Social Science 4 r
Short Description
Descripción: SocialScience4ºMacMillan...
Description
PRIMARY
Social Science TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK
PRIMARY
Social Science TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK
TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK Social Science 4 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz. WRITER Laura Broadbent MANAGING EDITOR Sheila Tourle EDITORIAL TEAM Beatriz Bejarano del Palacio Geona Edwards PROOFREADING Saffron Frankland
PRIMARY
Social Science
Contents Nombre
Fecha
Introduction ...................................................................................................... III
Worksheets Planet Earth ........................................................................................................ 6 Rocks and relief .................................................................................................. 14 Weather and climate ........................................................................................... 22 Water.................................................................................................................. 30 Landscapes ........................................................................................................ 38 Spain and the European Union ........................................................................... 46 Population and the Economy .............................................................................. 54 Prehistory ........................................................................................................... 62 Ancient history of Spain ...................................................................................... 70 Ancient history: the Romans ............................................................................... 78
Introduction
Social Science 4 Teacher’s Resource Book provides a wide variety of photocopiable worksheets designed to complement Social Science 4 Student’s Book and Social Science 4 Teacher’s Book. It is divided into 10 topics in order to cover the main concepts of both the National Curriculum and the curriculum established by the Community of Madrid. These worksheets facilitate a flexible approach in the classroom. Students in the same class can be given different worksheets. Students can expand on the material learnt in class. Or they can use the worksheets to revise. These worksheets can also be assigned as homework. There are four categories of worksheets: Reinforcement, Extension, Assessment and tests, and Investigate. Answer keys are provided in the Aula Virtual and on the website: http://www.evocacion.es
Worksheets Reinforcement worksheets There are two pages of Reinforcement worksheets for each topic. These worksheets are designed to provide additional support for students in need of further practice. They can be used after the relevant section in the Student’s Book, before the Final activities sections, or as extra preparation for the Unit assessment. Students can complete the worksheets with or without consulting their Student’s Books, in the classroom or at home, individually or in pairs. Water
REINFORCEMENT
Name 1
Date
REINFORCEMENT
4
Write S (salt water) or F (fresh water) to classify these words.
Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
waves
lake
river
a. The Earth looks green from Space.
aquifers
spring
glacier
b. The hydrosphere is one of the layers of the Earth.
ocean currents
surface water
gully
c. 79 % of the water on Earth is salt water.
tides
tributary
groundwater
d. Fresh water on Earth comes from rivers, lakes and groundwater.
5
e. Only 6% of all the water on Earth is water we can drink.
Read the descriptions and write the words. a. This is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
f. The water cycle takes place between the atmosphere and the Earth´s crust.
b. This is the area that contains the flowing water of the river. c. This is the route the river takes and it has three parts. d. This is the amount of water the river carries and it can vary. 2
6
Label the stages of the water cycle.
Use the key to colour each watershed in Spain.
green
Cantabrian watershed
orange
Atlantic watershed
pink
7 3
665187_02_p25_RIOS_espana
Complete the table.
Match the descriptions with the corresponding term. a. movements of water caused by the wind
tides
b. the rising and falling of the sea level
ocean currents
c. movements caused by differences in temperature of sea water 30
Mediterranean watershed
Social Science 4
waves
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all the rivers flow into the...
watershed
the main rivers are...
the characteristics of its rivers are...
Cantabrian Atlantic Mediterranean
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Extension worksheets There are two pages of Extension worksheets for each topic. These worksheets can be used for fast finishers or to expand on the material covered in class.
Rocks and relief Name
Rocks and relief
EXTENSION
Date
Name
Rocks and dinosaur prints
Spanish Rias
Have you ever seen fossils in rocks? Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and animals that lived on Earth millions of years ago.
The Spanish coast is very varied. There are a lot of places where water goes in and out. For example, beaches, coves, cliffs, deltas and estuaries.
Scientists called palaeontologists study fossils found in sedimentary rocks. Fossils can give us information about climate and the environment in the past. For example, if a palaeontologist discovers a marine animal fossil, he knows that the area was probably under the sea a long time ago.
Along the Cantabrian coast and the Atlantic coast, a particular type of estuary called a ria can be found. A ria is a river valley full of sea water.
Fossils can also be the remains of animal footprints, such as dinosaur footprints, called ichnites. In Spain, there are spectacular ichnite routes in the provinces of Soria, Rioja, Teruel and Asturias. In particular, the coast of Asturias between Gijón and Ribadesella is known as Dinosaur Coast. Here you can visit the Jurassic Museum of Asturias (known as MUJA), built in the shape of a giant ichnite.
1
EXTENSION
Date
On the west coast of Galicia, these rias are called Rias Altas and Rias Baixas. The Rias Altas go from the Eo river to A Coruña. The Rias Baixas go from the Corme estuary to the border with Portugal.
1
Read the text and answer. a. What is a fossil?
Read the text and answer. a. What is a ria?
b. Name two Spanish coasts where we can find these estuaries. b. What do we call a scientist who studies fossils?
c. What information do fossils give us?
c. Which rias go from the Eo river to A Coruña? Which go from the Corme estuary to the border with Portugal?
d. What is an ichnite?
d. Name four natural elements you can see in the photo.
e. Where can you find ichnites in Spain?
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IV
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Assessment worksheets There are two pages of Assessment worksheets for each topic. They can be given out once the topic has been completed, as a revision test, or to check progress during the year. Weather and climate
ASSESSMENT
Name 1
Date
ASSESSMENT
4
Write the vegetation next to the corresponding climate. savannah
grassland
Read the descriptions and write the words. a. It consists of many layers.
forest
tundra
desert
woodland
a. hot climates:
b. It is a mixture of different gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen.
b. cold climates:
c. It is the lower layer of the atmosphere.
c. temperate climates:
d. It is the upper layer of the atmosphere. 5
e. It protects us from the harmful rays of the Sun. 2
Read and circle the correct description. Mediterranean climate
Label the instruments and write what they measure.
Oceanic climate
Subtropical climate
Mountain climate
6
3
• On the coast, temperatures are mild all year and there is little rainfall. • In the interior, it is hot in winter and cold in summer. • On the coast, temperatures are cold all year round. • There is lots of rainfall all year, lots of vegetation and a very green landscape. • Temperatures vary a lot throughout the year. • There is very little rainfall all year and very little vegetation. • It is cold in winter, and warmer in summer. • In the winter, there is no snow.
Write the correct climate for each picture.
Use the key to mark each world climate zone.
blue orange red
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cold zone temperate zone hot zone
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Tests and Investigate There is a multiple-choice test for each topic. The tests provide students with the opportunity to revise the main concepts of each topic and to assess the knowledge they have acquired. There is one Investigate worksheet for each topic. These worksheets provide opportunities for students to carry out simple investigative tasks, either in the classroom or at home.
Planet Earth
TEST
Name 1
Date
Landscapes Name 1
The solar system is made up of… a. the Moon and other celestial bodies. b. the Sun, eight planets and other celestial bodies. c. the Sun and the Earth.
2
You need:
The Earth’s only satellite is… a. the Sun.
4
b. Venus.
c. the Moon. Instructions
28 days is how long it takes for...
1. Put some gravel or dirt in a container to create a base for the volcano.
a. the Moon to orbit the Earth. b. the Earth to complete the rotation movement. c. a comet to orbit the Sun. 5
6
b. orbit.
6. Pour vinegar over the cup until it starts foaming.
b. it’s a planet.
c. it contains water.
b. a layer of air.
7. Watch your volcano erupt! 2
Analyse your results and answer these questions. a. What ingredient makes the volcano erupt?
c. water.
b. What does the mound represent?
The three layers of the Earth are... a. the hydrosphere, the geosphere and the atmosphere. b. Antarctica, the geosphere and the continents. c. the atmosphere, the oceans and the continents.
c. Does the shape of the volcano affect the direction of the eruption?
10 Clouds form in…
a. the geosphere. 12
5. Put the cup into the top of the mound.
c. rotation.
The Earth’s surface is covered with… a. the poles.
9
4. Make a mound out of the gravel or dirt to create the mountain.
c. days and nights.
Among other reasons, there is life on Earth because… a. there is sand.
8
3. Add two spoonfuls of baking soda, about a spoonful of dish soap and about 5 drops of the food colouring.
b. the lunar phases.
The movement of the Earth around the Sun is called… a. revolution.
7
2. Put the water in the cup. Fill it 2/3 full.
The Earth’s rotation causes… a. the seasons of a year.
Make your own volcano eruption!
• a medium size plastic container • a plastic cup • water • baking soda • dish soap • food colouring (optional) • vinegar • gravel or dirt
The Sun is... a. the main planet of the solar system. b. the brightest star in the sky. c. a satellite of the Earth.
3
INVESTIGATE
Date
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b. the oceans.
c. the atmosphere. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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V
Planet Earth Name
REINFORCEMENT
Date
1 Label the planets in the solar system. Then, tick the outer planets.
2 Draw the phases of the Moon and write the name of each one underneath.
3 Look at the picture and answer.
a. What movement of the Earth is shown?
b. How long does the Earth take to complete the movement? c. What does this movement cause?
d. In which direction does the Earth move? 6
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REINFORCEMENT
4 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. Revolution is the Earth’s movement around the Sun. b. It takes four years for the Earth to orbit the Sun. c. The revolution causes the four seasons. d. When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, it receives more light and heat. e. In the Northern Hemisphere, days are shorter in winter. f. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere. 5 Label the picture with the corresponding season.
6 Name the main reasons why the Earth is the only planet in the solar system where life exists.
• • • 7 What are the three layers of the Earth?
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Planet Earth Name
EXTENSION
Date
Solstice celebrations Solstices happen when the Sun is furthest away from the Equator. They occur twice a year, in winter and in summer. The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year. The North Pole is tilted away from the Sun and the Sun appears at its lowest position in the sky. It marks the first day of winter, on or around 21st December in the Northern Hemisphere. In addition, the winter solstice marks the beginning of shorter nights and longer days. It is a time to celebrate light and the rebirth of the Sun. The summer solstice is the longest day of the year. The North Pole is tilted towards the Sun and the Sun appears at its highest position in the sky. It marks the first day of summer, on or around 21st June in the Northern Hemisphere. This means the beginning of longer nights and shorter days. There are many festivals to celebrate this solstice, which is sometimes called Midsummer’s Eve.
1 Read the text. Then, cross out the wrong words and rewrite the sentences.
a. Solstices happen when the Sun is closest to the Equator. b. The winter solstice is the longest day of the year. c. Solstices mark the beginning of spring and autumn. d. The summer solstice is the longest day of the year.
2 Search the Internet for information about a particular solstice celebration and complete an index card. Explain what type of solstice it is, where it takes place and what it is about. 8
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Planet Earth Name
EXTENSION
Date
The Milky Way The universe is formed of thousands of millions of galaxies. A galaxy is a great concentration of stars, planets, gases, dust, etc. It is possible to distinguish various types of galaxies according to their size, shape, light, etc. Galaxies move continuously very fast. The galaxy that the solar system is in is the Milky Way. It has this name because, when you look at the sky at night, you can see a wide band of white made of thousands of stars. The Milky Way is a spiral shape with different arms. It contains more than 200,000 million stars. The oldest stars are in the centre and the youngest are in the arms. Our galaxy takes more than 200 million years to rotate on itself. It would take us around 100,000 years if we wanted to cross it! Within the Milky Way, the solar system is in the Orion Arm.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What is a galaxy?
b. In what galaxy is the solar system?
c. What shape is it?
d. How many stars does it contain?
e. Where is the solar system located inside the Milky Way?
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Planet Earth Name
ASSESSMENT
Date
1 Read and answer the questions.
a. What are stars? What is the main star of our solar system?
b. What other celestial bodies orbit the Sun?
c. How are the nearest planets to the Sun called? And the furthest?
d. What celestial bodies can have a bright tail?
2 Write the name of the planets in the solar system.
• inner planets: • outer planets:
3 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. The Earth is the smallest of the inner planets. b. The Earth is a perfectly round sphere. c. The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite. d. It takes about 28 hours for the Moon to orbit the Earth. 10
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ASSESSMENT
4 Label each phase of the Moon.
5 Complete the table about the movements of the Earth. The Earth moves around…
It takes … to complete a movement.
This movement causes…
rotation
revolution
6 Use the words to complete the text about the Earth.
life
planet
air
We live on
solar system
Earth
, a rocky
receives
and
a layer of
light
water
heat
in the solar system. Earth from the Sun, is surrounded by
and contains
only planet in the
. This is why it is the
where
exists.
7 Match the layers of the Earth to their description.
hydrosphere
contains the continents and islands and it looks brown and green
geosphere
contains the clouds and it looks white
atmosphere
contains all the waters on Earth: the seas, oceans, rivers, lakes and groundwater
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Planet Earth
TEST
Name
Date
1 The solar system is made up of…
a. the Moon and other celestial bodies. b. the Sun, eight planets and other celestial bodies. c. the Sun and the Earth. 2 The Sun is...
a. the main planet of the solar system. b. the brightest star in the sky. c. a satellite of the Earth. 3 The Earth’s only satellite is…
a. the Sun.
c. the Moon.
b. Venus.
4 28 days is how long it takes for...
a. the Moon to orbit the Earth. b. the Earth to complete the rotation movement. c. a comet to orbit the Sun. 5 The Earth’s rotation causes…
a. the seasons of a year.
b. the lunar phases.
c. days and nights.
6 The movement of the Earth around the Sun is called…
a. revolution.
b. orbit.
c. rotation.
7 Among other reasons, there is life on Earth because…
a. there is sand.
b. it’s a planet.
c. it contains water.
8 The Earth’s surface is covered with…
a. the poles.
b. a layer of air.
c. water.
9 The three layers of the Earth are...
a. the hydrosphere, the geosphere and the atmosphere. b. Antarctica, the geosphere and the continents. c. the atmosphere, the oceans and the continents. 10 Clouds form in…
a. the geosphere. 12
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b. the oceans.
c. the atmosphere. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Planet Earth Name
INVESTIGATE
Date
1 Can you follow the rotation of the Earth? Make a sundial.
Instructions 1. Work in groups of four. Each group has a white card, a stick, some plasticine and rocks. 2. Find a location in the playground where the Sun shines most of the day. Fix the white card to the ground with rocks. 3. Make a stand out of the plasticine and push the stick into the plasticine so it stays upright. 4. Draw the shadow of the stick on the card and write the time next to it. 5. Repeat every hour. 6. Make a drawing with your results. 7. Analyse your drawing and answer the questions.
a. Why do you see the shadow of the stick?
b. Does the shadow change over time?
c. At what time is the shadow the longest?
d. At what time is the shadow the shortest?
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Rocks and relief
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Label the Earth’s layers.
2 Use the words to complete the text about the geosphere.
core
inner
mantle
The geosphere is made up of the crust, the is the
outer
middle
rocks
. There are three layers: and the
. The crust
layer. The mantle is the
layer,
made up of very dense rock. The core is the
layer.
3 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. The continental crust is under the oceans. b. The shape of the crust forms the relief of the Earth. c. Mountains, plains and buses are relief features. d. The relief of the Earth hasn’t changed over millions of years. e. Rain, wind and changes in temperature can wear down rocks. 14
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REINFORCEMENT
4 Complete the table about the classification of rocks. rock
type of rock
how it is formed
uses
igneous granite
to make bricks clay
slate
heat and pressure change the original rocks
5 Read and answer the questions.
a. What are rocks made up of? b. What are the main properties of minerals? 6 Look at the map and write the number.
1. Central Mountain Chain 2. Mountains of Toledo 3. Mountains of León 4. Cantabrian Range 5. Iberian Mountain Chain 6. Sierra Morena 7. Galician Massif 8. Basque Mountains 9. Pyrenees 10. Catalan Coastal Chain 11. Betic Chain Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Rocks and relief Name
EXTENSION
Date
Rocks and dinosaur prints Have you ever seen fossils in rocks? Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and animals that lived on Earth millions of years ago. Scientists called palaeontologists study fossils found in sedimentary rocks. Fossils can give us information about climate and the environment in the past. For example, if a palaeontologist discovers a marine animal fossil, he knows that the area was probably under the sea a long time ago. Fossils can also be the remains of animal footprints, such as dinosaur footprints, called ichnites. In Spain, there are spectacular ichnite routes in the provinces of Soria, Rioja, Teruel and Asturias. In particular, the coast of Asturias between Gijón and Ribadesella is known as Dinosaur Coast. Here you can visit the Jurassic Museum of Asturias (known as MUJA), built in the shape of a giant ichnite.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What is a fossil? b. What do we call a scientist who studies fossils? c. What information do fossils give us? d. What is an ichnite? e. Where can you find ichnites in Spain? 16
Social Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Rocks and relief Name
EXTENSION
Date
Spanish rias The Spanish coast is very varied. There are a lot of places where water goes in and out. For example, beaches, coves, cliffs, deltas and estuaries. Along the Cantabrian coast and the Atlantic coast, a particular type of estuary called a ria can be found. A ria is a river valley full of sea water. On the west coast of Galicia, these rias are called Rias Altas and Rias Baixas. The Rias Altas go from the Eo river to A Coruña. The Rias Baixas go from the Corme estuary to the border with Portugal.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What is a ria? b. Name two Spanish coasts where we can find these estuaries. c. Which rias go from the Eo river to A Coruña? Which go from the Corme estuary to the border with Portugal? d. Name four natural elements you can see in the photo. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Rocks and relief
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Read the definitions and write the words.
a. These are the three Earth’s layers. b. This layer is made up of air. c. The solid outer layer of the geosphere. d. It is made up of very dense rock. e. The inner part of the geosphere. 2 Use the words to complete the sentences.
weathering
crust
flat
a. The Earth’s
oceanic
low
relief
is made up of rocks.
b. It is divided into continental crust and c. The surface of the Earth’s crust can be d. The shape of the crust forms the
crust. or
.
of the Earth.
e. The action of rain, wind and changes in temperature shaping rocks
is called
.
3 Write two examples of each type of rock.
Igneous rock: Sedimentary rock: Metamorphic rock: 4 Write the name of each property of minerals.
This is the way an object reflects light. It can be regular or irregular. It can be one or many different ones. This makes minerals difficult or easy to scratch. 18
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ASSESSMENT
5 Complete the tables with the names of the mountains.
Mountains of the Inner Plateau
Mountains beyond the Inner Plateau
Mountains surrounding the Inner Plateau
6 Label the map with the names of the oceans and seas.
7 Read and answer the questions.
a. What are the two main river basins in Spain? b. How many different coastal areas does Spain have? Name them. c. What are the two archipelagos of Spain? Write their name and location. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Rocks and relief
TEST
Name
Date
1 All the water on Earth makes up the…
a. geosphere. b. hydrosphere.
c. atmosphere.
2 The shape of the Earth’s crust is called…
a. continental crust.
b. mantle. c. relief.
3 The geosphere is made up of…
a. the crust and the mantle. b. the crust, rocks and the mantle. c. the crust, the mantle and the core. 4 Rocks that are formed inside the Earth are called…
a. igneous.
b. metamorphic.
c. sedimentary.
5 Sedimentary rocks are formed…
a. from pieces of other rocks or the remains of living things. b. when heat or pressure changes the original rock. c. from lava from volcanic eruptions. 6 Marble and slate are examples of…
a. igneous rocks.
b. sedimentary rocks.
c. metamorphic rocks.
7 Four properties of minerals are…
a. hardness, lustre, colour and shape. b. hardness, colour, lustre and lava. c. building, energy, industry and jewellery. 8 The vast, high plain in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula is called…
a. the Ebro river basin.
b. the Inner Plateau.
c. the Pyrenees.
9 Mountains beyond the Inner Plateau include…
a. Galician Massif and Catalan Coastal Chain. b. Mountains of León and Cantabrian Range. c. Mountains of Toledo and Central Mountain Chain. 10 The main coastal areas of Spain are…
a. the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean coast. b. the Cantabrian coast and the Canary Islands. c. the Cantabrian coast, the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean coast. 20
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Rocks and relief
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 How does water erode landscapes?
The Grand Canyon The Grand Canyon, in the state of Arizona, USA, is an immense river gorge, formed over 200 million years by the action of the Colorado River. It is 349 km long and between 6 and 29 km wide. Its average depth is 1,615 m.
The river erodes the soft rocks.
The river sinks deeper and deeper into the gorge.
2 Look at these photos of gorges in Spain. Choose one and make an index card.
Foz de Arbyún, Navarra.
Ruta del Cares, Asturias.
Name: Province: Name of river: Length and width: Depth:
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Weather and climate
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Use the words to complete the text about the layers of the atmosphere. Then, label the diagram.
gases
ozone layer
The
Sun
nitrogen
air
oxygen
is the layer of air that surrounds the Earth. It consists of different . The main ones are:
troposphere contains the the
atmosphere
and
. The
we breathe and the stratosphere contains
that protects us from the harmful rays of the
.
2 Match the instrument with the element of weather it measures.
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a. thermometer
precipitation: rain, snow or hail in litres per square metre
b. weather vane
temperature of the air in degrees celsius
c. rain gauge
wind speed in kilometres per hour
d. anemometer
wind direction: north, south, east or west
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REINFORCEMENT
3 Read the sentences and write T (true) or F (false).
a. Weather and climate are the same. b. Weather is the temperature, precipitation and wind at a particular time and place. c. Climate is the temperature at a particular time and place. d. Climate is the weather in a particular place over a long period of time. 4 Read and answer the questions.
a. What is the climate like in places closest to the Equator? b. Is the climate the same in the mountains and on the coast? 5 Complete the text about the world climates.
Hot climates have
temperatures all year round and it rains a lot.
Near the Equator typical vegetation is
. Where there is very
rain there is desert. Cold climates are near the North and South
. Precipitation is mainly in the form of
Typical vegetation is
.
, which is where only moss and grasses grow.
Temperate climates have four distinct
. The climates vary,
in some places it rains a lot and in other places it rains only a little. The typical vegetation is
and
.
6 Use different colours to mark the four climates of Spain. Then, write the location of each type of climate. N
Cantabrian
W
E
Sea
BASQUE CANTABRIA COUNTRY NAVARRE
ASTURIAS GALICIA
F R A N C E ANDORRA
RIOJA
S
CASTILE AND LEÓN
C ATA L O N I A
ARAGÓN
O C E A N
P O R T U G A L
A T L A N T I C MADRID VALENCIA CASTILE-LA MANCHA EXTREMADURA BALEARIC ISLANDS
MURCIA
a S e
ANDALUSIA
n r a e r M e d i t
AT L A N T I C O C E A N C A N A RY I S L A N D S Ceuta
e
a
n
ALGERIA
Mediterranean climate: Oceanic climate: Subtropical climate:
Melilla
MORROCO
Mountain climate:
Scale 0
100
kilometres
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L. 662328_02_41 Climas de España
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Weather and climate Name
EXTENSION
Date
Unexpected weather Since childhood, Javier watched the clouds move and imagined that they were different animals. He loved stormy days. He liked the thunder and lightning and the rain on the windows. He always knew he wanted to study the weather. He found there was a profession just right for him, meteorologist. Now he is working at the Valencian Institute of Meteorology, where he prepares reports on the weather each day. In September last year, Javier was looking at the data for his daily report when he made an important discovery: he saw there was a heavy storm coming. After summer months of intense heat and very little rain, no one was prepared. He quickly informed his boss and the authorities. They took action to prevent any catastrophes. It started raining shortly after that and it rained a lot for five days! It was lucky Javier had warned everyone in time.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What does Javier like about stormy days? b. What is a meteorologist? c. What was the weather like last summer? d. What do you think a meteorologist studies to predict the weather?
2 Search the Internet for an extreme atmospheric phenomena, for example, a hurricane or flood. Write a short description of one of them.
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Weather and climate Name
EXTENSION
Date
Flowering desert In South America there is a desert, called the Atacama Desert. It’s the driest desert in the world. Can you believe sometimes it doesn’t rain in 400 years?! As you can imagine, life is very difficult here for animals and plants since they can’t live without water. However, if it rains in this desert something extraordinary happens: flowers blossom everywhere! This phenomenon is called the flowering desert. Seeds from plants stay in the ground for years. When there is water they germinate, flower and spread their seeds incredibly fast. This creates a floor of flowers!
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. In what continent can you find the Atacama Desert?
b. How many years can pass in this desert without rain?
c. How is life in the Atacama Desert? Why?
d. What happens when it rains? What is this phenomenon called? Explain.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Weather and climate Name
ASSESSMENT
Date
1 Read the descriptions and write the words.
a. It consists of many layers. b. It is a mixture of different gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen. c. It is the lower layer of the atmosphere. d. It is the upper layer of the atmosphere. e. It protects us from the harmful rays of the Sun. 2 Label the instruments and write what they measure.
3 Use the key to mark each world climate zone.
blue
cold zone
orange temperate zone red
26
hot zone
Social Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Write the vegetation next to the corresponding climate.
grassland
savannah
forest
tundra
desert
woodland
a. hot climates: b. cold climates: c. temperate climates: 5 Read and circle the correct description.
Mediterranean climate
Oceanic climate
Subtropical climate
Mountain climate
• On the coast, temperatures are mild all year and there is little rainfall. • In the interior, it is hot in winter and cold in summer. • On the coast, temperatures are cold all year round. • There is lots of rainfall all year, lots of vegetation and a very green landscape. • Temperatures vary a lot throughout the year. • There is very little rainfall all year and very little vegetation. • It is cold in winter, and warmer in summer. • In the winter, there is no snow.
6 Write the correct climate for each picture.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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27
Weather and climate
TEST
Name
Date
1 The layer of air surrounding the Earth is called the...
a. stratosphere.
b. atmosphere.
c. troposphere.
2 The troposphere…
a. is the lower layer of the atmosphere. b. includes the ozone layer. c. is above the stratosphere. 3 Weather phenomena are…
a. formed by gases present in the air. b. the instruments of a weather station. c. the natural events that occur in the troposphere. 4 The ozone layer…
a. contains nitrogen. b. protects us from the harmful rays of the Sun. c. contains the air we breathe. 5 The state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place is the…
a. weather.
b. climate.
c. stratosphere.
6 Elements of weather are…
a. rain gauge, thermometer and anemometer. b. temperatures, precipitation and wind. c. rain, snow, hail and wind speed. 7 The instrument that measures wind speed is…
a. a weather vane.
b. an anemometer.
c. a thermometer.
8 The tundra is found in places with a…
a. hot climate.
b. cold climate.
c. temperate climate.
9 The climate that can be found in the north of the Peninsula is the…
a. Mediterranean climate.
b. Oceanic climate.
c. Mountain climate.
b. hot zone.
c. temperate zone.
10 Most of Spain is in the…
a. cold zone. 28
Social Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Weather and climate
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 Find out about Ireland’s weather and climate.
Ireland’s climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean. It doesn’t have extreme temperatures. The average temperature is 10 degrees Celsius. A warm ocean current called the North Atlantic Drift keeps sea temperatures mild.
2 Look up weather records for a city in Ireland. Choose one week from the year 2014 and record the temperature and precipitation in the table below. temperature
precipitation
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
3 Create a temperature graph and rainfall bar chart from the information in your table. temperature
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
precipitation
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Water Name
REINFORCEMENT
Date
1 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. The Earth looks green from Space. b. The hydrosphere is one of the layers of the Earth. c. 79 % of the water on Earth is salt water. d. Fresh water on Earth comes from rivers, lakes and groundwater. e. Only 6% of all the water on Earth is water we can drink. f. The water cycle takes place between the atmosphere and the Earth´s crust. 2 Label the stages of the water cycle.
3 Match the descriptions with the corresponding term.
a. movements of water caused by the wind
tides
b. the rising and falling of the sea level
ocean currents
c. movements caused by differences in temperature of sea water 30
Social Science 4
waves
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Write S (salt water) or F (fresh water) to classify these words.
waves
lake
river
aquifers
spring
glacier
ocean currents
surface water
gully
tides
tributary
groundwater
5 Read the descriptions and write the words.
a. This is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. b. This is the area that contains the flowing water of the river. c. This is the route the river takes and it has three parts. d. This is the amount of water the river carries and it can vary. 6 Use the key to colour each watershed in Spain.
green
Cantabrian watershed
orange
Atlantic watershed
pink
Mediterranean watershed
665187_02_p25_RIOS_espana 7 Complete the table.
watershed
All the rivers flow into the...
The main rivers are...
The characteristics of its rivers are...
Cantabrian Atlantic Mediterranean
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Water Name
EXTENSION
Date
Is it possible to navigate the rivers in Spain? It's interesting how barges carrying goods or ships of different sizes sail major rivers such as the Rhine in Germany, the Nile in Egypt, or the Mississippi in the United States. Can we see similar images in Spain? Is it possible to navigate the Spanish rivers? In general, Spanish rivers are not navigable, although it is possible in some sections of the lower course. Why is this? There are several explanations. A lot of the Spanish rivers run between mountains and valleys. In these areas the rivers are narrow and twisty, and their waters run at high speed. Besides, the flow is very irregular and it decreases in the summer. However, some canals have been built for communication. For example, Canal of Castile, which joins the north region of the Inner Plateau with the port in Santander.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Which countries have famous, navigable rivers? What are these rivers?
b. What makes most of the rivers in Spain difficult to navigate? Name two reasons.
c. Is flow regime constant in the Spanish rivers? Why/Why not?
d. What did they build canals such as the Canal of Castile for? 32
Social Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Water Name
EXTENSION
Date
The source of the Cuervo river The Cuervo river begins in the north-east of Cuenca (Castile-La Mancha). The river’s source is in an area with very permeable rocks. So, when it rains the water goes into the earth. In the earth the water circulates and accumulates. Then, it returns to the surface through many springs. The biggest spring is in the source of the Cuervo river. The water leaves the earth, runs along a flat surface and then falls in unusual and extraordinary beautiful waterfalls over rocks and plants. That is why in 1999, the source of the Cuervo river was declared a Natural Monument. If you visit, remember that the river flow varies depending on the seasons. In summer, for instance, the source is usually dry.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Where is the source of the Cuervo river located? How is the area where it is located?
b. Where does rainwater go?
c. How does the water return to the surface?
d. Why was it declared a Natural Monument?
e. When is the river source usually dry?
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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33
Water
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Describe each part of the water cycle.
1. Evaporation:
2. Condensation:
3. Precipitacion:
4. Collection:
2 Read the definitions and write the words.
a. Movements of water caused by the wind. b. The rising and falling of the sea level. c. Movements caused by differences in temperature of sea water. 3 Label the diagram using the words below.
aquifer source gully
lake tributary river
4 What is the difference between surface water and groundwater? Explain.
34
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ASSESSMENT
5 Match each word to the correct definition.
river basin
The route the river takes.
channel
The amount of water the river carries.
course
The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
flow regime
The area that contains the flowing water of the river.
6 What two elements determine the length and flow regime of the rivers in Spain? Explain.
7 Read and complete the text.
The Cantabrian watershed is in the
of Spain. The river courses
are
because they start in the mountains near the
The
is small and the flow regime is
The main rivers are the Navia, the
. and abundant.
and the
.
The Atlantic watershed contains long rivers because they start in far from the sea. The main rivers are the the Tajo, the
, the
,
and the Gualdaquivir. In the Canary Islands there
are no rivers only
that carry water only when it rains.
The rivers in the Mediterranean watershed are
because they start
the sea. They have a the climate is so dry there are only , the Segura and the Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
flow regime and sometimes . The main rivers are the . Social Science 4
35
Water
TEST
Name
Date
1 The layer that is made up of all the water on Earth is the…
a. geosphere.
b. atmosphere.
c. hydrosphere.
2 Most of the water in the hydrosphere is…
a. salt water.
b. fresh water.
c. groundwater.
3 Condensation occurs when…
a. water in the rivers goes into the sea. b. liquid water falls from the clouds as rain or snow. c. the water vapour passes into the cold air in the troposphere. 4 The continuous movement of water around the Earth is called…
a. evaporation.
b. the water cycle.
c. condensation.
5 Ocean currents are…
a. the rise and fall of sea level. b. sea movements caused by the wind. c. movements caused by differences in temperature of sea water. 6 A moving body of fresh water is a…
a. river.
b. torrent.
c. lake.
7 Flow regime is the…
a. amount of water a river carries. b. course a river makes. c. land where the water of a river travels down. 8 The Cantabrian watershed is in the…
a. south-east of Spain.
b. north of Spain.
c. east of Spain.
9 The biggest watershed in Spain is the…
a. Cantabrian.
b. Mediterranean.
c. Atlantic.
10 The Ebro is the longest river in the…
a. Mediterranean watershed. b. Cantabrian watershed. c. Atlantic watershed. 36
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Water
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 Where are the longest and shortest rivers in the world? Find them!
Instructions 1. Search the Internet for information about the three longest and three shortest rivers in the world. 2. Complete the table with their characteristics. 3. Using the information, make your own quiz to test your friends and family!
river
length
width
discharge
countries it passes through
2 Write your quiz questions here.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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37
Landscapes
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Classify these elements of landscapes into natural elements or man-made elements.
vegetation – fields – shape of the relief – rivers – roads – lakes – buildings
landscapes natural elements
man-made elements
2 Name the type of landscape and describe its main features.
3 Unscramble three causes of landscape deterioration.
nopuliotl
a.
b.
xseeesvic snturctioonc
taiefsonodret
c.
4 Name some national and local laws to protect landscapes.
38
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REINFORCEMENT
5 Identify the type of landscape each map shows and label them.
662328_05_55 paisaje costa
662328_05_57 Paisaje canario
662328_02_56 PAISAJE ATLÁNTICO
662328_05_54 interior de España
6 Circle four typical nature reserves in Spain.
Picos de Europa Andalucia Island of La Cabrera
Madrid
Caldera de Taburiente
the Ebro
the Pyrenees Majorca Lagunas de Ruidera
• Now, match them to the area where they can be found. a. inland nature reserve: b. Mediterranean nature reserve: c. Atlantic nature reserve: d. Canary Island nature reserve: Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Landscapes Name
EXTENSION
Date
A waterfall in a village! Orbaneja del Castillo is a mountain village in the north of the province of Burgos, near the Ebro. The landscape around it attracts a lot of tourists, especially during spring and summer. In 1993, it was declared a Historical Site. The most surprising thing about this place is that in the middle of the village there is a huge waterfall! The water comes from a stream that is born in a cave in the upper part of Orbaneja. It falls as if it were a huge natural fountain whose sound fills the streets.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Where is Orbaneja del Castillo? b. What was declared a Historical Site? c. What natural elements does this landscape have? d. Where does the water from the waterfall come from? e. Which landscape is it: interior or Mediterranean? 40
Social Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Landscapes Name
EXTENSION
Date
The Silent Beach In the summer, my family and I always go to a village called Castañeras. It is in Cudillero, Asturias, and is situated in a protected area of the Atlantic Coast. The Silent Beach is very near the village. It’s an incredible place! You have to walk up the cliff for the best view. There are no roads or cars. From the top you can see the beach and the rocks. The colours are beautiful: white sand on the beach, the blue sea and green plants. If you’re lucky, you might also see some animals sunbathing on the rocks.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Where is the Silent Beach? b. Look at the photo. Name three natural elements you can see. c. Is there a lot of car pollution? Explain. d. What might you see on the rocks? Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Landscapes
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. All landscapes include man-made elements. b. Relief features make landscapes different. c. People build dams and roads to obtain natural resources. d. Human activities such as farming, industry, transport and traffic benefit landscapes. e. National and local governments do not protect landscapes. 2 Describe the natural and man-made elements you can see in the photo.
3 Read and match. Then, write the complete sentences.
a. Deforestation
destroy woods and natural spaces.
b. Pollution
is the loss of forests.
c. Excessive construction
releases harmful substances.
42
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Draw a typical inland landscape and a typical Mediterranean landscape. Then, label them.
5 Read and answer the questions.
a. In which type of landscape can you find very cold temperatures in winter and very hot temperatures in summer? b. What natural features can you find in a typical Mediterranean landscape? c. What kind of human activity is common in typical Atlantic landscapes? d. What are the Canary Islands mainly transformed by? 6 Identify the type of Spanish landscape each nature reserve belongs to.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Landscapes
TEST
Name
Date
1 What can be found in every landscape?
a. natural elements.
b. a train station.
c. roads and buildings.
2 Some landscapes are transformed by…
a. natural elements.
b. man-made elements.
c. rivers and lakes.
3 To obtain minerals, people…
a. dig wells and mines.
b. build dams and roads.
c. build buildings.
4 The release of harmful substances into the air is…
a. urbanization.
b. deforestation.
c. pollution.
5 To protect certain landscapes, governments…
a. build bridges. b. install motorways with tolls. c. declare them Nature Reserves and National Parks. 6 The plains of the Inner Plateau are typical in…
a. Mediterranean landscapes. b. Canary Islands landscapes. c. inland landscapes. 7 In the Island of La Cabrera, …
a. there are eucalyptus forests. b. there is no vegetation. c. the typical vegetation is the Posidonia grass. 8 Atlantic landscapes are in the…
a. Canary Islands. b. north of the Iberian Peninsula. c. east of the Iberian Peninsula. 9 A volcanic relief characterizes…
a. Atlantic landscapes.
b. Canary Island landscapes.
c. Mediterranean landscapes.
10 The area called Picos de Europa is a…
a. Nature Reserve in the east of the Iberian Peninsula. b. village near the Ebro river basin. c. National Park in the Cantabrian Range. 44
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Landscapes Name
INVESTIGATE
Date
1 Make your own volcano eruption!
You need: • a medium size plastic container • a plastic cup • water • baking soda • dish soap • food colouring (optional) • vinegar • gravel or dirt Instructions 1. Put some gravel or dirt in a container to create a base for the volcano. 2. Put the water in the cup. Fill it 2/3 full. 3. Add two spoonfuls of baking soda, about a spoonful of dish soap and about 5 drops of the food colouring. 4. Make a mound out of the gravel or dirt to create the mountain. 5. Put the cup into the top of the mound. 6. Pour vinegar over the cup until it starts foaming. 7. Watch your volcano erupt! 2 Analyse your results and answer these questions.
a. What ingredient makes the volcano erupt? b. What does the mound represent? c. Does the shape of the volcano affect the direction of the eruption? Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Social Science 4
45
Spain and the European Union
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Write the borders of Spain for each cardinal point.
N:
N
W
E S
W: E:
S: 2 Read and choose the correct word.
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic organization/country which brings together twenty-eight/eighty-two European countries. They collaborate with each other to improve their economy and society. The EU offers advantages for the countries that are/aren’t part of it. A country’s products can be sold in any country of the EU/world without paying taxes. European citizenship allows the inhabitants of EU/American countries to live, study or work in any EU/American country. Many EU countries use the same/different currency. 3 Write the members of each European Union institution.
a. The European Parliament: b. The European Commission: c. The Council of the European Union:
d. The Court of Justice: 46
Social Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Read and complete the text.
There are
autonomous communities in Spain. Fifteen are
on the
. The other two are the archipelagos
of the
and the
.
Each autonomous community has a capital and a statute of autonomy, which includes its main institutions: the
, the president and the
.
Each autonomous community is divided into one or more In Spain, there are
.
provinces. A province consists of several . The head of the local council is the
.
5 Read and answer the questions.
a. Why is Spain called a democracy?
b. When was the Spanish Constitution written and approved? What does it list?
6 Match the Spanish institution with its function.
a. The Head of State
develops and approves new laws.
b. The Parliament
makes sure laws are respected.
c. The Government
directs the State according to the laws.
d. The Courts of Justice
represents Spain.
7 Write T (true) or F (false).
a. In Spain there is a special court called the Institutional Court. b. The most important Court of Justice is the Extreme Court. c. In June 2014, Felipe VI became the King of Spain. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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47
Spain and the European Union Name
EXTENSION
Date
Autonomous communities Each of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain has a unique identity and its own flag, coat of arms and anthem for special occasions. Spanish is the official language but some autonomous communities have a second official language, such as Basque, Catalan, Valencian, Galician or Aranese. Some autonomous communities have typical dishes, for example, fabada from Asturias and paella from the Community of Valencia. There are traditional dances and music from each autonomous community, for example, the sardana from Catalonia, the jota from Aragón and the muñeira from Galicia. Some cities have their own festivals. Many are of religious origin, like El Pilar in Zaragoza, but others are non-religious, like the Semana Grande in Bilbao. 1 Read the text and complete the crossword.
5
6
1 2 3 4 ACROSS
DOWN
1. An official language spoken in Galicia. 2. A dance from Galicia. 3. A dance from Catalonia. 4. A non-religious festival in Bilbao (two words).
5. A typical dish from the Principality of Asturias. 6. A typical dish from the Community of Valencia.
2 Write about your autonomous community.
48
• Language(s):
• Traditional dance:
• Traditional festival:
• Typical dish:
Social Science 4
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Spain and the European Union
EXTENSION
Name
Sweden
Date
• size: 449,964 km2 • location: north Europe. Borders Norway and Finland • population: 9.2 million habitants • capital: Stockholm • political system: monarchy • administrative division: 21 regions • other cities: Gothenburg, Malmo, Uppsala • national language: Swedish • currency: Swedish krona • year incorporated into the EU: 1995
649238 U03 p19 h01 Europa
1 Fill in the table with similar information about Spain and one other European country. Spain
(other EU country)
size location population capital political system administrative division other cities national language(s) currency year incorporated into the EU
2 Find out two famous tourist attractions in Spain and your other chosen EU country. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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49
Spain and the European Union
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Draw a sketch map of Spain and label its borders.
2 Name eight countries that are in the European Union. Then, answer the question.
• Which of these countries use the euro? 3 Look at the map and explain why it is incorrect.
50
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
534858_U07_p40a Unión Europea
ASSESSMENT
4 Complete the table on the European Union institutions. The Council of the European Union
European Parliament
functions
They decide how to spend the money. One judge from each EU country
members
5 Make an index card about your community.
Autonomous community: Provinces: Capital: Municipality you live in:
6 Why do we say Spain is a democratic state? Explain.
7 Identify the institutions these pictures represent and write the names.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Social Science 4
51
Spain and the European Union Name
TEST
Date
1 Spain’s northern border meets with…
a. Andorra.
b. Morocco.
c. Portugal.
2 The European Union (EU) is an organisation that consists of…
a. twenty-eight autonomous communities. b. twenty-eight European countries. c. twenty-eight states of the world. 3 The citizens of the EU are represented by the…
a. congress.
b. European Parliament.
c. town hall.
4 Spain is organised into…
a. seventeen autonomous communities and two provinces. b. two autonomous communities and seventeen autonomous cities. c. seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities. 5 An autonomous community is made up of one or various…
a. provinces.
b. autonomous cities.
c. regions.
b. seventeen provinces.
c. fifty provinces.
6 In Spain there are…
a. forty provinces.
7 The mayor is the head of the…
a. provincial council.
b. town hall.
c. parliament.
8 The most important law in Spain is the…
a. Constitution. b. statute of autonomy. c. penal code. 9 The leader of the state in Spain is the…
a. king.
b. president.
c. mayor.
10 The Spanish Institution that reviews news laws is the…
a. Government. b. Constitutional Court. c. Parliament. 52
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Spain and the European Union Name
INVESTIGATE
Date
1 Find out about six funny laws in the UK.
1. It is illegal to die in the Houses of Parliament. 2. In Scotland, if someone knocks on your door and asks to use your toilet, you must let them enter. 3. A pregnant woman can legally urinate anywhere she wants, including a policeman’s helmet. 4. It is illegal to enter the Houses of Parliament in a suit of armour. 5. It is illegal to keep a pigsty in front of your house. 6. It is illegal to jump the queue in the underground train ticket hall.
2 Find five funny or strange laws in another country of the European Union.
Country: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3 Make a poster to present them to the class. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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53
Population and the economy Name
REINFORCEMENT
Date
1 Match the terms to their definition.
population
municipal register census
list of the inhabitants of a municipality, a province or a country the number of inhabitants that live in a place a list of the inhabitants of a municipality
2 Name three ways the population of a place can be divided into. Then, label the chart of the population of Spain.
a.
b.
c.
3 What changes affect population? Complete the diagram.
decreases
increases 662328_04_p52_poblacion_grupos_edad
54
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 What are the main reasons to different places? Explain.
5 Use the key to colour in the map to show population density in Spain.
red
densely populated
orange
moderately populated
yellow
sparsely populated
• How is population density in the province you live in? 6 Write four jobs for each sector of the economy.
primary sector:
649238_04_24_h1_mudo provincias
secondary sector: tertiary sector: Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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55
Population and the economy Name
EXTENSION
Date
When was the first population census carried out in Spain? Until the 16th century there weren’t any good methods of knowing the number of people inhabiting a place. In 1594 the first census was carried out. The kings needed to know exactly how many subjects they had in order to find out how many had to pay taxes. Thanks to the census we know that during that time 9 million people lived in Spain and the population grew slowly. A census not only gives information about the population of an area, but also collects information about the number of people of each age, how many are men and women, where each person is born and their level of education. With these figures we are able to do many calculations. For example, if the population is increasing or decreasing, the needs people will have, who can work and who should be paying taxes.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. When was the first census carried out in Spain?
b. Why did the kings want to know how many people lived in Spain?
c. What information does a census collect?
d. What is this information used for? 56
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Population and the economy Name
EXTENSION
Date
The world’s population The world’s population has grown rapidly in recent decades. In 1950, there were about 2.5 billion people. Today, there are more than 7 billion people. There has been a rise in births and a decline in deaths, making the population grow. The main reason for this growth is an improvement in the living conditions, such as technological advances in producing and preparing food, fewer diseases and improved control, better hygiene and medical research, especially in the largest cities. This table shows data about some of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. A metropolitan area includes the city and the immediate surrounding area. city
population
country
continent
Tokyo
35,600,000
Japan
Asia
New York City
23,484,000
United States
North America
Mumbai
20,250,000
India
Asia
Sao Paulo
20,000,000
Brazil
South America
London
13,880,000
United Kingdom
Europe
1 Look at the table and answer the questions.
a. In which country is the world’s most densely populated city located? b. Which two cities have a difference in population of 250,000 inhabitants? c. Which continent has two of the world’s most densely populated cities? d. Why do you think these cities are densely populated? Explain. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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57
Population and the economy Name
ASSESSMENT
Date
1 Write the name of the document each definition refers to.
• A list of the inhabitants of a municipality that includes each person’s age and address: • A list of the inhabitants of a municipality, a province or a country that includes information such as education, work or type of house: 2 Read and answer the questions.
a. What categories can the population of a place be divided into?
b. How many age groups of inhabitants are there? Name them.
c. What is the difference between active population and inactive population?
3 What are the main changes in population? Match the terms to their definition.
birth rate
people who leave one place and live in another place
death rate
the number of people who die in a place in one year
emigrants
people who come to live in a place
inmigrants
the number of babies born in a place in one year
4 Write the name of a Spanish province in each case.
a. Densely populated: b. Sparsely populated: 58
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
5 What are the main reasons why people move? Label the pictures.
6 Look at the graph, which represents the people who work in each economic sector in Spain, and answer the questions.
a. In which economic sector do the most people work?
b. In which economic sector do the fewest people work?
c. In which economic sector do every 4 out of 100 Spaniards work? Primary sector Secondary sector Terciary sector
d. Out of every 100 Spaniards, how many work in the secondary sector?
7 Match the pictures to the activities. Then, write the sector each one belongs to.
factory work
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
education
crop farming
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Population and the economy Name
TEST
Date
1 The number of inhabitants that live in a place is called…
a. immigrant.
b. population.
c. census.
2 The list of inhabitants of a municipality, province or country is…
a. the municipal register.
b. the census.
c. the passport.
3 An active population is formed of…
a. people who are able to work. b. children under 16.
c. people who are very busy.
4 Population increases because…
a. death rate and emigration grow. b. birth rate and immigration grow. c. immigration decreases. 5 People who leave one place to live in another are…
a. emigrants.
b. immigrants.
c. tourists.
6 Population density is…
a. the number of inhabitants in a place. b. the relation between the people that emigrate and the people that immigrate. c. the relation between the people who live in a place and the size of that area. 7 Factory work, the construction industry and craft industries belong to…
a. the primary sector.
b. the secondary sector. c. the tertiary sector.
8 The majority of the Spanish population work in…
a. the primary sector.
b. the secondary sector. c. the tertiary sector.
9 The tertiary sector includes…
a. trade, health, education, transport and tourism. b. trade, farming, education, industry and tourism. c. fishing, trade, education, transport and tourism. 10 Imports are…
a. products that we buy from other countries. b. primary materials needed to produce other products. c. people who come from other countries. 60
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Population and the economy Name
INVESTIGATE
Date
1 Find out about your population.
Instructions 1. Search the Internet to find census results from the decade you were born. 2. Write down as much information as you can find: the population size in your province and in Spain, how many children under 16 there were and the size of the active and inactive population. 3. Then, look up the decade your parents were born and write down the same information. 4. Compare the different decades. Has much changed? 2 Use the information to complete the table. my census
my parents’ census
population size in my province population size in Spain children under 16 years active population inactive population
3 Write your conclusions.
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Prehistory
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Complete the timeline with the names of the Prehistoric ages.
Millions of years ago
10,000 years ago
7,000 years ago
2 Label the activities in the Palaeolithic Age.
665209_07_p48_linea_tiempo_prehistoria
3 Complete the table on the periods of Prehistory.
They lived in… the Palaeolithic Age
Their main activities were…
caves, huts polished stone tools
the Neolithic Age
the Metal Ages
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They made…
trade
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REINFORCEMENT
4 Read and complete the text.
In the Neolithic Age some people started to build enclosures to keep their in. In this way, the first livestock built
appeared. They
to live in permanently and became sedentary. People learned to
make polished
tools and hand mills to mill wheat and barley into . People also started to make cloth and
.
5 Read and answer the questions.
a. Why did the first towns grow during the Metal Ages? b. What new jobs were created? c. What important inventions increased trade during the Metal Ages? 6 What can you see in the picture? When was this painted? Explain.
7 Name the type of monument each picture shows.
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Prehistory Name
EXTENSION
Date
Ancient modes of communication African tribes sent messages across long distances using tam-tam, that is, hitting a drum. 2,500 years ago the Greeks had emissaries. The soldier Philippides is the most famous Greek emissary. He ran 42 km without stopping, to announce the Greek victory in the Battle of Marathon. He died afterwards from exhaustion. People also sent messages using smoke signals and pigeons. 800 years ago the sultan of Bagdad was the first to train pigeons to carry messages that were tied to their feet.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What did African Tribes use to send messages across long distances? b. Who was Philippides? c. What was his mission? d. Who was the first one to train pigeons as messengers? When? e. What other methods would you use to communicate if you didn’t have a telephone or the Internet? 64
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Prehistory Name
EXTENSION
Date
The most important invention in history Half a million years ago our ancestors knew fire as a terrible natural phenomenon. When there was lightning or a fire in the forest people and animals hid in their caves. However, one day, curiosity made one person take a flaming branch to their cave, which allowed them to avoid darkness, the cold and fear of the night. The great discovery was when humans rubbed together two flint stones and set fire to some dry branches. The discovery of fire completely changed the course of human survival. People could protect themselves from the cold and keep away wild animals at night, and cook meat properly. It became the place where people gathered at the end of the day to tell stories and pass on their knowledge. That’s where humans learnt to become social creatures.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. How many years ago did humans find out about fire? b. How did humans manage to make fire themselves? c. What advantages has the discovery of fire meant for humans? 2 Search on the Internet and find other discoveries humans have made. Write which one you think is the most useful. Explain why.
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Prehistory
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Underline the mistake in each sentence. Then, write the sentences correctly.
a. The Palaeolithic Age is divided into three periods: Prehistoric, the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages. b. The Palaeolithic Age started with the appearance of human beings and ended with the discovery of copper. c. People learned to make objects out of metal during the Neolithic Age. d. In the Metal Ages people began to live in villages and worked as farmers. 2 What are these objects? What did Palaeolithic people use them for?
3 What were these objects used for? Then, answer the question.
hoes: sickles: hand mills: • In what period of Prehistory were they invented? 4 What kind of objects did people make during the Metal Ages?
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
5 Use the words to complete the text about the different periods of Prehistory.
caves − Metal Ages − weapons − copper − enclosures − stone − plants − food − livestock farmers − ornaments − nomads The first people to inhabit the Iberian Peninsula lived in huts. They were
, or in simple
. Palaeolithic men and women made simple tools from .
About 10,000 years ago, people started to build
to keep their goats,
sheep and oxen in, so they did not have to hunt animals for way, the first
. In this
appeared. They also started to grow
About 7,000 years ago, a period known as the to make objects out of metal. People used ,
.
started: people learned , bronze and iron to make
and tools.
6 Look at the picture and answer the questions.
a. What is represented in the painting? b. What period of Prehistory does this painting belong to? c. On what surface do you think this painting was made? 7 Label the pictures and write a brief description of each one. A
B
C
a. b. c. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Prehistory
TEST
Name
Date
1 The longest period in history is…
a. the Metal Ages.
b. Prehistory.
c. the Neolithic Age.
2 Prehistory is divided into…
a. the Antique Age, the Middle Ages and the Contemporary Age. b. past, present and future. c. the Palaeolithic, the Neolithic Age and the Metal Ages. 3 The Palaeolithic Age started with…
a. the appearance of humans. b. the start of farming. c. the discovery of metals. 4 Human beings became farmers during the…
a. Palaeolithic Age.
b. Neolithic Age.
c. Metal Ages.
5 During the Metal Ages…
a. fire was discovered. b. the wheel was invented. c. pottery was developed. 6 In the Palaeolithic Age, humans lived…
a. in villages.
b. in caves.
c. populations.
7 In the Neolithic Age, humans were…
a. nomads.
b. town people.
c. sedentary.
8 In the Metal Ages, objects were made out of…
a. iron, bronze and copper.
b. stone and wood.
c. polished stone.
9 Cave paintings represented…
a. animals and hunting scenes. b. landscapes. c. megalithic monuments. 10 Megalithic monuments were…
a. buildings made of big stones at the end of the Neolithic Age. b. paintings that decorated people’s caves in the Palaeolithic Age. c. village churches from the Metal Ages. 68
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Prehistory
INVESTIGATE
Name
Date
1 Find out about history around the world!
By looking at fossils we can find out a lot about the past. There are a lot of fossils in museums as well as famous historical monuments. Instructions 1. Search the Internet to find information about fossils and historical monuments around the world that tell us about life in the past. 2. Then, choose your favourite one and draw a picture of it in the box below. Write down some facts about it: where it was found, what period it is from, what it was used for… Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Ancient history of Spain
REINFORCEMENT
Name
Date
1 Use the key to colour in the map to show where the Iberians and the Celts settled in Spain.
orange
Iberians
yellow
Celts
2 Read and complete the text. 665209_07_p52_celtas_iberos
The Iberians were organized in fortified
headed by a chief. They lived in
, called hill forts. Many Iberians worked as crop and livestock . Some were expert craftsmen and made iron
They used their own money and developed their own The Celts lived in walled towns called
. . They were organized into
. Most people were
. They were specialists
in making iron and bronze objects, like tools and They did not know how to
.
for the warriors.
and did not use
.
3 Label the objects used by a Celtic warrior.
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REINFORCEMENT
4 Use the key to colour in the map to show where Greeks, Phoenicians and Carthaginians settled. Then, answer the questions.
red
Greeks
green
Phoenicians
orange
Carthaginians
• When did Greek civilization begin? • Where did Phoenicians come from? And Carthaginians? • Which of these peoples developed the first version of our alphabet? 5 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. The ancient Greeks lived in small city-states called colonies. b. The acropolis included the most important buildings. c. The Phoenicians founded trading colonies. d. The Carthaginians were farmers. e. Greeks caused the end of the Carthaginian civilization. 6 Match the people to the city they founded.
a. The Greeks
founded Ebusus.
b. The Phoenicians
founded Emporion.
c. The Carthaginians
founded Gadir.
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Ancient history of Spain Name
EXTENSION
Date
A visit to an archaeological museum In an archaeological museum objects and materials from the past are exhibited, conserved and classified. The aim is to document a community’s or country’s past. You can see objects from anytime between prehistoric periods and the last century. There are lots of different things like items of clothing and pieces of pottery that are thousands of years old. Spain has a very long history full of important events. A lot of villages and cultures have passed through the Iberian Peninsula and left their footprint. This is why there are many archaeological museums.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What can you find in an archaeological museum? b. Why do we conserve and study objects from the past? c. Why are there many archaeological museums in Spain? d. Have you ever visited an archaeological museum? Did you like it? 72
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Ancient history of Spain Name
EXTENSION
Date
A huge discovery More than 5,000 years ago writing was invented. At first, people used hieroglyphics, which are pictures that represent words or ideas. We did not know the meaning of hieroglyphics until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone. The Rosetta Stone has the same text carved in three different languages: in Greek, in ancient Egyptian and in hieroglyphics. When it was discovered, it allowed us to understand the meaning of these hieroglyphics by comparing them with the other texts. Later, the alphabet we use today was invented. It is a combination of letters that form words when they are put together. If we write down important events, it is much easier to remember them. This is why writing is important for us to be able to study history.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. When was writing invented? b. What appeared first, hieroglyphics or the alphabet? c. How many languages did the Rosetta Stone include? Name them. d. Why is the discovery of the Rosetta Stone important? e. Why do you think writing helps us to study history? Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Ancient history of Spain
ASSESSMENT
Name
Date
1 Identify each type of settlement and label the pictures. Then, answer the questions.
• How were Iberian fortified settlements called? • What is the main characteristic of the Celtic forts? • In the Greek colonies, where was the market found? 2 Identify the city shown in the picture. Who founded it? What was it called?
3 Match the terms to their definitions.
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polis
a territory under the control of the Greek government
colony
the area inside a colony with the most important buildings
acropolis
a square where citizens walked and debated
agora
a small city-state with its own governors, laws and army
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
4 Why do we consider Greece as the origin of democracy? Explain.
5 Read and choose the correct word.
The Phoenicians came from Asia about 2,600 years ago to trade/talk with people from the Iberian Peninsula. They settled on the north/south coast and founded trading colonies. They were excellent sailors/cooks. The Carthaginians settled in old Phoenician/Celtic colonies on the Balearic Islands. They founded new colonies/forts and traded metals. They made artisan/metal objects like necklaces and pots. They were commerce/warrior people. 6 Cross out the word that doesn’t correspond.
• introduced the potter’s wheel: • had their own money: • brought us the alphabet:
Celts
Greeks
Phoenicians
Iberians
Celts
Greeks
Greeks
Phoenicians
Carthaginians
7 Complete the table about Pre-Roman colonizers on the Peninsula.
came from…
settled…
Rhode (Rodas), Emporion (Ampurias)
Greeks
on the south coast of the Iberian Peninsula
Phoenicians
Carthaginians
founded colonies such as…
the north of Africa
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Ancient history of Spain Name
TEST
Date
1 In Pre-Roman times, the south of the Peninsula was occupied by the…
a. Celts.
b. Iberians.
c. Carthaginians.
2 Hill forts were the type of settlement found in the…
a. Celtic tribes.
b. Iberian tribes.
c. Greek colonies.
3 The Celts…
a. knew how to write and had their own money. b. were farmers and warriors. c. chose their governments. 4 Celts were specialists in…
a. building with concrete and cement. b. metal and salt commerce. c. producing metal objects. 5 A Greek polis was a…
a. small city-state. b. square where people held markets. c. place where people prayed to their gods. 6 The ancient Greeks expanded their territories and created…
a. forts.
b. hillforts.
c. colonies.
7 The Phoenicians brought us…
a. a first version of our alphabet. b. the potter’s wheel. c. the bronze weapons. 8 The Phoenicians came from…
a. the Italian Peninsula.
b. Africa.
c. Asia.
9 The Carthaginians established themselves in the Peninsula to…
a. found a polis. b. trade metals. c. cultivate wheat. 10 The Carthaginians founded…
a. Emporion. 76
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b. Gadir.
c. Ebusus. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Ancient history of Spain Name
INVESTIGATE
Date
1 Find out about the life of Pre-Roman peoples.
Instructions 1. Choose your favourite culture: Celt, Iberian, Greek, Phoenician or Carthaginian. 2. Search the Internet for information about how they lived. 3. Create your own comic strip about a typical day as a child from your chosen culture. 4. Draw pictures in the boxes and write a sentence underneath each one. 2 Prepare an index card with the information you found. You can add a picture or a drawing related to the culture you have chosen.
Tribe: Settlements: Activities they did: Food they ate: Clothes they wore:
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Ancient history: the Romans Name
REINFORCEMENT
Date
1 Use the colour key to show the Roman Empire during its period of expansion. Then, label Rome and other cities of the Roman Empire.
green
original Roman territory
yellow
biggest extent of the Roman Empire
2 Read and answer the questions. 665187_04_p44_roma
a. When did the Romans arrive on the Iberian Peninsula? b. What did the Romans call the Iberian Peninsula when they occupied it? c. How long did the conquest last? When was it completed? d. How did the Romans organize Hispania? 3 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
a. The Romans used cement and concrete to build with. b. The Romans used aqueducts to transport materials. c. Baths were places of religious cults. d. The forum was the main square in Roman cities. 78
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Complete the diagram.
Roman society
free people
plebeians
rich people that could take part in government
slaves
gladiators, miners, domestic service
5 Complete the text about Roman religion and culture.
Initially, people in Hispania worshipped
. They built
where they sacrificed animals. Gradually they converted to became the official religion of the was the official language of spoken in
except for the
, which
. . All languages now language evolved
from Latin. 6 Tick the photo that shows a Roman bridge. Then, explain why.
Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Ancient history: the Romans Name
EXTENSION
Date
All roads lead to Rome The Romans built a network of roads across the entire Roman Empire. They first built roads for their armies. However, these roads soon became very important because Rome was the centre of trade, politics and culture in the Mediterranean. Paved roads covered more than 80,000 km and connected important cities and regions to Rome. The Romans built their roads using many layers of stone: first, they dug a deep trench and filled it with a thick layer of stones called the statumen. Then, they laid down a layer of sand or gravel called the rudus. Next, they put a layer of crushed stones mixed with white lime on top. This layer was called the nucleus. Finally, they covered everything with paving stones called the pavimentum.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What were the first Roman roads built for? b. Why did they become so important? c. How many layers did these roads have? Name them. 2 Search the Internet for information about Via Delapidata and make an index card. Name: Where is starts: Where it ends: Is it used today?:
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Ancient history: the Romans Name
EXTENSION
Date
Roman mosaics One of the main manifestations of Roman art that is better preserved nowadays are mosaics. Mosaics were murals or pictures that decorated ceilings, floors or walls in Roman buildings. Images were created by putting together tiny coloured squares called tiles. These tiles were made of different materials such as glass, pottery or stone in different colours. Sometimes, tiles could be made out of precious metals such as gold and silver. Mosaics represented hunting scenes, gladiator fights, chariot races or geometric designs.
1 Read the text and answer the questions.
a. What is a mosaic? b. What were mosaics used for? c. What can mosaics be made of? d. What types of scenes did these mosaics represent? e. Have you ever seen a mosaic? Did you like it? 2 Search the Internet to find ideas to make your own Roman mosaic using graph paper and coloured pens. Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
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Ancient history: the Romans Name
ASSESSMENT
Date
1 Match the year with the correct event.
a. year 218 B.C.
end of the Roman Empire
b. year 19 B.C.
the Romans arrived on the Iberian Peninsula
c. year 476 A.D.
the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula is completed
2 Label the objects used by a Roman soldier.
3 Read and answer the questions.
a. Who fought in the Punic Wars? b. What did the Romans call the Iberian Peninsula? c. Which emperor completed the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula? 4 Read and choose the correct word.
The Romans divided Hispania into five/seven provinces: Baetica, Lusitania, Tarraconensis, Gallaecia and Carthaginensis. Each province was ruled by an emperor/a legionary. The main economic activity of Hispania was slavery/trading. A network of stone roads/bridges was built to connect cities and help trading/travelling. 82
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
ASSESSMENT
5 Look at the picture and write the letter.
aqueduct
A B
amphitheatre baths
D
C
E
F
circus forum
G
temple
H
theatre triumphal arc walls
I
6 Describe each group the Roman society was divided into. What type of jobs did each group do?
• slaves: • patricians: • plebeians: 7 What kind of Roman construction do these pictures show? What were they used for?
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Ancient history: the Romans Name
TEST
Date
1 The Romans fought the Punic Wars against the…
a. Greeks.
b. Phoenicians.
c. Carthaginians.
2 The Romans called the Iberian Peninsula…
a. Spain.
b. Hispania.
c. Empire.
3 The Romans divided Hispania into…
a. municipalities.
b. provinces.
c. autonomous communities.
4 In Roman cities, the most important buildings were in the…
a. forum.
b. acropolis.
c. temple.
5 The Romans built aqueducts to…
a. carry water to the cities. b. organize chariot races. c. worship their gods. 6 Patricians were the…
a. richest men and women in Roman society. b. small traders and farmers. c. slaves. 7 Slaves...
a. worked the land. b. were craftsmen and merchants. c. could take part in government. 8 The main economic activity in Hispania was...
a. agriculture.
b. trading.
c. livestock farming.
b. Italian.
c. Spanish.
9 In Hispania, people spoke…
a. Latin.
10 The Roman decorated their buildings with…
a. frescoes and mosaics. b. gold statues. c. paintings. 84
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Photocopiable material © 2015 Santillana Educación, S.L.
Ancient history: the Romans Name
INVESTIGATE
Date
1 Can you identify periods of history in Spain? Make a brochure.
Instructions 1. Work with a partner.
2. Search the Internet for information about five historical objects in Spain: a building, a monument or a painting from each of the five periods in history.
3. Make a tourist brochure. Fold a piece of paper in three sections. Write: Walking through history in Spain on the title page. Then, label each page: Prehistory, Ancient history, The Middle Ages, The Modern Age and The Contemporary Age.
4. Include photos and relevant information about each historical object on the corresponding page. 5. Present your tourist brochure to the class.
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NOTES
NOTES
Art director: José Crespo Design coordinator: Rosa Marín Design team: Cover design: Estudio Pep Carrió Cover photograph: Leila Méndez Design development coordinator: Javier Tejeda Design development: Raúl de Andrés and Jorge Gómez Art coordination: Carlos Aguilera Technical director: Jorge Mira Technical coordinators: Marisa Valbuena Layout: Eva Hernández Photo research: Marilé Rodrigálvarez Photographs: ARCHIVO SANTILLANA
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the copyright holders. Any infraction of the rights mentioned would be considered a violation of the intellectual property (Article 270 of the Penal Code). If you need to photocopy or scan any fragment of this work, contact CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, www.cedro.org).
© 2015 by Santillana Educación, S. L. / Richmond Publishing Avda. de los Artesanos, 6 Tres Cantos. 28760 Madrid Richmond Publishing is an imprint of Santillana Educación, S. L. Printed in Spain CP: 657218 ISBN: 978-84-680-2875-0 DL: M-39797-2015
Richmond Publishing 58 St Aldates Oxford OX1 1ST United Kingdom
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