SNI ISO 10545-4:2010
Standar Nasion Nasion al Indonesia
Ubin kera k eramik mik - Ba Bagian gian 4: Pene enentu ntuan an kuat lentur d dan an beban beban lentur Cerami Ce ramic c ti tiles les - Part Part 4: Determination De termination of modulus mod ulus of rup rupture ture a and nd breaking brea king strength s trength (ISO 10545-4:2004, IDT)
ICS 91.100.20
Badan Standardi Standardi sasi Nasional
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SNI ISO 10545-4:2010 10545-4:2010
Daftar isi
Daftar isi…………………………………………………………………………………………………i Prakata…………………………………………………………………………………………………iii 1
Ruang lingkup…………………………………………………………………… lingkup……………………… ……………………………………………………………..1 ………………..1
2
Acuan normatif………………………………..…… normatif……… ………………………..…………………………………………… ……………………………………………..1 ……..1
3
Istilah dan definisi………………………………………………………… definisi………… ………………………………………………………………………1 ………………………1
4
Prinsip ......................................................... ........................... ........................................................... ........................................................... .......................................... ............ 3
5
Peralatan.................................................................... Peralatan...................................... ........................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 3
6
Benda uji .......................................................... ............................ ........................................................... ........................................................... ..................................... ....... 5
7
Prosedur .......................................................... ............................ ........................................................... ........................................................... ..................................... ....... 7
8
Perhitungan............................................ Perhitungan.......................................................................... ............................................................ .............................................. ................ 7
9
Laporan hasil uji .......................................................... ............................ ........................................................... ....................................................... .......................... 9
Bibliografi .......................................................... ............................ ........................................................... ........................................................... ........................................ .......... 13
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Content
Contenti………………………………………………………………………………………………...ii Foreword……………………………………………………………………………………………….iv 1
Scope..................................................................... Scope....................................... ........................................................... ............................................................ ............................... 2
2
Normative references ........................................................ .......................... ........................................................... ................................................ ................... 2
3
Terms and definitions ........................................................ .......................... ........................................................... ................................................ ................... 2
4
Principle............................... Principle. ........................................................... ........................................................... ........................................................... ................................... ...... 4
5
Apparatus ......................................................... ............................ ........................................................... ........................................................... ................................... ...... 4
6
Test specimens................................................................................ specimens.................................................. ........................................................... .................................. ..... 6
7
Procedure .......................................................... ............................ ........................................................... ........................................................... ................................... ..... 8
8
Calculation........................... Calculation ........................................................ ........................................................... ........................................................... ................................... ...... 8
9
Test report ........................................................ ........................... ........................................................... ........................................................... ................................. .... 10
Bibliography Bibliograph y ....................................................... .......................... ........................................................... ........................................................... ...................................... ......... 14
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SNI ISO 10545-4:2010 10545-4:2010
Prakata
Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) Ubin keramik – Bagian 4: Penentuan kuat lentur dan beban lentur ini merupakan hasil adopsi identik dengan metode terjemahan (bilingua (bilingual) l) dari ISO 10545-4:2004 10545-4:2004 Ceramic tiles – Part 4: Determination of modulus of rupture and breaking strength. Untuk tujuan ini telah dilakukan perubahan editorial berikut: a) tanda titik telah diganti dengan tanda koma dan sebaliknya untuk penulisan bilangan, b) istilah International Standard diganti dengan National Standard dan diterjemahkan menjadi standar nasional. SNI ini disusun sesuai dengan ketentuan yang diberikan dalam Pedoman Standardisasi Nasional (PSN) 03.1, Adopsi Standar Internasional dan Publikasi Internasional lainnya Bagian 1: Adopsi Standar Internasional menjadi SNI (ISO/IEC Guide 21-1-2005, Regional or national adoption of international Standards and other International Deliverables – Part 1: Adoption of International International Standard, Standard, MOD) dan MOD) dan PSN 08:2007 Penulisan SNI. Standar ini disusun disusun oleh Panitia Teknis 81-01, Industri Kaca dan Keramik dan telah dibahas dalam rapat konsensus lingkup panitia teknis di Bandung pada tanggal 17 September 2008. Hadir dalam rapat tersebut wakil dari pemerintah, produsen, konsumen, pakar akademis dan peneliti serta instansi teknis terkait lainnya. ini juga2010 telahs.d melalui konsensus yaitu pemungutan suara (voting) pada tanggalSNI 22 Januari 22 Februari 2010.nasional SNI ISO 10545, terdiri dari 17 bagian dengan menggunakan judul secara umum Ubin keramik : Bagian 1: Sampling and basis for acceptance, (akan disusun) Bagian 2: Penentuan dimensi dan kenampakan Bagian 3: Penentuan penyerapan air, keporian semu, densitas relatif semu, densitas Bagian 4: Penentuan kuat lentur dan beban lentur Bagian 5: Determination of impact resistance by measurement of coefficient of restitution (akan disusun) Bagian 6: Penentuan ketahanan abrasi untuk ubin tak berglasir Bagian 7: Penentuan ketahanan abrasi untuk permukan ubin berglasir Bagian 8: Determinatio Determination n of linear thermal expansion (akan disusun) Bagian 9: Determinatio Determination n of resistance to thermal shock (akan disusun) Bagian 10: Determinatio Determination n of moisture expansion (akan disusun) Bagian 11: Penentuan ketahanan ketahanan retak glasir untuk untuk ubin berglasir Bagian 12: Determinatio Determination n of frost resistance (akan disusun) Bagian 13: Penentuan Penentuan ketahanan ketahanan terhadap kimia kimia Bagian 14: Penentuan ketahanan terhadap noda Bagian 15: Determinatio Determination n of lead and cadmium given off by glazed tiles (akan disusun) Bagian 16: Determinatio Determination n of small colour differences (akan disusun) Bagian 17: Determinatio Determination n of coefficient of friction (akan disusun)
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Foreword
The National Indonesia Standard (SNI) Ceramic Ubin keramik – Bagian 4: Penentuan kuat lentur dan beban lentur is is identical adoption by translation method (bilingual) of ISO 105454:2004 Ceramic tiles – Part 4: Determination of modulus of rupture and breaking strength.
For this purposed, the following editorial change have been made: a) dot mark has been changed by comma and vice versa for the number writing, b) terminology of International International Standard has been changed by by National Standard Standard and and translated to be national standard. The SNI was drafted accordance with the rules given in the National Standardization Guide (PSN 03.1:2007), Adoption of International Standards and Other International Deliverables – Part 1: Adoption of International Standards Standards into SNI and PSN 08:2007, SNI Writing.
The SNI was prepared by Technical Committee 81-01, Glass and Ceramic Industry and has been discussed in consensus meeting for Technical Committees in Bandung on 17 September 2008. The meeting was attended by the representatives from government, producer, consumer, expert, researcher, other 2010 related institution. This 2010. SNI has passed national whichacademic is the voting conducted on 22and January until 22 February SNI ISO 10545, consists of 17 parts with general title Ceramic tiles: Part 1: Sampling and basis for acceptance, (will be arranged) Part 2: Determination of dimension and surface quality Part 3: Determination of water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density. Part 4: Determination of modulus of rupture and breaking strength Part 5: Determination of impact resistance by measurement of coefficient of restitution (will be arranged) Part 6: Determination of resistance to deep abrasion for unglazed tiles. Part 7: Determination of resistance to surface abrasion for glazed Part 8: Determination of linear thermal expansion (will be arranged) Part 9: Determination of resistance to thermal shock (will be arranged) Part 10: Determination of moisture expansion (will be arranged) Part 11: Determination of crazing resistance for glazed tiles Part 12: Determination of frost resistance (will be arranged) Part 13: Determination of chemical resistance Part 14: Determination of resistance to stains Part 15: Determination of lead and cadmium given off by glazed tiles (will be arranged) Part 16: Determination of small color differences (will be arranged) Part 17: Determination of coefficient of friction (will be arranged)
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Ubin keramik – Bagian 4 4:: Penentuan Pe nentuan kuat lentur d an be beban ban lentur
1
Ruang Ruang lingku p
Standar Nasional Indonesia ini menetapkan metode uji untuk menentukan kuat lentur dan beban lentur ubin keramik. CATATAN ISO 13006 memberikan sifat-si sifat-sifat fat yang diperlukan untuk ubin dan informasi berguna lainnya pada produk tersebut.
2
Acuan normatif
Dokumen acuan berikut sangat diperlukan untuk penggunaan dokumen ini. Untuk acuan bertanggal, hanya edisi tersebut yang digunakan. Untuk acuan tidak bertanggal, acuan dengan edisi terakhir yang digunakan (termasuk semua amandemennya). amandemennya). ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHRD and 100 IRHD)
3
Istilah dan definisi
3.1 beban patah (breaking (breaking load) load ) Fbl gaya yang diperlukan yang menyebabkan benda uji patah, seperti terbaca pada alat ukur tekanan CATATAN 1
Lihat 7.5 dan Gambar 2.
CATATAN 2
Beban patah dinyatakan dalam newton (N).
3.2 kekuatan patah (breaking (breaking strength) strength ) Fbs gaya yang diperoleh dengan mengalikan beban patah dengan perbandingan (jarak antara penumpu) / (lebar benda uji) CATATAN 1 1 Lihat Persamaan (1) di Butir 8. CATATAN 2 2 Kekuatan patah dinyatakan dalam newton (N).
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Ceramic til es – P Ceramic Part art 4: Determination De termination of m odulus o f ruptu re a and nd breaking strength
1
Scope
This part of SNI ISO 10545 specifies a test method for determining the modulus of rupture and breaking strength of all ceramic tiles. NOTE ISO 13006 provides property property requirements requirements for tiles and other other useful information on these products.
2
Normati ve references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHRD and 100 IRHD)
3
Terms Terms and definiti ons
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 breaking load Fbl Force necessary to cause the test specimen to break, as read from the pressure gauge NOTE 1
See 7.5 and Figure 2.
NOTE 2
The breaking load is expressed in newtons.
3.2 breaking strength Fbs Force obtained by multiplying the breaking load by the ratio (span between support rods)/(width of the test specimen) NOTE 1 1 See Equation (1) in Clause 8. NOTE 2 2 The breaking strength is expressed in newtons.
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3.3 modulus lentur (modulus (modulus of rupture) rupture) σ Fbl nilai yang diperoleh dengan membagi hasil perhitungan kekuatan patah oleh luas pada tebal minimal sepanjang sisi yang patah CATATAN 1 1 Lihat Persamaan (2) di Butir 8. 2
CATATAN 2 2 Modulus lentur dinyatakan dalam newton per milimeter persegi (N/mm ).
4
Prinsip
Penentuan beban patah, kekuatan patah dan modulus lentur ubin dinyatakan oleh gaya yang bekerja pada laju tertentu di tengah-tengah ubin. Pastikan bahwa titik tumpu harus kontak dengan permukaan ubin dengan baik.
5 5.1
Peralatan Oven pengerin g , mampu dioperasikan pada 110 °C ± 5 °C.
Microwave,, infra merah atau sistem pengering lainnya dapat digunakan apabila hasil yang Microwave didapatkan sama. 5.2 Alat penguk ur tekanan, tekanan , akurasinya hingga 2 %. 5.3 5.3 Dua batang silin der penumpu, penumpu , terbuat dari logam, bagian-bagian yang kontak dengan benda uji terbungkus karet yang mempunyai kekerasan 50 IRHD ± 5 IRHD,, pengukuran dilakukan sesuai dengan ISO 48. Satu batang harus berada pada porosnya (lihat Gambar 1) dan batang lainnya harus dapat sedikit berputar pada porosnya (Lihat Tabel 1 untuk penyesuaian dimensi). 5.4 Batang sil ind er tengah, tengah , diameter sama dengan batang-batang penumpu lain (5.3) dan terbungkus karet yang sama, untuk transmisi beban Fbl. Batang ini juga harus berada pada porosnya (lihat Gambar 1). (Lihat Tabel 1 untuk penyesuaian dimensi). dimensi).
Gambar 1 - Pergerakan batang penumpu yang diijinkan © BSN 2010
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3.3 modulus of rupture σ Fbl quantity obtained by dividing the calculated breaking strength by the square by the square of the minimum thickness along the broken edge NOTE 1 1 See Equation (2) in Clause 8. NOTE 2 2 The modulus of rupture is expressed in newtons per square millimetre.
4
Principle
Determination of the breaking load, breaking strength and modulus of rupture of a tile by applying a force at a specified rate to the centre of the tile, the point of application being in contact with the proper surface of the tile.
5
Apparatus
5.1 Drying oven, 5.1 oven , capable of being operated at (110 ± 5) °C. Microwave, infrared or other drying systems may be used provided that it has been determined that equal results are obtained. 5.2 Re 5.2 Recordi cordi ng pressur e gauge gauge,, accurate to 2,0 %. 5.3 Two cylindrical support rods, 5.3 rods , made of metal, the parts in contact with the test specimens being covered with rubber having a hardness of (50 ± 5) IRHD, measured in accordance with ISO 48. One rod shall be slightly pivotable (see Figure 1) and the other shall be slightly rotatable about its own axis. (See Table 1 for relevant dimensions). dimensions). 5.4 Central cylindrical rod, 5.4 rod , of the same diameter as the support rods (5.3) and covered with the same rubber, for transmission of the load Fbl. This rod shall also be slightly pivotable (see Figure 1). (See Table 1 for relevant dimensions).
Figure 1 - Allowable movement movement of rods © BSN 2010
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Tabell 1 - Diameter batang penump u, d , ketebalan karet, t , dan bagian Tabe bagian ubin yang menutup sisi batang penumpu l 1 (lihat Gambar 2)
Dimensi ubin
Diameter batang penumpu
Ketebalan karet
L 18 ≤ L < 48 48 ≤ L < 95 L ≥ 95
d 5 10 20
t 1 ± 0,2 2,5 ± 0,5 5±1
Dimensi dalam milimeter Bagian ubin yang menutup sisi batang penumpu l1 2 5 10
Keterangan gambar: Fbl l1 l2 L t ∅ d
beban patah (breaking load) load) bagian ubin yang menutup sisi batang penumpu jarak antara dua batang penumpu dimensi ubin ketebalan karet diameter batang penumpu
Gambar 2 - Penggun Penggun aan beban pada benda uji 6
Benda uji
6.1 Pilih benda uji secara acak dari lot yang akan diuji. Apabila memungkinkan, yang harus diuji adalah ubin utuh. Untuk ubin berukuran sisi-sisinya di atas 300 mm dapat dilakukan pemotongan dan untuk beberapa yang bentuknya tidak empat persegi panjang, sehingga dapat dipasang pada alat uji. Benda uji empat persegi panjang yang besar, dipotong pada bagian tengah, yang merupakan bagian pusat atau titik tengah ubin. Dalam hal masih meragukan, hasil yang diperoleh dari ubin yang utuh lebih dipilih dari hasil ubin yang dipotong. 6.2
Jumlah minimal benda uji untuk setiap contoh sesuai Tabel 2.
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Table 1 - Diameter Diameter of rod s, d , thickness of rubber, t , and and ov erlap of tile beyond t he edge supports l 1 (see Figure 2)
Dimension of tile L
Diameter Dia meter of ro d d
Thickness of rubber t
18 ≤ L < 48 48 ≤ L < 95 L ≥ 95
5 10 20
1 ± 0,2 2,5 ± 0,5 5±1
Dimensions in millimetres Dimensions Overlap Overla p of t ile beyond the edge edge support s l1 2 5 10
Figure 2 – Application o f load to t est specimen
6
Test Test specimens
6.1 Select the specimens at random 6.1 random from the lot to be tested. Whenever Whenever possible, possible, whole tiles shall be tested. However, it may be necessary to cut exceptionally large tiles (that is, those greater than 300 mm in length) and some non-rectangular shapes in order to fit them in the apparatus. Rectangular test specimens of the largest possible size shall then be cut, having their centres coinciding with the centres of the tiles. In case of doubt, results obtained using whole tiles shall always be preferred to results obtained with cut tiles.
6.2
The minimum number of test specimens for each sample is given in Table 2.
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Tabel Ta bel 2 - Jumlah min imal benda uji Dimensi ubin L mm mm 18 ≤ L < 48 L ≥ 48 48
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Jumlah mini mal benda uji 10 7
Prosedur
7.1 Bersihkan semua kotoran partikel yang melekat pada seluruh permukaan ubin depan, belakang, atas dan bawah benda uji dengan kuas kaku. Keringkan setiap benda uji di dalam oven (5.1) pada 110 °C ± 5 °C hingga didapatkan berat yang tetap, jika perbedaan antara dua penimbangan berturut-turut pada interval 24 jam kurang dari 0,1 %. Benda uji dapat didinginkan dalam oven tertutup atau dalam desikator berisi silika gel atau desikan lainnya yang sesuai, tapi tidak mengandung asam, sampai tercapai suhu kamar. Benda uji harus diuji tidak lebih dari 3 jam setelah suhu kamar tercapai. 7.2 Tempatkan benda uji pada batang penumpu (5.3) dengan permukaan yang berglasir ditempatkan di bagian atas dengan memperhitungkan panjang, l1, benda uji (lihat Tabel 1 dan Gambar 2) melebihi masing-masing batang penumpu. 7.3 Dalam hal ubin yang dapat dibalik, seperti ubin mosaik tak berglasir, tidak masalah sisi ubin mana yang berada paling atas. Untuk ubin yang diekstrusi, tempatkan benda uji secara melintang tegak lurus terhadap batang penumpu. Untuk ubin empat persegi panjang lainnya, tempatkan benda uji sehingga sisi terpanjang, L, berada tepat pada sudut-sudut batang-batang penumpu. 7.4 Untuk ubin-ubin dengan permukaan bertekstur, tempatkan karet pada lapisan kedua dengan ketebalan sesuai Tabel 1, pada batang penumpu tengah (5.4) yang menyentuh permukaan bertekstur. 7.5 Posisi batang penumpu tengah sama jaraknya terhadap dua batang penumpu yang lain. Pasang beban sehingga laju kenaikan tekanan yang didapat 1 N/(mm 2.s) ± 0,2 N/(mm2.s); laju awal per detik dapat dihitung dari Persamaan (2) di Butir 8. Catat beban patah Fbl.
8
Perhitungan
Untuk menghitung beban lentur dan modulus lentur hanya digunakan hasil benda uji yang patah di bagian tengah dengan posisi patahan di area diameter batang penekan. Minimal lima hasil yang dapat diterima diperlukan untuk menghitung nilai rata-rata (mean (mean). ). Jika hasil yang dapat diterima kurang dari lima, contoh uji kedua harus diuji yang terdiri dari dua kali jumlah ubin semula. Minimal 10 hasil yang dapat diterima digunakan untuk menghitung nilai rata-rata (average (average). ).
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Table Ta ble 2 - M Minimu inimu m numb er of test s pecimens Dimension of tile L mm mm 18 ≤ L < 48 L ≥ 48 48
7
Minimum number of test specimens 10 7
Procedure
7.1 Remove any loosely 7.1 loosely adhering adhering particles particles from from the back of each test test specimen specimen with a stiff brush. Dry each test specimen in the oven (5.1) maintained at (110 ± 5) °C until constant mass is reached, i.e. when the difference between two successive weighings at intervals of 24 h is less than 0,1 %. The test specimens may be cooled in the closed oven or in a desiccator oven silica gel or another suitable desiccant, but not over an acid, until they reach room temperature. Test specimens shall be tested no later than 3 h after they have reached room temperature. 7.2 Place a test specimen on the support rods 7.2 rods (5.3) with the glazed or or proper surface surface uppermost so that the test specimen projects by a length l1 (see Table 1 and Figure 2) beyond each support rod. 7.3 In the case of reversible tiles, such as unglazed ceramic mosaic tiles, it does not matter which side of the tile is uppermost. For extruded tiles, place the test specimen so that the projecting ribs are at right angles to the support rods. For all other rectangular tiles, place the test specimens so that the longer side, L, is at right angles to the support rods.
7.4 For tiles with a relief surface, 7.4 surface, place a second layer layer of rubber, of of the appropriate appropriate thickness given in Table 1, on the central rod (5.4) in contact with the relief surface.
7.5 Position the central rod equidistant between the support rods. Apply the load evenly in such a way as to obtain a rate of increase in stress of (1 ± 0,2) N/mm2 per second; the actual rate per second can be calculated by Equation (2) given in Clause 8. Record the breaking load Fbl.
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Calculation
Use only the results for test specimens that break within a central portion of length equivalent to the diameter of the central rod to calculate the mean breaking strength and the mean modulus of rupture. A minimum of five acceptable results is necessary to calculate the mean value. If there are fewer than five acceptable results, a second sample shall be tested consisting of twice the number of tiles. A minimum of 10 acceptable results is then required to calculate the average value.
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Kekuatan lentur (breaking (breaking strength) strength) Fbs, dinyatakan dalam newton (N), dihitung dengan Persamaan (1)
F bs =
F bl l2 b
(1)
Keterangan: Fbl
adalah beban patah, dinyatakan dalam newton (N);
l2
adalah jarak antara dua batang penumpu, dinyatakan dalam milimeter (mm) (lihat Gambar 2);
b
adalah lebar benda uji, dinyatakan dalam milimeter (mm);
Modulus lentur σ Fbl, dinyatakan dalam newton per milimeter persegi (N/mm2), dihitung dari Persamaan (2) σ F
bl
=
3F bl l2 2bh
=
2
3F bs 2h
2
(2)
Keterangan: Fbl
adalah beban patah, dinyatakan dalam newton (N);
l2
adalah jarak antara dua batang penumpu, dinyatakan dalam milimeter (mm) (lihat Gambar 2);
b
adalah lebar benda uji, dinyatakan dalam milimeter (mm);
h adalah ketebalan minimal benda uji, dinyatakan dalam milimeter (mm), diukur setelah diuji sepanjang sisi yang patah.
Perhitungan modulus lentur didasarkan pada bagian potongan melintang yang empat persegi panjang. Dalam hal ini, ketebalan sepanjang sisi yang patah bervariasi. Tekstur yang dangkal, lebih pasti untuk pendekatan. Catat semua hasil pengukuran individu. Hitung rata-rata (mean (mean)) kekuatan lentur dan modulus lentur benda uji sebagai hasil rata-rata (mean mean)) yang dapat diterima.
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Laporan hasil uji
Laporan hasil uji harus memberikan informasi berikut: a)
acuan untuk bagian SNI ISO 10545 (SNI ISO 10545-4:2004) 10545-4:2004)
b)
uraian ubin, termasuk permukaan bertekstur, jika ada;
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The breaking strength Fbs, expressed in newtons, is calculated by means of Equation (1)
F bs =
F bl l2 b
(1)
where Fbl
is the breaking load, expressed in newtons;
l2
is the span, expressed in millimetres, between the support rods (see Figure 2);
b
is the width, expressed in millimetres, of the test specimen;
The modulus of rupture means of Equation (2)
= bl
σ F
=
3F bl l2 2bh
2
3F bs 2h
2
σ Fbl,
expressed in newtons per square miilimetre, is calculated by
(2)
where Fbl
is the breaking load, expressed in newtons;
l2
is the span, expressed in millimetres millimetres,, between the support rods (see Figure 2);
b
is the width, expressed in millimetres, of the test specimen;
h
is the minimum thickness of the test specimen, expressed in millimetres, measured after the test along the broken edge.
The calculation of the modulus of rupture is based on a rectangular cross-section. In the case of tiles with variable thickness along the broken edge, approximate results only are produced. The shallower the relief, the more exact are the approximations. Record all individual results. Calculate the mean breaking strength and the mean modulus of rupture of the sample as the mean of the acceptable results. 9
Test Test report
The test report shall include the following information: a)
reference to this part of SNI ISO 10545 (SNI ISO 10545-4:2004); 10545-4:2004);
b)
description of the tiles, including relief surface, if any;
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c)
jumlah benda uji;
d)
nilai d, t, l, dan l2 (lihat Gambar 2);
e)
beban patah Fbl setiap benda uji;
f)
nilai rata-rata (mean mean)) beban patah;
g)
kekuatan lentur F setiap benda uji; bs
h)
nilai rata-rata (mean mean)) kekuatan lentur;
i)
modulus lentur σ Fbl setiap benda uji;
j)
nilai rata-rata (mean mean)) modulus lentur.
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c)
number of test specimens in the sample;
d)
the values of d, t, l1 and l2 (see Figure 2);
e)
the breaking load Fbl of each test specimen;
f)
the mean breaking load;
g)
the breaking strength F of each test specimen; bs
h)
the mean value of the breaking stength;
i)
the modulus of rupture σ Fbl of each test specimen;
j)
the mean value of the modulus of of rupture.
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Bibliografi
ISO 13006, Ceramic tiles – Definitions, classification, characteristics characteristics and marking
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Bibliography
ISO 13006, Ceramic tiles – Definitions, classification, classification, characteristics and marking marking
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