Social Studies Reviewer

SOCIAL STUDIES FIRST TRIM REVIEWER SESSION 1: HISTORY EPHORUS A Greek historian who is said to be the first universal historian

DIFFERENT MODES

OF

USING HISTORY

TO

PREDICT

THE

FUTURE

PREDICTIVE M ODE Certain types of past development will happen again and that be understanding history one can better handle future recurrences “Those who do not know the past are condemned to repeat it.”

HISTORICAL DISRUPTION MODE Highlights the belief that some force is about to radically change the course if history and therefore the future

RECENT HISTORY MODE Looking to recent history for the trends that are likely to continue the future

DISAMBIGUATION

OF THE

DIFFERENT HISTORICAL NOTATIONS:

PREHISTORY Historians mean the recovery of knowledge of the past in an area where no written records exist, or where the writing of a culture is not understood. Studying paintings, drawings, carvings and other artifacts, some information can be recovered even on the absence of a written record.

HISTORY “The line of demarcation between prehistoric and historical times is crossed when people cease to live only in the present, and become consciously interested both in their past and in their future. History begins with the handing down of tradition; and tradition means the carrying of the habits and lessons of the past into the future. Records of the past begin to be kept for the benefit of future generations”. -E.H. Carr, British Historian

THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR The calendar system with the most widespread usage in the world today It has been the unofficial global standard for decades.

Recognized by international institutes such as the United Nations and the Universal Postal Union

DIONYSIUS EXIGUUS A Christian Monk Introduced the AD System in the Gregorian calendar Counts time from the year Jesus Christ was born to replace Diocletian years, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians Dated Jesus’ Birth in the year AD 1 rather than AD 0 because the Roman Numerals had no symbol for 0.

BC/AD VS BCE/CE Both notations are based on a sixth century estimate for the year in which Jesus was born, with Common Era designation originating among Christians in Europe at least as early as 1615.

BC/A D [A NNO D OMINI N OTATION ] BC [B EFORE C HRIST ] AD [A NNO D OMINI ] Latin meaning, “in the year of our Lord,” Because of this, AD is traditionally put before the numeral to which it relates, so that it makes grammatical sense if understood in its expanded form: AD 1453 AD is usually put after the numeral, and is also acceptable to put it after the identification of a century; 5th Century AD

BCE/CE [C OMMON E RA N OTATION ] BCE [B EFORE

THE COMMON / CURRENT ERA ]

CE [ COMMON /

CURRENT ERA ]

th

Early 17 century - known as, “vulgar era,” or Ve, because of its Latin translation as Vulgus, “the common people,” or those who are not royalty 19th Century – “Vulgar Era” came to be contrasted with “Christian Era,” and the word, “Vulgar,” came to mean “Crudely Indecent,” no longer a synonym for “Common” Has been adopted in several non-Christian cultures, by many scholars in religious studies and other academic fields so to be sensitive to non- Christians Does not explicitly make use of religious titles for Jesus, such as Christ and Lord, which are used in the BC/AD notation

A range of arguments has been presented for the adoption of the Common Era notation. Supporters of Common Era notation promote it as a more accurate and religiously neutral notation better suited for cross-cultural communication. On the other hand, some critics assert that the use of identifiers which have common spellings is more ambiguous than the use of identifiers with divergent spellings. CE and BCE have the same letters, “CE” in them, which may be confusing. The removal of reference to Jesus in the Era notation is perceived by some Christians as offensive.

THE ORIGIN

OF THE

UNIVERSE

NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS As the sun was contracting from the nebular cloud, the flattened plane of the cloud began to dissociate itself into its own matter lumps. Small bodies moving through the dust and gas of the cloud began to accumulate. The largest of these bodies probably had diameters no greater than a few tens of kilometers, and they have been appropriately called planetesimals (“little planets”). Even though the orbiting planetesimals travelled swiftly about the newly forming sun, their speed relative to one another was not great, and they were attracted by gravity into larger and larger masses. Earth grew, therefore from the accumulation of planetesimals.

GRAVITATIONAL CONTRACTION Regions in the nebula have enough mass to be able to contract by their own gravity to form a planet

ANGULAR MOMENTUM Once a spinning body has started spinning, it will keep on spinning as long as no outside influence affects it Most models today are variations of the nebular model As the nebular cloud contracts it gets hotter

BIG BANG THEORY The matter in the universe originally concentrated in a mass about eight times the size of our sun An Explosion or, “Big Bang”, forces this material outward into space. It was from this material that the galaxies and other bodies in space formed Expanding universe

OSCILLATING UNIVERSE HYPOTHESIS Began with an explosion As the material travels outward, it is slowed down, then will stop and the universe will contract Another explosion will occur forcing the material outward again, then the process will repeat

One of the main faults of the Oscillating universe Theory is that the galaxies appear to be moving apart at a rate fast enough to escape the gravitational pull that they exert to each other.

STEADY STATE HYPOTHESIS Does not depend on the idea of an explosion The universe is not changing, as the galaxies move apart, new materials are formed in the space in between them If the steady-state theory is accepted, one would expect all the galaxies in the universe to be very much alike. New matter is continuously created as the universe expands, so that the perfect cosmological principle is adhered to. The universe is not only homogeneous and is otropic but it also looks the same at all times

BINARY STAR HYPOTHESIS Two stars that are bound to reach other’s gravity so they orbit around a common center of mass. Binary star systems are quite common and the pairing of stars appears to be random in most cases. The Solar System was created as a result of the explosion of a star next to the sun. The fragments of the exploded star cooled down and amassed together. Due to the sun’s gravitational pull, these fragments began to revolve around the sun which came to be the different planets

PLANETESIMAL HYPOTHESIS Widely accepted theory A star once collided with the sun and the fragments of this star scattered in space

After collision, the small fragments cooled down; because of the sun’s gravitational pull, they revolved around the sun and eventually became planets, moon and other materials that comprise the Solar System.

ACCRETION Occurs when small particles collide and stick together to form larger masses that eventually grow into planets A growing planet will sweep clear a zone to feed its mass Planetesimal Hypothesis (Accretion Process)

SEVEN CONTINENTS ASIA Asia is the largest of Earth’s seven continents, lying almost entirely in the Northern Hemisphere Asia contains some of the world’s most spectacular natural features, including high mountain ranges, vast plateaus, majestic river basins, and lakes and inland seas Most of Asia’s climate is similar to the interior and eastern-coast climates of North America at similar latitudes The northernmost areas of Asia have a sub polar climate with very long, cold winters and very short, cool summers South of the subarctic regions is a broad stretch of land having a humid continental climate with short summers

Winters are severe, but summer days are warm or even hot Asia has the world’s highest point at Mount Everest in Nepal. It has the lowest point, too. That’s near the Dead Sea, in an area of southwest Asia called the Middle East

AFRICA Africa is the second largest of Earth’s seven continents, covering 23 percent of the world’s total land area and containing 14 percent of the world’s population It is a land of great geographical diversity It is the birthplace of the human race Africa generally consists of a series of flat and gently undulating plateaus occurring at different levels, broken by a few mountainous areas and by the rift valleys of East Africa Africa is the most tropical of the continents: Only its northern and southern extremes are directly influenced by mid-latitude westerly winds and are considered to have temperate climates Temperatures remain high throughout the year, averaging more than 27°C annually, and rarely falling below 21°C

NORTH AMERICA North America is the third largest of the seven continents The name America is derived from that of Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci, who may have visited the mainland of North America in 1497 and 1498 All types of climate can be found in North America (Ice-covered plains = far north; tropical weather = Caribbean Islands and Central America; Heavy Rains = Northwest Coast of North America) The eastern part of North America is composed primarily of plains, while the Western North America is mountainous and rugged North America is a land of big waters. A number of great rivers drain the continent. The Mississippi, which flows from north to south in the central United States, is the continent’s most important river

SOUTH AMERICA It is the fourth largest of Earth’s seven continents The desert regions of Chile is the driest part of South America South America Climate is predominantly wet and hot In general, however, most of the continent has warm weather the year around. Only in the high Andes is it always cold

South America is home to the world's highest waterfall, Angel Falls in Venezuela; the largest river (by volume), the Amazon River; the longest mountain range, the Andes (whose highest mountain is Aconcagua at 6,962 m (22,841 ft)); the driest place on earth, the Atacama Desert; the largest rainforest, the Amazon Rainforest

ANTARCTICA Antarctica is the fifth largest of Earth’s seven continents. Antarctica surrounds the South Pole and is a place of extremes. It is the southernmost, coldest, iciest, driest, windiest, most remote, and most recently discovered continent The continent of Antarctica is shaped somewhat like a comma Its average elevation of more than 2,000 m (6,500 ft) is over twice that of Asia, the next highest continent. However, much of this mass is ice It is about the landmass of Australia Only 2.4 percent of the total continental area is exposed rock Only about 2 percent of the coast is exposed cliffs or beaches; the rest is made up of ice cliffs that extend beyond the end of the continental rock Air temperatures of the high inland regions fall below -80°C (-110°F) in winter and rise only to -30°C (-20°F) in summer

EUROPE Europe is the second smallest of the world’s seven continents The name Europe is perhaps derived from that of Europa, the daughter of Phoenix in Greek mythology, or possibly from Ereb, a Phoenician word for “sunset” Europe is actually a peninsula—a piece of land that juts out from a mainland into water Ural Mountains east of Europe divide the continent from Asia Although much of Europe lies in the northern latitudes, the relatively warm seas that border the continent give most of central and western Europe a moderate climate, with cool winters and mild summers You can see a great variety of landscapes in Europe. Many hills and mountains cover northwestern Europe The Great European Plain is a low-lying plain that reaches all the way from southern France to the Ural Mountains in Russia. Some of Europe’s best soils and most productive farms are found here

AUSTRALIA Australia is considered the world’s seventh and smallest continent

Like an island, Australia is surrounded by water. But Australia is too large to be called an island Australia is one of the flattest lands on Earth. It has a vast, flat interior called “the outback” (a series of great plains) Australia has a tropical climate in the north, an arid or semiarid climate in much of the interior, and a temperate climate in the south Generally, coastal and highland areas, especially in the southeast, are cooler than interior locations, and the north, particularly the northwestern coast, is the hottest region Australia lacks mountains of great height; it is one of the world’s flattest landmasses Despite these variations, the moderating influence of the surrounding oceans and the absence of extensive high mountain ranges help prevent marked extremes of weather

BODIES BODIES

OF

OF

LAND

AND

WATER

LAND

HILL Extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area Lower and less steep than a mountain Many settlements were originally built on hills

CLIFF A significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure Common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers Usually formed by rocks that are resistant to erosion and weathering

VALLEY An area of low-lying land flanked by higher ground The original natural habitat of the human species was the large river valleys of the world Usually contain a stream or river flowing along the valley floor

MOUNTAIN A region of land that is raised rather steeply above the surrounding terrain Mountains are generally much narrower at the top than at the base Distinguishable from hills by mountains’ generally higher elevation

PLATEAU An area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain

Its top is flat or sloping A volcanic plateau is a plateau produced by volcanic activity

VOLCANO An opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface The word volcano is derived from Italian,”vulcano,” after Vulcan, the roman god of fire Volcanic activity involving the extrusion of rock tends to form mountains or features like mountains over a period of time

PLAIN Plains occur as lowlands and at the bottoms of valleys but also on plateau at high elevation A broad and flat land area Plains are significant for agriculture and livestock

DESERT Is a landscape or region that receives very little precipitation It has an evaporation rate that exceeds precipitation, and, in most cases, a high average temperature Daytime temperatures can reach 55°c (131°f) in the shade. At night the desert floor radiates heat back to the atmosphere, and the temperature can drop to near freezing.

BODIES

OF WATER

BAY Bordered by land on three sides Have calmer waters than the surrounding sea Is set off from a larger body of water

LAKE It is inland, not part of the ocean, is larger and deeper than a pond, and is fed by a river Generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing or recent glaciations All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales

STREAM It is a flowing body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks In the United States, a stream is classified as a watercourse less than 60 feet (18 metres) wide They serve as corridors for fish and wildlife migration

SPRING A spring is any natural occurrence where water flows onto the surface of the earth from below the surface The composition of spring water varies with the character of the surrounding soil or rocks The groundwater then travels through a network of cracks and fissures, openings ranging from intergranular spaces to large caves

STRAIT A narrow, navigable channel of water that connects two larger navigable bodies of water Commonly refers to a channel of water that lies between two land masses Straits can lie on important shipping routes, and wars have been fought for control of these straits

OCEAN Body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere Approximately 74% of the earth's surface is covered by ocean Geologically, an ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water

LAGOON A body of comparatively shallow salt or brackish water Separated from the deeper sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral reef, or similar feature Venetian laguna (Latín,: “lacuna”, ‘empty space’)

SWAMP A wetland featuring temporary or permanent flooding of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water The water of a swamp may be either fresh water or salt water Swamps were historically often drained to provide additional land for agriculture, and to reduce the threat of diseases born by swamp insects and similar animals

EVOLUTION SIZE

OF

OF

SPECIES

SKULL

Dividing line between apes and humans

NAME

INFORMATION

Proconsul

Earliest known ape

Primate related to humans Anoiapithecus brevirostris

Missing link between humans and apes

Pithecanthropus erectus

Java man

Sinanthropus pekinensis

Peking Man 1930

Australopithecus afarensis

“Lucy”

Australopithecus robustus

Flat face, Muscular jaw, flat teeth

Homo habilis

“Handy man”

Homo erectus

The first species to migrate from Africa “Tukana Boy” Able to construct tools and use fire

Homo Sapiens

Skulls were slightly rounder and larger that Homo erectus

CHARLES DARWIN 1859

ORIGIN OF SPECIES “Natural Selection,” The survival of the fittest

SESSION 2! MESOPOTAMIAN

AND

WEST ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS

MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS CURRENTLY IRAQ Region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Mesopotamia is Greek for, “between rivers”

FERTILE CRESCENT Region in Mesopotamia Only suitable land for agriculture because of the two rivers

SUMERIAN

CIVILIZATION

4000 BC Nomad civilization at first because it had no constant resource Learned farming so they settled down

GOVERNMENT

AND

SOCIETY

12 city- states with their own government and independent leaders, who are seen as delegates of god System of ranks and heirarchy Owned slaves, who are captured in war, or they sold themselves to pay off a debt Wives of rulers enjoyed special powers and duties

RELIGION Polytheistic Believed that gods and goddesses behaved like regular people Highest duty was to keep the divine beings happy for them to protect their city- states Believed in afterlife: a grim place with no release

Z IGGURAT A pyramid temple that soared toward the heaven Home for their gods

EDUCATION Only a few people are claimed to write cuneiform The earliest form of writing: Latin for, “wedge” Figures are wedge- like Students are mostly the sons of upper- class professionals: priests, government officials, military sea captains, scribes Girls are not enrolled

CONTRIBUTIONS Developed basic algebra and geometry

Based their number system on 6; ex. 1 hour= 60 sec. Invented cuneiform Invented the wheel; applied to pottery

AKKADIANS 2296 BCE – 2240 BCE

GOVERNMENT

AND SOCIETY

World’s first empire established by Sargon Bound together by roads and regular postal service To maintain control over the empire, Sargon appointed his daughter as deities, installed his sons as provincial governors, and married off his daughters to the rulers of the peripheral parts of the empire

RELIGION Polytheistic Women were respected and they have played a significant role in the religious culture

DECLINE Some speculate that bad harvest, (salinization) climate change or even a giant meteor contributed to their decline After the death of Sargon, he was replaced by incompetent leaders

CONTRIBUTIONS Can be appreciated as a vital link in the chain of human progress, away from tribalism and local royalties towards consciousness of wider, even of trans- national obligations The first collection of astronomical observations and terrestrial omens was made for a library established by Sargon

ASSYRIANS 2000 BCE- 612 BCE

GOVERNMENT

AND

SOCIETY

Warfare was so central to Assyrian culture Encouraged a well ordered society Riches from trade and loot from wars paid for splendid palaces in well planned cities Law code has a repressive attitude towards women The king also functioned as a high priest, and state god

DECLINE Fell during 612 BCE because of its weak leaders Assyria finally succumbed to the rise of the non- Babylonian Chaldean Dynasty

CONTRIBUTION King Assurbanipal founded one of the first libraries in Nineveh

BABYLONIANS 1696 BCE to 1155 BCE

GOVERNMENT

AND

SOCIETY

Hammurabi established a bureaucracy with taxation and a centralized government Emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad

C RIME C ODE

AND OF

P UNISHMENT

H AMMURABI

First attempt by a ruler to codify or arrange and set down in writing all of the laws that would govern a state

CRIMINAL LAW Limited personal vengeance and encouraged social order And eye for an eye and a life for a life

CIVIL LAW Deals with private rights and matters Was designed to protect the powerless, such as slaves or women Believed that an orderly household was necessary for a stable empire

BABYLON REVIVED An aggressive and ruthless king named Nebuchadnezzar revived the power of Babylonia and defeated the Assyrian army Built the hanging garden of Babylon

CONTRIBUTIONS Introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination, and prescription in medicine The zodiac was a Babylonian invention Glass making, textile weaving

WEST ASIA CIVILIZATIONS HITTITES 1250 BCE- 1200 BCE

GOVERNMENT

AND

SOCIETY

The Hittite king acted as the supreme priest, military commander, and chief judge of the land Hittite justice rested on the principle of restitution of vengeance Rarely resorted to the death penalty or to bodily mutilation

RELIGION Their religion and mythology was heavily influenced by the Mesopotamian mythology

CONTRIBUTIONS The most outstanding achievements of the Hittite civilization lay in the fields of legislation and the administration of justice Thought to have the first constitutional monarchy First to use iron for their weapons and tools

DECLINE Invaded and conquered by the sea people

HEBREWS 2000 BCE- 586 BCE

GOVERNMENT

AND SOCIETY

A BRAHAM Considered to be the founder of the Israelite nation Migrated to Egypt because of famine where they were enslaved Moses led the Israelites in their escape (Exodus) from Egypt David united the feuding Israelite tribes into a single nation Had foreign negotiation with Egypt and Mesopotamia Patriarchal Saw leaders as fully human Urged personal moratily and personal justice

RELIGION Monotheistic Believed in an all knowing and all powerful God and was present everywhere Heart of Judaism is the 10 commandments Sees themselves as bearers of a unique covenant with a single God (Yahweh)

DECLINE High taxes and forced labor Revolted after Solomon’s death The kingdoms split: North: Israel; South: Judah 722 BCE- Assyrians – Israel 586 BCE- Babylonians- Judah

LYDIAN 800 BCE- 546 BCE Located in the valleys of Hermus and Cayster rivers Fertile soil, rich deposit of gold and silver Croesus- one of the richest + most popular monarch in West Asia

RELIGION Focuses on the divine mother Cybele Shares characteristics of Anatolian religion

DECLINE Cyrus the Great conquered Sardis – The capital city of Lydia And annexed it with the Persian Empire

CONTRIBUTIONS First to use coins in trade: gold, silver, both

PHOENICIANS 2500 BCE- 800 BCE

GOVERNMENT

AND

SOCIETY

Wealthy merchant aristocrats had certain right protecting them full strength of the law Spread Middle Eastern civilization around the Mediterranean

Slaves were protected to some extent by the law and could earn money to buy their own freedom Occupation- sailors and traders- surrounded by the sea Makes glass from coastal sand To promote trade they set up colonies from North Africa to Sicily and Spain

DECLINE Egypt invaded and rode control over Phoenicia in 1800 BCE Subjugated again during the 8th century BCE by the Assyrians

CONTRIBUTIONS Invented glass blowing technique Our modern day alphabet is based on the Phoenician alphabet (22 symbols)

PERSIANS 650 BCE- 637 CE

GOVERNMENT

AND

SOCIETY

Settled east of Mesopotamia One of the several Aryan people Persian Kings administered tolerance/ acceptance of the people they conquered 547 BCE- Cyrus the Great; Persians began to build the largest empire 539 BCE- Babylon falls to the Persian Armies of Cyrus the Great Cyrus the Great set up the first efficient Postal System relays of mounted messengers Darius divided the Persian Empire to 20 provinces. Each governed by a satrap Through inspector- spies, known as, “eyes and ears of the king” the ruler kept track of his governors Each province had to pay taxes based on its resources and wealth and provide recruits for the army Everywhere in the empire the same system of weights were used Xerzes, the son of Darius, spent 3 years preparation for a great fleet and army to punish the Greeks for aiding the Lonan cities 498 BCE and for their victory over the Persians at Marathon in 490 BCE During the Spring of 480 BCE

RELIGION

6th century BCE- Zoroaster: “The world is a struggle between good and evil.”; Author of the sacred book, “Zend Avesta” Ahura Mazda was seen as the supreme god standing for truth, goodness, and light. Ahriman was the evil spirit (darkness, etc.) Zoroastrianism- official religion

DECLINE Persian Empire became week when Satraps of different provinces started to fight for the imperial throne

CONTRIBUTIONS Architecture

SOCIAL STUDIES SESSION 3!

EGYPTIAN AND INDIAN CIVILIZATIONS EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS “Egypt is wholly the gift of the Nile.” – Herodotus “If the Nile smile, the earth is joyous, every stomach is full of rejoicing, every spine is happy, every jawbone crushes its food” -“Hymn to the Nile,” quoted in the Literature of the ancient Egyptians

N ILE R IVER Without the Nile, Egypt would be swallowed up by the barren deserts that surround it Unlike the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Nile River rarely brought death and destruction The Tigris and Euphrates and their tributaries curved up Mesopotamia into isolated areas, while the Nile served to unify Egypt

S TRATEGIC L OCATION Possessed enormous quantities of stone, which served as the raw material of architecture and sculpture The raw materials that the Egyptians lacked were close at hand Copper- Sinai Timber- Lebanon

Geography shielded Egypt from invasion and from immigration (only in the North Mediterranean Sea leave Egypt exposed) Egypt was nearly self sufficient

ORIGIN

OF

EGYPTIANS

Late Paleolithic Period

N ORTH A FRICA @ Increasingly hot and dry @ Forcing nomadic hunter- gatherer populations of the area to concentrate along the Nile valley Nomadic peoples may have been attracted to the area because of a hospitable climate and environment @ Realized the benefits of a more sedentary life and decided to settle there @ Descendants of these people may have begun Egyptian Civilization in the Nile Valley

U NITING

THE

L AND

Ancient Egypt had two distinct Regions: Upper Egypt: South @ Communities along river to Aswan Lower Egypt: North @ Menes- King of upper Egypt ○ United two regions by using the Nile a Highway to send officials and armies Pschent (sh-yen) The name of the Double Crown of Ancient Egypt Represented the pharaoh's power over all of unified Egypt combined the Red Deshret Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Hedjet Crown of Upper Egypt

THE OLD KINGDOM (2700-2200 BCE) The strong rule set up by Menes became the basis of the Old Kingdom The ruler was later called a pharaoh (fair-oh) @ Also considered as one of Egypt’s many gods @ Thought of themselves as the protector of the people and so tried to rule justly @ responsible for all aspects of life in egypt # Keeping the irrigation works in order # Directing the army

# Maintaining peace # Issuing laws # Controlling the economy and trade # Feeding the people # Collecting taxes @ Depended on a vizier, or chief minister, to supervise the business of the government and acted in the name of the pharaoh # Lesser officials helped the vizier carry out the many details of running the Egyptian government and economy

P YRAMIDS Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom had immense pyramids built to serve as their tombs The Great Pyramid near Giza was built about 2600 BCE for the Pharaoh Khufu So skillfully made that the blocks were fitted in place with such precision that a knife blade could not be slipped between them Declined due to the growing power of the nobles in the government Some nobles challenged the supreme rule of the pharaoh which resulted to civil war

THE M IDDLE KINGDOM (2040-1700 BCE) new pharaohs reunited the land, ushering in the Middle Kingdom a turbulent period: @ The Nile did not rise as regularly as it had @ Corruption and rebellion were common @ In 1700 BCE Foreign invaders, the Hyksos (“princes from foreign land”), occupied the delta region. ○ Had horses and war chariots, bronze swords and daggers, and heavy bows. ○ Due to their superior weapons , the Hyksos were able to establish a ruling dynasty by about 1670 BCE. ○ For 100 years the Egyptians were under foreign rule. But after learning to use the Hyksos’ weapons, the Egyptians were able to regain their independence and new Egyptian leaders rose to power.

THE NEW KINGDOM (1570-1070 BCE) Powerful pharaohs brought Egypt to its height by expanding the Egyptian empire eastward to the Euphrates River and southward in Africa.

T HUTMOSE II Added Nubia to the empire and conquered Syria and Palestine When Thutmose died, his wife Hatshepsut, seized power and ruled for more than twenty years.

H ATSHEPSUT

A very powerful female monarch during the New Kingdom who exercised all the rights of a pharaoh Encouraged trade in the Mediterranean and Africa, and built temples

A KHENATON (A MENHOTEP ) Reduced the power of the priests in the Egyptian government and changed the Egyptian’s worship of many gods to a single supreme god – Aton But in reality, Akhenaton’s religion recognized two gods -Aton and himself

R AMSES II One of the last effective rulers of the New Kingdom He fought against the Hittites for almost twenty years Marriage to the daughter of the Hittite king helped to keep peace for the rest of his long reign

DECLINE

OF THE

EGYPTIAN EMPIRE

The pharaoh’s power began to weaken, while outside invasion also threatened the empire Suffered from the invasion of the Libyans coming from West Africa, and the “sea people” – raiders from Asia Minor, coming from the Mediterranean and Aegean seas who invaded their coastline In the succeeding centuries, Egypt came under the rule of many different peoples, among them Kushites from the south, Assyrians, and Persians. Egyptian dynasties often came back into power. However, not until the conquest of Alexander the Great in the fourth century BC did native rule in Egypt finally end

INDIA INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION C. 2500- 1500 BCE Flourished for about 1000 years then vanished Covered the largest area of any civilization until the rise of Persia 1000 years later The 2 main cities: @ Harappa @ Mohenjo- Daro Each city was laid up with rectangular blocks larger than modern city blocks Houses @ Built of uniform over- fired clay bricks @ Had modern plumbing systems

# Bathe drains, water chutes- sewers beneath streets

G EOGRAPHY Located in the region known as South Asia/ Subcontinent of India Large landmass that juts out from a continent Rivers: Indus, Ganas, Bramahputra River: Lok- mata or “mother of all people” Deccan Plateau @ Lack melting snow that feeds the river for irrigation. @ Much of the region is arid, unproductive and sparsely populated Eastern and Western Gahes -low lying mountain ranges Monsoon- seasonal winds pick up moisture over the Indian Ocean and then drench the land with daily downpours

S OCIETY Farmers Wheat, barley, melons, dates First people to cultivate cotton and weave its fiber into cloth Some people were merchants and traders Their contact with Sumer may have stimulated the development of their own system of writing

R ELIGION Polytheistic Mother goddess – Source of all creation Worshipped sacred animals – bull, etc

D ECLINE Environmental degradation may have contributed to their decline Also possible that the Indus River was blocked by mud due to a volcanic eruption which flooded the city Earthquake Mortimer Wheeler

Aryans- Southern Russian invaded the region in large numbers with their superior weapons, slaughtering, and forcing people to abandon their cities

MAURYA EMPIRE 321 BCE- Chandragupta Maurya @ 1st Indian Empire Had schools, libraries, and splendid palaces and temples Maintained order through a well- organized bureaucracy ○

Effective but harsh

Had a brutal secret police that reported on corruption, crime, and dissent or opposing opinions and ideas Had specially trained women warriors to guard his palace Asoka- Chandragupa’s grandson Succeded – 268 BCE After fighting a long and bloody war in the Deccan region of Kalinga, he was horrified by the slaughter of 100 000 men Turned his back on further conquest and converted into Buddhism Became a vegetarian, non- violent, moral example and righteous leader Promoted Buddhism but preached tolerance for other religions

TAMIL KINGDOMS The Deccan Plateau was ruled by the Tamil Kingdoms Women in the Tamil Kingdoms enjoyed a high status, their kingdoms were sometimes ruled by queens Deccan rulers tolerated all religions as well as foreigners who settled in their busy ports Tamil merchants sent spices, fine textiles and other luxuries westward in the Roman empire Tamil Kingdoms have left a rich and diverse literature Tamil Proverbs: “Distance promotes close friendship.” “If in excess even nectar is poison.” “The scorpion stings him who helps it out of the fire.”

GUPTA DYNASTY

India enjoyed a golden age under the Guptas who ruled from 320 – 550 AD Gupta rule was more lenient compared to the Mauryas Students were educated in schools that not only taught religion but mathematics, medicine, physics, languages, literature and other subjects as well The Guptas deviced the Arabic numerals, the concept of zero, and the decimal system Surgeons were skilled in setting bones and in simple surgery to repair facial surgeries

T HE C ASTE S YSTEM To Hindus, people in different castes were different species of beings. A high-caste Brahmin, for example, was purer and therefore closer to moshka than someone from a lower caste High-caste people had the strictest rule to protect them from the spiritually polluted, or impure lower caste The lowest ranked out-castes, or “untouchables,” held the “impure” jobs such as digging graves, cleaning streets, or turning animal hides into leather

Despite the inequalities, caste system ensured a stable social order

FAMILY LIFE Family interest came before individual interest In Northern India, a bride’s family commonly provided a dowry, or payment to the bridegroom, and financed the costly wedding festivities By late Gupta times, upper-class women were increasingly restricted to the home. When they were outside they were supposed to cover themselves from head to foot Women were thought to have “shakti”, a creative energy that men lacked. Through marriage, the woman’s “shakti” helped to make the husband complete

 Ancient China and Japan!

ANCIENT CHINA GEOGRAPHY West and southwest= Tien San and Himalayas, Southeast= Thick Jungle, North= Gobi Desert, East= Pacific Ocean Isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that China was the center of the earth The Chinese heartland lay along the east coast and the and the Valley of Huang He (Yellow River), and the Yangzi Chinese History began in the Huang He Valley, where Neolithic people began to form

SHANG DYNASTY (1659-1045 BCE) Chinese civilization first took place Closely related to the City- States of Sumer Noblewomen had considerable status in government Fu Hao- owned land and helped to lead a large army against invaders Shang army used leather armor, bronze weapon and horse- drawn chariots Most people in Shang, China were peasants All family members worked in the fields

R ELIGION Polytheistic Had prayed to many gods and spirits Highest god in Shang Di also had a mother goddess King was seen as a link between the people and Shang Di Offered sacrifices of food and other necessities to honor the spirits of their ancestors The universe is a balance between Yin ang Yang Yin- earth, darkness, female forces Yang- heaven, light, male forces

S YSTEM

OF

W RITING

Developed early in their history Uses both pictograph and ideograph to express thoughts and ideas One of the most difficult language to learn (memorize at least 10,000 symbols to read a newspaper)

Only the well to do could afford ro study how to read and write

ZHOU DYNASTY (1625- 256 BCE) The battle hardened Zuo people marched oout their kingdom on the western frontier to overthrow Shang Promoted the idea of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rebellion Under the Zhou China developed ontp a feufal state Local lords governed their own lands Local rulers owed military recruits to the king Zhou king’s rule is southern theoretical During the Zhou period China grew new crops such as soybeans Began to use money China in area population and prosperity during the Zhou era

QIN DYNASTY Zheng A powerful ruler of the state of Qin unified all of China Proclaimed himself Shi Huangdi (First Emperor) Conquered most of the warring states within 20 years and constrained power with the heir of, “Legalist Advisers” Shi Huangdi Used the method of rewards and punishmentand built an authoritarian government Replaced the feudal states with 36 military districsts run be his military officials Also sent inpectors to spy on the officials Also forced noble families to live in his capital on Xianyang, where he could monitor them Jailed, tortured, and killed those who oppose his rule (Mostly nobles and Confucian scholars) To end dissent, he approved a ruthless campaign of book burning Ordered the walls of individual states to be joined When he died in 210 BCE, anger over heavy taxes, forced labor, and cruel policies exploded into revolts As Qin power collapsed the Han dynasty rose

HAN DYNASTY (206 BCE – 220 BCE) Liu Bang An illiterate peasant leader defeated rival armies and founded the Han dynasty Gao Zu Lowered taxes and eased the Qin emperor’s harsh policies Appointed Confucian scholars as his Advisers Emperor Wudi Chose officials from Confucian “men of wisdom and virtues” Had granaries set up across the empire Imposed government monopoly on iron and salt Followed the policy of expansionism by increasing the amount of territory under the Chinese rule Recognized that the best defense is offense Opened a trade route called Silk Road that linked China and the West Goods were relayed in stages from one sat on stages to another Relied on well- educated scholars to run the bureaucratic government Qualities include: Courteous, Dignified, Possesses knowledge in History, Poetry, Music, and Confucian Teaching Civil Service Examination Collapsed when emperors can no longer control war lords and peasant revolt

EMERGENCE

OF

JAPAN

GEOGRAPHY 100 miles away from Asia Mainland 4 Main Islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku 4/5 of its land is too mountainous to farm Surrounding seas have both protected and isolated Japan Ring of Fire

EARLY HISTORY Migrated from Asia Main around 2000 years ago

Pushed the earlier inhabitant the time onto the northernmost island of Hokkaido Early Japanese society were divided into Uji (Class) Yamato clan set up Japan’s first and only dynasty at around AD 500 Claimed direct descent from the sun goddess Ameratsu, chose the rising sun as their symbol Emperors were revered as a living god

RELIGION Honored kami (nature spirits) Shinto (ways of the gods) Each clan worships its own god or goddess who was seen as the clan’s original ancestor

FOREIGN RELATION Language is distantly related to Korean but completely different from Chinese Japan and Korea had continuously traded and fought each other Some leading families at he Yamato court has Korean Ancestors Introduction of Buddhism and Chinese culture to Japan by Korean missionaries sparked the internet of Japan towards Chinese Civilization Prince Shotoku decided to learn about China directly instead of through Korean sources by sending young nobles to study in China during the early 600’s

CHINESE INFLUENCE Japanese rules adopted the title, “heavenly emperor” from the Chinese Adopted a law code similar to that of China In 710’s, the Japanese emperor built a new capital in Nara, modeled on the Tang Capital at Chang’ an Confucian ideas were also absorbed by the Japanese

GOVERNMENT

AND

SOCIETY

H EIAN P ERIOD Imperial capital was in Heiam (Kyoto) Emperors performed traditional religious ceremonies while wealthy court families wielded real power Noblewomen and noblemen lived in a fairytale atmosphere, beautiful pavilions, gardens, and lotus pools

Despite many restrictions, Heian women were able to produce the most important works of Japanese literature of the period Sei Shonagon, a lady in waiting, wrote, “The Pillow Book,” which is about court manners, amusements, décor and dress Marusaki Shikiou wrote the world’s first full- length novel, “The Tale of Genji,” which is about the adventures and loves of the fictional prince Genji and his son

JAPAN’S FEUDAL AGE While the emperor resided in the splendid court at Heian, rival clans battled for the countryside Emperor remained powerless Shogus- supreme military commander Miramoto Yoritomo Kamakura Shogunata in 1192 One of the 3 military dynastics that would rule Japan (700 Years) Shogun distributed lands to the daimyos (warrior lords) supported him in time of need Granted land to lesser warriors called samurai – those who serve Bushido- way of the warrior- a code of values of the samurai (honor, bravery, and loyalty to one’s lord) “If you think of saving your life, you had better not to go to war at all” “When his stomach is hungry, it is disgrace to fell hungry”

S OCIETY Position of women declined steadily as the age of samurai progress European code of Chivalry- samurai did not set women on pedestal Peasants formed the backbone of society, (75%) Merchants- lowest rank- gradually increased

M ONGOL

INVASION

Mongol conquest of China and Korea also threatened Japan Kublai Khan launched an invasion from Korea in 1274 After a ship carrying 30,000 troops arrived a typhoon wrecked many Mongol ships 1281- Mongols launched a larger force, but again a typhoon destroyed much of the Mongol fleet

Japanese credited their miraculous delivery to the kamikaze (divine winds)

TOKUGAWA ERA Kamakura Shogunate crumbled in the aftermath of the Mongol invasions “The warrior does not care if he’s called a dog or beast. The main thing is winning” 1600- Tokugawa Leyasu defeated his rivals to become a master of Japan Centralized feudalism Required the daimyos to live in Shogun’s capital at Edu every other year, while their wife and children had to remain in Edu Only samurais were allowed to serve or hold governent jobs Women’s freedom to move about or even travel with their husband was strictly regulated With peace restored to the countryside, agriculture improved and expanded Rapid population growth Towns sprang up around the cashes of Daimyo

Z EN B UDDHISM Emphasized meditation and devotion to duty Seems contradicting Zen monks were scholars but they stressed the importance of reaching a moment of non- knowing Stressed compassion for all, samurais fought to kill Monks sought to express absolute freedom, rigid rules gave their masters complete rule over them Zen monasteries- upper class men expressed their devotion to nature- landscape gardening