' rec$&&ecti$s and !rea*s are used to foster courage, self9esteem and
social interest. •
are H$re':
Horney espoused the psychoanalytic social theory and insisted that cultural influences wre more important than biological influences in shaping an individual+s personality. $heories: Aiet' was triggered by the feelings of isolation and helplessness in a potentially hostile
world form the lac* of warmth and affection and failing to meet their needs for safety and satisfaction during their younger years. $he t(ree eur$tic tre!s< the tendency to *$ve t$9ar! , a#aist or a9a' from people, were generated by the inability of people to use different tactics in their relationship with others. Healthy people solve their basic conflict by using all three neurotic trends while neurotics compulsively adopt only one of these trends. 5oth healthy and neurotic people experience itra)s'c(ic c$%&icts that have become part of their belief system and this has two major *inds.
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I!ea&i/e! se&%2i*a#e results in the neurotics+ attempts to build a godli*e picture of
themselves. Se&%2(atre! is the tendency of neurotics to hate and despise their real slef.
Any psychological differences between men and women are due to cultural and social expectations and not to biology. Horney+s psychotheraphy goal is to bring about growth toward actualization of the rea& se&%. •
Eric Fr$**:
He called his approach on psychoanalysis the humanistic psychoanalysis. $heories: 6elf9awareness contributes to feelings of loneliness. $o escape these feelings, people strive to become united with others and with nature. 1nly the uniGue human needs of relatedness, transcendence and rootedness, sense of identity and frame of orientation can move people toward reunification. Sese $% re&ate!ess drives people to unite with another person through () )$sitive %ree!$* or the spontaneous activity of a whole, integrated personality and (B) bi$)(i&ia
or submission, power of love. Trasce!ece is the need for people to rise above their passive existence and create or
destroy life. R$$te!ess is the need for a consistent structure in people+s lives. Sese $% i!etit' gives a person a feeling of I or me. Fra*e $% $rietati$ is a consistent way of loo*ing at the world.
F
"asic aiet'). $his theory deals with the cognitive structures and processes that allow a person to mentally represent events that transpire in the environment. •
ea Pia#et:
Mean -iaget, a 6wiss psychologist recognized as a giant of B.
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•
Ec$$*ic Tre!s. $he ways the world and the 3.6. economies wor* are changing
rapidly. $here are several important trends: a. &$ba&i/ati$: $he expansion of economic activity across many borders characterizes the global economy. -oorer, developing nations now produce the raw materials for the world+s multinational corporations. $hese multinational companies control most of the world+s economy. b. De*a! %$r e!ucate! )r$%essi$a&s: $he postindustrial economy is driven by trained professionals such as lawyers, communications professionals, doctors, and teachers. c. Se&%2e*)&$'*et: 0ew, affordable communications technology has allowed more people to go into business for themselves. d. Diversit' i t(e 9$r@)&ace: 1nce the bastion of white males, professional offices are heavily populated by women and minorities in today+s society. 2. E!ucati$ ducation plays a large part in the socialization of children into a society. Dost of the child+s day through these years is devoted to activities involving school such as attending classes, doing homewor*, and participating in extracurricular activities. $he school format is designed to teach children to be productive members of society. 6chools bear most of the responsibility of preparing young people for the wor*ing environment. #hildren learn from punctuality, time management, and to respect the authority of their teacher whish prepares them to respect their boss. $he curriculum also plays an mportant role. A class in civics teaches a child to be a good citizen, and a class in home economics teaches a child how to operate a household. Dost socialization, however, occurs beyond the curriculum. xtra curricular activities such as student government, being a part of a school news paper, or being in a business club provide anticipatory socialization for adult jobs. ducation and deviance have a close relation ship. $he education system serves different purposes in regard to deviance. oremost, education is a d etterent for deviance. #hild learns very early about crime and punishment. $hey learn in the curriculum but they also learn it in a particular way. $hey are punished from cheating, fighting, and other deviant behaviors. >=
$herefore, eduction system plays a vital role in social control by producing compliant citizens that understand what deviance is and how to avoid it. Although education is used as a tool to deter deviance, it can un*nowingly perpetuate it as well. !f a child is labeled as stupid, a teacher expects less out of that child. $he mainstream peer population avoids any peer that is deviant. $hus, these students feel that their only identity is their so9called deviant behavior. !t seems to the child that they will never be able to escape this label, so they continue with the behavior that is considered deviant. 6ocial stratification and education are tightly lin*ed. 6chools may promote social ineGuality by limiting the opportunities of women, minorities, and those in the lower classes. $his can be caused by purposeful discrimination, but more often it is because the social institution of education has sexism and racism built into it. 6tudy after study has shown that students from upper classes consistently do better in school and continue their education, whereas lower classes students do not have the same success. 6chools perpetuate gender and race stratification as well. 5oys tend to receive more encouragement to ta*e more math and science as well as more advanced courses that girls do. in the professional world, women are shut out of occupations involving higher math and science s*ills. Dinorities also have less opportunity to do well in school. Dinorities are more li*ely to grow up in poverty and live in unhealthy environments. Dinorities are concentrated in the inner city where the worst, most impoverished schools are located. $herefore, even they wish to attend school, they still have less access to good teachers and a good learning environment. And perhaps the most detrimental issue that minorities face is that they are often stigmatized as inferior. $his causes them to be treated differently and it causes them to have low expectations fpr themselves, which leads to poor performance. ducation is a vital part of society. !t serves the beneficial purpose of educating the children and getting them ready to be productive adults in today+s society. 5ut the social institution of education is not without its problems. #ontinual efforts to modify and improve the
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system need to be made to reap the highest benefits that education has to offer to children and the society as a whole. E. +arria#e a! Fa*i&'
$o provide a safe lifestyle and environment for the perpetuation of the human race, the institution of marriage was created by various societies based upon an agreement by a man and a woman to become husband and wife. ithin this sytem of dealing with responsibilities and safeguards of property rights and family lines, the family unit of husband, wife and children born to them, establish, preserve and maintain morals. $hey also cultivate, improve and perpetuate our civilization, legal, social and ethical codes and maintain the concept that marriage is a powerful commitment between a man and a woman to become husband and wife. $hat commitment has peripheral legal and personal responsibility factors. hile the actual dynamics of marriage fnctions have changed throughout the centuries, as have perceived public needs, opinions and practices, the concept of a man and a woman as husband and wife bonding together in love, forming a family unit, with the potential of having children born of the marriage, has not changed.
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CHAPTER +ARRIAE< FA+IL4 PLANNIN AND RESPONSI"LE PARENTHOOD
A. +arria#e #umans emerge from the comple process of cells deciding to $oin and become tissues% Darriage is the process by which two people who love each other ma*e their relationship public, official, and permanent. !t is the joining of two people in a bond that putatively lasts until death, but in practice is increasingly cut short by divorce. 1f coures, over the course of a relationship that can last as many as seven or eight decades, a lot happens. -ersonalities change, bodies age, and romantic love waxes and wanes. And no marriage is free of conflict. hat enables a couple to endure is how they handle that conflict. 6o how do you manage the problems that inevitably arise? And how can you *eep the spar* alive?
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0.a Nature $% +arria#e 0.b "ib&ica& -ie9 $ +arria#e
•
Darriage was designedand created by ;od
•
Darriage is solemnagreement between twopeople made in the presence of ;od
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Darriage is the only suitable relationship in which sex can happen
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Darriage is the ideal relationshipin which to bring up *iddies
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Darriage is intended to be permanent relationship
•
#ouples are meant to be faithful within marriage
0.c Reas$s $% etti# +arrie!
0ot everybody wants to get married. Dost liberal women prefer to saty single because they have the belief that having a permanent partner and children to rear is an en cumbrance. 1n the contrary, most people wat to get married due to any of the following reasons: >7
•
I% '$u &$ve s$*e$e< '$u s($u&! *arr' t(e* 2 $he thin*ing behind this statement is
that when you declare your love for someone, your saying it is going to stay forever, so marriage should naturally follow since it cannot hinder this thin*ing b ut only solidify it. •
Marriage shows the other person how much you love them - $his is saying that in order
to prove to your loved one that you indeed love them you need to ma*e a commitment to them and get married. •
It ensures that you will stay with each other for as long as you live - 6ince marriage is a
promise to stay with someone for the rest of your life, whenever the thought of you being with someone else comes to your mind, you will remember that you are married, and only love one person with whom you shall share your entire life with. •
If you truly love someone, why would you not want to marry them? - hen you say you
love someone, nothing else should matter. hy does this commitment scare you if you say you love them? Daybe you are afraid that this marriage will mean you will have to force yourself to be with this person even in the future when your feelings might change. 5ut if you say you love this person, how can your feelings in the future possibly change, therefore why are you afraid to get married? •
If the marriage doesn't work out, there is always divorce! - Assuming that later in life,
you find out that your love was not true and it needs to end, you always have the divorce to fall bac* on. 0.! Ot(er reas$s %$r *arria#e •
$o beget children and have a happy family
•
or economic and social upliftment or insurance.
0.e F$r*s $% +arria#e
As marriages cut off across different races and different cultures, marriage patterns emanate in accordance with established norms as well as laws. $he most commonly accepted forms of marriage are Donogamy and -olygamy.
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+$$#a*'. Donogamy is a &one9union' marriage wherein a man marries one woman.
$his is the most accepted legal form of marriage among ilipinos. As provided by -hilippine law, when a man marries more than one woman at a given time, he commits bi#a*' which is considered a crime. !n other countries where there are high rates of
divorce and remarriage, monogamy as a form of marriage has been described by sociologists as serial monogamy. •
P$&'#a*'. !s a &many9union' marriage. A person marries two or more persons of the
opposite sex at the same time. $his form of marriage is practiced among Duslims, especially those from the upper class, as they are permitted by their religion to have more than one wife at the same time as long as each one is financially supported. T')es $% P$&'#a*': P$&'#'' is marriage uniting one man to two or several women. $his is practiced
among !slamic nations. However, the number of polygynic marriages is declining because only a few can afford to simultaneously sustain several families. $hey usually belong to extremely wealthy families. P$&'a!r' is marriage uniting one woman to many man. $his form of marriage is very
rare. -olyandry has been practiced in $ibet where agriculture is difficult. -olyandry discourages the division of land into small parcels so people are unable to support a family. 0.% Se&ecti$ $% +arria#e Parters +ate se&ecti$ is the practice wherein a prospective groom or bride chooses future
husband or wife. $his is a crucial stage in the selection process. $he *ind of person one chooses to marry determines the *ind and Guality of life the family one will have. 6election of future mates is often limited on the basis of group mores and patterns. or instance, the presence of icest tab$$s is dominant among ilipinos. $he systems of marriage such as endogamy and exogamy li*ewise limit the selection of mates.
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E!$#a*' reGuires a person to marry someone from his own locality, from his own race,
social class and religion. E$#a*' mandates marriage between people of different social categories. 0.%0
Prici)&es $% +ate Se&ecti$
Oaide (77@) states that in the process of selecting mates, people are usually guided by certain principles, although they may not aware that they are using one. •
Prici)&es $% Ass$rtative +ati# refers to an individual who consciously or
unconsciously selects a partner exhibiting characteristics more or less similar to his"her own. •
Prici)&e $% Pre%erecia& +ati# refers to the individual who selects a mate exhibiting
certain characteristics which he"she considers desirable. •
Prici)&e $% Aut$*atic Fact$rs is subdivided into: Consciousness of kind refers to a person who marries somebody belonging to the same
group. Residential propin&uity refers to an individual who marries somebody living nearby. 'ccupational propin&uity refers to a person who marries somebody wor*ing in the same
place or who is engaged in the same or allied profession. Short time eposure refers to a person who marries somebody whom he"she has *nown
for a short time and in a company he"she has been thrown constantly. Darriage partner selection should be done thoroughly and unhurriedly and several factors on mate selection be considered. $oo often, after a &romantic' marriage, when reality finally sets in, couples fall out of love and statrt Guarelling until it leads to their separation. 0.%1
C$urts(i)
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#ourtship paves the way for a man and a woman to *now each other better from the moral, social, spiritual and emotional points of view. !t should be analyzed not only on the basis of love and affection but also on r$&e e)ectati$s< c$**it*et and c$*)etitiveess. F$ur Sta#es $% C$urts(i) 0st Dati# usually refers to an arrangement or appointment between a aman and a woman
to meet socially. !t is a social engagement, usually with the opposite sex. !t fulfills a number of important functions in the lives of the youth. Premarital Se is sex outside marriage which diminishes the symbolic meaning of
couple+s+ c$**it*et for life. $he following are the reasons why premarital sex is strongly discouraged: •
A "i!i# F$rce. 6ex befor marriage can become a binding force leading to marriage
based on sex and not on friendship and love. •
+e*$ries. lashbac*s of previous sexual encounters can haunt a marriage and may
inflict conflict in couples. •
+a@es it Di%%icu&t t$ Disti#uis( bet9ee Rea& L$ve a! I%atuati$. 5ecause
sexual intercourse is designed to bring people together as one. hen sex is experienced outside of marriage, it can confuse a person+s feelings and decision9 ma*ing ability. -remarital sex ma*es couple believe that it is enhancing oneness and is safe to go ahead and not get married. 5ut the fact is, premarital sex only promotes body unity and mind and soul unity that is necessary for a lifetime commitment (emotional pleasure). •
ui&t. ;uilt of having sex with a persons not your husband"wife can be carried over
to sex in marriage. •
Pre*arita& Pre#ac'. -remarital pregnancy most often leads to abortion and singl
parenthood for unwed mothers and fathers.
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•
AIDS a! $t(er !iseases. 6exually transmitted disease (6$2s) such as gonorrhea,
syphilis, herpes and AcGuired !mmunodeficiency 6yndrome (A!26) can add emotional grief to persons inflicted with these diseases. •
Wea@ess +arria#e. Dost often, marriage with couples who have engaged in
premarital sex end in divorce or separation. 1! $i# Stea!' happens when a person decides to date another person exclusively and
seems to be a prelude to a private understanding between two people. 2uring this period, a young couple tries to explore and test the personality of another, identify his"her main characteristics, discover his"her temperaments and find out each other+s common ideas and values. #ompatibility is a factor in a lasting relationship. 3r! +utua& U!ersta!i#. Among ilipinos, mutual understanding is thye stage when
a man, after years of courtship and has *nown a woman very well, now proposes marriage to the woman. His intentions may be seen in his open declaration of love and affection to the woman and his obvious determination to have her as his wife. t( E#a#e*et practice is still predominant among many ilipinos. nagagement has
been associated with either giving an enagaement ring or giving a !$9r', assumed as a bride price. "ri!e )rice may roughly be defined as a marriage payment made by a prospective husband or by his family to the family of the bride. According to 5eals, bride price and dowry are synonymous. He stated many functions of dowry. !t symbolizes the socioeconomic statuses of the families to be united. !t establishes an economic tie between the families of the bride and the groom to further ensure the stability of the marriage. !t provides the family of the bride with a means of replacing her with a daughter9in9 law. 0.# Re=uisites %$r +arria#e
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•
Essetia& re=uire*ets as provided in Article B of the amily #ode of the -hilippines
states that no marriage shall be valid unless the following essential reGuisites are present: 0. %egal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female and 1. #onsent freely given in ythe presence of the the solemnizing officer. •
F$r*a& re=uisites of marriage as stated in Article 4 are as follows: 0. Authority of the solemnizing officer 1. Calid marriage license 3. Darriage ceremonywhich ta*es place with the appearance of the contracting parties
before the solemnizing officer and their personal declaration that they ta*e each other as husband and wife in the presence of not less than two witnesses of legal age. •
Ot(er re=uisites %$r +arria#e: 0. Age must be eighteen years or onwards for any male or female not under any
impediments 1. -ersonal appearance of the contracting parties and their declaration witnessed by not
less than two witnesses of legal age. 2eclaration shall be contained in the marriage certificate which shall be signed by the by the contracting parties and their witnesses and ettested by the solemnizing officer 3. here marriage license is reGuired, each of the contracting parties file separately
sworn applications for such license with the proper local civil registrar which specify: a. full name of the contracting party b. place of birth c. age and date of birth !. civil status e. if previously married, when and where previous marriage was dissolved or annulled %. present residence and citizenship #. degree of relationship of the contracting parties (. full name, residence and citizenship of the father
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full name, residence and citizenship of the mother and
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full name, residence and citizenship of the guardian or person having charge, in case the contracting party has neither father nor mother and is a minor or under the age of twenty9one years.
0.( S$&e*i/i# +arria#e
rom the same code under Article >: 0. Any incumbent member of the judiciary within the court+s jurisdiction 1. Any priest, rabbi, imam or minister of any church or religious sect duly authorized by
his church or religious sect and registered with the civil registrar general, acting within the limits of the written authority granted him by his church or religious sect and provided that at least one of the contracting parties belongs to the solemnizing officer+s church or religious sect 3. Any ship captain or airplane pilot only in the cases of articulo mortisb between
passenge4ers and crew members not only while the ship is at sea or the plane in flight, but also during stop overs at ports of call . Any military commander of a unit to which a chaplain is assigned, in the absence of
the latter, during a military operation, li*ewise only in cases where a military commander of a unit who is a commissioned officer, shall li*ewise have authority to solemnize marriage in articulo mortis between persons within the zone of military operation, whether members of the armed forces or civilians and B. Any consul9general, consul or vice9consul in tha case provided in Article <
(marriages between ilipino citizens abroad). 0.(0
-$i! a! -$i!ab&e +arria#es •
-$i! *arria#e is an invalid marriage.
•
-$i!ab&e *arria#e is a marriage which can be made invalid or annulled.
Darriages which shall be void from the beginning (article 4= of the amily #ode of the -hilippines): @
0. $hose contracted by any party below eighteen years of age even with parents+ or
guardians+ consent 1. $hose solemnized by any person not legally authorized to perform marriages unless
such marriages were contracted with either or both parties believing in good faith that the solemnizing officer had the legal authority to do so 3. $hose solemnized without a license, except those covered by exmptions . $hose bigamous or polygamous marriages under Article F of this code B. $hose contracted through mista*e of onecontracting party as to the identity of the
other and . $hose subseGuent marriages that are void under Article =4 of this code.
Also considered void marriages: 0. Darriges contracted by any party who, at the time of the celebration, was
psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential obligations of marriage, even if such incapacity manifests only after its solemnization and 1. Darriages between ascendants and descendants of any degree and between brothers
and sisters, whether full or half9blood. 2ue to reasons of public policy, the following marriages shall be void from the beginning s stated in Article 4@: 0. 5etween collateral blood relations, whether legitimate or illegitimate, up to the fourth
civil degree 1. 5etween stepparents and stepchildren 3. 5etween parents9in9law and children9in9law . 5etween the adopting parent and the adopted child B. 5etween the surviving spouse of the adopting parent and the adopted child . 5etween the surviving spouse of the adopted child and the adopter G. 5etween an adopted child and a legitimate child of the adopter . 5etween adopted children of the same adopter and
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J. 5etween parties where one, with the intention to marry the other, *illed that other
person+s spouse or his"her own spouse. $he same section under Article F= of the same code states that a marriage may be au&&e! for any of the following causes existing at the time of the marriage: 0. $hat the party in whose behalf it is sought to have tha marriage annulled was eighteen
years of age or over but below twenty9one, and the marriage was solemnized without the consent of the parents, guardians or persons having substitute parental authority over the party, in that order, unless after attaining the age of twenty9one, such party freely cohabited with the other and both lived together as husband and wife 1. $hat either party wa of unsound mind, unless such party, after coming to reason,
freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife 3. $hat the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such party afterwards,
with full *nowledge of facts constituting the fraud, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife . $hat the consent of either party was obtained by force, or intimidation or undue
influence unless the same havig disappeared or ceased, such party thereafter freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife B. $hat either party was physically incapable of consummating the marriage with the
other, and such incapacity continues and appears to be incurable or . $hat either party was afflicted with a sexually transmittable disease found to be
serious and appears to be incurable. raud referd to in 0o. 4 refers to any of the following circumstances as stated in Article F: a. 0ondisclosure of a previous conviction by final judgment of the other party to a crime
involving moral turpitude b. #oncealment by the wife of the fact that at the time of the marriage, she was pregnant
by a man other than her husband.
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c. #oncealment of a sexually9transmittable disease, regardless of its nature, existing at
the time of the marriage or !. #oncealment of drug addiction, habitual alcoholism, homosexuality or lesbianism,
existing at the time pof the marriage. ". Re)r$!uctive Hea&t(
ithin the framewor* of the orld Health 1rganizationEs (H1) definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well9being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, re)r$!uctive (ea&t(, or seua& (ea&t("('#iee , addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life. /eproductive health, therefore, implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safer sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. !mplicit in this are the right of men and women to be informed of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of birth control of their choice and the right of access to appropriate health care services of sexual andreproductive medicine that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant. According to the H1, reproductive and sexual ill9health accounts for B
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