Soal TOEFL Dan Pembahasannya

Soal Barron 1. In simple animals, .......... reflex movement or involuntary response to stimuli. (A) behavior mostly (B) most is behavior (C) most behavior is (D) the most behavior Pembahasan Jawaban: (C) Most digunakan sebelum noncount noun untuk mengekspresikan suatu kuantitas yang lebih besar dari sentengah. Singular verb berpasagan dengan noncount noun (sebagai subject). Pilihan A tidak mempunyai verb. Pilihan B, verb terletak sebelum noun bukan sesudah noun. Pilihan D, the digunakan sebelum most. 2. Although the whether in Martha's Vineyard isn't .......... to have a year-around tourist season, it has become a favorite summer resort. (A) goodly enough (B) good enough (C) good as enough (D) enough good Pembahasan Jawaban: (B) Sebuah adjective digunakan sebelum enough yang bermakna cukup. Pada pilhan (A), kata goodly tidak sesuai dengan aturan grammar. Bentuk adverb dari good ialah well bukan goodly. Pilihan C salah karena as tidak dibutuhkan dan salah. Pilihan D, adjective digunakan setelah bukan sebelum enough. 3. According to the wave theory, .......... population of the Americas may have been the result of a number of separate migrations. (A) the (B) their (C) that (D) whose Pembahasan Jawaban: the dapat digunakan sebelum noncount yang diikuti sebuah qualifying phrase. Population seharunya the population sebelum qualifying phrase 'of the Americas'. 4. It is presumed that governing the sharing of food influenced .......... that the earliest cultures evolved. (A) that the way (B) is the way (C) the way (D) which way Pembahasan Jawaban: Adjective clause menjelaskan noun dalam main clause. that the earliest cultures evolved menjelaskan the way. 5. Calculus, .......... elegant and economical symbolic system, can reduce complex problems to simple terms. (A) it is an (B) that an (C) an (D) is an Pembahasan Jawaban: Subject dan Verb sudah ada. Dari posisi phrase 'elegant and economical symbolic system' bisa kita deteksi bahwa phrase ini merupakan appositive atau penjelasan tambahan bagi subject 'calculus'. 6. Canada does not require that U.S. citizens obtain passports to enter the country, and .......... . (A) Mexico does neither (B) Mexico doesn't either

(C) neither Mexico does (D) either does Mexico Pembahasan Jawaban: Ada dua bentuk untuk menyatakan negatif dalam bentuk soal seperti ini: 1. Mexico doesn't either. 2. Neither does Mexico. 7. The poet .......... just beginning to be recognized as an important influence at the time of his death. (A) being Walt Whitman (B) who was Walt Whitman (C) Walt Whitman (D) Walt Whitman was Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas kehilangan verb jadi kita butuh verb. 8. ........... the formation of the sun, the planets, and other stars began with the condensation of an interstellar cloud. (A) It accepted that (B) Accepted that (C) It is accepted that (D) That is accepted Pembahasan Jawaban: its is accepted that (diakui bahwa) ..... Cara lain: kita lihat bahwa kalimat di soal sudah terdapat 1 clause lengkap 'the formation of the sun, the planets, and other stars began with the condensation of an interstellar cloud' jadi kita butuhkan ialah clause lain beserta connectornya. Ingat dua clause butuh 1 connector. 3 clause butuh 2 connector. 9. As a general rule, the standard of living .......... by the average output of each person in society. (A) is fixed (B) fixed (C) has fixed (D) fixes Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas kehilangan verb. Kita pakai passive voice --> ditandai adanya kata 'by'. 10. The Consumer Price Index lists .......... . (A) how much costs every car (B) how much does every car cost (C) how much every car costs (D) how much are every car cost Pembahasan Jawaban: Pilihan A dan D hanya digunakan dalam bentuk question. Pilihan D sangat jelas salahnya karena 'are' untuk plural sedangkan 'every' menandakan singular. Pilihan D salah karena seharusnya S + Verb bukan sebaliknya. 11. The Ford Theater where Lincoln was shot .......... . (A) must restore (B) must be restoring (C) must have been restored (D) must restored Pembahasan Jawaban: Yang dibutuhkan adalah kata kerja dari subject 'The Ford Theater'. 'where Lincoln was shot' merupakan adjective clause yang menjelaskan subject 'The Ford Theater'. 12. Fast-food restaurants have become popular because many working people want .......... . (A) to eat quickly and cheaply

(B) eating quickly and cheaply (C) eat quickly and cheaply (D) the eat quickly and cheaply Pembahasan Jawaban: want + to infinitive 13. After seeing the movie Centennial, .......... . (A) the book was red by many people (B) the book made many people want to read it (C) many people wanted to read the book (D) the reading of the book interested many people Pembahasan Jawaban: After seeing the movie Centennial (Setelah menyaksikan film Centennial), Banyak orang .... (many people wanted to read the book) Cara lain: Materi ini masuk dalam reduction in adjective clause (ke dua-dua clause mesti mempunyai subject yang sama baru dibenarkan untuk melakukanreduction (pengurangan / penghilangan). 14. .........., Carl Sandburg is also well-known for his multivolume biography of Lincoln. (A) An eminent American poet (B) He is an eminent American poet (C) An eminent American poet who is (D) Despite an eminent American poet Pembahasan Jawaban: Subject dan Verb kalimat di atas sudah lengkap jadi kita hanya butuh penjelas dari subject 'Carl Sandburg' (appositive). 15. The examiner made us .......... our identification in order to be admitted to the test center. (A) showing (B) show (C) showed (D) to show Pembahasan Jawaban: made + verb 1 murni Materi ini masuk dalam "Causative Verb" --> Causative verb + V 1 murni Causative verb: make, have, help

Soal Longman 1. _______ range in color from pale yellow to bright orange. (A) Canaries which (B) Canaries (C) That canaries (D) Canaries that are Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas butuh subject. Dari pilihan jawaban hanya B yang memenuhi syarat. Prinsip Kalimat Bahasa Inggris: Mesti terdapat Subject dan Verb: Canaries (subject) + range (verb) 2. _______ of precious gems is determined by their hardness, color, and brilliance. (A) The valuable (B) It is the value (C) It is valuable (D) The value Pembahasan Jawaban: Kata kerja (is determined) sudah ada. Jadi kita hanya mencari subject kalimat. Hanya pilihan jawaban D yang bisa menjadi subject. Prinsip Kalimat Bahasa Inggris: Mesti terdapat Subject dan Verb 3. _______ a tornado spins in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, it spins in the opposite direction in the southern hemisphere. (A) However (B) Because of (C) Although (D) That Pembahasan Jawaban: Terdapat dua klausa (S + V): a tornado spins & it spins. Jadi kita butuh connector untuk menghubungkan ke dua klausa. Dari pilihan jawaban hanya C yang memenuhi syarat. Prinsip Kalimat Bahasa Inggris: 2 clause butuh 1 connector. 3 clause butuh dua connector. 4. The Caldecott Medal, _______ for the best children's picture book, is awarded each January. (A) a prize (B) which prize (C) is a prize which (D) is a prize Pembahasan Jawaban: Cara 1: Kalimat di atas terdapat subject (The Caldecott Medal) dan verb (is awarded), ini berarti kalimat sudah lengkap. Kita sudah tidak butuh lagi kata kerja. Otomatis pilihan pilihan C dan D sudah tereliminasi. Pilihan B juga ikut tereliminasi. Kalimat di atas cuma terdiri dari 1 clause jadi tidak butuh connector (which). Jadi pilihan jawaban benar ialah A. Cara 2: Materi Appositive. Appositive ialah noun yang menjelaskan noun lainnya (dalam TOEFL umumnya subject). Jadi kita cuma butuh noun untuk menjelaskan subject (The Caldecott Medal). Dan yang terdapat noun ialah pilihan jawaban A. 5. The horn of the rhinoceros consists of a cone of tight bundles of keratin _______ from the epidermis. (A) grow (B) grows (C) growing (D) they grow

Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas terdapat Subject (the horn) dan Verb (consists). Jadi kita tidak butuh lagi verb lainnya. Otomatis pilihan jawaban A dan B salah. Pilihan jawaban D juga salah karena membuat clause lain. Ingat 2 clause harus terdapat 1 connector. Jadi tersisalah pilihan jawaban C. 6. Most species of heliotropes are weeds, _______ of them are cultivated. (A) some (B) but some (C) for some species (D) some species Pembahasan Jawaban: Di kalimat atas, terdapat 2 verb (are) dan (are cultivated). Jadi terdapat dua clause. Ingat 2 clause harus terdapat 1 connector. Hanya pilihan jawaban B yang berisi connector (but). 7. Thunder occurs as _______ through air, causing the heated air to expand and collide with layers of cooler air. (A) an electrical charge (B) passes an electrical charge (C) the passing of an electrical charge (D) an electrical charge passes Pembahasan Jawaban: Di kalimat di atas terdapat 1 clause (Thunder occurs) dan 1 connector (as). Jadi bisa ditebak kalimat di atas mesti terdapat dua clause. Dari pilihan jawaban hanya D yang berbentuk clause. Ingat clause terdiri dari Subject dan Verb. 8. Researchers have long debated _______ Saturn's moon Titan contains hydrocarbon oceans and lakes. (A) over it (B) whether it (C) whether (D) whether over Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas terdapat 2 clause. Clause 1 (Researchers have long debated); clause 2 (Saturn's moon Titan contains). Jadi kita tinggal butuh 1 connector. Hanya pilihan jawaban C yang terdapat memenuhis syarat. 9. Nimbostratus clouds are thick, dark grey clouds _______ forebode rain. (A) what (B) which (C) what they (D) which they Pembahasan Jawaban: kalimat di atas terdapat subject (Nimbostratus clouds) dan verb (are). Juga terdapat verb (forebode) jadi terdapat dua clause. Dua clause butuh 1 connector. Jawaban yang benar ialah B. Which berfungsi sebagai connector sekaligus sebagai subject dari verb (forebode). Materi ini masuk dalam materi "Adjective Clause". 10. _______ in several early civilizations, a cubit was based on the length of the forearm from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow. (A) It was used as a measurement (B) A measurement was used (C) The use of a measurement (D) Used as a measurement Pembahasan Jawaban: Used as a measurement in several early civilizations (digunakan sebagai sebuah ukuran di wal-awal peradaban silam), a cubit V + S): Bentuk inversion umum dipakai dalam bentuk question. Hanya pilihan jawaban A memenuhi syarat. 12. _______ seasonal rainfall, especially in regions near the tropics, is winds that blow in an opposite direction in winter than in summer. (A) Causing (B) That cause (C) To cause (D) What causes Pembahasan Jawaban: Yang dibutuhkan ialah subject untuk verb (is). Dari pilihan jawaban yang memnuhi syarat secara structure dan meaning ialah pilihan jawaban D. Materi ini masuk dalam katergori Noun Clause di mana noun clause bertindak sebagai subject kalimat. Pilhan jawaban A, B, dan C semuanya bisa digunakan sebagai subject hanya saja tidak sesuai dg kontek kalimat di atas. SAngat mudah dengan menggunakan pendekatan makna translation).

13. The extinct Martian volcano Olympus Mons is approximately three times as _______ Mount Everest. (A) high (B) high as is (C) higher than (D) the highest of Pembahasan Jawaban: as + adjective + as. Pilihan jawaban B yang terdapat as. 14. The flight instructor, _______ at the air base, said that orders not to fight had been given. (A) when interviewed (B) when he interviewed (C) when his interview (D) when interviewing : Pilihan benar ialah A. when interviewed (ketika diwawancara). 15. In the northern and central parts of the state of Idaho _______ and churning rivers. (A) majestic mountains are found (B) found majestic mountains (C) are found majestic mountains (D) finding majestic mountains Pembahasan Jawaban: terdapat place expression 9In the northern and central parts of the state of Idaho) di awal kalimat. Dalam TOEFL ini menandakan adanya inversion (pembalikan S + V --> V + S): Hanya pilihan jawaban C memenuhi syarat.

1. The hard palate forms a partition ____ and nasal passages. (A) the mouth (B) between the mouth (C) is between the mouth (D) it is between the mouth Pembahasan Jawaban: Subject dan verb sudah lengkap sehingga kita tidak butuh lagi verb atau pun subject lainnya jika tidak terdapat connector. Pilihan C dan D terdapat verb tanpa connector, jadi otomatis sudah salah. Jawaban yang paling tepat ialah B. Prinsip: Setiap kalimat bahasa Inggris mesti terdiri dari minimal 1 clause (subject + verb). Jika terdapat 2 clause maka mesti ada 1 connector. 3 clause mesti ada 2 connector. begitupun seterusnya. 2. Sam Spade in The Maltese Falcon and Rick Blaine in Casablanca ____ of Humphrey Bogart's more famous roles. (A) they are two (B) two of them are (C) two of them (D) are two Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas terdapat subject tapi kehilangan verb jadi kita butuh verb. Jawaban yang terdapat verb ialah A, B, dan D; pilihan C sudah jelas salah. Pilihan A dan B kemudian salah karena terdapat lagi subject. Jadi jawaban paling tepat ialah D. Prinsip: Setiap kalimat bahasa Inggris mesti terdiri dari minimal 1 clause (subject + verb). Jika terdapat 2 clause maka mesti ada 1 connector. 3 clause mesti ada 2 connector. begitupun seterusnya. 3. ____, the outermost layer of skin, is about as thick as a sheet of paper over most of the skin. (A) It is the epidermis (B) In the epidermis (C) The epidermis (D) The epidermis is Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas terdapat verb (is) tapi kehilangan subject jadi kita butuh subject. Jawaban yang terdapat subject ialah A, C, dan D; pilihan B sudah jelas salah karena terdapat preposition (in) yang menandakan the epedermis bukanlah subject. Pilihan A dan D kemudian salah karena terdapat lagi verb di dalamnya. Jadi jawaban paling tepat ialah C. Prinsip: Setiap kalimat bahasa Inggris mesti terdiri dari minimal 1 clause (subject + verb). Jika terdapat 2 clause maka mesti ada 1 connector. 3 clause mesti ada 2 connector. begitupun seterusnya. --> "the outermost layer of skin" bukanlah subject kalimat melainkan penjelas dari suject sebelumnya. Penjelas semacam ini biasa disebut dg nama "appositive" 4. During the Precambrian period, the Earth's crust formed, and life ____ in the seas. (A) first appeared (B) first to appear (C) is first appearing (D) appearing Pembahasan Jawaban: Kita lihat terdapat dua clause yang ditandai adanya connector (and): clause 1 (the Earth's crust formed), dan clause ke dua kehilangan verb, hanya terlihat subject (life). Olehnya kita butuh verb untuk melengkapi clause 2. Secara structure, yang memungkinkan ialah pilihan A dan C. Hanya dilihat dari tense (waktu) dan makna maka yang sangat sesuai ialah pilihan A. 5. When fluid accumulates against the eardrum, a second more insidious type of ____ (A) otitis media may develop (B) developing otitis media (C) the development of otitis media (D) to develop otitis media

Pembahasan Jawaban: Kita lihat terdapat dua clause yang ditandai adanya connector (when): clause 1 (fluid accumulates), dan clause ke dua kehilangan verb, hanya terlihat subject (a second more insidious type). Olehnya kita butuh verb untuk melengkapi clause 2. Hanya pilihan A yang memenuhi syarat. 6. Before the Statue of Liberty arrived in the United States, newspapers invited the public to help determine where ____ placed after its arrival. (A) should the statue be (B) the statue being (C) it should be the statue (D) the statue should be Pembahasan Jawaban: Kita lihat terdapat 3 clause yang ditandai adanya 2 connector (before) dan connector (where): clause 1 (the Statue of Liberty arrived), clause 2 (newspapers invited), dan clause ke 3 kehilangan subject dan helping verb, hanya terlihat past participle (placed). Olehnya kita butuh subject dan helping verb untuk melengkapi clause 3. Hanya pilihan A yang memenuhi syarat. Helping verb: be (is, are, am, be, been), modals (can, could, must, dll), have (have, has, had), do (do, does, did) 7. A stock ____ at an inflated price is called a watered stock. (A) issued (B) is issued (C) it is issued (D) which issued Pembahasan Jawaban: Kita lihat kalimat diatas terdapat 1 clause yang lengkap: subject (A stock) dan verb (is called). Jadi kita tidak membutuhkan lagi subject atau pun verb lainnya kecuali jika terdapat connector. Pilihan B dan C terdapat verb namun tidak disertai dengan connector sehingga salah. Pilihan D terdapat connector tapi tidak terdapat verb, hanya terlihat past participle (issued) yang butuh helping verb. Sehingga pilihan yang tepat ialah pilihan A. 8. Acidic lava flows readily and tends to cover much larger areas, while basic lava ____. (A) viscous (B) is more viscous (C) more viscous (D) it is more vicious Pembahasan Jawaban: Kita lihat terdapat dua clause yang ditandai adanya connector (while): clause 1 (Acidic lava flows readily and tends), dan clause ke dua kehilangan verb, hanya terlihat subject (basic lava ). Olehnya kita butuh verb untuk melengkapi clause 2. Pilihan A dan C sudah jelas salah karena tidak terdapat verb. Pilihan D salah karena terdapat subject lagi (double subject). Jadi pilihan paling tepat ialah pilihan B. 9. Seismic reflections profiling has ____ the ocean floor is underlain by a thin layer of nearly transparent sediments. (A) reveal that (B) revealed that (C) the revelation of (D) revealed about Pembahasan Jawaban: Present Perfect: has + verb III Jawaban D salah karena terdapat preposition (about). Object dari preposition mesti berbentuk noun sementara kalimat di atas terdiri dari clause (the ocean floor is underlain). 10. ____ and terrifying, coral snakes can grow to 4 feet (1.2 meters) in length. (A) They are extremely poisonous (B) The poison is extreme (C) Extremely Poisonous

(D) An extreme amount of poison Pembahasan Jawaban: Parallel structure: Extremely poisonous (adjective) + terrifying (adjective) 11. The leaves of the white mulberry provide food for silkworms, ____ silk fabrics are woven. (A) whose cocoons (B) from cocoons (C) whose cocoons are from (D) from whose cocoons Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas terdapat dua clause tanpa connector: clause 1 (The leaves of the white mulberry provide) dan clause 2 (silk fabrics are woven). Jadi yang kita butuhkan ialah connector untuk menghubungkan dua clause. Jawaban yg paling sesuai ialah piliha D. 12. As ____ in Greek and Roman mythology, harpies were frightful monsters that were half woman and half bird. (A) described (B) to describe (C) description (D) describing Pembahasan Jawaban: As described in Greek and Roman mythology (sebagaimana digambarkan dalam mitos Roman dan Yunani) 13. Not only ____ generate energy, but it also produces fuel for other fission reactors. (A) a nuclear breeder reactor (B) it is a nuclear breeder reactor (C) does a nuclear breeder reactor (D) is a nuclear breeder reactor Pembahasan Jawaban: Parallel structure in paired conjunction (not only ... but also) : Not only (clause) + but also (clause) Kita lihat di bagian but also sudah terdapat clause, maka kita perlu clause untuk bagian not only. Di clause bagian not only sudah terdapat verb (generate) makanya kita perlu subject. Otomatis jawabn B dan C salah karena terdapat verb lagi. Pilihan yang tepat ialah pilihan C. Kita menggunakan does karena kalimat ini berbentuk inversion in (pembalikan: V + Subject). Perhatikan bentuk inversiaon pada kalimat pertanyaan (question). 14. D.W. Griffith pioneered many of the stylistic features and filmmaking techniques ____ as the Hollywood standard. (A) that established (B) that became established (C) what established (D) what became established Pembahasan Jawaban: Adjective clause: yang digunakan dalam menggambarkan benda ialah "that" bukan what. Pilihan A salah karena that langsung ketemu established (kehilangan helping verb). Pilihan A benar jika berbentuk "that was established". 15. _____ be needed, the water basin would need to be dammed. (A) Hydroelectric power should (B) When hydroelectric power (C) Hydroelectric power (D) Should hydroelectric power

Pembahasan Jawaban: Inversion in conditional sentence. Kalimat aslinya ialah "If hydroelectric power should be needed, the water basin would need to be dammed".

Soal Kaplan 1. _____ Jane has an excellent resume, she hasn't found a job yet. (A) However (B) Yet (C) That (D) Although Pembahasan Jawaban: Terdapat dua cluse: clause 1 (Jane has an excellent resume), clause 2 (she hasn't found a job yet). Karena ada dua clause maka kita butuh 1 connector untuk menghubungkan ke dua clause tersebut. Dari pilihan jawaban yang ada, hanya pilihan B dan D yang merupakan connector. Pilihan B salah karena kata yet ketika menjadi connector berada di tengah clause atau di antara ke dua clause bukan di awal kalimat; yet masuk dalam coordinate connector. Pilihan paling tepat ialah D. Although masuk dalam kategori subordinate connector yang letaknya bisa di antara ke dua clause bisa juga depan kalimat. 2. _____ several universities that have excellent engineering schools. (A) There are (B) The (C) There is a lot of (D) Some of Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas terdapat dua clause ditandai adanya connector 'that'. Clause 1 '—— several universities' kehilangan kata kerja. Clause 2 'that have excellent engineering schools' sudah lengkap. Subjectnya ialah that yang juga berfungsi sebagai connector. Olehnya, kita butuh untuk melengkapi clause pertama yg kehilangan verb. Dari pilihan jawaban yg ada, hanya pilihan A dan C yg berisi verb. Pilihan paling tepat ialah pilihan A. 3. Many Middle Eastern diplomats still feel that the United States is intent _____ the ultimate police in the region. (A) to being (B) being (C) be (D) on being Pembahasan Jawaban: Pasangan Phrase: intent + on 4. Woodrow Wilson believed the United States' entry into World War I would put a _____ to the war in months. (A) to stop (B) stop (C) stopping (D) will had stopped Pembahasan Jawaban: article 'a' + noun Dari pilihan jawaban hanya B yang merupakan kata benda (noun). 5. _____ of New York's Erie Canal greatly enhanced trade in the upstate region. (A) The complete (B) Completing (C) A completing (D) The completion Pembahasan Jawaban: Yang dibutuhkan ialah subject untuk melengkapi kalimat di atas. 6. A leech, after _____ the skin, is best removed by the application of either salt or heat. (A) it attaches itself to

(B) attaching it (C) its attaching to (D) where it attaches to Pembahasan Jawaban: kata after menandakan adanya clause lain selain clause utama 'A leech is best removed by the application of either salt or heat' 7. _____ east of the Mississippi River. (A) Indigo was grown usually (B) Usually grown was Indigo (C) Indigo usually grown (D) Indigo was usually grown Pembahasan Jawaban: Kata adverb (usually) umumnya terletak setelah helping verb BE (was). 8. _____ wrote the operetta Babes in Toyland, drawn from the childhood characters of Mother Goose. (A) That was Victor Herbert who (B) Victor Herbert who (C) Since it was Victor Herbert (D) It was Victor Herbert who Pembahasan Jawaban: Yang dibutuhkan kalimat di atas ialah subject kalimat. 9. Some of the oldest and most widespread creation myths are _____ involving the all-giving "Earth Mother." (A) those (B) them (C) they (D) their Pembahasan Jawaban: those mengarah ke subject kalimat yang plural (myths). 10. In _____ , disk technology has made record albums almost obsolete. (A) the decade from (B) the decade since (C) the past decade (D) decade ago the Pembahasan Jawaban: Hal ini seharusnya sangat mudah, karena sangat umum digunakan. Jika tidak biasa didapatkan gunakan rumus Noun Phrase (Adjective + Noun) 11. In the first few months of life, an infant learns how to lift its head, smile, and _____ . (A) parents to recognize (B) recognize its parents (C) recognizing its parents (D) the recognizing of its parents Pembahasan Jawaban: Parallel Structure: lift (infinitive), smile (infinitive), and recognize (infinitive) 12. Juana Inez de la Cruz _____ Mexico's greatest female poet. (A) considered (B) considered to be (C) is considered to be (D) is consideration Pembahasan Jawaban: Yang dibutuhkan ialah verb untuk mengisi kalimat. Pilihan yang berisi verb lengkap sesuai makna kalimat ialah pilihan C. 13. Because the metal mercury _____ in direct proportion to temperature, it was once used as the indicator in common thermometers. (A) is expanding (B) expands (C) is expanded (D) expanded Pembahasan Jawaban: Kita lihat terdapat 1 connector 'because' yang menandakan adanya dua clause. Clause 2 'it was once used as the indicator in common thermometers' sudah lengkap. YYang kita butuhkan ialah verb untuk melengkapi clause 1. Subject dari clause 1 ialah 'the metal mercury'.

Dari segi makna ada dua piihan jawaban yang memungkinkan ialah pilihan B dan D. Pilihan paling tepat ialah pilihan B karena konteks dari clause 1 mengarah ke waktu sekarang (present tense). 14. _____ what is now San Salvador, Christopher Columbus believed that he had found Japan. (A) He reached (B) When did he reach (C) Having reached (D) Whether he reached Pembahasan Jawaban: Yang terlihat di kalimat, terdapat 3 clause dan dua connector (what & that). Clause 1 (what is now San Salvador), clause 2 (Christopher Columbus believed), clause 3 (he had found Japan). Ingat prinsip kalimat bahasa Inggris: jika ada dua clause maka butuh 1 connector, 3 clause butuh 2 connector, dan 4 clause butuh 3 connector. Pilihan A salah karena terdapat 1 clause baru tanpa connector. Jika dimasukkan dalam kalimat maka akan terdapat 4 clause hanya dengan dua connector. Pilihan B salah karena menggunakan helping verb 'did'. Did ketika bersama WH Question (when) hanya digunakan dalam interrogative sentence. Pilihan D salah karena whether bukanlah subordinate conjunction. Subordinate conjunction ialah conjunction atau connector yang bisa terletak di awal dan di pertengahan kalimat. 15. The principal purpose of aviation medicine is _____ by people aboard an air¬craft in flight. (A) to study the stress experienced (B) study the experienced stress (C) to study stress experiencing (D) study the stress experience Pembahasan Jawaban: is to study (is + to infinitive) adalah bentuk umum / sudah sangat umum digunakan dalam kalimat. to study the stress experienced (untuk memplejari tekanan yang dialami)

Soal Structure 1.The musical comedy Oklahoma did much to expand the potential of the musical stage, and it encouraged others to attempt...... (a)original themes (b)to original themes (c)that were original themes (d)how original themes Pembahasan Jawaban: attempt (T) + Noun --> Attempt (transitive verb) --> Attempt + to infinitive pilihan B salah karena to original themes bukan to infinitive. 2.Despite its fishlike form, the whale is......and will drown if submerged too long. (a)an animal breathes air that (b)an animal that breathes air (c)an animal breathes air (d)that an animal breathes air Pembahasan Jawaban: Adjective Clause 3.The saguaro ,found in desert regions in the southwestern United States ,......cactus in the world. (a)is the largest (b)the largest (c)that is the largest (d)the largest that is a Pembahasan Jawaban: Superlative Degree 4. It is said that United Stales literature ____________ individuality and identity in the twentieth century, after long imitation of European models. (a)was achieved

(b)achieved (c)to achieve (d)achieving Pembahasan Jawaban: Subject + Verb (Sentences with Multiple Clause -Noun Clause) 5. Lucy Stone, ____________ first feminists in the United States, helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. (a)the one (b)who was the (c)another (d)one of the Pembahasan Jawaban: one of the + plural nouns / Appositive 6. _______, including climate, mineral content, and the permanency of surface water, wetlands may be mossy ,grassy , scrubby, or wooded. (a)Depending on many factors (b)Many factors depending on (c)Factors depending on many (d)On many factors depending Pembahasan Jawaban: Sentences with one clause -Subject + Verb Yang menjadi subject adalah gerund dan verb adalah may be (7) Duke Ellington's orchestra, _______ his own often complex compositions, made many innovations in jazz. (a)he played (b)playing (c)that it played (d)was playing Pembahasan Jawaban: Present Participle (Adjective) / Reduction in Adjective Clause (8) The term "ice age" refers to any of several periods of time when glaciers covered considerably more of Earth's surface _______. (a)as is today (b)than today is (c)than they do today

(d)that today Pembahasan Jawaban: Comparative degree (9)From colonial times ,United States property owners agreed to tax themselves on the theory......directly from services that the government could provide. (a)property owners benefited so that (b)why property owners benefited (c)that if property owners benefited (d)that property owners benefited Pembahasan Jawaban: Adjective Clause (10)Helium is not flammable and, next to hydrogen, is...... (a)known the lightest gas (b)lightest the known gas (c)the lightest gas known (d)the known gas lightest Pembahasan Jawaban: Superlative & Past participle (11)Wild eagles that survive to adulthood are believed......from 20 to 30 years. (a)live (b)to live (c)they live (d)their living

Pembahasan Jawaban: Sentences with multiple clause / verb + to invinitive (12)Portland, ......, is located primarily on two hilly peninsulas overlooking Casco Bay and its many island. (a)which Maine's largest city (b)Maine's largest city where (c)is Maine's largest city (d)Maine's largest city Pembahasan Jawaban: Appositive 13.......widely used in the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is principally consumed by the glass industry. (a)Despite (b)Whether (c)Though (d)Except for Pembahasan Jawaban: Reduction in adverbial clause 14.Cells, first identified by the early microscopists, began to be considered ...... in the nineteenth century. (a)them as microcosm of living organisms (b)the microcosm of living organisms (c)the microcosm of living organisms to be (d)as which ,the microcosm of living organisms Pembahasan Jawaban: Consider + noun + noun/adjective Contoh lain: I consider you an excellent student. --> an excellent student (noun) I consider you intelligent. --> intelligent (adjective) 15.Like Jupiter, Saturn is a large, gaseous planet composed......of hydrogen and helium. (a)it is mostly (b)mostly (c)almost (d)both are almost Pembahasan Jawaban: composed + mostly of