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@Z[B@F IK^KT@_@]@F ^@M@ @F@I MKFO@F ZCK C[^[Z KTG]KH@]AZ[Z ZGZ]KHGI 

Mgsusuf ackb< 0. Dk`tr k`trgi gi b`c `cc` c` 4. Khkcg` :. Zuhg`ftg =. Wuscgb`tg ;. Irgs Irgsta taea earu russ kmw kmwgf gf 5. Cujg Cujg`` ait` ait`vg vg`f `fgg

^TAOT@H Z][MG GCH[ IK^KT@_@]@F Z]GI H[B@HH@MGW@B ^AF]G@F@I   ]@B[F 4>40 0

 

I@]@ ^KFO@F]@T 

^ulg m`f syuiur ^kfucgs p`fl`ti`f ik b`mgr`t ]ub`f W`fo H`b` Ks` `t`s dkri`t m`f r`bh`t Fy` skbgfoo` pkfucgs m`p`t hkfykcks`gi`f tucgs`f tkft`fo @sub`f Ikpkr`w`t`f ^`m` @f`i  mkfo`f ZCK. ]ucgs`f gfg mgdu`t uftui hkf`hd`b ib`s`f`b gchu pkfokt`bu`f ibususfy`  pkhdkrg`f `sub`f ikpkr`w`t`f ikp`m` `f`i. ^kfucgs ^kfuc gs hkfouj`pi`f hkfouj`pi`f tkrgh` i`sgb y`fo skdks`r-dks`rfy` skdks`r-dks`rfy` ikp`m` skhu` pgb`i y`fo tkc`b hkhd`ftu skbgfoo` pkfucgs m`p`t hkfykcks`gi`f tucgs`f gfg. ]ucgs`f gfg mgb`r`pi`f m`p`t dkrh`fe``t m`c`h pkhdkrg`f `sub`f ikpkr`w`t`f p`m` `f`i skrt` m`p`t mgouf`i`f skd`o`g `ju`f m`c`h hkhdkrgi`f pkr`w`t`f. ^kfucgs hkfy`m`rg d`bw` tucgs`f gfg l`ub m`rg skhpurf`. ^kfucgs hkfob`r`pi`f h`sui`f m`f s`r`f uftui ikskhpurf``f h`i`c`b gfg.

^aftg`f`i aitadkr 4>40 ^kfucgs

 

M@E]@T GZG

@. Iafskp M`s`r ^kfy`igt 0.   Mkegfgsg.................................. Mkegfgsg........................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ......................................= ................= 4.   Kpgmkhgacaog…......................... Kpgmkhgacaog…............................................... ............................................ ............................................ .................................= ...........= :. Ktgacaog................................ Ktgacaog...................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................; ..................; =. ^`tbaokfksgs................. ^`tbaokfksgs....................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................................; .......................; ;.   Ic`sgegi`sg.............................. Ic`sgegi`sg.................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ....................................? ..............? 5.   Okl`c` icgfgs............................................. icgfgs................................................................... ............................................ ........................................7 ..................7 ?.   ^khkrgis``f ^khkrgis``f egsgi................................... egsgi......................................................... ............................................ .......................................0> .................0> 2. ^khkrgis``f ^khkrgis``f mg`ofastgj...... mg`ofastgj............................ ............................................ ............................................ ....................................0> ..............0> 7. Jrgtkrg` mg`ofasgs............................... mg`ofasgs..................................................... ............................................ ...........................................00 .....................00 0>. ^kf`t`c`is``f hkmgs..................................................... hkmgs.................................................................................. ...................................... .........0= 0= 00. ^kf`t`c`is`f``f ^kf`t`c`is`f``f ikpkr`w`t`f................... ikpkr`w`t`f......................................... ............................................ .................................05 ...........05 D. Iafskp @sub`f Ikpkr`w`t`f Ikpkr`w`t`f 0. ^kfoi`lg`f ikpkr`w`t`f................... ikpkr`w`t`f......................................... ............................................ ...........................................07 .....................07 4.   H`s`c`b ikpkr`w`t`f.......................... ikpkr`w`t`f................................................ ............................................ ........................................07 ..................07 :.   Tkfj`f` `sub`f ikpkr`w`t`f.................... ikpkr`w`t`f.......................................... ............................................ ...............................4> .........4>

 

D@D 0 ^KFM@B[C[@F

@. Iafskp M`s`r ^kfy`igt 0. Mkegfg Mkegfgsg sg

Cupus krgtkh`tasus sgstkhgi (ZCK) `m`c`b r`m`fo irafgs y`fo mgskd`di`f ackb  pkfy`igt `utaghuf (ikikd`c`f tudub) mg h`f` sgstkh pkrt`b`f`f tudub y`fo tgm`i  farh`c hkc`w`f l`rgfo`f tudub skfmgrg. @ft`r` l`rgfo`f tudub m`f aro`f y`fo m`p`t tkrikf` `m`c`b skpkrtg iucgt, l`ftufo, p`ru-p`ru, ogfl`c, skfmg, m`f sgstkh s`r`e. Cupus krgtkh`tasus sgstkhgi (ZCK) hkrup`i`f su`tu pkfy`igt `tuaghuf y`fo irafgi m`f hkfykr`fo dkrd`o`g systkh m`c`h tudub. ( Zgcvg` & Carr`gfk, 4>>5 ) Zystkhgj Zystkh gj cupus cupus krytbkh`tas krytbkh`tasus us (ZCK) `m`c`b pkfy`igt pkfy`igt r`m`fo r`m`fo y`fo hkfykr`fo  d`fy`i sgstkh m`c`h tudub, mkfo`f pkrl`c`f`f pkfy`igt dgs` `iut `t`u irafgs, m`f mgskrt`g `m`fy` `ftgdamg y`fo hkfykr`fo tudubfy` skfmgrg Zystkhgj cupus krytbkh`tasus (ZCK) `m`c`b su`tu pkfy`igt `utaghuf huctgsystkh mkfo`f mkf o`f h`fgeks h`fgekst`sg t`sg m`f sge`t sge`t y`fo y`fo s`fo`t s`fo`t dkrud` dkrud`b b ‚ ud`b, ud`b, pkfu`i pkfu`igt gt gfg tkrut` tkrut`h` h` hkfykr`fo iucgtr, ogfl`c, hkhdr`fk skras`, skfmg, m`f l`ftufo.(Tadgfs, 4>>?) 4. Kpgmkhgaca Kpgmkhgacaog og

^kfy`igt ^kfy` igt cupus cupus `t`u systkhgj systkhgj cupus krytbkh`tasus krytbkh`tasus (ZCK) (ZCK) prkv`c prkv`ckfsgf kfsgfy` y` m`c`h  papuc`sg tkrtkftu igr` ‚ igr` s`tu i`sus pkr 4;>> ar`fo, pkfy`igt gfg jkfmkrufo jk fmkrufo tkrl`mg  p`m` pkrkhpu`f (igr` ‚ igr` 7> pkrkhpu`f usg` sudur. systkhgj systkhgj cupus cupus krytbkh`tasu krytbkh`tasuss (ZCK) ckdgb skrgfo mgtkhui`f mgtkhui`f p`m` r`s tkrtkftu tkrtkftu skpkrtg r`s iucgt bgt`h, Jgf`, m`f Egcgpgf`. Egcgpgf`. ^kfy`igt ^kfy`igt gfg tkrut`h` mgmkrgt` ackb w`fgt` hum` mkfo`f pufj`i ikl`mg`f p`m` usg` 0;-=> t`buf (skc`h` h`s` rkpramuitge) mkfo`f pkrd`fmgfo`f w`fgt` m`f c`ig-c`ig ;>4, dkrm`s`ri`f m`t` p`sgkf y`fo m`t`fo ik  pacgicgfgi Tkuh`tacaog ^kfy`igt M`c`h mg TZ[^ Jgpta H`foufiasuha L`i`rt`, tkrm`p`t 0,=% i`susu m`rg tat`c skcurub iuflufo`f p`sgkf. Zkm`foi`f ufutui TZ B`s`f Z`mgigf D`fmufo, D`fmufo, tkrm`p`t 0>,;% (470p`sgkf) m`rg tat`c p`sgkf p`sgkf  dkriuflufo ik pacgicgfgi rkuh`tacaog rkuh`tacaog p`m` t`buf 4>0>.

y`fo

 

:. ^kfykd`d/e`jtar ^kfykd`d/e`jtar prkmgspasgsg

-

E`jtar okfktgj

-

E`jtar Buhar`c

-

E`jtar cgfoiufo`f

-

Iaft Iaft`i `i mkfo mkfo`f `f sg sgf` f`rr h`t h`t`b `b`r `rgg

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Gfek Gfekis isgg vgr gru us/ s/d d`itk `itkrg rg Ad`t oacafo`f sucv`

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^kf ^kfob obkf kftg tg`f `f ckb` ckb`h hgc`f gc`f

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]r`uh` ps psgigs

=. ^`taokfk ^`taokfksgs sgs

Cupus mgt`fm`g ackb pkr`m`fo`f irafgs `t`u dkruc`fo hkhpkfo`rubg s`tu `t`u ckdgb  l`rgfo`f m`c`h budufo`f mkfo`f dkdkr`p` `uta`ftgdamg. Dkdkr`p`, skpkrtg `ftg - skc hkr`b m`f `ftgdamg `ftgpc`tkckt, lkc`s p`taokf, skm`foi`f y`fo c`gf hufoigf b`fy`  pkf`fm` ikrus`i`f tackr`fsg. Ktgacaog tkt`p hgstkrg, tkt`pg skpkrtg m`c`h d`fy`i   pkfy`igt irafgs, t`hp`ify` hufoigf d`bw` pkfy`igt gfg mgpgju ackb `okf cgfoiufo`f m`c`h ikjkfmkrufo`f tg`p gfmgvgmu (H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, Lkffy. 4>>?). E`itar Kfmaokf

D`fy`i `uta`ftgdamg (tkrut`h` @F@s) mg`r`bi`f tkrb`m`p `ftgokf gftr`skcuckr dg`s`fy` 't`i tkrcgb`t' uftui sgstkh ikikd`c`f tudub. B`c gfg hkfufluii`f `utaghufgt`s y`fo  dkrikhd`fo, sktgm`ify` m`c`h dkdkr`p` i`sus, skd`o`g iafskiukfsg m`rg ikh`tg`f skc y`fo tgm`i farh`c farh`c `t`u mgsrkouc`sg tkrh`sui ikh`tg`f skc tkrpraor`h (`paptasgs). M`c`h hkfmuiufo Iafskp gfg tkc`b hkfl`mg pkfo`iu`f d`bw` hamkc bkw`f cupus mg HCT / cpr hkfjgt i`rkf` hut`sg okfktgi E@Z. @itgv`sg @itgv`sg E@Z hkfykd`di` hkfykd`di`f f `paptasgs, `paptasgs, ikc`gf`f E@Z hkfjko`b `paptasgs y`fo farh`c farh`c hkfykd`di`f pracgekr`sg pracgekr`sg cgheasgtgi  tgm`i tkrikfm`cg m`f pramuisg `uta`ftgdamg. Zkdu`b bahacao h`fusg` hamkc bkw`f `m`c`b sgfmrah cgheapracgekr`tge `utaghuf (@C^Z), i`rkf` hut`sg m`rg E@Z, `f`i-`f`i  hkfokhd`foi`f

cghe`mkfap`tg

dks`r

m`f

spckfahko`cg

mkfo`f

pramuisg

`uta`ftgdamy(H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, Lkffy. 4>>?). E`itar Kisaokf

D`bi`f skmgigt y`fo mgikt`bug tkft`fo pkhgju y`fo dkrt`fooufo l`w`d uftui skd`og`f  dks`r dkftui cupus. Ad`t skpkrtg `ftgiafvucs`f m`f `ftgdgatgi (ibususfy` hgfajyjcgfk) m`p`t hkfykd`di`f cupus. Zgf`r h`t`b`rg m`p`t hkhgju ikmu` h`fgekst`sg iucgt m`f sgstkhgi cupus (m`f fkaf`t`c cupus). Hkfkc`f luhc`b y`fo s`fo`t dks`r ikj`hd`b

 

`ce`ce` luo` m`p`t hkfykd`di`f cupus, pkhgju `itge hufjuc hkfl`mg C-j`fv`fgfk. ^kr`f, lgi` `m`, m`rg vgrus m`f d`itkrg m`c`h hkhgju cupus tkt`p lkc`s hksigpuf pkrcu  pkfkcgtg`f y`fo juiup dks`r. dks `r. ]gm`i `m` duitg y`fo hky`igfi`f d`bw` gfekisg tkrtkftu `m`c`b pkftgfo m`c`h hkfykd`di`f cupus. Hkf`rgify`, `m` pkfgfoi`t`f pkfy`igt rkh`tgi p`m` ar`fo mkfo`f gfekisg BGU, m`f pkfy`igt `utaghuf tkrh`sui cupus t`hp`ify` hkfl`mg ckdgb uhuh iktgi` `m` rkstar`sg iahpktkfsg ikikd`c`f mkfo`f  pkfoouf``f ad`t `ftg rktra vgrus y`fo s`fo`t `itge (H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, Lkffy. 4>>?).

(Igfo, Lkffgekr I9 B`bf, Dkvr` B. 4>>?)

 

;. Ic`sge Ic`sgegi` gi`sg sg

@m` tgo` lkfgs typk cupus < `. Jut`f ut`fka kaus us Cu Cupus pus ]gpk gfg luo` mgikf`c skd`o`g Mgsjagm Cupus ]gpk cupus gfg b`fy` tkrd`t`s p`m` iucgt m`f mgt`hpgci`f mgt`hpgci`f m`c`h dkftu dkftui i ru`h y`fo hufjuc hufjuc p`m` hui`, ckbkr, `t`u iucgt ikp`c`. Tu`h gfg m`p`t hkfl`mg ckdgb lkc`s tkrcgb`t p`m` m`kr`b iucgt y`fo tkrikf` sgf`r uctr`vgackt (skpkrtg sgf`r h`t`b`rg, sgf`r ecuarksjkft). Hksig tkrm`p`t  dkdkr`p` h`j`h tgpk ru`h p`m` cupus, tkt`pg y`fo uhuh tkrm`p`t `m`c`b ru`h y`fo tghduc, dkrsgsgi m`f hkr`b, tkt`pg tgm`i o`t`c.  d. Mgsjagm Cupus ]gpk cupus gfg m`p`thkfykd m`p`thkfykd`di`f `di`f gfec`h`sg p`m` dkdkr`p` dkdkr`p` h`j`h aro`f. [ftui   dkdkr`p` ar`fo hufoigf s`l` b`c gfg b`fy` tkrd`t`s p`m` o`foou`f iucgt m`f skfmg. ]kt`pg p`m` ar`fo y`fo c`gf, skfmg, p`ru-p`ru, ogfl`c, m`r`b `t`upuf aro`f m`f/`t`u l`rgfo`f c`gf y`fo hufoigf tkrikf`. ZCK p`m` skd`og`f ar`fo m`p`t hkh`suig h`s` mgh`f` okl`c`fy` tgm`i hufjuc (rkhgsg) m`f p`m` s``t y`fo c`gf  pkfy`igt gfg m`p`t hkfl`mg `itge (ec`rk). j. Mruo Mruo-g -gfm fmuj ujkm km cupu cupuss ]gpk cupus gfg s`fo`t l`r`fo hkfykr`fo ogfl`c `t`u sgstkh sy`r`e. Ad`t y`fo uhuhfy` m`p`t hkfykd`di`f mruogfmujkm cupus `m`c`b lkfgs bgmr`c`zgf (uftui   pkf`fo`f`f tki`f`f m`r`b tgfoog) m`f pra-i`gf`hgm (uftui pkf`fo`f`f mkt`i   l`ftufo y`fo tgm`i tkr`tur/tgm`i farh`c). ]gm`i skhu` ar`fo y`fo hkh`i`f ad`t gfg `i`f tkrikf` mruo-gfmujkm cupus. B`fy` = pkrskf m`rg ar`fo y`fo hkfoiafsuhsg ad`t gtu y`fo d`i`c hkhdkftui `ftgdamg pkfykd`d cupus. M`rg =  pkrskf gtu, skmgigt ski`cg y`fo ikhumg`f hkfmkrgt` cupus. Dgc` pkfoad`t`f mgbkftgi`f, h`i` okl`c` cupus gfg dg`s`fy` `i`f bgc`fo mkfo`f skfmgrgfy` M`rg iktgo`fy`, Mgsjagm Cupus p`cgfo skrgfo hkfykr`fo. F`huf, Zystkhgj Cupus skc`cu ckdgb dkr`t mgd`fmgfoi`f mkfo`f Mgsjagm Cupus, m`f m`p`t hkfykr`fo aro`f `t`u sgstkh tudub. ^`m` dkdkr`p` ar`fo, juh` iucgt m`f pkrskfmg`f y`fo mgskr`fo. Hksig dkogtu, p`m` ar`fo c`gf dgs` hkrus`i pkrskfmg`f, p`ru-p`ru, ogfl`c, m`r`b, aro`f `t`u l`rgfo`f c`gf. ]krm`p`t pkrdkm``f `ft`r` ic`sgegi`sg m`f mg`ofasgs ZCK. Mg`ofasgs mgtko`ii`f  dkrm`s`ri`f iahdgf`sg o`hd`r`f icgfgs m`f tkhu`f c`dar`targuh m`f hufoigf tgm`i  hkhkfubg irgtkrg` ic`sgegi`sg hkhkfubg ic`sgegi`sg @hkrgj`f Jacckok ae Tbkuh`taca Tbkuh`tacaoy oy (@JT) (@JT) (]`dkc 0), y`fo mgmkegfgsgi`f m`f mgv`cgm`sg uftui ikpkrcu`f ulg icgfgs. ^kfoouf``f t`dkc gfg

 

ikt`t m`rgp`m` y`fo mgdutubi`f uftui hkfmg`ofas` cupus. B`c gfg pkftgfo i`rkf` i`m`fo-i`m`fo pkfoad`t`f `i`f tgm`i tkp`t `i`f tkrtufm` hkfufoou irgtkrg` ic`sgegi`sg y`fo b`rus mgpkfubg (H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, Lkffy. 4>>?). Mg`ofas` hkmgs mkegfgtge mgm`s`ri`f p`m` `m`fy` khp`t `t`u ckdgb okl`c` tkrskdut. C`dar`targuh tks gfg tkrh`sui luhc`b skc m`r`b ckfoi`p mkfo`f mgekrkfsg`c, ^`fkc ighg` hkt`dacgshk, urgf`cgsgs, `ftgfujck`r `ftgdamg, `ftg-MF@ `ftgdamg, iahpckhkf : (J:), iahpckhkf = (J=), ghufaocaducgf ghufaocaducgf iu`ftgt`tge, pc`sh` rk`okf jkp`t (T^T), cupus `ftgja`ouc`ft, m`f `ftgpbaspbacgpgm `ftgdamg (Ckbh`f, 4>>4 m`c`h (_`rm, Zus`f C `fm Bgscky, Zbkctaf H. 4>>7).

 

5. Okl`c` Okl`c` icgfgs icgfgs

Okl`c` icgfgs y`fo hufoigf hufjuc p`m` p`skgf ZCK y`gtu< `. _`fgt` hum` hum` mkfo`f mkfo`f iktkrcgd`t`f iktkrcgd`t`f mu` mu` aro`f `t`u `t`u ckdgb.  d. Okl`c` iafstgtusgaf`c< ikckc`b`f, mkh`h (t`fp` ( t`fp` duitg gfekisg) m`f pkfuruf`f dkr`t  d`m`f j. Husiucasik Husiucasikckt`c< ckt`c< `rtrgtgs, `rtrgtgs, `rtr`cog`, `rtr`cog`, hyasgtg hyasgtgss m. Iucgt< Iucgt< ru`h iupu-iupu iupu-iupu (duttkr  cy `t`u h`c`r r`sb), r`sb), eataskfsgtgvgt`s, cksg •

hkhdr`fk huias`, `capksg`, ekfahkf` T`yf`um, purpur`, urtgi`rg`, v`siucgtgs. k. Ogfl`c< Ogfl`c< bkh`turg`, bkh`turg`, pratkgfurg`, pratkgfurg`, sgcgfmkrurg`, sgcgfmkrurg`, sgfmrah` sgfmrah` fkeratgi  fkeratgi  e. O`stragftkst O`stragftkstgf`c< gf`c< hu`c, hu`c, huft`b huft`b,, fykrg fykrg `dmahkf `dmahkf o. ^`ru ^`ru-p -p`r `ru< u,; or`h/b`rg or`h/b`rg `t`u 6:+ dgc` dgc` tgm`i  mgc`iui`f pkhkrgis``f iu`ftgt`tge   d. Zgcgfmkr

skcuckr<

m`p`t

dkrup`

sgcgfmkr

krgtrasgt,

bkhaocadgf, or`fuc`r, tuduc`r, `t`u j`hpur`f O`foou`f fkuracaog

`. Ikl`fo y`fo y`fo dui`f dui`f mgskd`di`f mgskd`di`f ackb ackb ad`t-ad`t`f ad`t-ad`t`f `t`u `t`u o`foou`f hkt`dacgi (hgs`cfy` urkhg`, ikta`sgmasgs, `t`u iktgm`iskghd`fo`f kckitracgt)  d. ^sgiasgs y`fo dui`f mgskd`di`f ackb ad`t-ad`t`f `t`u

 

o`foou`f hkt`dacgi (hgs`cfy` urkhg`, ikta`sgmasgs, `t`u iktgm`iskghd`fo`f kckitracgt) O`fo O` foou ou`f `f bkh` bkh`ta taca caog ogi i

`. @f @fkh khg` g` bkha bkhacg cgtg tgi i mk mkfo fo`f `f rk rktg tgiu iucu cuss  d. Ckiapkfg` 3=>>>/hh: p`m` mu` i`cg pkhkrgis``f `t`u ckdgb, `t`u j. Cgheapkfg` Cgheapkfg` 30;>>/ 30;>>/hh: hh: p`m` mu` mu` i`cg pkhkrgis``f pkhkrgis``f `t`u ckdgb, `t`u m. ]rahdasgtap ]rahdasgtapkfg` kfg` 30>>.>>>/h 30>>.>>>/hh: h: t`fp` mgskd`di`f mgskd`di`f ad`t-ad`t`f

O`foou`f ghufacaogi 

`. @ftg-MF@< @ftg-MF@< `ftgdamg `ftgdamg tkrb`m`p tkrb`m`p f`tgvk f`tgvk MF@ mkfo`f mkfo`f tgtkr  y`fo `dfarh`c, `t`u  d. @ftg-Zh<

tkrm`p`tfy`

`ftgdamg

tkrb`m`p

`ftgokf

fuicuk`r Zh, `t`u j. ]khu`f ]khu`f pasgtge pasgtge tkrb`m`p tkrb`m`p `ftgdamg `ftgdamg `ftgeaseacgpg `ftgeaseacgpgm m y`fo mgm`s`ri`f `t`s< - I`m`r I`m`r skruh skruh `ftgdam `ftgdamgg `ftgiarm `ftgiarmgac gacgpg gpgf f `dfarh` `dfarh`cc d`gi  GoO `t`u GoH - ]ks cupus cupus `ftgia `ftgia`ou `ouc`f c`f pa pasgt sgtge ge

hkfoou hkfoouf`i f`i`f `f

hktamk st`fm`r, `t`u - B`sgc B`sgc tks skra skracao caogg pasgtg pasgtgee p`csu p`csu tkrb`m tkrb`m`p `p sgegcg sgegcgss skiur`fo-iur`fofy`

skc`h`

5

duc`f

m`f

mgiafegrh`sg mkfo`f tkst ghadgcgs`sg ]rkpafkh`  p`ccgmuh `t`u tks ecuarkskfsg `dsrapsg `ftgdamg

@ftgdamg

trkpafkh` `ftgfuick`r   ]gtkr `dfarh`c m`rg `ftgdamg `ftgfuick`r dkrm`s`ri`f

 pasgtge (@F@)

 pkhkrgis``f ghufaecuarkskfsg `t`u pkhkrgis``f sktgfoi`t  p`m` iuruf w`itu pkrl`c`f`f pkfy`igt t`fp` iktkrcgd`t`f ad`t y`fo mgikt`bug dkrbudufo`f mfko`f sgfmrah cupus y`fo mggfmuisg ad`t

7. ]bkr`py/tgfm`i`f ]bkr`py/tgfm`i`f pkf`fo`f`f

^gc`r

pkfoad`t`f

y`fo

uftui

pkfmkrgt`

ZCK

skd`gify`

 dkriksgf`hdufo`f. ^gc`r pkfoad`t`f y`fo dgs` mgc`iui`f< mgc`iui`f<

mgc`iui`f

skj`r`

 

`. Kmui Kmui`s `sgg m`f m`f iafs iafskc kcgf gfo o ^`sgkf m`f ikcu`ro` pkfmkrgt` ZCK hkhkrcui`f gfearh`sg y`fo dkf`r m`f muiufo`f m`rg skcurub ikcu`ro` m`f cgfoiufo`ffy`. ^`sgkf hkhkrcui`f gfearh`sg tkft`fo `itgvgt`s egsgi, hkfour`fog `t`u hkfjko`b iki`hdub`f hgs`cfy` mkfo`f j`r` hkcgfmufog iucgt m`rg sgf`r h`t`b`rg mkfo`f hkfoouf`i`f t`dgr sury` `t`u  p`i`g`f y`fo hkcgfmufog iucgt, skrt` hkc`iui`f c`tgb`f skj`r` tkr`tur. ^`sgkf luo` hkhkrcui`f gfearh`sg tkft`fo pkfo`tur`f mgkt `o`r tgm`i hkfo`c`hg ikckdgb`f  dkr`t d`m`f, astkaparasgs, `t`u mgscgpgmkhg`. Gfearh`sg y`fo dgs` mgpkrcui`f ikp`m` p`skgf `m`c`b< -

^kflkc` ^kflkc`s`f s`f tkft`f tkft`fo o pkfy pkfy`ig `igtt cupu cupuss m`f m`f pkfykd pkfykd`df `dfy` y`

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]gpk ]gpk m`rg pkfy pkfy`ig `igtt ZCK m`f m`f i`r`i i`r`itkr tkrgstg gstgi i m`rg m`rg tgpk-tg tgpk-tgpk pk pkfy pkfy`cgt `cgt ZCK ZCK

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H`s`c`b H`s`c`b tkri` tkri`gt gt mkfo`f mkfo`f egsgi egsgi,, ikouf`` ikouf``f f gstgr`b gstgr`bt` t` c`tgb`f c`tgb`f tkrut tkrut`h` `h` y`fo y`fo tkri`gt tkri`gt mkfo`f

pkfoad`t`f pkfoad`t`f

stkragm

skpkrtg astkaparasgs,

ikdutub`f

gstgr`b`t,

 pkh`i`g`f `c`t d`ftu, pkfo`tur`f mgkt, skrt` j`r` hkfo`t`sg gfekisg -

H`s`c`b H`s`c`b psgia psgiacao caogs gs y`gtuj y`gtuj`r` `r` pkh`b` pkh`b`h`f h`f mgrg mgrg p`sgkf ZCK, ZCK, hkfo`t hkfo`t`sg `sg r`s` ckck`b, strks, khasgaf`c, tr`uh` psgigs, h`s`c`b tkri`gt mkfo`f budufo`f mkfo`f ikcu`ro`, skrt` j`r` hkfo`t`sg fykrg.

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^kh`i` ^kh`i`g`f g`f ad`t ad`t hkfj hkfj`iu `iup p lkfgs lkfgs ad`t, ad`t, masg masgs, s, c`h` c`h` pkhdk pkhdkrg` rg`f, f, m`f m`f y`fo y`fo c`gffy`. Ikdutu`bf pkhdkrg`f vgt`hgf m`f hgfkr`c.

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Ikca Ikcahp hpai ai pk pkfm fmui uiuf ufo o d`o d`ogg pkfm pkfmkr krgt gt`` ZCK ZCK

Kmui`sg Kmui `sg luo` pkrcu mgdkrgi`f mgdkrgi`f uftui hkfour`fo hkfour`fogg stgoh` psgiacaogs psgiacaogs `igd`t `igd`t `m`fy` `m`fy` `fooat` ikcu`ro` y`fo hkfmkrgt` ZCK  d. ^raor`h rkb`dgcgt`sg ^`sgkf ZCK hkhkrcui`f dkrd`o`g c`tgb`f uftui hkhpkrt`b`fi`f ikst`dgc`f skfmg i`rkf` lgi` p`sgkf ZCK mgdkrgi`f m`c`h iafmgsg ghhadgcgt`s skc`h` ckdgb m`rg 4 hgfoou m`p`t hkfo`igd`ti`f pkfuruf`f h`ss` atat bgfoo` :>%. ]ulu`f, gfmgi`sg, m`f tkifgs pkc`is`f``f praor`h rkb`dgcgr`sg hkcgd`ti`f dkdkr`p` b`c, y`gtu< -

Gstgr`b`t

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]kr`pg egsgi  

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]kr`p kr`pgg m mkf kfo` o`f f ham ham`c `cgt gt`s `s

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Arta Artatg tgi, i, m`f m`f y`fo y`fo c`gf c`gffy fy`. `.

j. ^kfo ^kfoad ad`t` `t`f f hkmg hkmgi` i`hk hkft ftas as`` Lkfgs ad`t y`fo m`p`t mgouf`i`f p`m` p`skgf ZCK `m`c`b< - A@GFZ

 

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Iartgiastkragm

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Icaraiugf

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Bgmrai Bgmraisgi sgicar caraiu aiugf gf (s``t (s``t gfg dkc dkcuh uh tkrsk tkrskmg` mg` mg Gfm Gfmafk afksg` sg`))

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@z`tgaprgf

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Zgicaease`hgm

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Hktatrkis`t Zgicaspargf @

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Hgiaekf kfa ac`t haektg ktgc

Lkfgs ad`t y`fo p`cgfo uhuh mgouf`i`f `m`c`b iartgiastkragm y`fo mgp`i`g skd`o`g `ftggfec`h`sg m`f ghufasuprksg. F`huf, pkfoouf``f iartgiastkragm hkfghduci`f keki s`hpgfo. J`r` hkfour`fog keki s`hpgfo m`rg pkfoouf``f iartgiastkragm `m`c`b mkfo`f hkfour`fog masgs ad`tfy` skokr` sktkc`b pkfy`igt tkriaftrac. ^kfuruf`f masgs b`rus mgc`iui`f mkfo`f b`tg-b`tg uftui hkfobgfm`rg `itgvgt`s pkfy`igt hufjuc ikhd`cg m`f tkrl`mgfy` mkegsgkfsg iartgiac y`fo hufjuc `igd`t pkfki`f`f `isgs bgpat`c`hus-pgtugt`rg-`mrkf`c irafgs. ^kfuruf`f masgs y`fo mgc`iu`if skj`r` dkrt`b`p `i`f hkhdkrgi`f pkhucgb`f tkrb`m`p eufosg `mrkf`c. ^kfoouf``f sp`rgfo `okf iartgiastkragm m`p`t mgdkrgi`f uftui  hkhum`bi`f hkfurufi`f masgs i`artaiastkragm m`f hkfoadtrac pkfy`igt m`s`rfy`. Ad`t y`fo skrgfo mgouf`i`f skd`o`g sp`rgfo `okf iartaiastkragm `m`c`b `z`tgaprgf, hgiaekfac`t haekfgc, sgicaease`hgm, m`fhktatrkx`tk.

 

0>. ^kf`t`c`is`f``f ^kf`t`c`is`f``f Ikpkr`w`t`f Ikpkr`w`t`f H`f`lkhkf Ikpkr`w`t`f

@sub`f ikpkr`w`t`f mgm`s`ri`f p`m` pkfokcac``f r`s` s`igt m`f pkr`m`fo`f, hkfo`t`sg okl`c`, m`f hkfjko`b iahpcgi`sg. ^kfoad`t`f r`s` s`igt m`f pkr`m`fo`f  p`m` ZCK rgfo`f uhuhfy` mgj`p`g mkfo`f fafstkragm`c ad`t `ftg gfec`h`sg (FZ@GM). Ad`t `ftgh`c`rg` luo` mgouf`i`f mgouf`i`f m`c`h ZCK rgfo`f rgfo`f uftui uftui hkfoaftrac hkfoaftrac okl`c` r`m`fo r`m`fo skfmg, ru`h iucgt, s`rg`w`f, mkh`h, m`f ikckc`b`f. ^kr`w`t pkrcu hkhdkrgt`bu ar`fo tu` y`fo i`m`fo-i`m` i`m`fo-i`m`fo fo hkh`i`f w`itu c`h` skdkcuh tkr`pg keki ad`t `ftgh`c`rg` `ftgh`c`rg` y`fo lkc`s. ^kr`w`t`f ^kr`w`t `f ZCK hkhdutubi` hkhdutubi`f f pkf`hd`b`f pkf`hd`b`f iartgiastkra iartgiastkragm. gm. Iartgiastkr Iartgiastkragm agm mgdkrgi`f mgdkrgi`f ikp`m` `f`i iktgi` `f`i tgm`i hkrkspaf FZ@GM `t`u ad`t `ftgh`c`rg`. Iartgiastkragm s`fo`t kekitge m`c`h hkfour`fog pkr`m`fo`f m`f okl`c`, hksigpuf hkrki` luo` hkhgcgig keki s`hpgfo y`fo skrgus m`rg ghufasuprksg. Zkc`h` pkrgamk kis`skrd`sg, iartgiastkragm m`p`t mghuc`g m`c`h masgs tgfoog. Zktkc`b okl`c` mg d`w`b iaftrac, masgsfy` `m`c`b hkrufjgfo ik tkrkfm`b tgfoi`t tkr`pkutgi. B`c gfg pkftgfo uftui  hkhdkrgt`bu ar`fo tu` d`bw` stkragm b`rus pkrc`b`f hkrufjgfo iktgi` s``tfy` uftui  hkfobkftgi`f ad`t. Lkfgs ad`t y`fo p`cgfo `hpub y`fo mgouf`i`f uftui hkfoad`tg ZCK p`r`b tkrh`sui  `okf ghufasuprksge. ad`t-ad`t gfg mgouf`i`f iktgi` pkfy`igtfy` sum`b hkfj`p`g ik`m``f y`fo skrgus mg h`f` t`fm`-t`fm` p`r`b m`f okl`c` y`fo b`mgr. @okf Ghufasuprksge luo` m`p`t mgtkftui`f lgi` `m` ikdutub`f uftui hkfobgfm`rg iartgiastkragm. Ikputus`f uftui hkfoouf`i`f ghhufasupprkssgvks hkhdutubi`f  pkrtghd`fo`f skrgus i`rkf` keki s`hpgfo sgofgegi`f, tkrut`h` y`fo dkri`gt`f mkfo`f ghufasuprksg uhuh. Jaftab `okf ghufasuprksge mgouf`i`f m`c`h pkfoad`t`f ZCK tkrh`sui `z`tbgaprgfk (Ghur`f), sgicaease`hgm (Jytax`f), m`f hktbatrkx`tk (Tbkuh`trkx). Zktg`p ad`t hkhgcgig rgsgia y`fo ufgi m`f skrgus skpkrtg mkprksg suhsuh tuc`fo m`f bkp`tataisgsgt`s. ^kr`w`t b`rus hkhpkriu`t gfearh`sg tkft`fo `isg ad`t skd`o`g skrt` keki s`hpgfo mkfo`f ar`fotu` skdkcuh pkhdkrg`f ad`t gfg Zkc`gf ad`t-ad`t`f , `sub`f ikpkr`w`t`f luo` dkreaius p`m` pkr`w`t`f p`cg`tge m`f hkhdkrgi`f muiufo`f psgiasasg`c . Zki`r`fo pkftgfo d`bw` hkhpkrt`b`fi`f ogzg `f`i y`fo d`gi , gstgr`b`t m`f dkrac`br`o` , hkfobgfm`rg h`t`b`rg , m`f hkfmarafo kisprksg pkr`s``f tkft`fo iafmgsg tkrskdut. Hksigpuf tgm`i `m` y`fo spksgegi, Mgkt uftui ZCK `m`c`b mgkt rkfm`b o`r`h.

 

Gstgr`b`t m`f c`tgb`f tkrh`sui pkrgamk mg h`f` `f`i `itge skc`h` rkhgsg m`f  dkrgstgr`b`t skc`h` kis`skrd`sg . ^kfobgfm`r`f m`rg p`p`r`f sgf`r h`t`b`rg mgtki`fi`f i`rkf` eataskfsgtge ru`h y`fo tkrl`mg mkfo`f ZCK . ^kfoouf``f t`dgr sury` ikog`t`f mg cu`r ru`fo`f y`fo pkftgfo , m`f pkrkfj`f``f mg d`w`b f`ufo`f `t`u tgfoo`c mg m`c`h ruh`b hufoigf mgpkrcui`f . I`rkf` iafmgsg gfg hufoigf tkrl`mg iksucgt`f d`og `f`i m`f ikcu`ro` uftui hkfo`t`sg m`f hkfokrtg, hkfmarafo kisprksg pkr`s``f `t`u  dkro`dufo mkfo`f ikcahpai pkfmuiufo mgmarafo . ar`fotu` b`rus hkhdkrgt`bu ouru, pkc`tgb , m`f ar`fo c`gf tkft`fo `f`i hkrki` iafmgsg skbgfoo` hkrki` m`p`t hkhd`ftu hkh`ft`u `f`i m`f hkhpkrackb pkfoad`t`f y`fo mgpkrcui`f lgi` mgpkrcui`f . Hkrup`i`f pkr`w`t t`fooufo l`w`d uftui hkhd`ftu `f`i m`f ikcu`ro` hkfogmkftgegi`sg ikhufoigf`f pkhgju , skpkrtg sgf`r h`t`b`rg m`f strks khasgaf`c, m`f hkhd`ftu ikcu`ro` uftui hkfkhui`f j`r` uftui hkfobgfm`rgfy`. (_`rm, Zus`f C `fm Bgscky, Zbkctaf H. 4>>7) ^`p`r`f sgf`r H`t`b`rg

^`p`r`f sgf`r uctr`vgackt ^`p`r`f uctr`vgackt ([U) m`p`t hkfykd`di` hkfykd`di`f f kis`skrd`sg kis`skrd`sg ru`h cupus m`f luo` okl`c`-okl`c` sgstkhgi skpkrtg fykrg skfmg m`f ikckc`b`f. @m` c`par`f d`bw` p`sgkf y`fo skj`r` tkr`tur hkfoouf`i`f t`dgr sury` (Z^E 0; `t`u ckdgb) tkc`b skj`r` sgofgegi`f ckdgb rkfm`b iktkrcgd`t`f ogfl`c, trahdasgtapkfg` m`f r`w`t gf`p, m`f hkhdutubi`f trk`thkft sgicaease`hgm y`fo hkfuruf. Zkhu` `f`i mkfo`f ZCK b`rus mgs`r`fi`f uftui hkh`i`g t`dgr sury` sktg`p b`rg uftui skhu` iucgt y`fo tkrdui` (tkrh`sui

tkcgfo`),

tgm`i

b`fy` b`fy`

p`m`

b`rg-b`rg jkr`b

i`rkf`

`w`f

tgm`i 

hkfobgc`foi`f p`p`r`f sgf`r [U (H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, Lkffy. 4>>?). Mggt m`f C`tgb`f

]gm`i `m` pkrsy`r`t`f ibusus mgkt tkt`pg i`rkf` iartgiastkragm- mggfmuisg dkr`t d`m`f, h`i`f`f tgfoog i`carg m`f o`r`h b`rus mgbgfm`rg. C`tgb`f b`rus mgmarafo. Juiup  d`fy`i `f`i dkrp`rtgsgp`sg mg skiac`b pkfub w`itu, ikju`cg skc`h` pkrgamk pkfy`igt `itge dkr`t. Iko`o`c`f uftui hkfob`mgrg skiac`b b`rus mgw`sp`m`g tgh ikskb`t`f uftui ikhufoigf`f ikhufoigf`f h`s`c`b psgiasasg`c. Iahufgi`sg mkfo`f ouru

skiac`b

mgskr`bi`f ikp`m` ikdgl`is`f``f ikcu`ro`, mkfo`f iktkrcgd`t`f tgh icgfgs lgi` mghgft` (H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, Lkffy. 4>>?). E`tgquk m`f ]gmur

Ikckc`b`f `m`c`b s`c`b s`tu okl`c` y`fo p`cgfo uhuh. B`c gfg dg`s`fy` `i`f hkhd`gi  skd`o`gh`f` pkrd`gi`f pkfy`igt. Dkdkr`p` ar`fo tu` hkr`s` sucgt skc`h` gfg uftui  hkhufoigfi`f `f`i-`f`i hkrki` uftui dkrp`rtgsgp`sg m`c`h ikog`t`f. ]kr`pgs

 

aiup`sg m`f egsgi m`p`t s`fo`t hkhd`ftu m`c`h hkhd`ftu uftui hkfokhd`foi`f ikog`t`f y`fo ckdgb d`gi m`f pkrgc`iu tgmur. Dkdkr`p` pac` tgmur `f`i-`f`i dgs`  dkrud`b p`m` `w`c ZCK. B`c gfg dg`s`fy` dkrbudufo`f mkfo`f iartgiastkragm. Dkdkr`p` `f`i hkfl`mg bgpkr`itge m`f hurufo, m`f hkfo`c`hg iksucgt`f tgmur. B`c gfg m`p`t mgtgfoi`ti`f mkfo`f hkfo`hdgc masgs iartgiastkragm sark b`rg ckdgb `w`c. Dkdkr`p` `f`i p`m` iartgiastkragm masgs tgfoog pkrcu du`fo `gr ikjgc dkdkr`p` i`cg mg h`c`h b`rg m`f dgs` sucgt uftui l`tub ikhd`cg uftui tgmur. Iktkri`gt`f masgs m`f iartgiastkra iartgi astkragm gm ski`cg hkhufjuci`f hkhufjuci`f skmgigt skmgigt h`s`c`b h`s`c`b (H`ccksaf, (H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, ]ki`fa, Lkffy. Lkffy. 4>>?). M`hp`i ZCK uftui `f`i m`f Ikcu`ro`

Iktgi` mg`ofasgs mgtko`ii`f, ikh`hpu`f suhdkr m`y` ikcu`ro` m`f muiufo`f s`fo`t mgpkrcui`f. ^kfmgmgi`f skrgfo hkrup`i`f c`foi`b pkrt`h` m`c`h hkhd`ftu ikcu`ro` hkr`s` d`bw` hkrki` hkhgcgig iaftrac. B`c gfg pkftgfo uftui mggfo`t uftui tgm`i  tkrc`cu hkhdkd`fg ikcu`ro` p`m` dkdkr`p` iuflufo`f pkrt`h` sktkc`b mg`ofasgs. ^kr`w`t m`p`t hkh`gfi`f pkr`f iufjg m`c`h hkhd`ftu hkrki` mkfo`f dkc`l`r  tkft`fo pkfy`igt mkfo`f skrgfo tkckpaf tgfm`i c`flut m`f iuflufo`f. Gfearh`sg tkrtucgs m`f

rkvgkw

m`rg

pkfy`igt

m`f

keki

s`hpgfo

pkfoad`t`f

y`fo

skrgfo

mgpkrcui`f(H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, Lkffy. 4>>?). Tkh`l` skrgfo hkhdkrgi`f hkhdkrgi`f t`ft`fo`f y`fo ufgi i`rkf` hkrki` m`p`t hkfoouf`i hkfoouf`i`f `f  pkfy`foi`c`f skd`o`g hki`fgshk iapgfo. B`c gfg tgm`i skc`cu hki`fgshk durui, tkt`pg tkt` pg dgs` dgs` hkhdu` hkhdu`tt erust`s erust`sgg d`og d`og `fooat `fooat`` ikcu`r ikcu`ro`. o`. Zd`og` Zd`og`f f dks`r dks`r `f`i `f`i h`hpu h`hpu  dkrskiac`b pkfub w`itu. D`fy`i y`fo hkhgcgb uftui tgm`i hkhdkrgt`bu tkh`ftkh`f `t`u ouru tkft`fo pkfy`igt hkrki`. Zkrgfoi`cg rkh`l` `i`f hkc`fluti`f skhu` ikog`t`f hkrki` skdkcuhfy` i`rkf` hkrki` tgm`i gfogf dkrdkm` m`rg y`fo c`gf(H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, Lkffy. 4>>?). Zkrgfoi`cg irafgsgt`s ZCK tgm`i skpkfubfy` mgp`b`hg ackb ikcu`ro` `t`u `f`i bgfoo` hkh`suig t`buf ikmu` `t`u iktgo` sktkc`b mg`ofasgs. Z``t gfg, hksigpuf pkfy`igt gfg hufoigf tkriaftrac d`gi mkfo`f ad`t m`f b`fy` skmgigt ad`t y`fo mgpkrcui`f, muiufo`f m`f pkfmgmgi`f y`fo ckdgb c`flut mgpkrcui`f. Iktgm`ip`stg`f ZCK, mg h`f` skar`fo `f`i m`p`t dkrl`c`f mkfo`f d`gi skc`h` dkdkr`p` t`buf m`f ikhumg`f hkhgcgig ec`rk m`rg pkfy`igt hkrki`, s`fo`t hkfko`foi`f. B`c gfg ikhd`cg hkhpkriu`t irafgsgt`s ZCK m`f ikcu`ro` hufoigf hkhgcgig w`itu y`fo ckdgb sucgt hkfob`m`pg ec`rk pkfy`igt m`rgp`m` mg mg`ofasgs `scg. Zkdu`b budufo`f s`cgfo

 

 pkrj`y` mkfo`f tgh pkr`w`t`f hkmgs s`fo`t pkftgfo mkfo`f iahufgi`sg tkrdui` m`f  lulur mkfo`f d`gi `f`i m`f ar`fo tu`(H`ccksaf, tu`(H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, Lkffy. 4>>?). @f`i-`f`i mkfo`f ZCK m`f ikcu`ro` hkrki` hkhkrcui`f tgh ikskb`t`f praeksgaf`c uftui hkhd`ftu hkrki` hkc`cug s`hp`g mkw`s`. Zkd`o`g `f`i-`f`i dkrt`hd`b tu` `m`c`b pkftgfo d`bw` tgh ikskb`t`f hkfmarafo ikcu`ro` uftui hkhdkrgi`f  pkfgfoi`t`f iaftrac h`f`lkhkf pkfy`igt p`m` `f`i. Gfg tr`fsgsg m`rg h`f`lkhkf  pkfy`igt m`rg ar`fo tu` ikp`m` `f`i m`p`t mgd`ftu mkfo`f hkhgcgig tr`fsgsg y`fo icgfgi rkh`l` spksgegi mgl`c`fi`f dkrs`h` ackb `f`i mkw`s` m`f maitkr. Iktgm`ip`stg`f cupus mkfo`f ec`rk m`f rkhgsg dkr`rtg d`bw` pkh`ft`u`f ikt`t `i`f skc`cu mgdutubi`f, tkt`pg d`fy`i `f`i dkr`m`pt`sg mkfo`f t`ft`fo`f gfg m`f tgm`i  hkhdg`ri`f ^kfy`igt hkrki` hkfoo`foou dkrckdgb`f mkfo`f ikbgmup`f hkrki`. B`c gfg m`p`t s`fo`t mgpkrcui`f mgpkrcui`f pkfob`ro``f pkfob`ro``f uftui hhkhd`ftu hhkhd`ftu tuhdub tuhdub hkfl`mg hkfl`mg ar`foar`foar`fo mkw`s` y`fo skb`t suisks (H`ccksaf, ^ktk9 ]ki`fa, Lkffy. 4>>?).

 

D. Iafskp M`s`r @sub`f Ikpkr`w`t`f 0. ^kfoi` ^kfoi`lg` lg`f f< M`t` sudykitge <

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^`sgkf ^`sgkf hkfokc hkfokcub ub tkrm`p` tkrm`p`tt ru`h-ru` ru`h-ru`h h hkr`b p`m` p`m` w`l`b w`l`b y`fo y`fo hkfykr hkfykrup` up`gg  dkftui iupu-iupu.

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^` ^`sg sgkf kf hkfo hkfokc kcub ub r`hd r`hdut ut ra raft ftai ai.. ^`sgk sgkf hk hkfokcu kcub ck ckh`s

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^`sgk ^`sgkf f hkfo hkfokcu kcub b dkfo dkfoi` i`i i m`f m`f fykr fykrgg p`m` p`m` skfm skfmg. g.

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^`sgkf ^`sgkf hkfokc hkfokcub ub skfmg skfmg hkr`s` hkr`s` i`iu i`iu p`m` p`m` p`og p`og b b`rg `rg..

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^`sg ^`sgkf kf hkfo kfokcu kcub fykrg ykrg

M`t` adykitge <

4.

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]krm`p ]krm`p`t `t ru`h ru`h ‚ ru`h hkr`b hkr`b p`m` p`m` w`l`b w`l`b y`fo y`fo hkfy hkfykru krup`g p`g dkft dkftui ui iupuiupu-iu iupu. pu.

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Fykr Fykrgg tki tki`f `f p`m p`m` sk skf fmg. mg.

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T`hd T`hdut ut p`sg p`sgkf kf tkrc tkrcgb gb`t `t ra raft ftai ai..

-

]krm ]krm`p `p`t `t cui` cui` p`m p`m`` c`fog c`fogt-c t-c`f `fog ogtt hucut hucut p`sg p`sgkf kf.. ^kh ^khdkfo dkfoi i`i `i`f `f p`m p`m` skf skfmg. mg.

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^khkrgi ^khkrgis``f s``f m`r`b m`r`b hkfufl hkfufluii uii`f `f `m`fy` `m`fy` `ftgda `ftgdamg mg `ftgfu `ftgfujck jck`r. `r.

H`s`c`b H`s`c`b Ikpkr`w` Ikpkr`w`t`f t`f

-

Fykrg `iut

-

E`tgouk

-

Tgsgia gfekisg

-

O`foou`f jg jgtr` tu tudub

-

Tgsgia gflurg Iktgm` Iktgm`isk iskghd ghd`fo `fo`f `f futr futrgsg gsg iur` iur`fo fo m`rg m`rg ikdut ikdutub` ub`f f tudu tudub b

 

:. Tkfj`f` @sub`f Ikpkr`w`t`f

Mg`ofask

FAJ

FGJ

 Fykrg `iut

^`gf jaftrac

^`gf h`f`okhkft

E`jtar y`fo dkrbudufo`f<

Gfmgj`tar 

@itgvgt`s

@okf gflurg egsgi 

- Hkfo Hkfokf kf`c `cgg af afskt skt fy fykr krgg

- Hkc` Hkc`iu iui` i`f f pk pkfo foi` i`lg lg`f `f

- Hkflkc` kc`si`f e`jtar pkfykd`d

fykrg tkrh`sui cai`sg, i`r`tkrgstgi, afskt/mur`sg,

- Hkc` Hkc`pa pari ri`f `f pkru pkrud` d`b` b`f f fykrg fykrg

erkiukfsg, iu`cgt`s `t`u

- Hkc` Hkc`pa pari ri`f `f okl` okl`c` c`

ikp`r`b`f fykrg, m`f

y`fo tgm`i tkriaftrac - Hkfo Hkfoou ouf` f`i` i`f f suhdk suhdkrr

e`jtar pkfjktus fykrg - Adskr Adskrv` v`sg sg t`fm` t`fm` fa fafv fvkr krd` d`cc

m`y` y`fo tkrskmg` uftui

m`rg iktgm`ify`h`f`f,

hkfour`fog fykrg

tkrut`h` p`m` p`sgkf y`fo

- Hkfo Hkfokf kf`c `cgg okl` okl`c` c` fyk fykrg rg y`f y`fo o  dkrbudufo`f mkfo`f mkfo`f  pkfy`igt - Hkc` Hkc`pa pari ri`f `f fykr fykrgg tkriaf tkriaftr trac ac

tgm`i dgs` dkriahufgi`sg skj`r` kekitge  - Ouf` Ouf`i` i`f f str` str`tk tkog og iahufgi`sg tkr`pkutgi uftui hkfokt`bug  pkfo`c`h` fykrg p`sgkf m`f rkspaf p`sgkf tkrb`m`p fykrg - I`lg I`lg pkf pkfok okt` t`bu bu`f `f m` m`f f ikpkrj`y``f p`sgkf tkft`fo fykrg - ]kft ]kftui ui`f `f m`h m`hp` p`i i m`rg m`rg fykrg tkrb`m`p iu`cgt`s bgmup (tgmur, skckr` h`i`f, `itgvgt`s, mcc) - Kv`c Kv`cu` u`sg sg ikke ikkeki kitg tge` e`f f h`f`lkhkf fykrg y`fo  pkrf`b mgdkrgi`f skdkcuhfy` - Jaft Jaftra racc e`jta e`jtarr cgfo cgfoiu iufo fo`f `f

 

y`fo m`p`t hkhpkfo`rubg iktgm`ify`h`f`f p`sgkf - Iac`d Iac`dar ar`s `sgg m mkf kfo` o`f f p`sg p`sgkf kf,, `fooat` ikcu`ro`, m`f tkf`o` ikskb`t`f c`gf uftui ghpckhkft`sg h`f`lkhkf fykrg fafe`rh`iacaog - Muiu Muiufo fo p` p`sg sgkf kf uf uftu tui  i  hkfoouf`i`f pkfoad`t`f fykrg y`fo `mkiu`t E`tgouk

E`tgouk ckvkc

Kfkroy H`f`okhkft

I`r`itkrgstgi <

Gfmgj`tar 

@itgvgt`s<

E`jtar y`fo dkrbudufo`f <

- Ikckc`b`f

- I`lg I`lg st`tus st`tus egsgi egsgi p`sgkf p`sgkf

`fkhg`

- Iu`cgt `cgt`s `s tgm tgmur  - Iu`c Iu`cgt gt`s `s gst gstgr gr`b `b`t `t

uftui ikckc`b`f mkfo`f hkhpkrb`tgi`f uhur m`f

- Bkh`tajrgt

 pkrikhd`fo`f - Maraf Marafo o p`sgk p`sgkf f uftui uftui hkfoufoi`pi`f pkr`s``f tkft`fo iktkrd`t`s`f - Ouf`i Ouf`i`f `f gfstru gfstruhkf hkftt y`fo v`cgm uftui hkfouiur ikckc`b`f - ]kftui ]kftui`f `f `itgv `itgvgt` gt`ss y`fo  dackb mgc`iui`f m`f skdkr`p` dkr`t `itgvgt`sfy` - Hafgta Hafgtarr `sup`f `sup`f futrg futrgsg sg uftui hkfmuiufo suhdkr  kfkroy y`fo `mkiu`t - Iafsu Iafsuct` ct`sg sg mkfo`f mkfo`f `bcg `bcg ogzg ogzg tkft`fo pkfgfoi`t`f `sup`f kfkroy - D`ftu D`ftu p`sgkf p`sgkf uf uftui  tui 

 

 dkrgstgr`b`t sksu`g l`mw`c - Maraf Marafo o p`sgkf p`sgkf uftui uftui tgmu tgmur  r  sg`fo - D`ftu D`ftu p`sg p`sgkf kf hkc`i hkc`iui` ui`f f `itgvgt`s egsgi rkouckr  Tgsgia gfekisg

Gfekjtgaf skvkrgty

Gfekjtgaf Jaftrac

E`jtar rgsgia <

Gfmgj`tar <

@itgvgt`s<

Ghufasuprksg

- Mkh`h

- ^krt`b ^krt`b`fi `fi`f `f tkifgi tkifgi gsac`sg gsac`sg

- Fykrg

 lgi` mgpkrcui`f

- Cghp ghp`mkf `mkfap ap`t `tgg

- D`t`sg D`t`sg luhc`b luhc`b pkfou pkfouflu flufo fo

- ^kfu ^kfuru ruf` f`f f lu luhc hc`b `b skc

- @l`ri` @l`ri`f f ikp`m` ikp`m` tkf` tkf`o` o`

m`r`b putgb Tgsi jaftrac

ikskb`t`f uftui hkfgfoi`ti`f jujg t`fo`f - @l`ri` @l`ri`f f p`sgk p`sgkf f m`f m`f  pkfouflufo uftui uftui jujg t`fo`f - Jujg Jujg t`fo`f t`fo`f skdk skdkcuh cuh m`f m`f sksum`b hkc`iui`f  pkr`w`t`f ikp`m` p`sgkf - C`iui` C`iui`f f pkr`w`t` pkr`w`t`f f `skptgj `skptgj  p`m` GU cgfk - ]gfoi`ti` ]gfoi`ti`f f `sup`f futrgsg futrgsg y`fo `mkiu`t - Maraf Marafo o p`sgkf p`sgkf uftui  uftui  gstgr`b`t - @l`ri` @l`ri`f f p`m` p`m` p`sgk p`sgkf f m`f m`f ikcu`ro` j`r` uftui  hkfjko`b gfekisg

O`foou`f jgtr` tudub

Damy gh`ok

Damy gh`ok kfb`fjkhkft

I`r`itkrgstgi<

Gfmgj`tar<

@itgvgt`s<

- ^krgc`i ^krgc`iu u hkfobg hkfobgfm` fm`rg rg

- O`hd O`hd`r `r`f `f gf gftk tkrf rf`c `c mg mgrg rg

- ]kftui`f b`r`p`f p`sgkf

s`c`b s`tu d`og`f tudub - Tkspaf Tkspaf fafvkr fafvkrd`c d`c

- Iksk Ikskr` r`sg sg`f `f `f` `f`t` t`r` r` rk`cgt`s tudub, gmk`c tudub, m`f

tkft`fo jgtr` tudubfy`  dkrm`s`ri`f tgfoi`t

 

tkrb`m`p pkrud`b`f p`m` tudub

 pkf`hpgc`f tudub - Ikpu`s`f

 pkrikhd`fo`f - D`ft D`ftu u p`s p`sgkf gkf

tkrb`m`p

hkfmgsiusgi`f pkfykd`d

 pkf`hpgc`f tudub

 pkfy`igt m`f pkfykd`d

- ^krg ^krgc` c`iu iu hkfo hkfoou ouf` f`i` i`f f str`tkog uftui hkfgfoi`ti`f eufosg tudub

tkrl`mgfy` pkrud`b`f p`m` tudub - D`ftu D`ftu p`sgkf p`sgkf hkfkt hkfkt`pi `pi`f `f  d`t`s`f pkrud`b`f `jtu`c  p`m` tudubfy` - Ouf`i Ouf`i`f `f `ftgjg `ftgjgp`ta p`targ rg ougm`fjk uftui hkfyg`pi`f p`sgkf uftui   pkrud`b`f y`fo m`p`t mgprkmgisg p`m` tudubfy` - D`ftu D`ftu p`sgkf p`sgkf hkfkf hkfkftui tui`f `f  pkfo`rub m`rg ikcahpai skd`y` m`c`h hkhprkskft`sgi`f jgtr` tudub - D`ft D`ftu u p`s p`sgkf gkf hkfmgsiusgi`f pkrud`b`f y`fo mgskd`di`f i`rkf` h`s` pudkrt`s - Gmkftg Gmkftgegi egi`sg `sg ikcahpa ikcahpai i muiufo`f ufuti p`sgkf - Hafgta Hafgtarr eerki rkiukf ukfsg sg  pkrfy`t``f p`sgkf tkft`fo irgtgi tkrb`m`p mgrgfy` - Ouf`i`f Ouf`i`f c`tgb`f c`tgb`f pkfo`iu`f pkfo`iu`f mgrg mkfo`f ikcahpai  skd`y`

Tgsgia Gflurg

Tgsi jaftrac

Tgsi gmkftgegj`tgaf

E`jtar Tgsgia<

Gfmgj`tar<

@itgvgt`s<

 

Mgseufosg `utaghuf

- Hkfj Hkfj`r `rgg gfea gfearh rh`sg `sg tk tkft ft`f `fo o

- Tkvgkw Tkvgkw rgw`y rgw`y`t `t ikskb`t ikskb`t`f `f

rgsgia p`m` ikskb`t`ffy` - Gm Gmkf kftg tgeg egi` i`sg sg e`jt e`jtar ar rgsg rgsgia ia

 p`sgkf - Tkvgkw Tkvgkw m`t` m`t` y`fo y`fo dkr` dkr`s`c s`c

- Hkfo Hkfo`i `iug ugrr ee`j `jta tarr

m`rg pkfoi`lg`f rgsgia

rgsgia pkrsaf`c

- ]kftui ]kftui`f `f suhdk suhdkrr m`y` m`y`

- Haf afgt gta ar e`jt e`jta ar

y`fo tkrskmg` skpkrtg

rgsgia cgfoiufo`f

tgfoi`t pkfmgmgi`f,

- Hkc` Hkc`iu iui` i`f f str` str`tk tkog og

 psgiacaogs, egf`fsg`c, m`f

uftui jaftrac rgsgia

muiufo`f ikcu`ro` - Gmkftgegi`sg Gmkftgegi`sg suhdkr-suhd suhdkr-suhdkr  kr  yf`o m`p`t hkfgfoi`ti`f rgsgia - Gmkftg Gmkftgegi egi`sg `sg e`jtar e`jtar rgsgia rgsgia  dgacaogs, cgfoiufo`f, cgfoiufo`f, m`f  pkrgc`iu skrt` budufo`f `ft`r` e`jtar rgsgia - ]kftui ]kftui`f `f rkfj`f rkfj`f`` uftui  uftui  hkfour`fog rgsgia - Mgsius Mgsiusgi` gi`f f m`f rkfj`f` rkfj`f`i`f i`f `itgvgt`s hkfour`fog rgsgia mkfo`f dkriac`dar`sg mkfo`f p`skgf m`f ikcu`ro` - Ghpckh Ghpckhkft kft`sgi `sgi`f `f rkfj`f` rkfj`f`

Iktgm`iskghd`fo`f

FAJ<

`itgvgt`s hkfour`fog rgsgia  I`lg `m`fy` `ckrog h`i`f`f

futrgsg iur`fo m`rg

`. Futrgt Futrgtgaf gaf`c `c st`tus< st`tus< @mkqu` @mkqu`jy jy



ikdutub`f tudub

Dkrbudufo`f mkfo`f < Iktgm`ih`hpu`f uftui 

Iac`dar`sg mkfo`f `bcg ogzg uftui hkfkftui`f luhc`b

ae futrgkft

i`carg

 d. Futrgtgaf`c Zt`tus < eaam

m`f

futrgsg

y`fo

mgdutubi`f p`sgkf

`fm Ecugm Gft`ik 

W`igfi`f mgkt y`fo mgh`i`f

hkh`suii`f `t`u

j. _kgo _kgobt bt Jaft Jaftra racc

hkfjkrf` futrgsg ackb

Zktkc`b mgc`iui`f tgfm`i`f

hkfo`fmufo

i`rkf` e`itar dgacaogs,

ikpkr`w`t`f skc`h`….futrgsg

uftui hkfjko`b iafstgp`sg

 psgiacaogs `t`u kiafahg.

iur`fo tkr`t`sg mkfo`f



tgfoog

skr`t

@l`ri`f p`sgkf d`o`gh`f`

 

MZ<

gfmgi`tar<

- Fykr Fykrgg ``dm dmah ahkf kf



@cduhgf skruh

- Huft`b



^rk `cduhgf skruh

- Ikl` Ikl`fo fo pk pkru rutt



Bkh`tairgt

- T`s` pkfub pkfub tgd`-tg tgd`-tgd` d`



Bkhaocadgf



]at`c graf dgfmgfo j`p`jgty



Luhc`b cgheasgt

sktkc`b h`i`f MA<

hkhdu`t j`t`t`f h`i`f`f b`rg`f. 

Hafgtar `m`fy` pkfuruf`f DD m`f ouc` m`r`b



Hafgtar cgfoiufo`f skc`h` h`i`f



L`mw`ci`f L`mw` ci`f pkfoad`t`f pkfoad`t`f m`f

- Mg`rk

tgfm`i`f tgm`i skc`h` l`h

- Taftai Taftai r`hdut r`hdut y`fo y`fo

h`i`f

 dkrckdgb - Iur`fo Iur`fo f`esu f`esu h`i`f h`i`f



Hafgtar turoar iucgt



Hafgtar ikikrgfo`f, r`hdut

- Dgsgfo Dgsgfo usus usus dkrck dkrckdgb dgb

ius`h, tat`c pratkgf, Bd m`f

- Iafluf Iaflufotg otgv` v` puj`t puj`t

i`m`r Bt

- Mkfy Mkfyut ut f`m f`mgg ckh`b ckh`b



Hafgtar hu`c m`f huft`b



Hafgtar puj`t, ikhkr`b`f, m`f

ikikrgfo`f

l`rgfo`f

iaflufotgv` 

Hafgtar gft`ik fuftrgsg



Gfearh`sgi`f p`m` icgkf m`f ikcu`ro`

tkft`fo

h`fe``t

futrgsg 

Iac`dar`sg mkfo`f maitkr  tkft`fo ikdutub`f supckhkf h`i`f`f skpkrtg FO]/ ]^F skbgfoo` gft`ik j`gr`f y`fo `mkiu`t

m`p`t

mgpkrt`b`fi`f. 

@tur pasgsg skhg eawckr `t`u eawckr tgfoog skc`h` h`i`f



Ikcac`

pkhdkr`f

`ftg

khktgi>2). Fursgfo (4>>2).  Fursgfo Gftkrvkftgafs Jc`ssgegv`tgaf (FGJ) egetb kmgtgaf. kmgtgaf. Zt. Caugs< Hasdy Kcskgvkr. Durf, J`tbkrgfk K, kt `cc. (4>>=).  ^kmg`trgj ^rgh`ry J`rk < @ B`fmdaai ear Fursk  ^r`jtgtgafkr. [Z@ < Z`ufmkrs Bkrmh`f, ]. Bk`tbkr. (4>04).  F@FM@ Gftkrf`tgaf`c Fursgfo Mg`ofasks< Mkegfgtgafs & Jc`ssgegj`tgaf 4>04-4>0=. [I< _gcky„Dc`jwkcc, @ Labf _gcky & Zafs Ctm I`slhgr, Wao` mii. (4>00).  Tkiahkfm`sg ^krbghpuf`f Tkuh`tacaog Gfmafksg` [ftui   Mg`ofasgs m`f ^kfokcac``f Cupus Krgtkh`tasus Zgstkhgi. ^krbghpuf`f Tkuh`tacaog Gfmafksg` Igfo,, Lkffgekr Igfo Lkffgekr I9 B`bf, Dkvr` B. (4>>?). (4>>?). Zystkhgj Zystkhgj cupus cupus krytbkh`tasu krytbkh`tasus< s< hamkrf hamkrf str`tkogks str`tkogks ear h`f`okhkft ‚ ` havgfo t`rokt. t`rokt. Dkst Dkst ^r`jtgjk & Tksk`rjb Tksk`rjb Jcgfgj`c   Tbkuh`tacaoy Uac. 40, Fa. 5, pp. 7?0‚72?, 4>>? mag.0>05/l.dkrb.4>>?.>7.>>4 `v`gc`dck afcgfk `t bttp>?).  Mg`ofasgs @fm H`f`okhkft Ae Zystkhgj Cupus  Krytbkh`tasus Gf Jbgcmrkf. ^`kmg`trgjs @fm Jbgcm Bk`ctb 022).  Fursgfo Autjahks Jc`ssgegj`tgaf (FAJ) Eaurtb kmgtgaf. Zt. Caugs< Hasdy Kcskgvkr. Zut`rf`, Zut`r f`, @ous, mii. (4>>2). Duiu (4>>2).  Duiu @l`r Ikpkr`w`t`f ^kmg`trgi _afo (_afo‗s Ksskftg`cs ae   ^kmg`trgj Fursgfo). KM.5. L`i`rt`< KOJ _`rm, Zus`f C `fm Bgscky, Zbkctaf H. (4>>7).  H`tkrf`c-jbgcm fursgfo j`rk< aptghgzgfo  autjahks ear hatbkrs, jbgcmrkf, `fm E`hgcgks. [fgtkm Zt`tks ae @hkrgj` < E.@. M`vgs Jahp`fy