Smart Blind Stick PDF

 

 

“SMART BLIND STICK”  A Project Report

Submitted by RAJA BABU ROHIT KUMAR MAURYA SANDEEP SINGH RAJPUT  A partial fulfilment fulfilment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI May 2019

i

 

 

Session 2015 2015 –   –  2019  2019

BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI

INSTITUTE F ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (DEPRATMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING)

Reference ………………….  …………………. 

Date …………………….  ……………………. 

CERTIFICATE  To whom it may concern  This is to certify that the following students Raja babu , Rohit Kumar Kumar Maurya and Sandeep Singh  in the academic year  Rajput have successfully completed the project entitled Smart Smart Blind Stick  in “ 

” 

2018-2019 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of  Bachelor of

Technology in Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Te Technology chnology Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.).

External Examiner

Internal Examiner

Dr. Laxmi Upadhyaya Guide Assistant Professor, I.E.T, B.U, Jhansi (U.P.)

ii

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives us immense pleasure to present this project report. We, the students of Biomedical ‘PROJECT’   on any topic of our Engineering, were given, as a part of our curriculum, to make a ‘PROJECT’ choice. I and my group chosen ‘Smart Blind Stick ’ as our project. We express our sincere and  profound sense of gratitude to our learned and respected Dean & Director of IET BU Jhansi and Head of Department Prof. S.K Katiyar for sharing his experience and constant inspiration throughout work that paved the way for the successful completion of this endeavour. We take this privilege to express our gracious thanks and regards to Dr Laxmi Upadhyaya, for her encouragement, co-operation and moral support during the entire project activities. Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, brother, sisters and friends for their constant encouragement and invaluable support from the conceptualization and culmination of the project, without which this assignment would not be possible.

iii

 

 

Declaration  We hereby declare that this  project report on “ SMART BLIND STICK”  is undertaken at department of Biomedical engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology Bundelkhand University, Jhansi. And that to best of my knowledge and belief, I also hereby declare that during this period we worked as per university norms. This project is for partial fulfilment of requirement of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology Bundelkhand University, Jhansi. We have submitted the matter embodied here for the  partial fulfilment of award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Bio Medical Engineering.

Date

Student Name/ Signature 

Raja babu (Roll No. 151371028012)

Rohit Kumar Maurya (Roll No. 151371028013) 

Sandeep Singh Rajput (Roll No. 151371028014)

iv

 

 

ABSTRACT God gifted sense of vision to the human being is an important aspect of our life. But there are some unfortunate people who lack the ability of visualizing things. The visually impaired have to face many challenges in their daily life. The problem gets worse when there is an obstacle in front of them. Blind stick is an innovative stick designed for visually disabled people for improved navigation. The paper presents a theoretical system concept to provide a smart ultrasonic aid for blind people. The system is intended to provide overall measures  –  Artificial   Artificial vision and object detection. The aim of the overall system is to provide a low cost and efficient navigation aid for a visually impaired person who gets a sense of artificial vision by providing information about the environmental scenario of static and dynamic objects around them. Ultrasonic sensors are used to calculate distance of the obstacles around the blind person to guide the user towards the available path. Output is in the form of sequence of beep sound which the  blind person can hear. 

v

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS Front page

i

Certificate

ii

Acknowledgment

iii

Declaration

iv

Abstract

v

CHAPTER

PAGE NO.

1  INTRODUCTION

1-2

2  BACKGROUND

3-4

3  LITERATURE SURVEY

5-6

3.1

Brief Review

6

3.2

Objective

6

4  HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

7-35

4.1  Major Hardware Components Used

8

4.2  Ultrasonic Sensor

9-11

4.2.1 

Ultrasonic Sensor

9

4.2.2 

Operation Of Ultrasonic Sensors

9

4.2.3 

Ultrasonic Obstacle Detection

10

4.2.4 

Features

11

4.2.5 

Specifications

11

4.3  Light Dependent Resistor

12-15

4.3.1 

Light Dependent Resistor

12

4.3.2 

Ldr / Photoresistor Symbol

12

4.3.3 

Photoresistor / Ldr Structure

13

4.3.4 

Working Of Ldr

13

4.3.5 

Light Dependent Resistor Specifications

14

4.3.6 

Photoresistor / Ldr Latency

15

4.4  Water Sensor

16-17

4.4.1 

Water Sensor

16

4.4.2 

Operation Of Water Sensor

16

4.4.3 

Connection To Arduino Uno

17

4.4.4 

Features

17

4.4.5 

Pin Definition

17 vi

 

 

4.5  Arduino Uno R3

18-23

4.5.1 

Introduction

18

4.5.2 

Features Of Arduino Uno Board

19

4.5.3 

Arduino Uno Pinout

20

4.5.4  4.5.5 

Pin Description Communication And Programming

21 22

4.5.6 

Applications

23

4.6  Light Emitting Diode(Led)

24-26

4.6.1 

Led

24

4.6.2 

Working Principle Of Led

24

4.6.3 

Applications Of Led

26

4.6.4 

Advantages Of Led’s  Led’s 

26

4.6.5 

I-V Characteristics Of Led

26

4.7  Piezo Buzzer

27-28

4.7.1 

Introduction

27

4.7.2 

Working

27

4.7.3 

Application

28

4.8  Connecting Wires

29

4.9  Universal Serial Bus

30-32

4.9.1 

Usb

30

4.9.2 

Objectives

30

4.9.3  4.9.4 

Advantages Of Usb Limitations Of Usb

31 32

4.10  Battery

33

4.11  Switch

34

4.12  Resistor

35

5  CONNECTION AND WORKING OF DEVICE 5.1 

5.2 

Connection Of Device

36-42 37-40

5.1.1 

Ultrasonic Sensor To Arduino Uno

37

5.1.2 

Water Sensor To Arduino

38

5.1.3 

Ldr(Photoresistor ) To Arduino

39

5.1.4 

Buzzer Connection To Arduino

40

Working Explanation

41-42 vii

 

 

6  SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

43-46

7  ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION OF DEVICE

47-48

7.1

Advantage Of Device

48

7.2

Application Of Device

48

8  SCOPE AND ENHANCEMENT OF DEVICE 8.1 8.2

Scope Of Device Enhancement Of Device

49-50 50 50

9  CONCLUSION

51-52

10  REFERENCE

53-54

viii

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

TITLE

PAGE NO

Fig 4.1. 

Working Of Ultrasonic Sensor

9

Fig 4.2. 

Ultrasonic Obstacle Detection

10

Fig 4.3. 

Ultrasonic Sensor

10

Fig 4.4. 

Light Dependent Resistor

12 

Fig 4.5. 

Photoresistor Symbol

13

Fig 4.6. 

Ldr Structure

13

Fig 4.7. 

Connection Of Ldr To Arduino

15 

Fig 4.8. 

Water Sensor

16 

Fig 4.9.  Fig 4.10. 

Water Sensor Connection

17 

Arduino Uno R3

18

Fig 4.11. 

Arduino Uno R3 And Atmega328 Pin Definition

19 

Fig 4.12. 

Arduino Uno Pinout

21

Fig 4.13. 

Light Emitting Diodes

24

Fig 4.14. 

Working Principle Of  Led

25 

Fig 4.15. 

I-V Characteristics Of Led

26

Fig 4.16. 

Piezo Buzzer

27 

Fig 4.17. 

Connecting Wires

29 

Fig 4.18. 

Usb

31 

Fig 4.19. 

Battery

33 

Fig 4.20. 

Switch

34 

Fig 4.21. 

Resistor

35 

Fig 5.1 

Connection Of Ultrasonic Sensor To Arduino

38 

Fig 5.2 

Connection Of Water Sensor To Arduino

38 

Fig 5.3 

Connection Of Ldr To Arduino

39 

Connection Of Buzzer To Arduino

40

Fig 5.4 Fig 5.5 

Circuit Diagram Of Device

41 

Fig 5.6 

Smart Blind Stick

42 

 

 

ix

 

SMART BLIND STICK

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1 BU Jhansi

 

SMART BLIND STICK

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

There are approximately 37 million people across the globe who are blind, over 15 million are from India. Even for the non-visually impaired the congestion of obstacles is sometimes  problematic, it’s even worse for the visually impaired. People with visual disabilities are often dependent on external assistance which can be provided by humans, trained dogs, or special electronic devices as support systems for decision making. Existing devices are able to detect and recognize objects that emerge on the floor, but a considerable risk is also includes the objects that are at a sudden depth, or obstacles above waist level or stairs. Thus we were motivated to develop a smart white cane to overcome these limitations. The most common tool that the blind currently use to navigate is the standard white cane. We decided to modify and enhance the walking cane, since blind are only able to detect objects by touch or by cane.[1]

In the past different systems are designed with limitations without a solid

understanding of the non-visual perception. Some of the systems are only for indoor navigations, and has no hurdle detection and determining location feature in outdoor environment. Researchers have spent the decades to develop an intelligent and smart stick to assist and alert visually impaired persons from obstacles and give information about their location The user sweeps the cane back and forth in front of them. When the cane hits an object or falls off of the edge of a stair, the user then becomes aware of the obstacle  –  sometimes too late. We accomplished this goal by adding ultrasonic sensors at specific  positions to the cane that provided information about the environment to the user through audio feedback. Total blindness is the complete lack of form and visual light perception and is clinically recorded as NLP, an abbreviation as “no light perception”. Blindness is frequently used to describe severe visual impairment with residual vision. Those described as having only light perception have no more sight than the ability to tell light from dark and the general direction of a light source. The system has been developed using both the hardware and software implementations. The main component of this system is the Radio-Frequency module which is used to find the stick if it is misplaced around.

2 BU Jhansi

 

SMART BLIND STICK

CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND

3 BU Jhansi

 

SMART BLIND STICK

CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND Vision is the most important part of human physiology as 83% of information human being gets from the environment is via sight. The 2011 statistics by the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 285 million people in world with visual impairment, 39  billion of which are blind and 246 with low vision [2]. The traditional and oldest mobility aids for persons with visual impairments are the walking cane (also called white cane or stick) and guide dogs. The most important drawbacks of these aids are necessary skills and training phase, range of motion and very little information conveyed. With the rapid advances of modern technology, both in hardware and software front have brought potential to provide intelligent navigation capabilities. Recently there has been a lot of Electronic Travel Aids (ETA) designed and devised to help the blind navigate independently and safely. Also highend technological solutions have been introduced recently to help blind persons to navigate independently. Many blind guidance systems use ultrasound because of its immunity to the environmental noise. Another reason why ultrasonic is popular is that the technology is relatively inexpensive, and also ultrasound emitters and detectors are small enough to be carried without the need for complex circuit. Blind people have used canes as mobility tools for centuries, but it was not until after afte r World War I that the white cane was introduced.

4 BU Jhansi

 

SMART BLIND STICK

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE SURVEY

 

4

5 BU Jhansi

 

SMART BLIND STICK

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE SURVEY  3.1 BRIEF REVIEW  Numerous attempts have been made in the society to help the blind. “Project Prakash” is a humanitarian mission to help the blind children especially by training them to utilize their  brains to learn a set of objects around ar ound them [3]. The stick has a ping sonar sensor to sense the distant objects. It also has a wet detector to detect the water. The micro-controller used is PIC microcontroller. The microcontroller circuit is on the outside of the stick but is protected with a code so its security cannot be breached. The only feedback given to the user is through the vibration motor [4]. Three sensors are used viz. ultrasonic, pit sensor and the water sensor. Even this is a PIC based system. The feedback given is through the vibration as well as the speaker/headphones. There is a GPS system where-in the user has to feed his location. No information on how a blind man would do that. Also they haven’t mentioned anything about the size and shape of their cane and neither.

A Navbelt was developed by Shovalet. al [5], an obstacle avoidance wearable portable computer which is only for indoor navigation. Navbelt was equipped with two modes, in the first one the system information was translated to audio in different sounds. One sound for free for travel direction and other for blocked, it was difficult for the person to differentiate the sounds. Other problem was the system would not know the user momentary position. A stick for distance measurement using infrared sensors, have introduced by S. Innet and N. Ritnoom [6] which is a complex and time wasting process. The stick has different vibration modes for different range which is difficult for a blind to differentiate, it needs time for training. The stick informs the person clearly at dangerous stage which conveys less information and safety. The stick has no location and positioning features.

3.2 OBJECTIVE 1)  The ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the presence of obstacle and calculates the distance between the source and destination. 2)  Light sensor is used to detect the presence or absence of light. 3)  Water sensor is used to detect the presence of water. 4)  Anti theft protection. 5)  Warning through voice 6 BU Jhansi

 

SMART BLIND STICK

CHAPTER 4 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

7 BU Jhansi

 

SMART BLIND STICK

CHAPTER 4 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1 MAJOR HARDWARE COMPONENTS USED 1)  Ultrasonic Sensor 2)  Light Dependent Resistor 3)  Water Sensor

4)  Arduino Uno R3 5)  Light Emitting Diode(Led) 6)  Piezo Buzzer 7)  Connecting Wires 8)  Universal Serial Bus 9)  Battery 10) Switch 11) Resistor

8 BU Jhansi

 

SMART BLIND STICK

4.2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 4.2.1 Ultrasonic Sensor

As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target. Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between

the emission and reception. An optical sensor has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an ultrasonic sensor uses a single ultrasonic element for both emission and reception. In a reflective model ultrasonic sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic waves alternately. This enables miniaturization of the sensor head. 

Distance L

Fig 4.1 Working of Ultrasonic sensor

4.2.2 Operation Of Ultrasonic Sensors

When an electrical pulse of high voltage is applied to the ultrasonic transducer it vibrates across a specific spectrum of frequencies and generates a burst of sound waves. Whenever any obstacle comes ahead of the ultrasonic sensor the sound waves will reflect back in the form of echo and generates an electric pulse. It calculates the time taken between sending sound waves and receiving echo. The echo patterns will be compared with the patterns of sound waves to determine detected signal’s condition.  condition.  

9 BU Jhansi

 

SMART BLIND STICK

4.2.3 Ultrasonic Obstacle Detection 

Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect the presence of targets and to measure the distance to

targets in many robotized processing plants and process plants. Sensors with an ON or OFF digital output are available for detecting the presence of objects and sensors with an analog output which changes relatively to the sensor to target separation distance are commercially available.

Fig 4.2 Ultrasonic Obstacle Detection

Ultrasonic obstacle sensor consists of a set of ultrasonic receiver and transmitter which operate at the same frequency. The point when the something moves in the zone secured the circuit’s fine offset is aggravated and the buzzer/alarm is triggered.  The ultrasonic waves can reflect off a glass or liquid surface and return to the sensor head, even transparent targets can  be detected. Detection is not affected by accumulation of dust or dirt. Presence detection is stable even for targets such as mesh trays or springs.

Fig 4.3 Ultrasonic sensor 10 BU Jhansi

 

SMART BLIND STICK

4.2.4 Features 1) 

Power consumption of 20mA

2) 

Pulse in/out communication

3) 

 Narrow acceptance angle

4) 

Provides exact, non-contact separation estimations within 2cm to 3m

5) 

The explosion point LED shows estimations in advancement

6) 

3-pin header makes it simple to connect utilizing a servo development link.

4.2.5 Specifications 1) 

Power supply: 5V DC

2) 

Quiescent current: