Smart Grid

PREPARED PREP ARED BY Priyanka Priya nka Gup Gupta ta S h re ya Bh a t n aga r S h a m p a S r i v a s t av a III EE

SUBMITTED SUBM ITTED TO Mr. Ja Mr. Jame meel el Aha Ahama mad d S e m i n a r I n - C h a r ge E E Dep tt .

y

 A smart grid delivers electrici electricity ty from from suppliers suppl iers to consumers consumers using usin g two-way two-way digital technology  technolog y  to control control appliances appl iances at consume consumers' rs' homes hom es to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability  and transparency.

y y y y

y

y y

Self healing Empower and incorpo incorporate rate the consumer consumer Tolerant of attack Provides power power quality needed by 21 st century  consumers  Accommodates a wide variety of generation options op tions (like green energy) Fully enables maturing electricity markets Optimizes assets

 ARIABLE TARIFF-BASED LOAD

 V  y y y



 variable price pr ice profile given to the customer day ahead different price profile for each day  automatic home management mana gement device coupled to an energy meter

ENERGY USAGE MONITORING AND FEEDBACK y y y

display of ener display energy gy consumption consumption comparisons to average average consumption pattern suggestions on how to further lower lower consumption



REAL-TIME PORTFOLIO IMBALANCE REAL-TIME IMBAL ANCE REDUCTION y

y



Balance Responsible Party (BRP) which plan or forecast the energy energy production producti on and consumption Imbalance cost for the BRPs on deviation from f rom the energy plan

OFFERING RESER  V E CAP CAPACITY ACITY TO THE TSO TS O y

Energy generated generated by consumers sold so ld back ba ck to the grid



DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONGESTION MANAGEMENT y

y



loads shifted shi fted away away from periods peri ods at which congestion congestion occurs usage data provided by the consumers proves to be very  helpful

DISTRIBUTION GRID CELL CELL ISLANDING IN I N CASE OF HIGHER HIGHER-- SYST SYSTEM EM INST INSTABILI ABILITY  TY  y y

instab le system operated instable operated separately  transition to island mode automatic



BLACK START SUPPORT FROM SMART HOUSES y y y



after black-out local grid is out of operation start-up quickly in island mode then reconnect with up-stream up-s tream network

INTEGRATION INTEGRA TION OF FORECASTING TECHNIQUES y

y

forecasting a necessary necessar y tool due to volatility volatility of  production level of distributed generators lowest forecasting forecasting error er ror means most efficient eff icient operation

y

y

y

Independent processors in each component at each Independent sub-station and power plant Sensorss are Sensor are connected to all other other compone components nts in the system Own state and of all a ll other other components are known and communicated

On addition of new devices to the system device parameters are automatically updated The new component also has a built-in processor 

TYPICAL BLACK-OUT BLACK-OUT SEQUENCE a sudden outage of major major lines occurs further outage due to overload overload leaves the system imbalanced frequencyy declin frequenc declines es with large generation load lo ad imbalance generation is taken off-line island blacks out long time taken to restore power y y

y

y y y



emergency imposed on the system  frequency & load/generation imbalance is determined and total outage is prevented

Distribution system needs many changes to come in Distribution sync with requirements for the implementation implementatio n of  smart grid

y y y y

DESIRED OPTIMISATIONS DEMAND OPTIMISATION DELI V ERY ERY OPTIMIZATION  ASSET OPTIMIZATION RENEWABLES OPTIMIZATION

y

y

y

Refers to monitoring, control & communication functions Important Impor tant aspec aspects ts of DA are in areas of protectio protection n and switching Helps in quickly reconfigure interconnected network of feede feeders rs

Can detect fault current and voltages

Can help in self-healing of the grid

Can communicate with one another

DISTRIBUTED ASSET OPTIMIZATION MODEL y

y y

Developed to provide an engineering basis for predicting hourly loading loading at any any point between the sub-station & customer Calculates power flowing through each transformer Provides insights required to make better better planning and operating decisions



DATA COLLECTION DATA INCLUDES y y y y y

Customer information & billing data Customer hourly consump consumption tion data Distribution transformer characteristics Feeder characteristics Connectivity data for the distribution distributio n system

DATA  V   ALIDATION  V  y

Total annual annual customer customer energy validated validated with annual energy measured at the sub-station

ESTABLISH ESTABLISH WEATHER WEATHER SENSITI V ITY  IT Y  y y

Data obtained is weather-sensitive Tuned with the weather parameters to obtain obta in the actual data

y

y

Data obtained from users matched with Load-Shape library  Customers assigne assigned d best matching matching hourly hourly or daily  load-shape

CALIBRATION y

To compensate for unaccounted energy calib calibration ration process applied

y

y

y

y

Residential, Small Office Off ice & commercial commercial building sector responsible for over 50% of total electricity  consumption Homes, offices and commercial buildings treated as an interconnected network instead of single units  Able to communicate, interact & negotiate with both customers & energy devices in local grid Grid operated more efficiently as consumption is better predicted

SMART

HOME NETWORK



MICROGENERATION y



SMART METERS y

y



Small homes can generate generate wind and an d solar power which if  in surplus amount can be sold back to the distributor

 With their help user consumpt consumption ion can be measured, monitored and controlled Smarter decisio decisions ns made by consumers can be communicated back to grid

LOCAL STORAGE UNITS y

Enables smart homes ho mes to store energy for fo r future use

y

y

y

Introduces a holistic holistic concept & technology technology for smart homes Smart homes & buildings treated as proactive consumers also known as prosumers Prosumers negotiate & collaborate coll aborate as an intelligent network

y

y y

 A communication technique to automatic automatically  ally  collectt the meter readings & other collec o ther relevant data from meters  AMR has benefits beyond meter reading It provides crucial data dat a on an insight into other areas of operation

y

y

y

y

For small commercial comme rcial customers monthly  consumption read is sufficient suff icient For large commercial and industrial indu strial customers customers daily consumption read is required Remote monitoring devices attached to meters store hourly consumption profile  Accurate bills provided to customers are more satisfying than estimated bills



RF COMMUNICATION y

y

y

Most widely acc accepted epted method me thod of communication between meter and data collection  A wake-up signal is sent sen t by data collection system sys tem to to the RF devices Devices send back the latest meter read & other information



RADIO-EQUIPP RADIO -EQUIPPED ED HAND-HELD COMPUTER 



DRI V E-BY E-BY OR MOBILE DATA COLLECTION



FIXED NETWORK DATA COLLECTION

y

y

Met eter er rea ead der car arry ryin ing g a han andd-h hel eld d com omp put uter er eq equi uip ppe ped d with radio receiver walkss-b by homes, without actually  entter en erin ing g th thee pr prem emis ises es Manual error reduced

y y

y y

Radio transreciever installed in a utility vehicl vehiclee Root information downloaded from the utility billing system Loaded into radio transreciever V ehicle drives along the route and collects the readings through RF communication

y

y

Fixed network installed over saturated areas where advanced met eter eriing dat ataa, variabl blee reads, unsched edu ule led d reads re ads re requi quire red d Used where daily reading or reading several times a dayy is req da equi uirred

 y

y

 y

INBOUND SYSTEMS Modules call a central master data collec collection tion computer at pre-schedu pre-scheduled led time Provides hourly consumption data OUTBOUND SYSTEMS Master statio station n calls the remote meter module modu le to collect data

y

Usage reporti reporting ng device at each customer site is called a SMART METER 

y

Computerised replacement replacement of electrical el ectrical meters

y

y

y

Contains a processor proces sor,, non-v non-volat olatile ile storage & communication communicati on facilities fa cilities Can track usage as a function functio n of time-o time -of-day f-day,, disconnectt a customer via a software or send out disconnec alarms in case of problems Interface directly with smart appliances to control them

Necessary to support major applications & systems such as demand response, wide area measurement & control, electricity storage & transportation.

TRUST y

y

Necessary to know whether appropriate appropr iate user is accessing accurate data created by right device dev ice at proper time  And the data hasnt been modified

y

y y

Data transfer now taking place through digital medi me dium um lik likee in inttern ernet et Chances of data theft and mod odiifi fica cattion very high Hac ack kers can immediately manipula latte their energy  cos osts ts or fa fabr bric icat atee fa fals lsee rea eadi ding ngss

PRI V  ACY  y

y

Electricity use pattern could lead to disclosure of   wh  w hen pe peop ople le are at home or wor ork k or travell lliing Thi hiss cou ould ld su supp ppor ortt cr crim imin inal al ta tarrget etin ing g of hom omes es

y

y y y

Most effective solution solutio n for securing smart smar t grid based on PKI technologies

PKI TECHNICAL ELEMENTS PKI standards Smart Grid PKI tools Device Attestation

y

y

y

y y

PKI STANDARDS Provide a mechanism for defining naming con onvven enti tion on an and d ce cert rtifi ificat catee pol policy  icy  They dont specify how these standards should be used They only provide a high-level framework for digi di gita tall cer erti tifi fica catte us usag agee an and d for im impl plem emen enttin ing g a PKI PKI TOOLS They tell how to work on the PKI standards Ease the management of PKI components in the Smart Sm art Gr Grid id ap appli plicat catio ion n

DE V ICE ICE ATTE TTEST STA ATIO TION N y

Device attestation certificates are used only to assert the device manufacturer, model, serial no. and that the device has not been tampered with

y

y

y

Renewable resources affect the reliability reliab ility of grid grid due to their volatility  Demand response respon se and electric elec tric storage provide economics of grid Grid reliability can be improved by mitigating peak demand and load variability 

Reliabil ity problem arises due to faults occurring in Reliability the system FUNCTIONS THAT RESOL V E THESE PR PROBLEMS OBLEMS Fault diagnosis and alarm processing function Fault location function Service restoration function y y y

FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND ALARM PROCESSING FUNCTION  Automatically  Automatic ally triggered after occurrence of a fault fault  Also detect missing remote remo te control signal  Analysiss of the fault presented to the operator  Analysi FAULT AULT LOCATION FUNCTION FUNCTION To find the location of faults Quickly determine the faulty section of feeder SER  V ICE ICE RESTORATION FUNCTION Restores the power power to the non-faulted section sect ion of the feeder