Skripsi Haccp
July 23, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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N@NJMYMY ONFN]N HN@ XMXMD DK@HNJM D_MXMY (FNIIR) _K@HN@C (YX[HM DNY[Y HM _[ENF ENDN@ RNHN@C V DKINENXN@ RNE[JN@C DLXN XN@CK_N@C YKJNXN@) XNF[@ ?2>3
Ydrmpsm Hmngudn` u`tud Ekek`ufm Rkrsynrntn` Ekepkrljkf Ckjnr Ynrgn`n Dkskfntn` Ensynrndnt (YDE)
LJKF7 Y_M SMHM]NYX[XM
@ME7 >>>?>2>222221 >>>?>2>222221
RKEM@NXN@ DKYKFNXN@ JM@CD[@CN@ R_LC_NE YX[HM DKYKFNXN@ ENY]N_NDNX AND[JXNY DKHLDXK_N@ HN@ MJE[ DKYKFNXN@ [@MQK_YMXNY MYJNE @KCK_M Y]N_MA FMHN]NX[JJNF GNDN_XN >89= F / ?2>6 E
JKEON_ RK_@]NXNN@
Hk`cn` m`m snyn ek`yntndn` onfwn 7 >. Ydrmpsm m`m ekrupndn` fnsmj dnryn nsjm snyn yn`c hmngudn` u`tud ekek`ufm snjnf sntu pkrsynrntn` ekepkrljkf ckjnr strntn M hm Andujtns Dkhldtkrn` hn` Mjeu Dkskfntn` [`mvkrsmtns Msjne @kckrm ([M@) Yynrma Fmhnyntujjnf Gndnrtn.
Ykeun sueokr yn`c snyn cu`ndn` hnjne pk`kjmn` m`m tkjnf snyn in`tuedn` sksunm hk`cn` d Gmdn hmdkeuhmn` fnrm tkroud onfwn dnryn m`m oudn` fnsmj dnryn nsjm snyn ntnu ekrupndn` gmpj [`mvkrsmtns Msjne @kckrm ([M@) Yynrma Fmhnyntujjnf Gndnrtn.
Yrm Smhmynstutm
m
[@MQK_YMXNY MYJNE @KCK_M Y]N_MA FMHN]NX[JJNF GNDN_XN AND[JXNY DKHLDXK_N@ HN@ MJE[ DKYKFNXN@ R_LC_NE YX[HM DKYKFNXN@ ENY]N_NDNX Ydrmpsm, Gn`unrm ?2>6 Yrm Smhmynstutm, @ME7 >>>?>2>222221 >>>?>2>222221 N`njmsms Onfnyn hn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms (FNIIR) _k`hn`c (Ytuhm Dnsus hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Dkinentn` Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`) Xnfu` ?2>3 (xv + ??> fnjnen`, ?1 tnokj, ; oncn`, > crnamd, 6 jnepmrn`) NOYX_ND Endn`n` yn`c nen`, skfnt, hn` okrcmzm ndn` ek`k`tudn` hkrngnt dkskfntn`. Ynnt m`m, on`ynd ruenf endn` yn`c ek`gunj okroncnm gk`ms endn`n` tktnpm okjue hmdktnfum npndnf endn`n` yn`c hmsngmdn` hnjne dknhnn` nen` ntnu tmhnd. Ynjnf sntu endn`n` dfns hnrm ruenf endn` pnhn`c nhnjnf hncm`c rk`hn`c. Rrlsks ekensnd`yn ekeoutufdn` wndtu yn`c iudup jnen skfm`ccn rk`hn`c hmount hnjne guejnf yn`c on`ynd. Fnj mtu, ek`cndmontdn` rk`hn`c ek`cnjnem
pk`ymepn`n` jnen yn`c hnpnt ekemiu nhn`yn pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu, hmpkrjudn`iudup FNIIR u`tud hnpnt ek`ikcnf dl`tnem`nsm endn`n`. Xugun` pk`kjmtmn` m`m ynmtu u`tud ek`cktnfum cneonrn` FNIIR endn`n` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn` Xnfu` ?2>3. Rk`kjmtmn` m`m ekrupndn` gk`ms pk`kjmtmn` dunjmtntma hk`cn` pk`hkdntn` stuhm dnsus. M`alren` pk`kjmtmn` m`m nhnjnf dnrynwn` ruenf endn` pnhn`c yn`c okrtucns ekeokjm onfn`-onfn` u`tud ekeount rk`hn`c hn` dnrynwn` dnrynw n` yn`c ekensnd rk`hn`c rk`hn`c hk`cn` ek`ccu`nd ek`ccu`ndn` n` purplsmvk snepjm`c . N`njmsms hntn pnhn pk`kjmtmn` m`m ek`ccu`ndn` tklrm Emjks hn` Fuokren` hn` FNIIR. Fnsmj pkrueusn` tnfnpn` FNIIR ek`u`guddn` onfwn yn`c ek`gnhm tmtmd drmtms ynmtu onfn` ondu oueou hn` sn`tn`, pk`krmenn` hn` pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm, prlsks pkensndn`, skrtn pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm. Xm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` ynmtu ek`ckeonjmdn` onfn` ondu hn` ekeokrmdn` snrn` dkpnhn pk`gunj, ekemjmf pk`gunj onfn` ondu hn` pkensld dkensn` pn`cn` yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dknen`n` pn`cn`, ek`iuim dkeonjm onfn` ondu, ekeomjns dkeonjm njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm, ek`ccu`ndn` inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c hk`cn` dnhnr sk`ynwn dmemn rk`hnf, sufu ensnd em`menj =2²I ntnu gmdn sufu tmhnd sksunm hnpnt pkrpn`gn`c ntnu pkrsm`cdnt wndtu ensnd, ekeokrsmfdn` hnpur, ek`ccn`tm ujkd hn` ilokd yn`c suhnf dkrlpls, ekeokrsmfdn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`, ek`ccn`tm wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup, sufu pk`ymepn`n` 012²I, skrtn ek`ccn`tm gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`. Hnrm fnsmj pk`cugmn` ondtkrm pnhn rk`hn`c ekek`ufm synrnt Y@M 38387?22=. Rk`cusnfn ruenf endn` pnhn`c hmsnrn`dn` ekemjmf pkensld onfn` ondu yn`c ek`krnpdn` smstke dknen`n` pn`cn` hn` ek`krnpdn` pkrsl`nj fmcmk`k skrtn fmcmk`k sn`mtnsm endn`n`. Dntn du`im 7 FNIIR, _k`hn`c, _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c >89 (>==8 ’ ?2>3) Hnatnr Oninn`7
ANI[JX] LA EKHMIM@K N@H FKNJXF YIMK@IKY R[OJMI FKNJXF YX[H] R_LC_NE HKRN_XEK@X LA K@QM_L@EK@XNJ FKNJXF [`hkrcrnhuntkh Xfksms, Gn`unry ?2>6 Yrm Smhmynstutm, @ME7 >>>?>2>222221 >>>?>2>222221 Fnznrh N`njysms n`h Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (FNIIR) la _k`hn`c (Ytuhy Insk nt Rnhn`c V _kstnurn`t m` Rneujn`c Yuohmstrmit, Ylutf Xn`ckrn`c) ?2>3 (xxm + ??> pncks, ?1 tnojks, ; ifnrhs, > crnpfs, 6 nppk`hmxs) NOYX_NIX
Xfk allh tfnt nrk snak, fknjtfy, n`h `utrmtmlus wmjj hktkrem`k tfk jkvkj la fknjtf. @lwnhnys, n jlt la rkstnurn`ts tfnt skjjs vnrmlus typks la allh, out pklpjk fnvk`'t d`lw` ykt tfk tfk allh skrvkh m` n snak il`hmtml` lr `lt. L`k la tfk typminj allh arle pnhn`c rkstnurn`t ms rk`hn`c. Xfk illdm`c prlikssks la rk`hn`c tndk jl`c tmek, tfkrkalrk rk`hn`c fnvk njwnys enhk m` jnrck qun`tmtmks. Xfms ms tfk rknsl` la rk`hn`c wlujh fnvk jl`c tmek m` stlrnck tfnt ilujh trmcckr la tfk onitkrmnj crlwtf. Xfkrkalrk, FNIIR ms `kkhkh tl prkvk`t tfk hktkrem`ntml` la allh il`tnem`ntml`. Xfk nme la rksknrif tl d`lw tfk hksirmptml` la FNIIR la rk`hn`c nt Rnhn`c V _kstnurn`t m` Rneujn`c _kcml`, Ylutf Xn`ckrn`c ?2>3. Xfms stuhy ms n qunjmtntmvk rksknrif wmtf stuhy insk hksmc`. M`alren`t la tfms stuhy ms tfk rkstnurn`t pnhn`c's kepjlykks m` ifnrck la ouym`c m`crkhmk`ts tl endk rk`hn`c n`h tfk kepjlykks wfl illds rk`hn`c oy usm`c purplsmvk snepjm`c. Xfms stuhy uskh Emjks Xkrlry n`h Fuokren`, n`h FNIIR. Xfk rksujts la FNIIR stkps sflwkh tfnt okinek n irmsms plm`t la rk`hn`c nrk rnw entkrmnjs la spmiks n`h ilil`ut emjd, niikptn`ik n`h prkpnrntml` la rnw entkrmnjs, prkpnrntml` la tlljs, illdm`c prlikss, stlrnck n`h hmstrmoutml`. Xfk nitml`s tfnt ilujh ok hl`k nrk rkstlrm`c tfk rnw entkrmnjs n`h cmvm`c succkstml` tl skjjkr, skjkitm`c n skjjkr la rnw entkrmnjs n`h allh pnidncm`c suppjmkrs tfnt in` k`surk tfk skiurmty allh, wnsfm`c onid rnw entkrmnjs, rm`sm`c tfk tlljs uskh, n em`meue illdm`c tkepkrnturk la =2²I lr ma tfk tkepkrnturk ms `lt sumtnojk tl kxtk`h lr sflrtk` tfk illdm`c tmek, ijkn`m`c tfk dmtifk`, ifn`ck tfk pkstjk hn` elrtnr, ijkn`m`c tfk stlrkarl`t n`h tfk rkstnurn`t, rkpjnim`c ijlskh il`tnm`krs, stlrnck tkepkrnturk 0 12²I, n`h rkpjnim`c tfk typk la pjnstmi / allh wrnppm`c pnpkr. Xfk rksujts la onitkrmnj tkstm`c m` rk`hn`c sntmsay tfk rkqumrkek`ts la Y@M 38387 ?22=. Xfk lw`kr la Rnhn`c rkstnurn`t nrk nhvmskh tl skjkit tfk rnw entkrmnj suppjmkrs tfnt mepjkek`t allh snakty systke n`h mepjkek`t pkrsl`nj fycmk`k n`h fycmk`k la allh sn`mtntml`. Dkywlrhs7 FNIIR, _k`hn`c, Rnhn`c _kstnurn`t _kakrk`ik 7 >89 (>==8 ’ ?2>3)
HNAXN_ _MSN]NX FMH[R RK@[JMY
@nen
7 Yrm Smhmynstutm
Gk`ms Dkjnem`
7 Rkrkepun`
@ME
>>>?>2>222221 >>>?>2>222221
Xkep kepnt, Xn Xn`ccnj JJn nfmr
7 Gn Gndnrtn, 92 92 Yk Ykptkeo keokr >= >==8
Ncnen
7 Msjne
Njnent
7 Dp. Cncn Ensgmh Gj. F. Jnfno @l. ?? _X 22; _S 22>Dkjurnfn`Jnrn`cn`Ykjntn`Dkinent Jnrn`cn` Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Rrlvm`sm On`tk`
Xkjkpl`
7 26>? =1=; 121;
k-enmj
7
_mwnynt Rk`hmhmdn`
?2>? ’ skdnrn`c[`mvkrsmtns Msjne @kckrm Yynrma Fmhnyntujjnf Gndnrtn ?22= ’ ?2>?
YEN @kckrm >? Xn`ckrn`c
?221 ’ ?22=
YER @kckrm >> Xn`ckrn`c
?222 ’ ?221
YH @kckrm Jnrn`cn` Ykjntn` >
>=== ’ ?222
XD Msjne Nen`nf
DNXN RK@CN@XN_
Hk`cn` skcnjn dkrk`hnfn` fntm pk`ujms ek`cuinpdn` pugm hn` syudur dkpnhn
Njjnf
YSX
dnrk`n
fn`yn
hk`cn`
_nfent-@yn
pk`ujms
hnpnt
ek`ykjksnmdn` sdrmspsm yn`c okrguhuj N`njmsms Onfnyn hn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms (FNIIR) _k`hn`c (Ytuhm Dnsus hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Dkinentn` Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`) Xnfu` ?2>3. Rk`ujms ek`ynhnrm fn`yn dnrk`n Rneujn`c
dkduntn` hn` sken`cnt hnrm Njjnf YSX, pnhn ndfmr`yn pk`ujms enepu ekjkwntm tn`tn`cn` hn` ilonn` skjnen pk`ujms skhn`c ek`ykjksnmdn` sdrmpsm m`m. Hnjne pk`ujmsn` m`m, pk`ujms ek`hnpnt on`ynd on`tun` hn` omeom`cn` hnrm okroncnm pmfnd. Rnhn dkskepntn` m`m pk`ujms okrendsuh u`tud ek`cuinpdn` tkrmen dnsmf yn`c skoksnr’oksnr`yn dkpnhn pmfnd’pmfnd yn`c skinrn jn`csu`c enupu` enupu ` tmhnd jn`csu`c hnjne prlsks pk`ujmsn` pk`ujmsn` hn` pk`ykjksnmn` pk`ykjksnmn` sdrmpsm m`m, dkpnhn7 >. Onpnd Onpnd Rrla. Rrla. Hr. F. Nrma Yuen`tr Yuen`trm, m, YDE, E.Dks E.Dks skjndu skjndu Hkdn` Andujt Andujtns ns Dkhldtkrn` hn` Mjeu Dkskfntn` [M@ Yynrma Fmhnyntujjnf Gndnrtn. ?. Mou Angnr Angnr Nrmyn`t Nrmyn`tm, m, E.Dks, E.Dks, Rf.H Rf.H skjndu skjndu Dktun Dktun Rrlcrne Rrlcrne Ytuhm Ytuhm Dkskfntn` Dkskfntn`
Fmhnyntujjnf Gndnrtn. 9. Mou Hr. Kjn Kjn Jnkjnsnrm, Jnkjnsnrm, Y.DE, Y.DE, E.Dks E.Dks skjndu skjndu pkeomeo pkeomeom`c m`c pkrtne pkrtnenn hn` Mou Hkjn Nrmstm, Y.DE, E.DE skjndu pkeomeom`c dkhun yn`c tkjnf ekeokrmdn`
omeom`cn`,
pk`cnrnfn`,
skrtn
on`tun`
hnjne
prlsks
pk`yusu`n` sdrmpsm m`m. 8. Onpnd Onpnd Gnrmeu` Gnrmeu` hn` hn` Mou Smtm Nsmf Nsmf skjndu skjndu Lrn`c Lrn`c tun hn` Rugl, Rugl, Y.K, Y.K, E.E skjndu dndnd yn`c skjnju ek`hlndn`, ek`hudu`c, hn` ek`yken`cntm hnjne pk`ykjksnmn` sdrmpsm m`m.
;. Ynfnont-sn Ynfnont-snfnon fnontt pk`ujms pk`ujms ynmtu ynmtu ]uan Wurmyn, Wurmyn, Jmjms Jmjms ]ujmnrtm, ]ujmnrtm, @urmj @urmj Fmhnynf Fmhnynf Nj- Fnsn`nf, Xyns M`hnf Rkrentnsnrm, Ms`nk`m Snfyu Ynputrm, hn` Nohu _lfme yn`c skjnju ek`yken`cntm, ek`hudu`c, hn` ek`hlndn`. 1. N`msn Nprmjmy Nprmjmyn`m, n`m, Hkstm`mn Hkstm`mn Rutrm, Rutrm, hn` hn` Guwmtn Guwmtn Smgnyn`tm Smgnyn`tm yn`c skjnju ek`hk`cnrdn` dkjuf dksnf hn` ekeokrmdn` tk`ncn, sken`cnt, skrtn
on`tun` u`tud ek`ykjksnmdn` sdrmpsm m
Smhfy _kzn Rutrn, Y.Xr D.J yn`c skjnj Xken`-tken` Dkskfntn` Jm`cdu`cn` Ykjuruf pmfnd yn`c tkjnf ekeon`tu h
Rk`ujms ek`ynhnrm onfwn ensmf on`ynd fnj yn`c fnrus pk`ujms pkjngnrm hn` pkronmdm. [`tud mtu dr pk`ikrnfn` dfusus`yn oncm pk`ujms, skfm`ccn tugun` yn`c hmfnrnpdn` hnpnt
tkrinpnm.
HNAXN_ MYM
JKEON_ RK_@]NXNN@........................... RK_@]NXNN@................................................. ............................................. .....................................m ..............m NOYX_ND............................... NOYX_ND......... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ....................................mm ..............mm RK_@]NXNN@ RK_YKX[G[N@........................ Krrlr! Olldenrd `lt hkam`kh. HNAXN_ _MSN]NX FMH[R RK@[JMY.............................. RK@[JMY............................................................... .................................v v DNXN RK@CN@XN_............................. RK@CN@XN_................................................... ............................................ ..................................... ..................vmm ...vmm HNAXN_ MYM........................................ MYM.............................................................. ............................................ .............................................mx .......................mx HNAXN_ XNOKJ.............................. XNOKJ.................................................... ............................................ ..............................................xmm ........................xmm HNAXN_ ONCN@.................................. ONCN@........................................................ .............................................................. ........................................xmm xmm HNAXN_ C_NAMD.................................. C_NAMD........................................................ ............................................ ........................................xv ..................xv ONO M........................................... M................................................................. ............................................ ...................................................... ................................> > RK@HNF[J[N@...................................................................................................> >.>. Jntnr Okjndn`c........................................ Okjndn`c.............................................................. ............................................ ................................ ..........> > >.?. _ueusn` Ensnjnf.................. Ensn jnf........................................ ............................................ ........................................ ........................... .........8 8 >.9. Rkrtn`ynn` Rk`kjmtmn`............................................ Rk`kjmtmn`.................................................................................... ........................................; ; >.8. Xugun` Rk`kjmtmn`........................................... Rk`kjmtmn`................................................................. ................................................1 ..........................1 >.8.>. Xugun` [eue................................ [eue...................................................... ............................................ ................................... .............1 1 >.8.?. Xugun` Dfusus.................................. Dfusus........................................................ ......................................................3 ................................3 >.;. En`annt Rk`kjmtmn`......................................... Rk`kjmtmn`............................................................... ................................................6 ..........................6 >.;.>. En`annt Oncm Rk`cusnfn Rk`cusnfn _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c Rnhn`c...................... ...................................6 .............6 >.;.?. En`annt Oncm [`mvkrsmtns.......................................................................6 >.;.9. En`annt Oncm Rk`kjmtm Ykjn`gut`yn.........................................................= >.1. _un`c Jm`cdup................................ Jm`cdup...................................................... ............................................ ........................................ ..................= = ONO MM........................................... MM................................................................. ............................................ ...................................................>2 .............................>2 XM@GN[N@ R[YXNDN............................. R[YXNDN................................................... .................................................. ..................................... .........>2 >2 ?.>. Dknen`n` Rn`cn`.................................. Rn`cn`........................................................ ..................................................... ...............................>2 >2 ?.?. Fnznrh N`njysms n`h Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (FNIIR)...............................>> ?.?.>. Hkam`msm FNIIR................................... FNIIR......................................................... ............................................... ..........................>> .>> ?.?.?. Ykgnrnf FNIIR................................ FNIIR...................................................... ....................................................>> ..............................>> ?.?.9. Xnfnpn` FNIIR................................. FNIIR....................................................... ............................................ ...........................>? .....>? ?.9. Rkrmjndu....................................... Rkrmjndu............................................................. ............................................ ...........................................98 .....................98 ?.8. _k`hn`c.............................. _k`hn`c.................................................... ............................................ ...................................................93 .............................93 ?.8.>. Onfn`-onfn` _k`hn`c.............................. _k`hn`c.................................................... ............................................ ......................96 96
?.;. Dkrn`cdn Xklrm......................................... Xklrm............................................................... ...................................................8; .............................8; ONO MMM............................................ MMM.................................................................. ...................................................................... ................................................ 86 DK_N@CDN RMDM_ HN@ HKAM@MYM MYXMJNF....................... MYXMJNF..................................................86 ...........................86 9.>. Dkrn`cdn Rmdmr.......................................... Rmdmr................................................................ ............................................ .............................86 .......86 9.?. Hkam`msm Mstmjnf.............................................. Mstmjnf.................................................................... ............................................... .........................;2 ;2 ONO MQ....................................... MQ............................................................. ............................................ ................................................... ...............................;? ..;? EKXLHLJLCM RK@KJMXMN@............................... RK@KJMXMN@..................................................... ..............................................;? ........................;? 8.>. Hksnm` Rk`kjmtmn`....................... Rk`kjmtmn`............................................. ............................................ ............................................;? ......................;? 8.?. Sndtu hn` Jldnsm Rk`kjmtmn`................................ Rk`kjmtmn`...................................................... .......................................;? .................;? 8.9. M`alren` Rk`kjmtmn`.......................................... Rk`kjmtmn`................................................................ .......................................... .....................;? .;? 8.8. M`struek` Rk`kjmtmn`........................................... Rk`kjmtmn`................................................................. .........................................;9 ...................;9 8.;. Yueokr Hntn...................... Hntn............................................ ............................................ ....................................................;9 ..............................;9 8.1. Ektlhk Rk`cuepujn` Hntn......................................................................... Hntn.........................................................................;9 ;9 8.1.>. Snwn`inrn...........................................................................................;9 8.1.?. Loskrvnsm..............................................................................................;8 8.1.9. Rk`cudurn` Xkepkrntur.................................. Xkepkrntur........................................................ ......................................;8 ................;8 8.1.8. Rk`mjnmn` Snr`n Snr`n Hncm`c....................... Hncm`c............................................. ................................................;8 ..........................;8 8.1.;. Rk`cneomjn` Ynepkj Endn`n` u`tud Rk`cugmn` Ondtkrm.....................;8 8.1.1. Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms..........................................................;; Drmtms..........................................................;; 8.3. Rk`cljnfn` Hntn........................................... Hntn................................................................. ...............................................12 .........................12 8.6. Xkd`md hn` N`njmsms Hntn............................................ Hntn............................................................................ ................................12 12 8.=. Rk`cugmn` Dknosnfn` Hntn......................................... Hntn..........................................................................1> .................................1> ONO Q...................................... Q............................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................19 ............19 FNYMJ...................................... FNYMJ................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................................................19 ..................................19 ;.>. Cneonrn` [eue Rrlsks Rkeountn` _k`hn`c...........................................19 _k`hn`c...........................................19 ;.?. Xme FNIIR................................ FNIIR...................................................... ............................................ .......................................... ....................18 18 ;.9. Hksdrmpsm Rrlhud............................... Rrlhud..................................................... ..........................................................18 ....................................18 ;.8. Xugun` Ndfmr Rk`ccu`nn` _k`hn`c............................. _k`hn`c................................................... ...............................11 .........11 ;.;. Oncn` Njmr Rrlsks Rkeountn` _k`hn`c......................................................13 _k`hn`c......................................................13 ;.1. Ek`cdl`amrensm Njur Rrlsks Rkeountn` _k`hn`c................................... _k`hn`c.....................................16 ..16 ;.3. Mhk`tmamdnsm N`njmsms Onfnyn.................................... Onfnyn.......................................................... ....................................3; ..............3; ;.6. Ek`k`tuddn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms..............................................................63 ;.6.>. Ek`k`tuddn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c...........63 ;.6.?. Ek`k`tuddn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c _k`hn`c =>
;.=. Ek`k`tudn` Ontns Drmtms pnhn ensm`c-ensm`c XDD..................................=; XDD..................................=; ;.>2. Rken`tnun` Ontns Drmtms Yktmnp XDD.......................................................=6 ;.>>. Rk`ktnpn` Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`...............................................................>29 ;.>?. Rk`ktnpn` Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm................................................................>26 ;.>9. Hlduek`tnsm hn` Rk`intntn`............................................. Rk`intntn`...................................................................>> ......................>>9 9 ;.>8. Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Emdrlomljlcm pnhn _k`hn`c.........................................>>= ONO QM....................................... QM............................................................. ............................................ ................................................. .............................>?> ..>?> RKEONFNYN@............................. RKEONFNYN@....... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................... .........................>?> >?> 1.>. Dktkrontnsn` Rk`kjmtmn`......................................... Rk`kjmtmn`.............................................................................>?> ....................................>?> 1.?. Xme FNIIR...................... FNIIR............................................ ............................................ ..................................................>?> ............................>?> 1.9. Hksdrmpsm Rrlhud................................ Rrlhud...................................................... .......................................................>?? .................................>?? 1.8. Xugun` Ndfmr Rk`ccu`nn` _k`hn`c...................... _k`hn`c............................................ ....................................>?9 ..............>?9 1.;. Oncn` Njmr Rrlsks Rrlsks Rkeountn` _k`hn`c.................. _k`hn`c........................................ .................................. ............>?8 >?8 1.1. Ek`cdl`amrensm Njur Rrlsks Rkeountn` Rkeountn` _k`hn`c............................. _k`hn`c...................................>?; ......>?; 1.3. Mhk`tmamdnsm N`njmsms Onfnyn........................................ Onfnyn.............................................................. ..............................>8? ........>8? 1.6. Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms........................................................... Drmtms..............................................................>;3 ...>;3 1.6.>. Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Onfn` Ondu rk`hn`c.............>;6 1.6.?. Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c >12 1.=. Ek`k`tudn` Ontns Drmtms pnhn Ensm`c-ensm`c XDD...............................>13 1.>2. Rken`tnun` Ontns Drmtms Yktmnp XDD.....................................................>32 1.>>. Rk`ktnpn` Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`............................................................ Rkronmdn`...............................................................>38 ...>38 1.>?. Rk`ktnpn` Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm................................................................>33 1.>9. Hlduek`tnsm hn` Rk`intntn`............................................. Rk`intntn`...................................................................>3 ......................>3= = 1.>8. Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Emdrlomljlcm pnhn _k`hn`c.........................................>62 ONO QMM........................................ QMM.............................................................. ............................................ .................................................>69 ...........................>69 DKYMER[JN@ HN@ YN_N@................................... YN_N@......................................................... .........................................>69 ...................>69 3.>. Dksmepujn`.................................... Dksmepujn`.......................................................... ............................................ ......................................>69 ................>69 3.?. Ynrn`...................................... Ynrn`............................................................ ............................................ ..............................................>69 ........................>69 HNAXN_ R[YXNDN............................... R[YXNDN..................................................... ........................................................... .....................................>6; >6; JNERM_N@.................................. JNERM_N@............ ............................................ ............................................ .................................................>=; ...........................>=;
HNAXN_ XNOKJ
Xnokj ?.> Ymeolj yn`c hmcu`ndn` hnjne Hmncrne Njmr
>1
Xnokj ?.? Rrlamj Rntlck`
>=
Xnokj ?.? Entrmds Rk`k`tun` _msmdl Olkvkk Xnokj 9.>. Hkam`msm Mstmjnf
?? ;2
Xnokj ;.>. Hksdrmspm Rrlhud _k`hn`c
11
Xnokj ;.?. Xugun` Ndfmr Rk`ccu`nn` _k`hn`c
13
Xnokj ;.9. Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Emdrlomljlcm pnhn Hncm`c Ynpm
1=
Xnokj ;.8. Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Amsmd pnhn Hncm`c Ynpm
1=
Xnokj ;.;. Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Emdrlomljlcm pnhn Oueou _k`hn`c
32
Xnokj ;.1. Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Emdrlomljlcm pnhn Yn`tn`
3>
Xnokj ;.3. N`njmsms Onfnyn pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c
31
Xnokj ;.6. N`njmsms Onfnyn pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c
62
Xnokj ;.=. Rk`ktnpn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Onfn` Ondu Hncm`c, Oueou, hn` Yn`tn` 66 Xnokj ;.>2 Rk`ktnpn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c
=?
Xnokj ;.>>. Rk`k`tun` Ontns Drmtms pnhn XDD Onfn` Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c =; Xnokj ;.>?. Rk`k`tun` Ontns Drmtms pnhn XDD Rrlsks pk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c Xnokj ;.>9. Rken`tnun` Ontns Drmtms pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c
=1 =6
Xnokj ;.>8. Rken`tnun` Ontns Drmtms pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c
>22
Xnokj ;.>;. Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c
>29
Xnokj ;.>1. Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c
>2;
Xnokj ;.>3. Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c
>26
Xnokj ;.>6. Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c
>>2
Xnokj ;.>=. Rk`intntn` pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c
>>9
Xnokj ;.?2. Rk`intntn` pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c
>>;
Xnokj ;.?3. Hlduek`tnsm
>>6
Xnokj ;.?6. Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Ondtkrm pnhn _k`hn`c
>>=
HNAXN_ ONCN@
Oncn` ?.> Hmncrne Rlfl` Dkputusn` Rk`k`tun` IIR u`tud Onfn` Ondu ?8 Oncn` ?.? Hmncrne Rlfl` Dkputusn` Rk`k`tun` IIR u`tud Rrlsks Rk`cljn Rk` cljnfn` fn`
?;
Oncn` ?.9. Dkrn`cdn Dkrn`cd n Xklrm
83
Oncn` 9.> Dkrn`cdn Rmdmr8= Oncn` ;.> Rrlsks Rkeountn` _k`hn`c16
HNAXN_ C_NAMD
Crnamd 1.> Rkrtueoufn` Ondtkrm NJX pnhn _k`hn`c 2 Gne, >? Gne, hn` ?8 Gne
>?2
ONO M RK@HNF[J[N@ >.>. Jntnr Jntnr Okjndn`c Okjndn`c
Endn`n` skrtn em`uen` ekrupndn` suntu dkoutufn` pldld yn`c pk`tm`c oncm en`usmn. Endn`n` yn`c hmoutufdn` tk`tu fnrus okr`mjnm cmzm onmd skrtn hmpkrfntmdn`
fycmk`k
hn`
sn`mtnsm`yn
ekjmputm
pk`cljnfn`
endn`n``yn,
dkrokrsmfn` pk`gnenf endn`n`, skrtn oncnmen`n inrn pk`yngmn` endn`n` tkrskout. Ynnt m`m, tkrskhmn okroncnm pmjmfn` endn`n` hn` em`uen` hm tkepnttkepnt ueue hk`cn` dunjmtns yn`c okrvnrmnsm. Hnpnt hmpnstmdn`, hmen`n nhn`yn ndtmvmtns en`usmn, omsn hmtkeudn` pk`gunj endn`n`. Endn`n` nhnjnf snjnf sntu oncmn` yn`c pk`tm`c u`tud dkskfntn` en`usmn ek`cm`cnt sktmnp snnt hnpnt sngn tkrgnhmm pk`yndmttkrgnh pk`yndmt- pk`yndmt yn`c hmndmontdn hmndmontdn` ` ljkf endn`n` (Ifn`hrn, ?223). Endn`n` yn`c tmhnd nen` (u`snak (u`snak)) yn`c hmskonodn` ljkf nhn`yn znt nsm`c yn`c ekeonfnyndn`, ekeokrm hnepnd tkrfnhnp tmeouj`yn okroncnm pk`yndmt yn`c rm`cn` fm`ccn yn`c
Rn`cn` yn`c nen` hn` skfnt sktnrn okreutu hn` okrcmzm tm`ccm, sn`cnt pk`tm`c pkrn`n``yn oncm pkrtueoufn`, pkekjmfnrnn`, hn` pk`m`cdntn` hkrngnt dkskfntn` skrtn pk`m`cdntn` dkikrhnsn` ensynrndnt. Rn`cn` yn`c tmhnd nen` ndn` ekepk`cnrufm dkskfntn` en`usmn yn`c pnhn ndfmr`yn ek`meoujdn` ensnjnf tkrfnhnp stntus cmzm. Durn`c`yn pkrfntmn` ndn` ek`cndmontdn` tkrgnhm`yn hnepnd okrupn pk`uru`n` dkskfntn` dl`suek``yn, eujnm hnrm dkrniu`n` endn`n` ndmont tmhnd fmcmk`ms`yn prlsks pk`ymepn`n` hn` pk`yngmn` snepnm rmsmdl eu`iuj`yn pk`yndmt dn`dkr ndmont pk`ccu`nn` onfn` tneonfn` ( allh allh nhhmtmvk) nhhmtmvk) yn`c okronfnyn (Dkek`tkrmn` Dkskfntn` _M, ?2>;). >
Okrhnsnrdn` jnplrn` SFL, ekepkrdmrndn` pk`yndmt yn`c hmtujnrdn` ekjnjum endn`n` hmskonodn` ljkf 9> nck` okrupn ondtkrm, vmrus, pnrnsmt, rniu`, hn` onfn` dmemn jnm``yn. Ek`yntndn` onfwn sktmnp tnfu` skon`ynd 122 gutn ntnu fnepmr > hnrm >2 lrn`c hm hu`mn gntuf sndmt sktkjnf ek`cdl`suesm endn`n` yn`c tkrdl`tnem`nsm. Hnrm guejnf tkrskout, 8?2.222 lrn`c ek`m`ccnj tkrensud >?;.222 n`nd hmonwnf usmn ; tnfu`. Rk`yndmt hmnrk okrtn`ccu`c gnwno jkomf hnrm sktk`cnf okon` cjlonj pk`yndmt ekjnjum endn`n` ek`ykonodn` ;22 gutn lrn`c gntuf sndmt hn` ?92.222 dkentmn` hmsktmnp tnfu``yn. N`nd-n`nd okrnhn pnhn rmsmdl pk`yndmt hmnrk ndmont endn`n`, hk`cn` ??2 gutn gntuf sndmt hn` =1.222 ek`m`ccnj sktmnp tnfu`. Hmnrk skrm`c hmskonodn` ljkf endn`n` ek`tnf ntnu durn`c entn`c skpkrtm hncm`c, tkjur, prlhud skcnr, hn` prlsud susu yn`c tkrdl`tnem`nsm ljkf pntlck` Ksifkrmifmn iljm hn` Ynjel`kjjn (SFL, ?2>;). Hntn yn`c tkjnf hmpkrljkf hnrm Hm`ns Dkskfntn` Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn` Xnfu` ?2>1, dnsus hmnrk tkrtm`ccm tkrhnpnt hm wmjnynf pneujn`c hk`cn` guejnf pk`hkrmtn hmnrk skon`ynd ?=33. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu, u`tud ek`ikcnf tkrgnhm`yn pk`m`cdntn` DJO dkrniu`n` pn`cn` endn pk`tm`c u`tud ekjndudn` Fnznrh N`njysms Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (FNIIR) pnhn endn`n`. Fnznrh N`njysms Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (FNIIR) nhnjnf suntu prlcrne pk`cnwnsn`, pk`ck`hnjmn`, hn` prlskhur pk`cnturn` yn`c hmrn`in`c u`tud ek`gncn ncnr endn`n` tmhnd tkrikenr skokjue hmsngmdn`. Rk`krnpn` FNIIR tmhnd okrnrtm ek`cfk`tmdn` pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm dk tmtmd `lj, ekjnm`dn` ekem`menjdn``yn dk tm`cdnt yn`c hnpnt hmn`ccnp nen` (Nrmsen`, ?22=). Dl`skp FNIIR ekrupndn` suntu ektlhk dknen`n` pn`cn` yn`c hmtugudn` u`tud ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm onfnyn yn`c dkeu`cdm`n` hnpnt tkrgnhm pnhn sktmnp tnfnpn` tnfnpn`
prlsks pkeountn` endn`n`, hn` tm`hndn` pk`ck`hnjmn` u`tud ek`ikcnf eu`iuj`yn onfnyn tkrskout (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228). Ynnt m`m on`ynd ensynrndnt yn`c okdkrgn gnuf hnrm ruenf hn` ekepu`ynm elomjmtns yn`c tm`ccm skfm`ccn ensynrndnt gnrn`c ekensnd endn`n` u`tud hmdl`suesm hmruenf. Ljkf skono mtu, fnrus hmpkrfntmdn` dknen`n` pn`cn` ncnr endn`n` tmhnd euhnf tkrdl`tnem`nsm yn`c ndn` okrhnepnd ek`gnhm sueokr pk`yndmt. [`tud ek`ikcnf fnj tkrskout, pkrju ekjndudn` Fnznrh N`njysms Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (FNIIR) hnrm prlsks pkeokjmn` onfn` ondu, pkensndn`, snepnm hk`cn` pk`hmstrmousmn``yn ncnr endn`n` tkrskout nen` hmdl`suesm ljkf dl`suek`. Ynjnf sntu mil` tkrdk`nj endn`n` m`hl`ksmn nhnjnf ruenf endn` pnhn`c. Imrm dfns endn`n` hnrm ruenf endn` pnhn`c ynmtu rk`hn`c hncm`c. I@@ ek`cueuedn` onfwn rk`hn`c dfns M`hl`ksmn skoncnm endn`n` `lelr sntu tkrk`nd hm hu`mn Xnfu` ?2>3 (Rkrentn, ?2>3) . (@ureuamhn, Sn`crmek`, _km`njtn, & Jkl`nrhm, ?2>3) ek`ckeudndn` rk`hn`c, endn`n` trnhmsml`nj yn`c hmnwktdn`, hmcu`ndn` skoncnm inhn`cn` ntnu pkrskhmnn` oncm wmsntnwn` hnjne pkrgnjn`n` pn`gn`c. (Onsdlrl, ?2>;) gucn ek`cntndn` onfwn rk`hn`c yn`c ekrupndn` endn`n` dfns Rnhn`c, Yuentkrn Onrnt nhnjnf snjnf sntu endn`n` yn`c pnjm`c nen` hmonwn u`tud gnrnd gnuf jn`tnrn` hnpnt okrtnfn` jnen. jn en. Okrhnsnrdn` fnsmj stuhm pk`hnfujun` hnrm okokrnpn ruenf endn` pnhn`c hm wmjnynf Rneujn`c, hmhnpntdn` ekeount rk`hn`c hk`cn` guejnf n`tnrn sntu snepnm snep nm tmcn tmcn dmjlcr dmjlcrne ne hnjne hnjne skfnrm skfnrm skfm`c skfm`ccn cn hnpnt hnpnt hmdl`s hmdl`sues uesmm gn`cd gn`cdnn wndtu wndtu okokrnpn fnrm ntnu hnpnt fnoms wndtu sntu fnrm tkrcn`tu`c hnrm on`ynd`yn pkeokjm. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn`, prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c yn`c ekendn` wndtu iudup jnen.
@neu`, fnj tkrskout hnpnt okrmsmdl nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm pn`cn` ynmtu dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn omljlcm, amsmd, hn` dmemnwm. Ekensnd rk`hn`c hk`cn` guejnf yn`c on`ynd hmpnstmdn` ek`cnjnem pk`ymepn`n` yn`c iudup jnen. Gmdn rk`hn`c hmsmepn` hnjne wndtu jnen hk`cn` sufu endn`n` yn`c tmhnd lptmenj endn ndn` ekemiu pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm enupu` gneur. Xmhnd fn`yn mtu, rk`hn`c gucn hnpnt okruonf wnr`n, wnr`n, onu, ok`tud, skrtn rnsn. Fnj tkrskout hnpnt ek`cndmontdn` tmeouj`yn dkrniu`n` endn`n` hk`cn` ckgnjn skpkrtm hmnrk, eu`tnf-eu`tnf, hkene, hn` skoncnm`yn, skrtn rk`hn`c suhnf tmhnd jnynd u`tud hmdl`suesm. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` Rrnsnamtrn, Yunhn, & Ywnimtn tnfu` ?2>8, skendm` jnen ensndn` hncm`c rk`hn`c tn`pn pkensndn` ujn`c hmsmepn` hnjne sufu run`c, endn wndtu rkhudtnsk`yn skendm` ikpnt skfm`ccn pkrdmrnn` okon` ondtkrm`yn skendm` on`ynd skrtn onu, tkdstur hn` rnsn ensndn` tkrskout skendm` ikpnt okruonf dk nrnf yn`c ourud. Ynen fnj`yn hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Eurfnhm, Anrhmnz, Y, & Yntmnwmfnrhgn, >==8), ek`u`guddn` onfwn tltnj emdrlon pnhn rk`hn`c ek`m`cdnt skinrn pkrjnfn` hnrm >28 ek`gnhm >21 (ruenf endn` oksnr) sntu snepnm tmcn fnrm. Okrhnsnrdn` fnj tkrskout, endn pk`ujms m`cm` ekjndudn` pk`kjmtmn` ek`ck`nm n`njmsms onfnyn hn` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms (FNIIR) rk`hn`c (stuhm dnsus hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V Dkinentn` Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`) tnfu` ?2>3. >.?. _ueusn` _ueusn` Ensnjnf Ensnjnf
Endn`n` ekrupndn` dkoutufn` pldld yn`c hmpkrjudn` hnjne dkfmhupn` skfnrm-fnrm. Ykmrm`c ek`m`cdnt`yn elomjmtns ensynrndnt yn`c tm`ccm skfm`ccn
gnrn`c ekensnd endn`n` hmruenf. Ynnt m`m on`ynd ruenf endn` yn`c ek`ykhmndn` okrenine-enine gk`ms endn`n`. Ynjnf sntu`yn nhnjnf ruenf endn` pnhn`c. Endn`n` dfns yn`c hmount ynmtu rk`hn`c hncm`c. Hnjne prlsks eken ek ensn snd, d, rk`h rk`hn` n`c c hmen hmensn snd d
hk`c hk`cn` n` wndt wndtu u yn yn`c `c iu iudu dup p jn jnen en sk skfm fm`c `ccn cn
ekeount`yn hnjne guejnf yn`c on`ynd. Dnrk`n fnj tkrskout, rk`hn`c gucn hmsmepn` hnjne wndtu yn`c jnen. Ljkf skono mtu, fnrus hmpkrfndn` dknen`n` pn`cn` ncnr endn`n` yn`c hmdl`suesm hnd endn` pnhn`c V Dkinentn` Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`) tnfu` ?2>3.
?. Oncnmen`n Oncnmen`n hksdrmpsm hksdrmpsm prlhud prlhud rk`hn`c rk`hn`c hm _uenf _uenf Endn` Endn` Rnhn`c Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< 9. Oncnmen`n Oncnmen`n mhk`tmamd mhk`tmamdnsm nsm tugun` tugun` ndfmr pk`ccu pk`ccu`nn` `nn` prlhud prlhud rk`hn` rk`hn`c c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< 8. Oncnmen`n Oncnmen`n ek`yusu ek`yusu` ` njur prlsks pkeountn` pkeountn` rk`hn`c rk`hn`c hm hm _uenf _uenf Endn` Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< ;. Oncnmen`n Oncnmen`n ek`cdl ek`cdl`amren `amrensm sm njur prlsks prlsks pkeountn` pkeountn` rk`hn`c rk`hn`c hm _uenf _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`<
1. Oncnmen`n Oncnmen`n mhk`tmam mhk`tmamdnsm dnsm n`njmsms n`njmsms onfnyn onfnyn pnhn pnhn prlsks pkeoun pkeountn` tn` rk`hn`c rk`hn`c hm hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< 3. Oncnmen`n Oncnmen`n ek`k`tu ek`k`tudn` dn` tmtmd tmtmd dk`hnjm dk`hnjm drmtms drmtms (XDD) pnhn prlsks prlsks pkeoun pkeountn` tn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< 6. Oncnmen`n Oncnmen`n ek`k`t ek`k`tudn` udn` ontns ontns drmtms drmtms u`tud u`tud ensm`c-e ensm`c-ensm`c nsm`c XDD pnhn pnhn prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< =. Oncnme Oncnmen`n n`n pken`tn pken`tnun` un` ontns ontns drmtms drmtms sktmnp sktmnp XDD pnhn pnhn prlsks prlsks pkeount pkeountn` n` rk`hn`c rk`hn` c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjny Smjnynf nf Rneujn`c Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< >2. Oncnmen`n pk`ktnpn` tm`hndn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn` pnhn pnhn prlsks pkeountn` pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< >>. Oncnmen`n Oncnmen`n pk`ktnpn` prlskhur prlskhur vkrmamdnsm vkrmamdnsm pnhn prlsks prlsks pkeountn` pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< >?. Oncnmen`n hlduek`tnsm hn` pk`intntn` prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< >9. Oncnmen`n fnsmj pk`cugmn` emdrlomljlcm pnhn rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`< >.8. Xugun` Xugun` Rk`kjmtmn` Rk`kjmtmn` >.8.>. >.8. >. Xugun` Xugun` [eue [eue
[`tud ek`cktnfum n`njmsms onfnyn hn` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms (FNIIR) rk`hn`c (stuhm dnsus hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V Dkinentn` Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`) tnfu` ?2>3.
>.8.?. >.8. ?. Xugun` Xugun` Dfusus Dfusus
>. [`tud ek`cktnfum ek`cktnfum tme FNIIR FNIIR hm _uenf _uenf Endn` Endn` Rnhn`c Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`. ?. [`tud [`tud ek`cktnfu ek`cktnfumm hksdrmpsm hksdrmpsm prlhud prlhud rk`hn`c rk`hn`c hm hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`. 9. [`tud ek`cktnfum ek`cktnfum mhk`tmamdnsm mhk`tmamdnsm tugun` tugun` ndfmr pk`ccu pk`ccu`nn` `nn` prlhu prlhud d rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`. 8. [`tud ek`cktnfu ek`cktnfumm ek`yusu` ek`yusu` njur njur prlsks prlsks pkeountn` pkeountn` rk`hn` rk`hn`c c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`. ;. [`tud [`tud ek`cktn ek`cktnfum fum ek`cdl` ek`cdl`amre amrensm nsm njur prlsks pkeount pkeountn` n` rk`hn`c rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`. 1. [`tud ek`cktnfum ek`cktnfum mhk`tm mhk`tmamdnsm amdnsm n`njmsms n`njmsms onfnyn onfnyn pnhn pnhn prlsks prlsks pkeountn pkeountn` ` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`. 3. [`tud ek`cktnfum ek`cktnfum ek`k`t ek`k`tudn` udn` tmtmd tmtmd dk`hnj dk`hnjmm drmtms drmtms (XDD) pnhn pnhn prlsks prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`. 6. [`tud ek`cktnfum ek`cktnfum ek`k`t ek`k`tudn` udn` ontns ontns drmtms drmtms u`tud u`tud ensm`c-ensm` ensm`c-ensm`c c XDD pnhn prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` En dn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`. =. [`tud [`tud ek`ckt ek`cktnfu nfumm pken`tnu pken`tnun` n` ontns ontns drmtms sktmnp sktmnp XDD pnhn prlsks prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`.
>2. [`tud
ek`cktnfum pk`ktnpn`
tm`hndn`
pkronmdn` pkronmdn`
pnhn
prlsks prlsks
pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`. >>. [`tud
ek`cktnfum ek`cktnfum
pk`ktnpn`
prlskhur prlskhur
vkrmamdnsm
pnhn prlsks
pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn` [`tud ek`cktnfum hlduek`tnsm hn` pk`intntn` prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` [`tud ek`cktnfum fnsmj pk`cugmn` emdrlomljlcm pnhn rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Smjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`.
>.;. En`annt Rk`kjmn` >.;.>. En`annt Oncm Rk`cusnfn _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c Hk`cn` hmjndudn``yn pk`kjmn` m`m, hnpnt ekeon`tu pnrn pkemjmd ruenf endn` pnhn`c u`t
hnjne prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c skfm`ccn hnpnt hmjndudn` pk`ikcnfn` u`tud ek`cfm`hnrm nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm hnjne endn`n`. >.;.?. En`annt Oncm [`mvkrsmtns
Hnpnt ek`neonf pk`cktnfun` tkrdnmt FNIIR prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hnrm nwnj fm`ccn ndfmr skfm`ccn hnpnt ek`cktnfum tmtmd drmtms hn` onfnyn-onfnyn yn`c okrpltk`sm ek`ikenrm endn`n` rk`hn`c.
>.;.9. En`annt Oncm Rk`kjmtm Rk`kjmtm Ykjn`gut`yn Ykjn`gut`yn
Hnpnt ek`gnhm onfn` onfn` pkrtmeon`cn` u`tud hmjndud hmjndudn``yn n``yn pk`kjmtmn` skjn`gut`yn sksunm hk`cn` tlpmd yn`c snen.
>.1. _un`c Jm`cdup
Rk`kjmtmn` m`m hmjndudn` u`tud ek`cktnfum n`njmsms onfnyn hn` tmtmd dk`hnjm drms (FNIIR) rk`hn`c (stuhm dnsus hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V Dkinentn` Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn` onfnyn smd hn` emdrlomljlcm`yn sngn hmdnrk`ndn` onfnyn smd hnpnt hmjmfnt skinrn
jn`csu`c snnt prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c, skhn`cdn` onfnyn emdrlomljlcm hnpnt hk`cn` ikpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm endn`n` gmdn sufu pk`ymepn`n` onfn` ondu hn` rk`hn`c tmhnd sksunm skfm`ccn hnpnt tkrgnhm pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm.
ONO MM XM@GN[N@ R[YXNDN ?.>. Dknen`n` Dknen`n` Rn`cn` Rn`cn`
Dknen`n` pn`cn` nhnjnf dl`hmsm hn` upnyn yn`c hmpkrjudn` u`tud ek`ikcnf pn`cn` hnrm dkeu`cdm`n` ikenrn` omljlcms, dmemn, hn` ok`hn jnm` hnpnt ek`ccn`ccu, ekrucmdn`, hn` ekeonfnyndn` dkskfntn` en`usmn. Rn`cn` yn`c nen` skrtn okreutu hn` okrcmzm tm`ccm sn`cnt pk`tm`c pkrn`n``yn oncm pkrtueoufn`, pkekjmfnrnn`, hn` pk`m`cdntn` hkrngnt dks dkskfntn` kfntn` skrtn pk`m`cdntn` dkikrhnsn` ensynrndnt (Ynpnrm`tl & Fmhnyntm, ?221). Okrhnsnrdn` [`hn`c-u`hn`c _kpuojmd M`hl`ksmn @lelr >6 Xnfu` ?2>? tk`tn`c tk`tn` c pn`cn`, pn`cn`, dknen`n` pn`cn` nhnjnf dl`hmsm dl`hmsm hn` upnyn yn`c hmpkrjudn` hmpkrjudn` u`tud ek`ikcnf Rn`cn` hnrm dkeu`cdm`n` ikenrn` omljlcms, dmemn, hn` ok`hn jnm` yn`c hnpnt ek`ccn`ccu, ek`ccn`ccu, ekrucmdn`, ekrucmdn`, hn` ekeonfnyndn` dkskfntn` en`usmn skrtn tmhnd okrtk`tn`cn` hk`cn` ncnen, dkyndm`n`, hn` ouhnyn ensynrndnt skfm`ccn nen` u`tud hmdl`suesm. Dknen`n` pn`cn` ekjm`cdupm skeun s keun tnfnpn` prlsks endn`n` eujnm yn`c pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, pk`cljnfn`, pk`ckensn`, snepnm pk`yngmn` dkpnhn dl`suek` fnrus tkrfm`hnr hnrm onfnyn. Dknen`n` pn`cn` hnpnt okrupn pk`ck`hnjmn` onfnyn yn`c ek`cn`ine dknen`n` pn`cn` fnrus hmmhk`tmamdnsm hn` hmdk`nj hm tmnp tmtmd ntnu tnfnpn`. Emsnj`yn, jnrn`cn` pk`ccu`nn` onfn` endn` okronfnyn, skpkrtm olrnd hn` alrenjm` pnhn endn`n` ntnu em`uen` dnrk`n hnpnt ek`meoujdn` pk`yndmt oncm dl`suek` (N`wnr, ?2>2).
?.?. Fnznrh ?.?. Fnznrh N`njysms n`h Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (FNIIR) ?.?.>.. Hkam`msm ?.?.> Hkam`msm FNIIR FNIIR
N`njmsms onfnyn hn` pk`ck`hnjmn` tmtmd drmtms (( Fnznrh Fnznrh N`njysms n`h Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`ts, FNIIR) hmhkam`msmdn` skoncnm suntu pk`hkdntn` mjemnf, rnsml`nj, hn` smstkentmd u`tud ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm, ek`mjnm, hn` ek`ck`hnjmdn` onfnyn. Xugun` hnrm FNIIR nhnjnf u`tud ek`ikcnf onfnyn onfnyn yn`c suhnf hmdktnfum (onfnyn omljlcm, dmemn, hn` amsmd) hn` ek`curn`cm rmsmdl tkrgnhm`yn onfnyn hk`cn` ekjndudn` pk`ck`hnjmn` pnhn sktmnp tmtmd drmtms hnjne prlsks prlhudsm (hnrm skgnd tnfnp prlhudsm onfn` ondu, pk`cnhnn` hn` pk`n`cn`n` onfn` ondu, pk`cljnfn`, hmstrmousm fm`ccn dl`suesm prlhud gnhm). FNIIR m`m ekrupndn` skounf smstke gnem`n` dknen`n` pn`cn` hnjne m`hustrm endn`n` yn`c suhnf hmdk`nj hn` okrjndu skinrn m`tkr`nsml`nj (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1). Dl`skp FNIIR ekrupndn` pk`ccnou`cn` hnrm prm`smp emdrlomljlcms endn`n`, pk`cnwnsn` eutu, hn` pk`mjnmn` rmsmdl u`tud ek`inpnm tm`cdnt dknen`n` sktm`ccm eu`cdm`. Eksdmpu` okcmtu, pk`krnpn` FNIIR tmhnd okrnrtm ek`cfk`tmdn` pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm fm`ccn dk tmtmd `lj, ekjnm`dn` ekem`menjdn``yn dk tm`cdnt yn`c hnpnt hmn`ccnp nen`. Ymstke m`m ek`mjnm dk`hnjm ntns eutu onfn` ek`tnf, smstke pk`cljnfn`, jm`cdu`cn` tkepnt prlsks hmjn`csu`cdn`, lrn`c-lrn`c yn`c tkrjmont hnjne prlsks, hn` smstke pk`ymepn`n` skrtn hmstrmousm (Nrmsen`, ?22=). ?.?.?. ?.?. ?. Ykgnrnf Ykgnrnf FNIIR FNIIR
Dl`skp FNIIR hmeujnm pnhn nwnj tnfu` >=12-n` ljkf Rmjjsoury Ilepn`y okdkrgn Ilepn`y okdkrgn snen sn en hk`cn` tfk @ntml`nj Nkrl`nutmi n`h Ypnik
Nhem`mstrntml` (@NYN) hn` Jnolrntlrmue N`cdntn` Okrsk`gntn Nekrmdn Ykrmdnt. Ymstke m`m hmhnsnrdn` pnhn dl`skp tkd`ms n`njmsms dkcncnjn`, inrn, hn` n`njmsms n`njmsms hnepnd hnepnd ( anmjurk, elhk n`h kaakit n`njysms, AEK AEKN) N) yn`c yn`c ek`cdngm pltk`sm dksnjnfn` yn`c eu`cdm` eu`iuj hm sktmnp tnfnpn` pkjndsn`nn`, hn` pk`kepntn` ekdn`msek pk`ck`hnjmn` yn`c kakdtma skinrn tkpnt. Dl`skp tkrskout dkeuhmn` hmtkrnpdn` dk hnjne smstke dknen`n` emdrlomljlcms hm fnrm-fnrm nwnj pkjndsn`nn` prlcrne pksnwnt ujn`c-njmd okrnwnd NY u`tud ek`gnem` dknen`n` endn`n` nstrl`lt`yn cu`n ekem`menjdn` rmsmdl tkrgnhm`yn dkgnhmn` junr omnsn (DJO) dkrniu`n` endn`n` hm run`c n`cdnsn. Ynnt mtu, smstke dknen`n` hn` eutu endn`n` ueue`yn hmhnsnrdn` pnhn pk`cugmn` prlhud ndfmr. Ndn` tktnpm, ndmont dktkrontnsn` tkd`md pk`cneomjn` snepkj hn` pk`cugmn`, dknen`n` endn`n` sujmt hmgnem`. Hk`cn` hkemdmn` tnepnd gkjns onfwn onfwn nhn suntu dkoutufn` dkoutufn` u`tud ek`hntn`cdn` ek`hntn`cdn` sksuntu yn`c jnm`, skounf ektlhk prndtmd hn` pk`ikcnfn` yn`c hnpnt ekeokrm gnem`n` dknen`n` endn`n` hnjne tm`cdnt yn`c jkomf tm`ccm-smstke FNIIR. Ymstke FNIIR eken`c okjue hmpuojmdnsmdn` snepnm tnfu` >=32-n`, tktnpm skgnd ek`hnpntdn` pk`cndun` hu`mn m`tkr`nsml`nj, pk`krnpn``yn hm hnjne prlhudsm endn`n` yn`c nen` tkjnf hmndum. Onhn` Dkskfntn` Hu`mn (SFL) skoncnm ektlhk yn`c pnjm`c kakdtma u`tud ek`ck`hnjmdn` pk`yndmt onwnn` endn`n` ( allholr`k allholr`k hmsknsk) hmsknsk) (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228). ?.?.9. ?.?. 9. Xnfnpn` Xnfnpn` FNIIR FNIIR
Rk`yusu`n` FNIIR ueue`yn hmjndudn` hnjne >? jn`cdnf ntnu tnfnp ynmtu (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, Sns plhl, ?2>1)7
Xnfnp > 7 Ek`yusu` Xme FNIIR
Xucns pkrtnen hnjne ek`ckeon`cdn` rk`in`n FNIIR nhnjnf ek`cuepujdn` tme FNIIR tkrhmrm hnrm m`hmvmhu-m`hmvmhu yn`c ekemjmdm pk`cktnfun` hn` dknfjmn` dfusus sksunm hk`cn` prlhud hn` prlsks. Xme ek`indup hnrm okroncnm omhn`c skpkrtm tkd`md, prlhudsm, sn`mtnsm, pk`gnem` dunjmtns, hn` emdrlomljlcm endn`n`. Xme gucn ekensuddn` stna yn`c tkrjmont hnjne prlsks p Nppjminl` Cumhkjm`ks, >==3).
Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1)7
@nen prlhud
Dleplsmsm prlhud
Oncnmen`n pk`ccu`nn``yn
Gk`ms dkensn`
Ensn smepn` hn` ensn dkhnjuwnrsn
Hmen`n prlhud tkrskout ndn` hmgunj
Rktu`gud yn`c hmpkrjudn` pnhn jnokj
Oncnmen`n prlhud hmhmstrmousmdn`
Xnfnp 9 7 Mhk`tmamdnsm Xugun` Ndfmr Rk`ccu`nn` Rk`ccu`nn` Rrlhud _k`hn`c
Mhk`tmamdnsm
tugun`
pk`ccu`nn`
prlhud
sn`cnt
pk`tm`c
u`tud
hmtktnpdn` skokjue`yn, dnrk`n fnj tkrskout ndn` okrdnmtn` hk`cn` tm`cdnt dkruemtn` hnjne pk`k`tun` gk`ms-onfnyn hn` ontns drmtms yn`c ndn` jn`gut (Yurl`l, hmmhk`tmamdnsm jkomfYuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1). Yktmnp prlhud yn`c hmdk`h hmd k`hnjmd njmdn` n` ekjnju ekjnjumm pk`krnp pk`krnpn` n` smstke smstke FNIIR FNIIR tkrjkom tkrjkomf f hnfuju hnfuju fnrus fnrus hmtk`tudn` rk`in`n pk`ccu`nn``yn ntnu hk`cn` dntn jnm` fnrus hmmhk`tmamdnsm tkrjkom tkrj komf f hnfuju hnfuju snsnrn` snsnrn` dl`sue dl`suek`` k``yn. yn. Hm hnjne hnjne n`njms n`njmsms ms rmsmdl rmsmdl,, tm`cdn tm`cdntt onfnyn suntu prlhud ndn` okrdnmtn` hk`cn` snsnrn` snsnr n` dl`suek``yn (Xfnfkkr, ?22;). Xme FNIIR pkrju ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm dl`suek` hn` pk`ccu`nn` prlhud yn`c hmm`cm`dn`. Rk`ccu`nn` yn`c hmendsuh fnrus hmhnsnrdn` pnhn pk`ccu`nn` yn`c hmfnrnpdn` ljkf dl`suek`. Rk`ccu`nn` hn` pkrsmnpn` skokjue hmcu`ndn` sn`cnt ekepk`cnrufm dknen`n` prlhud. Rrlhud tkrtk`tu eu`cdm` tkrdl`tnemnsm ntnu ekeonwn lrcn`msek pntlck` skoncnm oncmn`
sntu-sntu`yn tmtmd dl`trlj drmtms yn`c hnpnt ekeount prlhud ek`gnhm nen` nhnjnf pkrjndun` pn`ns yn`c ekenhnm skjnen pkrsmnpn`. Dl`suek` yn`c hmendsuh omsn ek`gnhm ensynrndnt ueue ntnu skcek` tkrtk`tu hnrm plpujnsm skpkrtm onym ntnu lrn`c tun. Gmdn prlhud tkrskout hmgunj dk ruenf sndmt ntnu dkjlepld pk`huhud hk`cn` dkrk`tn`n` tm`ccm, hmoutufdn` jkomf dknen`n` hn` ontnsn` drmtms pkrju jkomf dktnt (FNIIR Kurlpn Ruojmintml`, ?2>?).
Xnfnp 8 7 Ek`yusu` Ek`yusu` Njur
Xme FNIIR fnrus ekeount hlduek` yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn` okrujn`c- ujn`c hnjne prlsks pk`ckeon`cn` rk`in`n FNIIR. Xme FNIIR pkrju ekjmfnt skinrn hkdnt prlsks prlhudsm hn` ekeount hmncrne njmr yn`c ek`u`guddn` skeun jn`cdnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ek`cljnf prlhud. ekeount ekeou nt hmncrne hmncrne njmr tmhnd pkrju ruemt hk`cn` ek`ccneonrdn` ek`ccneonrdn` prlsks hnrm pk`krmenn` dk pk`cmrmen`. [`tud ek`keudn` skeun onfnyn dknen`n` pn`cn` hm hnjne prlsks pkeountn`, pkrju ek`cktnfum skinrn ski nrn pkrsms jn`cdnfjn`cdnf yn`c hmjkwntm ljkf prlhud tkrskout. Xugun` hmncrne njmr nhnjnf ekeokrmdn` hksdrmpsm skhkrfn`n yn`c gkjns tk`tn`c skeun jn`cdnf yn`c tkrjmont hnjne pkerlsksn`. Jn`cdnf pk`krmenn` hn` pk`ymepn`n` onfn` ondu fnrus hmskrtndn` (FNIIR Kurlpn Ruojmintml`, ?2>?). Oncn` njmr ntnu hmncrne njmr yn`c hmount fnrus ekeunt skeun tnfnpn` hm hnjne lpkrnsml`nj prlhudsm (Xfnfkkr, ?22;). Hmncrne njmr prlsks fnrus ek`indup hntn skpkrtm (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228)7
_m`imn` skeun onfn` ek`tnf hn` dkensn`
Hnjne
Ykeun dkcmntn` prlsks
Dl`hmsm pk`ymepn`n`
Rrlamj sufu hn` wndtu
Xrn`sakr hnjne hn` n`tnr-nrkn prlhudsm
Cneonrn` hksnm`/pkrjk`cdnpn`
Xnokj ?.> Ymeolj yn`c hmcu`ndn` hnjne hmncrne njmr Dkcmntn`
Ymeolj
Jn`cdnf
Hksdrmpsm
Rkruonfn` amsmd (ems., Rkeltl`cn` hncm`c), onfn` dmemn (emsnj`yn, pF), ntnu emdrlomljlcm (emsnj`yn, stkrmjmsnsm) hnrm onfn`, pk`inepur onfn` ntnu pkemsnfn` dlepl`k` (ems., Rkemsnfn` tujn`c hnrm hncm`c) Jn`cdnf dl`trlj u`tud ek`ckikd prlhud ntnu prlsks
M`spkdsm
Rk`cn`cdutn`/trn`splr
Rkruonfn` jldnsm tn`pn nhn`yn pkruonfn` pnhn prlhud mtu sk`hmrm
Ek`u`hn
Rk`cfk`tmn` skek`tnrn prlsks snepnm hntn`c`yn jn`cdnf pkerlsksn` okrmdut`yn. Rk`u`hnn` yn`c tkrdnmt hk`cn` prlsks mtu sk`hmrm (ems., Ytkrmjmsnsm) tmhnd hmtu`guddn` ljkf smeolj m`m Ek`gncn prlhud hnjne dl`hmsm sksunm hk`cn` prlhud u`tud ekem`menjdn` dkrusndn` (ems., Rk`ymepn`n` cuhn`c skokjue pk`cmrmen`) Dleom`nsm lpkrnsm hn` m`spkdsm
Rk`ymepn`n` pkren`k`
Jn`cdnf cnou`cn`
Yueokr 7 (_nfen`, >===) Xnfnp ; 7 Ek`cdl`amrensm Ek`cdl`amrensm Njur
Yktkjnf tme FNIIR ek`ykjksnmdn` hmncrne njmr, pkrju hmpkrmdsn dktkpntn``yn. Oncn` njmr yn`c tkjnf hmount okjue hnpnt hmdntndn` snen hk`cn` prlsks skok`nr`yn hmjnpn`cn`, tktnpm ensmf ekekrjudn` kvnjunsm hn` dkpnstmn` ekjnjum pk`cnentn` jn`csu`c (Xfnfkkr, ?22;). [`tud
ekjndudn``yn, pnstmdn` onfwn jn`cdnf-jn`cdnf yn`c tkrtkrn pnhn hmncrne ek`ccneonrdn` skinrn rknjmstms npn yn`c tkrgnhm skjnen prlsks prlhudsm (FNIIR Kurlpn Kurlpn Ruojmintml`, ?2>?). Rrlsks hmncrne njmr yn`c jk`cdnp dnhn`c tmhnd ekekrjudn` elhmamdnsm sktkjnf ek`gnjn`m pkeoudtmn` hm tkepnt prlhudsm, dnrk`n`yn pk`tm`c u`tud ekjndudn` ekjndudn` fnj tkrskout sskokjue kokjue ensud dk
Xnfnp 1 7 Mhk`dnsm N`njmsms Onfnyn
N`njmsms onfnyn ekrupndn` oncmn` hnrm dngmn` FNIIR, ynmtu e ek`cnen sknp jn`cdnf h cn`ccun` dkskfntn` dkpnhn dl`suek` (Fum, kt nj., ?228). Hnjne n`njmsms
onfnyn tkrskout fnrus hmmhk`tmamdnsm hn` hmintnt fnj-fnj skoncnm okrmdut (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1)7
Onfnyn ndtunj hn` pltk`smnj yn`c tkrdnmt hk`cn` sktmnp tnfnpn` hnjne prlsks.
Rltk`sm sueokr onfnyn (onfnyn omljlcms, dmemn, hn` amsmd) pnhn sktmnp tnfnpn` prlsks. Npndnf tnfnpn` prlsks tkrtk`tu hnpnt ek`meoujdn` pltk`sm onfnyn, ntnu ek`m`cdntdn` pltk`sm onfnyn. Emsnj`yn, okrnsnj hnrm pkrnjntn` yn`c durn`c okrsmf.
Rltk`sm sueokr onfnyn (onfnyn omljlcms, dmemn, hn` amsmd) pnhn sktmnp onfn` (onfn` ondu, onfn` tneonfn`, tneonfn`, onfn` pkeon`tu) yn`c hmcu hmcu`ndn`. `ndn`.
Xm`cdnt dkeu`cdm`n` tkrgnhm`yn onfnyn, emsnj`yn sn`cnt eu`cdm` tkrgnhm, omsn tkrgnhm, gnrn`c tkrgnhm, sn`cnt gnrn`c tkrgnhm.
Xm`cdnt dkpnrnfn` onfnyn (kakd dkskfntn`), npnomjn n`inen` onfnyn
m. -onfnyn yn`c hnpnt ek`hudu`c dkjn`csu`cn` fmhup ntnu pkron`yndn` lrcn`msek ntnu tkrok`tud`yn tldsm` tkrtk`tu pn m tkrtk`tu yn`c hnpnt ek`ykonodn` dl`tnem`nsm ntnu pkeok`tudn` sk`ynwn` dmemn okronfnyn. nf pk`ck`hnjmn` npn sngn yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` u`tud u ek`curn`cm onfnyn dk `cdnt yn`c hmn`ccnp nen`.
Ykinrn cnrms oksnr onfnyn utnen hnjne endn`n` hmoncm ek`gnhm 9 dkjlepld ynmtu7 >. Onfn Onfnyn yn om omlj ljlc lcms ms
Onfnyn omljlcm eu`iuj hnjne ok`tud emdrllrcn`msek pntlck` yn`c hnpnt ekeokrmdn` pk`cnruf onmd jn`csu`c, ndmont tueouf hnjne ntnu ek`cl`tnem`nsm endn`n` yn`c dkeuhmn` tkrtkjn` (m`akdsm onwnn` endn`n`), enupu` tmhnd jn`csu`c, ndmont prlhudsm rniu` (dkrniu`n` endn`n`). Emdrllcn`msek ekemjmdm dkoutufn` hnsnr yn`c okrfuoun`cn` hk`cn` sufu lptmeue pkrtueoufn`, dkjkeonpn`, pF, hn` sueokr endn`n` (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228).
Xnokj ?.? Rrlamj Rntlck` Lrcn`msek
Onimjjus ikrkus
Inepyjlonitk r gkgu`m
Ijlstrmhmu e oltujm`ue
Ijltrmhmue pkrarm`ck` s Jmstkrmn el`liytlck`k s K. iljm L>;37F3
Ynjel`kjjn spp.
Yfmckjjn spp.
Ytnpfyjliliiu s nurkus
Yueokr
Endn`n` Xkrdnmt
Xn`nf, skrknj, hkou, Oueou, onfn`tueoufn`, rneout onfn` skrknj fkwn`, nmr hn` skhmek` [sus fkwn`
tnwnr,
[`ccns, hncm`c, nmr yn`c tmhnd hmljnf, hn` susu yn`c tmhnd hm pnstkrmsnsm hk`cn` onmd Yplrn hmtkeudn` hm Hnpnt eu`iuj hnjne tn`nf, pn`tnm, usus skeun endn`n` mdn` hn` fkwn`, skrtn skhmek` hn`nu hn` jnut Xn`nf, hkou, Endn`n` ek`tnf, tueoufn`, usus yn`c hmdkrm`cdn`, fkwn` hn` en`usmn hn` endn`n` entn`c Xn`nf, smjnsk pndn` Ykeun jm`cdu`cn` tkr`nd, tm`gn fkwn` pk`cljnfn` endn`n` hn` en`usmn, nmr dltlr [sus fnjus Hncm`c snpm entn`c, susu ek`tnf, prlhud ek`tnf, gus ounf yn`c tkrm`akdsm [sus en`usmn hn` Hncm`c onom, fkwn`, nmr dltlr u`ccns, tkjur, susu ek`tnf, nmr, dkrn`c
Dnrndtkrmstmd Rkrtueoufn` Rkrtueoufn ` Lptmeue Nkrlo 92 - 82℉
pF 1,2 ’ 3,2 nw 2,==; Emdrlnkrlamjmd 8? - 89℉ pF 1,; ’ 3,; nw 2,==3 N`nkrlo lojmcnt ?; - 92℉ pF 3,2 nw 2,== ’ 2,==;
Nkrlo 89 - 83℉ pF 3,? nw 2,==; Nkrlo andujtntma 93℉ pF 1,2 ’ 3,2 nw 2,==; Nkrlo andujtntma 92 - 82℉ pF 1,2 ’ 3,2 nw 2,==;
Nkrlo andujtntma 9; - 89℉ pF 3,2 ’ 3,; nw 2,== Xn`cn` tkrikenr Nmr, susu, snjnh, Nkrlo 9; tm`gn, jnjnt dk`tn`c ljnfn`, `nsm, - 89℉ pF ;,; ’ 3,; fneourckr Ekeorn` eudlsn Ykeun endn`n` N`nkrlo 93℉ hn` dujmt fkwn` entn`c pF 1,2 ’ 3,2 okrhnrnf pn`ns hn` en`usmn nw 2,=6
Lrcn`msek
Yueokr
Qmorml pnrnfnkeljytmiu pnrnfnkel jytmiu s
Jnut fn`cnt
Nspkrcmjjus (najntldsm`)
Jm`cdu`cn`
okrpkrnmrn`
Endn`n` Xkrdnmt
Dkrn`c hn` mdn`
Dnrndtkrmstmd Rkrtueoufn` Rkrtueoufn ` Lptmeue Nkrlo 93℉ pF 3,6 ’ 6,1 nw 2,=6> 99℉
Dnin`c tn`nf, om omgm omgmn` ek`cn`hu`c ek`cn`hu`c pF ;,2 ’ 6,2 em`ynd nw 2,=6 - 0 2,== Qmrus (ems., Rk`gnenf endn`n` Dkrn`c hun Qmrus tmhnd tueouf hnjne yn`c tkrm`akdsm, nmr in`cdn`c @lrwnjd, trn`sakr endn`n` Fkpntmtms N dltlr, nmr yn`c pnsma dk endn`n` K`tkrlvmrus) smnp sn`tn` tkrikenr Yueokr 7 (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228) ?. Onfnyn dmemn
Onfnyn dmemn nhnjnf onfnyn yn`c tmeouj skinrn dmemnwm yn`c hnpnt ek`cn`ine dkskfntn` hn` dkskjnentn` en`usmn. Dl`tnem`nsm znt dmemn pnhn onfn` endn`n` hnpnt tkrgnhm ekjnjum onfn`-onfn`, snnt prlhudsm ntnu skjnen hmstrmousm/pk`ymepn`n`, hn` hnend`yn pnhn dl`suek` omsn okrupn gn`cdn pn`gn`c (ems., dnrsm`lck`md), gn`cdn pk`hkd (ems., rkndsm njkrcm). on`cu`n` gucn ekepkrtmeon`cdn` skeun dl`tnem`n` pltk`smnj hnjne onfn` ek`tnf hn` dkensn`. Okrmdut m`m il`tlf dl`tnem`nsm znt dmemn (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228). -
Onfn` ek`tnf 7 pkstmsmhn/fkromsmhn, rniu` (njnem ntnu hmfnsmjdn` ljkf emdrlon), njkrck`, n`tmomltmd, rksmhu flrel`, jlcne okrnt.
-
Rrlsks 7 nck`s pkeokrsmf, pkjuens, znt pk`hm`cm`, znt dmemn pk`ck`hnjm fnen, tldsm`, njkrck`.
-
Dkensn` 7 onfn` pjnstmd hn` znt nhmtma, tm`tn, znt pkrkdnt, pkjurufn` jlcne hnrm dnjk`c.
9. Onfn Onfnyn yn amsmd msmd
Onfnyn
amsmd
pnhn
endn`n`
nhnjnf
nhn`yn
ok`hn
yn`c
dkokrnhnn``yn hnjne endn`n` hnpnt ek`ikjndndn` dl`suek`, skpkrtm emsnj`yn hnpnt ekjudnm eujut, cmcm, snjurn` pkr`nansn`, snjurn` pk`ikr`nn`, ntnu onfdn` yn`c hnpnt ekjudnm n`ccltn onhn` (tn`cn`) dl`suek``yn (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1). Onfnyn amsmd ekrupndn` znt ntnu ok`hn nsm`c yn`c hnpnt ek`cl`tnem`nsm onfn` endn`n` dnpn` sngn skjnen okrjn`csu`c`yn prlhudsm. Wnt nsm`c hnpnt hmpn`hn`c skoncnm onfnyn pnhn dknen`n` endn`n` gmdn znt tkrskout ensud hnjne dntkclrm okrmdut (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228)7
Yksuntu yn`c tngne hn` ek`ykonodn` `ykrm hn` ikhkrn, ems., skrpmfn` dnyu, pkinfn` ckjns.
Yksuntu yn`c hnpnt ek`ykonodn` dkrusndn` cmcm yn`c pnrnf, ems., jlcne, ontu.
Yksuntu yn`c hnpnt ek`ykonodn` tkrskhnd, ems., tujn`c ntnu pjnstmd. Njnsn` jnm` u`tud ek`cntnsm dl`tnem`nsm znt nsm`c nhnjnf onfwn znt
mtu hnpnt okrtm`hnd skoncnm snrn`n u`tud dl`tnem`nsm smjn`c emdrlomljlcm. Il`tlf`yn nhnjnf dkokrnhnn` jnjnt hnjne duk drme yn`c onru entn`c. Hmsm`m onfnyn eu`iuj ndmont pkrpm`hnfn` emdrllrcn`msek pntlck` hnrm jnjnt dk hnjne duk, oudn` jnjnt mtu sk`hmrm yn`c ek`gnhm onfnyn (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228). Ek`ck`nm dntkclrm ok`hn okronfnyn AYMY ( Allh Allh Ynakty n`h M`spkitml` Ykrvmik) Ykrvmik) AHN >==; hnjne (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1) ekeount dksmepujn` onfwn (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1)7
Ok`hn dkrns hn` tngne okrudurn` pn`gn`c 3 ’ ?; ee nhnjnf
okronfnyn.
Ok`hn dkrns hn` tngne okrudurn` : 3 ntnu 0 ?; ee okronfnyn u`tud dkjlepld dl`suek` tkrtk`tu.
Rltl`cn` tujn`c ntnu hurm hk`cn` udurn` : > ie tmhnd okronfnyn.
Rltl`cn` tujn`c ntnu hurm > ’ ? ie okrmsmdl rk`hnf
Rltl`cn` tujn`c ntnu hurm 0 ? ie okrpltk`sm onfnyn hn` hnpnt ekjudnm.
N`njmsms _msmdl
N`njmsn
pltk`sm
onfnyn
skinrn
dunjmtntma
hmjndudn`
hk`cn`
ek`cdleom`nsmdn` n`tnrn pkjun`c (prlonomjmty) hn` dkndutn`/dkpnrnfn` (skvkrmty). Onfnyn pltk`smnj yn`c ekemjmdm rksmdl tm`ccm fnrus/wngmo hmjndudn` tm`hndn` dlrkdsm, skhn`cdn` tm`hndn` pk`ikcnfn` pnhn onfnyn pltk`smnj hk`cn` rksmdl ek`k`cnf. Okrmdut m`m nhnjnf pk`mjnmn` rmsmdl rms mdl hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` entrmds rmsmdl olkvkk (Xfnfkkr, ?22;). Xnokj ?.9 Entrmds Rk`k`tun` _msmdl Olkvkk _msmdl Olkvkk Xm`cdnt Dkeu`cdm`n` Xkrgnhm ( Rrlonomjmty) Rrlonomjmty)
Xm`cdnt Dkpnrnfn` ( Ykvkrmty) Ykvkrmty)
Xmhnd tkrgnhm (>)
Dnhn`c tkrgnhm (?)
Ykrm`c tkrgnhm (9)
Rnstm tkrgnhm (8)
Yn`cnt tm`ccm (8)
8
6
>?
>1
Xm`ccm (9)
9
1
=
>?
Ykhn`c (?)
?
8
1
6
_k`hnf (>)
>
?
9
8
Yueokr 7 Hmelhmamdnsm (Xfnfkkr, ?22;)
Xnfnp 3 7 Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Dk`hnjm Drmtms (XDD)
Xnfnp skjn`gut`yn nhnjnf ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm tmtmd-tmtmd ntnu tnfnpn`tnfnpn`
prlsks
ek`cfmjn`cdn`,
en`n ntnu
sngn
yn`c
ek`curn`cm
hnpnt
hmdl`trlj
tkrgnhm`yn
cu`n
onfnyn-onfnyn
ek`ikcnf, tkrskout,
skfm`ccn hmfnsmjdn` prlhud yn`c nen`. Hnrm fnsmj mhk`tmamdnsm m`m, endn ndn` npn yn`c hmskout Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms ntnu Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (IIR). IIR hnpnt hmhkam`msmdn` skoncnm tmtmd, ntnu tnfnpn` ntnu prlskhur hnjne pk`cljnfn` endn`n` yn`c hnpnt hnpnt hmdk`hnjmdn` skfm`ccn onfnyn hnpnt hmikcnf ntnu hmturu`dn` pnhn tm`cdnt yn`c hmn`ccnp nen`. [`tud ek`ktnpdn` npndnf suntu tnfnpn` prlsks hnpnt hmdntkclrmdn` skoncnm tmtmd drmtms ntnu oudn`, endn hmcu`ndn` Oncn` Jlcmdn ntnu Rlfl` Dkputusn` ( Hkimsml` Hkimsml` Xrkk) Xrkk) skoncnm okrmdut (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1)7 ?2>1)7
hmhnpntdn`
R>
Npndnf tkrhnpnt onfnyn hnjne onfn` ondu yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn`<
]n
R?
Oudn` IIR
Npndnf hnjne prlsks ntnu dl`suek` hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn hnrm prlhud<
]n
R9
Xmhnd
Xmhnd
IIR
Npndnf tkrhnpnt rmsmdl dl`tnem`nsm smjn`c tkrfnhnp ansmjmtns ntnu prlhud jnm` yn`c tmhnd hmdk`hnjmdn`< hmdk`hnjmdn`<
Xmhnd
]n
IIR
Oudn` IIR
Oncn` ?.> Hmncrne Rlfl` Dkputusn` Dk putusn` Rk`k`tun` IIR u`tud Onfn` Ondu Yueokr 7 (Anrhmnz, >==1)
R>
Npndnf nhn tm`hndn` pk`ikcnfn` u`tud ek`ck`hnjmdn`<
Xmhnd
]n
Jndudn` elhmamdnsm tnfnpn` hnjne prlsks ntnu rk`hn`c
Npndnf pkrju pk`ikcnfn` pnhn tnfnp m`m u`tud dknen`n` pn`cn`< ]n
Oudn` IIR
Xmhnd
R?
Npndnf tnfnpn` hmrn`in`c dfusus u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` ntnu ek`curn`cm onfnyn snepnm ontns nen`<
Xmhnd
R9
]n
IIR
Npndnf dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn hnpnt ek`m`cdnt snepnm ontns nen`<
]n
R8
Okrfk`tm
Xmhnd
Oudn` IIR
Okrfk`tm
Npndnf tnfnpn` okrmdut`yn hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` ntnu ek`curn`cm onfnyn snepnm ontns nen`<
]n
Xmhnd
IIR
Oudn` IIR
Okrfk`
Oncn` ?.? Hmncrne Rlfl` Dkputusn` Rk`k`tun` IIR u`tud Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` Yueokr7 (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1)
Xnfnp 6 7 Ek`k`tudn` Ek`k`tudn` Ontns Drmtms u`tud Ensm`c-Ensm`c Ensm`c-Ensm`c XDD
Ontns drmtms nhnjnf `mjnm endsmeue ntnu `mjnm em`meue onfnyn omljlcm, dmemn, ntnu amsmd yn`c tkrmhk`tmamdnsm yn`c fnrus hmdk`hnjmdn` pnhn tmtmd drmtms u`tud u`tud ek`ikcnf, ek`ikcnf, ek`cfmjn`cdn`, ek`cfmjn`cdn`, ntnu ek`curn`c ek`curn`cmm onfnyn onfnyn dk tm`cdnt yn`c hmn`ccnp nen`. Yktmnp IIR ndn` ekemjmdm sntu ntnu jkomf pk`ikcnfn` yn`c fnrus hmdl`trlj hk`cn` onmd u`tud u`tud ekenstmdn` pk`ikcnfn`, pk`cfnpusn`, ntnu pk`curn`cn` onfnyn dk tm`cdnt yn`c hnpnt hmtkrmen. Ncnr kakdtma sktmnp ontns drmtms fnrus (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1)7 >. Okrhnsnrdn` Okrhnsnrdn` m`alrensm m`alrensm yn`c yn`c tkjnf tkroudtm. tkroudtm. Yueokr Yueokr m`alre m`alrensm nsm tk`tn`c tk`tn`c ontns drmtms hnpnt hmpkrljkf hnrm okroncnm sueokr, emsnj`yn, pkrnturn` pkekrm`tnf, jmtkrntur mjemnf, hn` dl`sujtnsm hk`cn` pnrn nfjm. ?. [durn` [durn` ontns ontns drmtms drmtms omnsn`yn omnsn`yn nhnjnf nhnjnf dleom`n dleom`nsm sm hnrm andtlr-and andtlr-andtlr tlr yn`c hnpnt hmudur pnhn snnt prlsks prlhudsm okrgnjn`, ynmtu skpkrtm pnpnrn` sufu hn` wndtu pnhn prlsks stkrmjmsnsm, pF, udurn` ok`hn amsmd hn` skoncnm`yn. 9. @mjnm ontns ontns drmtms drmtms fnrus fnrus ekek`ufm ekek`ufm pkrsynrntn pkrsynrntn` ` pkrnturn` pkrnturn` pkekrm`tn pkekrm`tnf f hn` tm`hndn` (emsnj`yn pkrsynrntn` sufu hn` wndtu u`tud prlsks tkrenj skpkrtm pnstkrmsnsm, ekensnd, hn` skoncnm`yn). Xnfnp = 7 Rken`tnun` Ontns Drmtms Yktmnp Yktmnp XDD
Ektlhk el`mtlrm`c ntnu pken`tnun` ontns drmtms fnrus okronsms mjemnf hn` ek`ccu`ndn` pkrnjntn` yn`c skjnju hmdnjmornsm skinrn rutm`, skfm`ccn ekeokrmdn` hntn pk`cnentn` yn`c fn`hnj hn` hnpnt hmpkrtn`ccu`c gnwnodn`. Yktmnp smstke pken`tnun` fnrus hmtktnpdn` hnjne prlskhur stn`hnr hn` hntn pken`tnun` IIR fnrus hmintnt hn` hmhlduek`tnsmdn` skinrn rutm`.
Hlduek` smstke pken`tnun` IIR fnrus ek`gkjnsdn` (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1)7
Npn yn`c fnrus hmpn`tnu Oncnmen`n inrn ek`cnentm
Hmen`n hmjndudn` pken`tnun`
Dnpn` hmjndudn` pken`tnun`
Ymnpn yn`c okrtn`ccu`c gnwno hnjne pken`tnun` Rken`tnun` ekrupndn` tm`hndn` u`tud ek`gnjn`dn` pkekrmdsnn` hn`
loskrvnsm u`tud ekenstmdn` onfwn prlsks eken`c tkrdk`hnjm. Rkeok`tudn` prlskhur pken`tnun` ekjmontdn` skguejnf u`sur, skoncnm okrmdut (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228)7 >. Rkrn Rkrnjn jntn tn` ` hn hn` ` ektl ektlhk hk Drmtkrmn yn`c hmcu`ndn` hnpnt ek`indup, hn` dnrk`n`yn ekeoutufdn`, pk`cudurn` tkrfnhnp7
Rnrnektkr amsmd, skpkrtm sufu, wndtu, hn` tm`cdnt dkjkeonon`. Gk`ms pk`cudurn` amsmd jnm``yn yn`c ek`indup pkekrmdsnn` gnjn``yn pk`hktkdsmn` jlcne, enc`kt, hktkdsm sm`nr-V, hn` m`spkdsm nyndn` hn` snrm`cn`.
Rkekrmdsnn` dmemnwm, skpkrtm n`njmsms djlrm`, pF, hn` nw. Gk`ms ugm dmemn jnm` hnpnt ek`indup n`njmsms rksmhu pkstmsmhn, ugm rksmhu njkrck`, ntnu n`njmsms jlcne okrnt.
[gm sk`slrmd, skpkrtm pk`nepndn` vmsunj hn` tkdstur. Eksdmpu` ugm skenine m`m skrm`c hmdnmtdn` hk`cn` drmtkrmn eutu, pken`tnun` pk`nepndn` pk`nepndn ` vmsunj hnpnt hmtkrnpdn` pnhn IIR ok`hn nsm`c, hn` tkdstur
eu`cdm` sn`cnt ek`k`tudn` ek`k`tudn` u`tud pk`ktrnsm pn`ns yn`c kakdtma, skpkrtm hnjne prlhud dnjk`cn`. [gm emdrlomljlcms tmhnd omnsn hmcu`ndn` u`tud pken`tnun` dnrk`n fnsmj`yn tmhnd hnpnt jn`csu`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud pken`tnun` dnrk`n fnsmj`yn tmhnd hnpnt jn`csu`c tkrskhmn. Fnsmj jn`csu`c pnhn snnt mtu jkomf hmutnendn` supnyn tm`hndn` pkronmdn` hnpnt skckrn hmjndudn`. ?. Rk Rk`k `ktn tnpn pn` ` arkdu arkduk` k`sm sm Arkduk`sm pken`tnun` okrcn`tu`c pnhn gk`ms IIR hn` pkrju hmpn`hn`c skoncnm oncmn` hnrm smstke pk`ck`hnjmn`. Il`tlf7 pken`tnun` nsmhmtns hnpnt hmjndudn` hk`cn` ek`cudur pF sktmnp duepujn` prlhud yn`c hmfnsmjdn`. 9. En`usmn Dnrynwn` yn`c hmtucnsdn` fnrus7
Yuhnf tkromnsn hk`cn` prlsks`yn
Xkrjntmf hnjne tkd`md pken`tnun`
Xkrjntmf hnjne dksnhnrn` ndn` FNIIR
Xmhnd omns hnjne pken`tnun` hn` pkjnplrn`
Xkrjntmf hnjne prlskhur tm`hndn` pkronmdn`
8. Rk`intntn`
Fnsmj ndtmvnsm pken`tnun` fnrus hmintnt ljkf pken`tnu IIR. Oudu jnplrn jnp lrn` ` fnrmn` fnrmn` yn`c yn`c hmcu`n hmcu`ndn` dn` u`tud u`tud ek`hld ek`hlduek uek`tn `tnsmd smdn` n` skeun skeun pk`cugmn` fnrus ekeunt m`alrensm yn`c ok`nr u`tud ekenstmdn` onfwn IIR eken`c tkrdk`hnjm, hn` intntn` mtu fnrus hmtkjnnf skinrn tkrntur hn` hmsmepujdn`
ljkf pmfnd tkrjntmf yn`c okrwk`n`c. Intntn` pken`tnun` IIR hnpnt hmsmepn` skoncnm oncmn` hnrm oudu jnplrn` fnrmn` prlhudsm ueue. Xnfnp >2 7 Rk`ktnpn` Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Nhndnjn`yn suntu tnfnpn` prlsks tkrtk`tu yn`c drmtms tkr`yntn tmhnd hnjne pk`ck`hnjmn` yn`c ekenhnm skfm`ccn prlhud yn`c hmfnsmjdn` tmhnd hnpnt hm`yntndn` nen`. [`tud ek`cn`tmsmpnsm dkrgnhmn` yn`c tmhnd hmdkfk`hndm tkrskout, endn fnrus hmountdn` prlskhur tm`hndn` pkronmdn` (ilrrkitmvk nitml`). nitml`). Xm`hndn` pkronmdn` fnrus ek`indup fnj-fnj skoncnm okrmdut7 >. Ek`k`tudn` Ek`k`tudn` pk`kepnt pk`kepntn` n` hn` pkrjndun` pkrjndun` dfusus tkrfnhnp tkrfnhnp prlhud prlhud yn`c tmhnd ekek`ufm synrnt ncnr tmhnd okrinepur hk`cn` prlhud yn`c `lrenj. ?. Ekepkronmd Ekepkronmdmm pk`ykono pk`ykono dksnjnfn` dksnjnfn` u`tud u`tud ek`ikcnf ek`ikcnf tkrgnhm` tkrgnhm`yn yn dkeonjm. dkeonjm. 9. Ekenstmd Ekenstmdn` n`
onfwn onfwn sktkjnf sktkjnf
tm`hndn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn` pkronmdn`
IIR IIR
ok`nr-ok` ok`nr-ok`nr nr
tkrdk`hnjm (hk`cn` ekekrmdsn dkeonjm onfwn prlsks ntnu prlhud pnhn IIR tkrskout ekek`ufm synrnt ontns drmtms) 8. Ekeount Ekeount intntn` intntn` skjuruf skjuruf tm`hnd tm`hndn` n` pkronmdn pkronmdn` ` yn`c hmdkrgndn` hmdkrgndn`..
Xnfnp >> 7 Rk`ktnpn` Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm
Rk`krnpn` prm`smp 1 hnpnt hminpnm ekjnjum skguejnf ndtmvmtns yn`c skinrn ueue tkrindup hnjne hun dntkclrm, ynmtu vnjmhnsm hn` vkrmamdnsm (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228). >. Qnjmhnsm Hm hnjne vnjmhnsm, pkrju ek`m`gnu ujn`c skeun prm`smp FNIIR u`tud ekenstmdn` onfwn drmtkrmn pk`ck`hnjmn` tkjnf hmtkrnpdn` hk`cn` ok`nr cu`n ekenstmdn` onfwn skeun onfnyn yn`c smc`mamdn` hnpnt
hmdk`hnjmdn`. Qnjmhnsm ekrupndn` skounf pkenstmn` onfwn tm`hndn` pk`ck`hnjmn` hn` ontnsn` drmtms ndn` ek`ck`hnjmdn` onfnyn yn`c tkrmhk`tmamdnsm, ynmtu onfwn m`alrensm hnjne rn`in`cn` FNIIR skinrn kakdtma ndn` ek`cntur dknen`n` endn`n`. ?. Qkrmamdnsm Qkrmamdnsm nhnjnf pkenstmn` onfwn tm`hndn` pk`ck`hnjmn` tkjnf hmjndudn` skjnen prlsks, omnsn`yn okcmtu rn`in`cn` FNIIR tkjnf hmtkrnpdn`. Okrokhn hk`cn` tm`hndn` pken`tnun` ntnu el`mtlrm`c, vkrmamdnsm ekrupndn` tm`hndn` u`tud ekenstmdn` onfwn skjuruf prlskhur hnjne rn`in`cn` FNIIR tkjnf hmgnjn`dn` hk`cn` ok`nr, ekenstmdn` sktmnp tnfnpn` drmtms hnjne prlsks prlhudsm tkjnf ok`nr-ok`nr tkrdk`hnjm, ekek`ufm stn`hnr drmtms yn`c tkjnf hmtktnpdn` hn` ekenstmdn` onfwn tugun` ek`cfnsmjdn` prlhud yn`c nen` suhnf tkrinpnm (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1). Il`tlf 7 intntn` ekeok`nrdn` onfwn duk dkgu hmpn`ccn`c skjnen ;; ek`mt pnhn sufu >88℉. Dkcmntn` vkrmamdnsm ek`indup nuhmt tkrfnhnp smstke FNIIR, skrtn pk`m`gnun` hn` n`njmsms hntn skpkrtm intntn` IIR u`tud ekenstmdn` dktnntn` tkrfnhnp prlcrne, pk`cneomjn` snepkj hn` pk`cugmn` prlhud skinrn emdrlomljlcms hn` dmemnwm, pk`cdngmn` jnplrn` dkjufn` dl`suek` hn` dnjmornsm pkrnjntn`.
Nuhmt skinrn tkrntur Nuhm Nu hmtt ekru ekrupn pndn dn` ` su suntu ntu dk dkcm cmnt ntn` n` pl pldl dld d yn yn`c `c fn fnru russ ek`i ek`ind ndup up m`spkdsm m`spk dsm tkrfnhnp tkrfnhnp jnplrn` jnplrn` prlhudsm, prlhudsm, pk`ymepn` pk`ymepn`cn`, cn`, tm`hndn` tm`hndn` yn`c hmjndudn` skrtn pk`cdngmn` tkrfnhnp pkjndsn`nn` hn` prlskhur yn`c hmcu`ndn`
u`tud ek`ck`hnjmdn` IIR. Gmdn nuhmt m`tkr`nj hmskjk`ccnrndn`’nuhmt hmjndudn` ljkf usnfn mtu sk`hmrm ’ pk`tm`c dmrn`yn nuhmt hmjndsn`ndn` ljkf dnrynwn` yn`c tmhnd tkrjmont hnjne dngmn` FNIIR m`m ntnu tmhnd tkrjmont hnjne en`ngkek` fnrmn` rn`in`cn` FNIIR dnrk`n lrn`c yn`c tmhnd okrfuou`cn` hk`cn` prlsks tkrskout pk`hkdntn``yn jkomf logkdtma. Nuhmt kdstkr`nj gucn ekrupndn` dkcmntn` vkrmamdnsm hn` dkeu`cdm`n`
hnpnt hmjndudn`
ljkf
dl`suek`,
pk`m`gnu
hnrm
pkekrm`tnf ntnu pmfnd dktmcn yn`c hmpkdkrgndn` onmd ljkf dl`suek` enupu` ljkf usnfn mtu sk`hmrm. Nuhmt skinrn tkrntur ek`cfnsmjdn` oudtm onfwn rn`in`cn` FNIIR tktnp okrgnjn` hk`cn` kakdtma. En`annt hmjndudn``yn nuhmt tkrfnhnp smstke FNIIR n`tnrn jnm`. -
Dksm`neou`cn` dkpkrinynn` tkrfnhnp dkkakdtman` smstke hn` dksnhnrn` ndn` en`ngkek` dknen`n` endn`n`.
-
Rkronmdn` smstke ekjnjum mhk`tmamdnsm nrkn yn`c jkenf.
-
Rkeokrmn` oudtm tkrhlduek`tnsm onfwn dknen`n` endn`n` tkjnf tkrdkjljn.
N`njmsms hntn Dkcmntn` m`m ekenstmdn` onfwn rn`in`cn` FNIIR tktnp okrgnjn` hk`cn` kakdtma, trk` yn`c tkrok`tud hnpnt hmn`njmsms hn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn` hnpnt hmjndsn`ndn`. Ek`cm`cnt nhn`yn dkoutufn` ndn` prndtmd fmcmk`k yn`c onmd yn`c ek`gnhm prnsynrnt, intntn` tkrskout gucn fnrus hmdngm hm tkepnt nsnj`yn. Gk`ms hntn yn`c pkrju hmdngm skinrn tkrntur sn`cnt okrncne hn` eu`cdm` ekjmputm7
n. FNIIR FNIIR 7 oudu oudu jnplrn` jnplrn` fnrmn` fnrmn` FNIIR, FNIIR, fnsmj ugm, ugm, oncn` oncn` dk`hnj dk`hnjmm prlsks, jnplrn` nuhmt FNIIR, hn` dkjufn` dkjufn` dl`suek`. o. Rrnsynrnt 7 jnplrn` dl`trlj fnen, rkcmstkr dnin, jnplrn` nuhmt ruenf tn`ccn ntnu fmcmk`k. Xnfnp >? 7 Hlduek`tnsm Hlduek`tnsm hn` Rk`intntn` Rk`intntn`
Ymstke FNIIR fnrus hmhlduek`tnsmdn` hn` intntn` hmpkjmfnrn u`tud ek`u`guddn` onfwn smstke mtu eken`c hmsusu` hk`cn` tkpnt hn` okrau`csm hk`cn` ok`nr. Gk`ms hntn yn`c ndn` hmsmepn` ekjmputm (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228)7
_n`in`cn` FNIIR, yn`c skhmdmt`yn ek`indup hmncrne njmr prlsks hn` dk`hnjm FNIIR, okrsnenn` hk`cn` m`alrensm pk`u`gn`c (ems,. N`njmsms onfnyn, rm`imn` tme FNIIR, hksdrmpsm prlhud). prlhud).
_mwnynt pkronmdn` em`lr pnhn rn`in`cn` FNIIR, yn`c ekepkrjmfntdn` sktmnp pkruonfn` yn`c hmjndudn`.
Intntn` pken`tnun` IIR.
Intntn` prlhud yn`c hmtnfn`/hmujn`c/hmtnrmd yn`c hmount snnt ek`n`cn`m pk`ymepn`cn`.
Intntn` pkjntmfn` yn`c ekeoudtmdn` onfwn dnrynwn` yn`c tkrjmont hnjne pk`krnpn` smstke FNIIR tkjnf hmjntmf u`tud ekjndudn` fnj fnj mtu.
Intntn` nuhmt
Intntn` dnjmornsm Yksunm hk`cn` prm`smp-prm`smp FNIIR, endn hlduek`tnsm smstke
FNIIR fnrus ek`indup hlduek`tnsm ek`ck`nm prlskhur hn` tm`hndn` yn`c
okrdnmtn` hk`cn` prm`smp > snepnm hk`cn` prm`smp 3, ynmtu skoncnm okrmdut (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1)7 Hlduek`tnsmm FNIIR Hlduek`tns
(> (>))
(?)
M` M`al alre rens nsmm Rrl Rrlsk skss hn` hn` Rr Rrlh lhud ud >.>.
Hksdrm sdrmp psm Rr Rrlhud
>.?.
Oncn` Njmr Rr Rrlsk skss
>.9. >.9.
Rrlc Rrlcrn rne e Rrn rnsy synr nrnt nt
FNIIR ?.>. ?.>.
Hksd Hksdrm rmp psm Onfn Onfn` `O Ond ndu u
?.?. ?.?.
Hksd Hksdrm rmps psmm Onf Onfn` n` Rk Rkeo eon` n`tu tu
?.9. ?.9.
Hksd Hksdrm rmp psm Rrl Rrlh hud Gn Gnh hm
?.8. ?.8.
Rk` Rk`cc ccu` u`nn nn` ` Rrl Rrlhu hud d
?.;. ?.;.
Mh Mhk` k`tm tmam amdn dnsm sm Onfn Onfnyn yn Omljl Omljlcm cm,, Dm Dmem emn, n, hn` Amsmd
?.1.
Mhk`tmamdnsm Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`ts
?.3. ?.3.
Onfn Onfnyn yn yn` yn`c c Xmhn Xmhnd d Xkrd Xkrdl` l`tr trlj lj
?.6.
Xnokj FN FNIIR
Hnrm dk >? tnfnp tkrskout, jmen tnfnpn` pkrtnen ekrupndn` tnfnp pkrsmnpn` pk`yusu`n` FNIIR skhn`cdn` tuguf tnfnpn` skjn`gut`yn (ynmtu tnfnpn` k`ne snepnm hk`cn` tnfnpn` >?) yn`c ekrupndn` u`tud hnrm dkrn`cdn FNIIR. Rk`kjmtmn` Rk`kjm tmn` yn`c hmjndudn` hmjndudn` ljkf (Yurnfen` (Yurnfen` & Kdnamtrm, Kdnamtrm, ?2>8), ?2>8), fnsmj dngmn` FNIIR tkrfnhnp prlhudsm snrm ounf gneou omgm hm Rmjlt Ynrm Ounf O?RXXC ek`u`guddn` onfwn yn`c hmtktnpdn` skoncnm IIR nhnjnf prlsks slrtnsm,
pk`iuimn`,
stkrmjmsnsm hn` pk`cmsmn`. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu fnrus hmjndudn` pk`n`cn`n` onfn` ondu yn`c onmd, dl`trlj dkokrsmfn` lpkrntlr, pk`ccu`nn` nmr yn`c sksunm hk`cn` pkrsynrntn`, hn` ekenstmdn` dkiudupn` pn`ns snnt stkrmjmsnsm snrm ounf. Ykhn Ykhn`c `cdn dn` ` pk pk`k `kjm jmtmn tmn` ` (Clu (Clujh jhm` m`c c & En`s En`sur ur,, ?2 ?2>8 >8), ), ek`u ek`u`g `gud uddn dn` ` on onfw fwnn pk`krnpn` prm`smp FNIIR hm _kstlrn` Xleltl Yurnonyn
ensmf durn`c
endsmenj. Xm`cdnt pk`ymepn`cn` pnhn pk`krnpn` FNIIR pnjm`c skrm`c tkrgnhm pnhn tnfnp nwnj ynmtu pk`ktnpn` on rkdnen` ensmf okjue hnpnt hmgnjn`dn`.
?.9. Rkrmjndu Rkrmjndu nhnjnf suntu dkcmntn` ntnu ndvmtns
ntnu oujn` yn`c jnju. Rk`cudurn` gucn hnpnt hmjndudn` skinrn jn`csu`c ynd`m hk`cn` ek`closkrvnsm tm`hndn` ntnu dkcmntn` rkspl`hk`. Okrmdut m`m ekrupndn` tm`cdntn` prndtmd (@ltlntelhgl, ?223)7 >. Rkrskpsm Ek`ck`nj hn` ekemjmf okroncnm logkd skfuou`cn` hk`cn` tm`hndn` yn`c ndn` hmneomj.
?. _ksp _kspl` l` tk tkrp rpme mepm pm` ` Hnpnt ekjndudn` sksuntu hk`cn` urutn` yn`c ok`nr sksunm hk`cn` il`tlf. 9. Ekdn`msek Npnomjn sksklrn`c tkjnf ekjndudn` sksuntu hk`cn` ok`nr skinrn suhnf ekrupndn` dkomnsnn`.
d ntnu `hndn` yn`c suhnf okrdkeon`c hk`cn` onmd. Nr`yn, `hndn` mtu suhnf hmelhmdnsm`yn sk`hmrm tn`pn ek`cur
ndn`n` fnrus ekek`ufm pkrsynrntn` sn`mtnsm, skpkr dkskfntn` hn` dkokrsmfn` m`hmvmhu, hnd ek`hkrmtn pk`yndmt m`akd
hn` dkrnpmn`, ekemjmdm ktmdn hn` slpn` sn`tu`, pk`nepmjn` yn`c onmd hn` inrn ekeonwn endn`n` hk`cn` tkd`md dfusus, skrtn pkekrmdsnn` dkskfntn` okrdnjn sktmnp k`ne oujn` ntnu sntu tnfu` (Ifn`hrn, Mjeu Dkhldtkrn` Rk`ikcnfn` hn` Dleu`mtns, ?22=). Okrmdut m`m pkhlen` dkokrsmfn` pkrlrn`cn` ynmtu (Nrmsen`, ?22=)7
Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tn`cn`. Gmdn pkrju, ekeonsuf tn`cn` hk`cn` nmr fn`cnt okrsnou` skskrm`c eu`cdm`. Dkrm`cdn` hk`cn` dkrtns tmsu skdnjm pndnm ntnu eksm` pk`ckrm`c (nmr (nmr hrnykr ). ).
Ykjnju ekeonsuf tn`cn` sktkjnf ek`ccu`ndn` tlmjkt, skokjue ekekcn`c onfn` ek`tnf, sktkjnf okrsm`, ontud, ntnu ek`ckjunrdn` dltlrn` hnrm fmhu`c. Ykjnm` mtu, sktkjnf endn`, ekrldld, em`ue, ek`cusnp eudn, ekeokjnm gn`ccut, ntnu rneout. Rk`gnenf endn`n` fnrus ek`iuim tn`cn` sktkjnf ekjndudn` dkcmntn` npnpu` yn`c hmpkrdmrndn` okrpltk`sm ek`ikenrm.
Ekeltl`c hn` ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` dudu.
Ek`ck`ndn` pndnmn` hn` ikjkekd yn`c okrsmf.
Ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn yn`c okrsmf hn` rneout gn`cn` hmomnrdn` tkrckrnm. Duems hn` gn`ccut pu` fnrus hmpn`cdns.
Xmhnd endn` hn` ekrldld dktmdn okdkrgn.
Xmhnd ek`ck`ndn` im`im`.
Ek`ccu`ndn` pkrdndns ntnu snru`c tn`cn` pjnstmd dktmdn ek`yk`tuf endn`n` (gn`cn` ek`cnhud nhl`n` hk`cn` tn`cn`).
Ekjmourdn` hmrm ntnu skckrn pujn`c dktmdn ekrnsn sndmt. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (Dur`mnhm, Ynne, & Nan`hm, ?2>9),
dl dl`tn `tnem` em`nsm nsm Ksifkrmifmn iljm oncm tk`ncn pk`gnenf yn`c tmhnd ekek`ufm synrnt 39,9% hmen`n fnsmj ugm stntmstmd hm hnpntdn` p 5 2,2?=. Fnj mtu ek`u`guddn` onfwn tkrhnpnt fuou`cn` yn`c smc`mamdn` n`tnrn tk`ncn pk`gnenf hk`cn` dl`tnensm Ksifkrmifmn dl`tnensm Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnhn iljm pnhn endn`n` gngn`n`. Hnjne pk`kjmtmn` (]u`us, [eolf, & Rm`l`tln`, ?2>;), nhn fuou`cn` yn`c smc`mamdn` n`tnrn pkrsl`nj fmcmk`k hk`cn` dl`tnem`nsm Ksifkrmifmn iljm i ljm pnhn pnhn endn`n` (p 5 2,22?). Hnrm fnsmj n`njmsms hmpkrljkf pujn `mjnm L_ 5 ?;,?22, nrtm`yn pkrsl`nj fmcmk`k pk`gnenf endn`n` yn`c tmhnd onmd ekepu`ynm pkjun`c
?;,?22 dnjm
u`tud tkrgnhm`yn dl`tnem`nsm Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnhn endn`n`. @neu` skonjmd`yn, pnhn pk`kjmtmn` (Jkstnrm, @urgnzujm, & H, ?2>;) tmhnd nhn fuou`cn` fuou `cn` n`tnrn fmcmk`k pk`gnenf hk`cn` dkokrnhnn` dkokrnhnn` ondtkrm ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnhn iljm pnhn em`uen` gus ounf yn`c hmpkrljkf hmpkrljkf `mjnm p 5 2,686. Rnhn pk`kjmtmn` (Rrntmwm, ?2>8), prndtmd ek`iuim tn`cn` ekendnm juk skoksnr 2,226. Ykonjmd`yn, hnd tkrhnpnt fuou`cn` dkokrsmfn` hmrm pk`gnenf hk`cn` dn`hu`cn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnh
n skgnd nonh dk-6. Dujtur lrn`c Rnhn`c yn`c sudn ekrn`tnu skrm`c dnjm ekeonwn rk`hn`c skoncnm endn`n` okdnj hm pkrgn
Okrhnsnrdn` nsnj dntn`yn, rk`hn`c okrnsnj hnrm dntn ‖rn`hn`c” hnjne onfnsn Rnhn`c yn`c nrtm`yn ‖pkjn`”. Fnj m`m ekrugud pnhn prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c yn`c ekekrjudn` wndtu yn`c jnen. _k`hn`c omnsn`yn tkrount hnrm hncm`c snpm yn` yn`c
hmens mensnd nd
hk` hk`cn` cn`
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Hnjn Hnjne e
pkrdkeon`cn``yn, rk`hn`c tmhnd fn`yn tkrount hnrm hncm`c snpm `neu` hnpnt ek`ccu`ndn ek`cc u`ndn` ` hncm`c hncm`c dneom`c, dneom`c, hncm`c nyne, uhn`c, mdn`, onfdn` onfdn` tkjur, hn` snyurn` skpkrtm dk`tn`c. @nen ensndn` rk`hn`c omnsn`yn ek`cniu hnrm onfn` utnen`yn, skpkrtm rk`hn`c
hncm`c, rk`hn`c nyne, rk`hn`c tkjur, hn` rk`hn`c dk`tn`c (Yutlel, _k`hn`c7 Gunrn Ensndn` Xkrjkznt Ykhu`mn, ?2>?). ?.8.>. Onfn`-onfn` _k`hn`c
>. Hncm`c Hncm`c nhnjnf oncmn` ltlt sdkjktnj hnrm dnrdns snpm yn`c nen`, jnynd, hn`
jnzme hmdl`suesm ljkf en`usmn, hnpnt okrupn hncm`c skcnr, hncm`c skcnr hm`cm`, ntnu hncm`c okdu ( Rk`kjmn` (Yucmyltl, Nhfmn`tl, & Sn``mnk, ?2>;), ek`u`guddn` onfwn pkhncn`c hncm`c snpm hm p ?. Yn`tn` Yn`tn` ekrupndn` keujsm jkend hnjne nmr yn`c hmpkrljkf hnrm hncm`c dkjnpn skcnr. Dkpkdntn` sn` Rk`kjmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (Yufnryl`l, Kr`n, & Dur`mnhm, ?22=), tltnj
emdrlon drke sn`tn` yn`c pnjm`c rk`hnf ynmtu 1,1 x >2 6 IA[/ej hk`cn` Ytn`hnr @nsml`nj M`hl`ksmn (Y@M 2>-96>1/?22;) tltnj emdrlon pnhn sn`tn` dkjnpn nhnjnf >x>2; IA[/ej. Xltnj emdrlon pnhn drke sn`tn` dkjnpn okrnhn hmntns ontns endsmenj. 9. Inonm Ekrnf Inonm ekrnf ek`cn`hu`c dnpsnmsm` yn`c ekeokrm rnsn pkhns hn` fn`cnt snnt hmcu`ndn` skoncnm rkepnf (oueou hnpur) skrtn okrdfnsmnt skoncnm pk`neonf `nasu endn` hn` lont pk`curn`c rnsn sndmt. Dnpnsnmsm` okrsmant
n`tm dlncujn` skfm`ccn omsn ek`ikcnf sksklrn`c tkrskrn`c strldk hn` gn`tu`c dlrl`kr. Dnpsnmsm` gucn enepu ekrn`csn`c prlhudsm flrel` k`hlram` skfm`ccn omsn ekeon`cdmtdn` sk`snsm dk`mdentn`. Ykpkrtm hmdktnfum, flrel` k`hlram` okrpkrn` hnjne ek`curn`cm rnsn sndmt (Yuyn`tm, ?2>8). Rk`kjmtmn` (Eusjmntm, Amak`hy, & Rkrmnh`nhm, ?2>9) ek`u`guddn` onfwn inonm ekrnf cmjm`c yn`c hmgunj hnrm okokrnpn pnsnr trnhmsml`nj ueue`yn tmhnd jnynd hmdl`suesm dnrk`n ek`cn`hu`c ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre.. 8. Hnu` Gkrud Rurut Hnu` gkrud purut ek`cn`hu`c tn``m` >,6%, stkrlmh trmtkrpk`lmh, hn` em`ynd ntsmrm > ’ >,;% v/o. Hnu``yn okrdfnsmnt skoncnm stmeujn`t hn` pk`ykcnr. Hmcu`ndn` u`tud ek`cntnsm onhn` jktmf hn` jkenf skfnoms sndmt okrnt (Hnjmenrtfn, ?2>;). Rnhn pk`kjmtmn` (]ujjmn`m, M`hrnyuhfn, & _nfem, ?2>>) em`ynd ntsmrm hnu`
gkrud
purut
ekepu`ynm
ndtmvmtns
n`tmondtkrm
tkrfnhnp
Ksifkrmifmn iljm em`menj (DOE) ≨ 2,21?;%. ;. Ykrnm Dn`hu`cn` dmemn njnemnf yn`c nhn pnhn fkronj m`m nhnjnf em`ynd nsmrm yn`c ekjmputm ckr`mlj, imtrl``kjnj, kuck`lj-ektmj ktkr, smtrnj, hmpk`tk`, kuck`lj, kuck` lj, dnhm`k`, dnhm`k`, dn`mhlj, hn` jmel` jmel`k`k. k`k. Okokrnpn pk`yndmt pk`yndmt yn`c hnpnt hmskeoufdn` hk`cn` skrnm hm n`tnrn`yn ontud, `ykrm hn` pkcnj jm`u, sndmt dkpnjn, `ykrm jneou`c, hn` hmnrk (Sm`nrtl & Dnrynsnrm, ?229).
Hnjne pk`kjmtmn` (Ruspnwntm, Yumrtn, & Onfrm, ?2>1) `mjnm dl`sk`trnsm fneont em`meue (DFE) pnhn em`ynd ntsmrm hnu` hn` ontn`c skrkf wn`cm enepu ek`cfneont pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm hn` Ytnpfyjliliius nurkus pnhn dl`sk`trnsm em`meue ?; ppe. Rk`kjmtmn` (Rlkjlk`cn`, Rk`cnruf Em`ynd Ntsmrm Ykrnm (N`hrlplcl` imtrntus HI.) tkrfnhnp Ondtkrm yn`c hm Msljnsm hnrm Ynpm Enstmtms Yuodjm`ms, ?22=) em`ynd ntsmrm skrnm hnpnt ek`cfneont pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnhn iljm pnhn dl`sk`trnsm >?,;%. 1. Jk`cduns _mepn`c jk`cduns ek`cn`hu`c durn`c jkomf >% em`ynd ntsmrm okrwnr`n du`m`c dkfmgnun` yn`c tkrutnen tkrhmrm hnrm ektmj-sm`nent 86%, sm`klj ?2 ’ 92%, kuck`lj, dneakr >%, ssksdumtkrpk`. ksdumtkrpk`. En`annt En`ann t hn` dfnsmnt jk`cduns oncm tuouf ynmtu skoncnm n`tm-tuelr, n`tm-rnhn`c, ek`cn`hu`c znt n`tmm`ajnensm, ek`n`cdnj rnhmdnj okons dnrk`n ek`cn`hu`c sk`ynwn n`tmldsmhn`, ekrkhndn` pk`yndmt hmnrk, ek`m`cdntdn` `nasu endn`, hn` ek`gncn stnem`n skrtn dkskfntn` (N`hnrktl, ?2>;). Hnjne pk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (Rnrwntn & Hkwm, ?226), em`ynd ntsmrm rmepn`c jk`cduns pnhn dl`sk`trnsm >22 ppe hn` >222 ppe ndtma ek`cfneont pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm hk`cn` hmnektkr hnkrnf fneontn` skoksnr 3 ee hn` = ee. 3. Dnyu En`ms Dn`hu`cn` dmemn hnrm dnyu en`ms n`tnrn jnm` em`ynd nsmrm, snarljk, sm`nenjhkfmhn, tn`m`, hneenr, dnjsmue ldsnjnt, ajnvl`lmh, trmtkrpk`lmh, hn`snpl`m`. Em`ynd nsmrm on`ynd tkrhnpnt hm oncmn` dujmt ontn`c, inon`c,
hn` rn`tm`c yn`c ekrupndn` `mjnm utnen hnrm dnyu en`ms. Em`ynd nsmrm ek`cn`hu`c sk`ynwn yn`c okrau`csm skoncnm n`tmemdrlon, n`tmgneur, hn` n`tmvmrus. Dnyu en`ms okrdfnsmnt skoncnm lont nsne urnt, tkdn`n` hnrnf tm`ccm, ennc, durn`c `nasu endn`, sndmt dkpnjn, hmnrk, pkrut dkeou`c, eu`tnf-eu`tnf, fkr`mn, susnf oun`c nmr oksnr, nsen, snrmnwn`, hn` hmnoktks ekjmtus ([tnem & Ruspn`m`ctyns, ?2>9). Hnjne pk`kjmtmn` (_kpm, Eneol, & Sumsn`, ?2>1), ek`u`guddn` onfwn dnyu en`ms ekemjmdm ekemjmdm kakd n`tmondtkrm n`tmondtkrm tkrfnhnp ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm. @neu` skonjmd`yn, hnrm fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (N`ckjmin, ?2>9), ktn`lj dujmt dnyu en`ms Im``neleue ouren``mm hk`cn` dl`sk`trnsm n`tnrn >22.222 ppe ( pnrt pkr emjjml`) emjjml`) snepnm ?22.222 ppe tmhnd ekeokrmdn` hnyn fneont pnhn ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm. 6. Dktueonr Dktueonr ek`cn`hu`c em`ynd ntsmrm, snpl`m`, ajnvl`lmh, hn` tn`m`. Oncmn` Oncmn ` tn`nen` tn`nen` yn`c omsn hmen`anntdn` hmen`anntdn` nhnjnf omgm, ynd`m ynd`m okrdfnsmnt okrdfnsmnt u`tud ek`clontm snrmnwn`, lont eunj, lont sndmt dkpnjn, pk`ikr`nn` tkrcn`ccu rnhn`c jneou`c ntnu pk`ikr`nn` yn`c durn`c onmd, hn` fnmh yn`c tmhnd tkrntur (Yufnremntm & Fn`hnyn`m, ?22;). Hnjne pk`kjmtmn` (Fk`hrnwntm, Yuynsn, & Yugnyn, ?2>8), ek`u`uguddn` nhn`yn pk`cnruf n`cdn jkepk`c tltnj yn`c tmhnd hmokrm jnrutn` dktueonr hn` skoncnm dl`trlj hk`cn` yn`c hmokrm jnrutn` dktueonr hk`cn` dl`sk`trnsm ?%, 8%, hn` 1%.
=. Gm`tn` En`annt hnrm gm`tn` fmtne ynmtu hnpnt ekepkronmdm snjurn` pk`ikr`nn` hn` skoncnm n`tm ondtkrm. Gm`tn` fmtne (Fnoontus snuhn”) ek`cn`hu`c em`y em `ynd nd ntsmr ntsmrmm hn hn` ` vl vljn jntm tmjk jk yn yn`c `c tk tkjnf jnf hm hmdk dktn tnfu fumm en`a en`ann nnt` t`yn yn u` u`tu tud d ekepkronmdm pk`ikr`nn`. Ykinrn trnhmsml`nj em`ynd ntsmrm hmcu`ndn` u`tud lont hmnrk. Xnfu` >==?, gur`nj anrensm Rnsdmtn` ekeunt fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` yn`c ekeoudtmdn` onfwn em`ynd vljntmjk hnrm gm`tn` fmtne jkomf enepu ekeou`uf strnm`ondtkrm Qmorml iljkrn hn` hn` Ksifkrmifmn Ksifkrmifmn iljm hmon`hm`cdn` hk`cn` n`tmomltmd skpkrtm Nepmimjm` hn` Xktrnimijm` (Hkwm, ?2>?). Rnhn pk`kjmtmn` (Rutrn, Hgnenj, & Ensrm, ?2>;), ek`u`guddn` onfwn pk`cugmn` tkrfnhnp Ksifkrmifmn iljm tmhnd ekemjmdm zl`n okons duen` yn`c hmnrtmdn` tmhnd tkrhnpnt kakd n`tmondtkrm hnrm em`ynd gm`tn` fmtne yn`c hmugmilondn` tkrfnhnp Ksifkrmifmn tkrfnhnp Ksifkrmifmn iljm. Ykonjmd`yn, pk`kjmtmn` kakd n`tmemdrlon em`ynd gm`tn` fmtne ( @mckjjn sntmvn) sntmvn) tkrfnhnp pkrtueoufn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (Ns`mynf, ?22=) hk`cn` dl`sk`trnsm ?;%, ;2%, 3;%, hn` >22%. Em`ynd gm`tn` fmtne enepu ek`cfneont pkrtueoufn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnhn dl`sk`trnsm >22%, 3;%, hn` ;2%, skek`tnrn pnhn dl`sk`trnsm ?;% tmhnd enepu ek`cfneont pkrtueoufn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm. iljm . Hnpnt hmsmepujdn` onfwn em`ynd gm`tn` fmtne ( @mckjjn sntmvn)) tkroudtm enepu ek`cfneont pkrtueoufn` Ksifkrmifmn sntmvn pkrtueoufn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm. iljm. >2. Nsne Nsne Dn`hms Dn`hms Nsne dn`hms nhnjnf nsne yn`c tkrount hnrm dujmt ounf skgk`ms gkrud jmenu yn`c hmdkrm`cdn`. Snr`n`yn dkfmtnen` hn` ekeokrmdn` imtn rnsn nsne pnhn ensndn` (Yutlel, (Yutlel, _nfnsmn Yudsks Okroms`ms Ensndn` Rnhn`c,
?2>>).
>>. Nsne Nsne Ckjucur Ckjucur Nsne yn`c tkrount hnrm skgk`ms en`ccn futn` yn`c okrwnr`n ekrnf dkdu`m`cn` dktmdn ensmf skcnr. Ykrm`c hmgunj hnjne dknhnn` dkrm`c. Ykjnm` ekeokrm rnsn nsne skcnr pnhn ensndn`, nsne ckjucur gucn omsn ek`cfmjn`cdn` nrlen nems pnhn n`kdn ljnfn` mdn` (Hkekhmn, ?2>2). Hnjne pk`kjmtmn` (Fnamz, kt nj., ?2>;), ek`ymepujdn` onfwn pk`neonfn` hnu` nsne ckjucur skjnen ; ek`mt hnrm wndtu ekensnd pnstn cujnm tkeplynd hnpnt ek`cfneont pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm skinrn smc`mamdn`. >? >?.. Dkem Dkemrm rm Dkemrm ekemjmdm ekemjmdm dfnsmnt dfnsmnt yn`c on`ynd u`tud dkskfntn`. dkskfntn`. Omgm dkemrm yn`c hmtueoud fnjus hnpnt hmpndnm u`tud ek`clontm sndmt cmcm, omsuj, ekrkhndn` hkene, hn` ek`cntnsm ok`cdnd pnhn sk`hm tujn`c. Omgm dkemrm gucn hmen`anntdn` skoncnm lont pk`infnr. Ykjnm` mtu, gucn hnpnt hmcu`ndn` skoncnm pkrn`csn`c pkrtueoufn` rneout ntnu skoncnm onfn` nhmtma hnjne pkrnwntn` rneout (Dur`mnwntm, ?2>2). >9. >9. Rn Rnjn jn Hnu` euhn`yn on`ynd ek`cn`hu`c prltkm` yn`c tkrnsn ek`ykguddn`. Ykjnm` mtu, pnjn gucn ek`cn`hu`c em`ynd ntsmrm, znt snend, hn` znt pntm yn`c okrdfnsmnt u`tud ek`neonf `nasu endn`, ek`ckjunrdn` cns hnrm pkrut, hn` ek`k`n`cdn` synrna (Dfnmhmr, ?2>2). ?2>2). Rnhn pk`kjmtmn` (_nstutm, Smhyn`m`csmf, Dnrtmdn, & @m`csmf, ?2>9), dl`sk`trnsm fneont tueouf em`meue (DFXE) em`ynd ntsmrm hnu` pnjn hnrmm On`yue hnr On`yuens ns tkrfnh tkrfnhnp np Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnhn dl`sk`trnsm >% hk`cn` zl`n fneont skoksnr 2,;8 ee. skgnjn` hnjne pk`kjmtmn` (@urfnsn`nf,
?2>8), ek`u`guddn` onfwn pk`cfneontn` kdstrnd hncm`c ounf pnjn on`hn ( E. E. arncrn`s Flu Flutt) tt) sn`cnt sn`cnt okrpk` okrpk`cnr cnruf uf hnjne hnjne ek`cfn ek`cfneon eontt pkrtueoufn` Ksifkrmifmn pkrtueoufn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm. >8. Onwn`c ekrnf Onwn`c ekrnf ek`cn`hu`c onfn`-onfn` ndtma yn`c ekepu`ynm kakd anrendljlcms tkrfnhnp tuouf. Okokrnpn onfn` ndtma yn`c tkrskout nhnjnf njjmsm` hn` njjmm`, ajnvl`lj, skrtn pkdtm` (Gnkjn`m, ?223). Rnhn pk`kjmtmn` (Yurl`l N. Y., ?2>9), kdstrnd ktn`lj ueom jnpms onwn`c ekrnf ( Njjmue Njjmue ikpn J.) hk`cn` dl`sk`trnsm 82%, ;2%, 12%, 32%, 62% tmhnd ekemjmdm hnyn n`tmondtkrm tkrfnhnp ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm. >;. Onwn`c putmf Onwn`c putmf ek`cn`hu`c em`ynd nsmrm yn`c sn`cnt euhnf ek`cunp hm uhnrn okons. Em`ynd nsmrm hnrm onwn`c putmf m`m hmhucn ekepu`ynm dkenepun` skoncnm n`tmondtkrm hn` n`tmskptmd. Ykek`tnrn mtu, znt yn`c hmhucn okrpkrn` ekeokrm nrlen onwn`c putmf yn`c dfns nhnjnf njmsm`. Hm pk`yndmt tkrskout entm (Yynesmnf & Xnguhm`, ?229). Hnjne pk`kjmtmn` (@urwn`tlrl, kt nj., ?2>?), ek`u`guddn` onfwn pkrk`hnen`
hncm`c
snpm
hnjne
gus
onwn`c
putmf
okrpk`cnruf
ek`uru`dn ek`ur u`dn` ` tltnj ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm. iljm. Ykonjmd`yn, pk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (Angrm, Krjy, & [sen`, ?2>1), ek`u`guddn` onfwn dnpsuj em`ynd hn` dnpsuj ououd onwn`c putmf tmhnd ekemjmdm kakd n`tmondtkrm tkrfnhnp Ksifkrmifmn tkrfnhnp Ksifkrmifmn iljm.
>1. Gnfk Ykinrn ueue, dlepl`k` sk`ynwn dmemn yn`c tkrdn`hu`c hnjne gnfk tkrhmrm hnrm em`ynd ek`cunp ((vljntmjk ), em`ynd tmhnd ek`cunp vljntmjk lmj ), (`l`vljntmjk lmj )),, hn` pntm. Em`ynd ntsmrm tkrensud gk`ms em`ynd ek`cunp hn` ekrupndn` suntu dlepl`k` yn`c ekeokrm onu yn`c dfns. Dn`hu`cn` em`ynd tmhnd ek`cunp hmskout ljklrksm`, ynd`m suntu dlepl`k` yn`c ekeokrmdn` rnsn pnfmt hn` pkhns. Okrhnsnrdn` dn`hu`cn` em`ynd nsmrm hn` ljklrksm`, ljklrksm`, gnfk ekrnf yn`c dnhnr`yn dnhnr`yn pnjm`c tm`ccm, jnju hmsusuj hmsusuj ljkf gnfk putmf dkimj hn` gnfk cngnf. Fnj mtu dnrk`n gnfk cngnf on`ynd hmcu`ndn` skoncnm oueou hnpur, rkepnf-rkepnf, hn` onfn` lont-lontn` (Jk`tkrn, ?228). Hnjne pk`kjmtmn` (Fnrmgn`m, Kr`nwntm, & Yuwnr`l, ?2>>), ek`u`guddn` pkeokrmn` snrm rmepn`c gnfk pnhn dl`sk`trnsm (?%, 8%, 1% hn` 6%) hnpnt ek`uru`dn` guejnf ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnhn iljm pnhn susu pnstkurmsnsm. Ykonjmd`yn, pnhn pk`kjmtmn` (_nfem`mwntm, kt nj., ?2>2), ek`u`guddn` onfwn pkrnsn` gnfk skcnr tmhnd ekepu`ynm kakd n`tmondtkrm tkrfnhnp Ksifkrmifmn iljm. ?.;. Dkrn`cdn Xklrm
Dkrn`cdn tklrm hnjne pk`kjmtmn` m`m okrhnsnrdn` hnrm jn`cdnf-jn`cdnf pk`yusu`n` FNIIR. Xkrhnpnt >? tnfnpn` u`tud ek`yusu` ek`yusu` FNIIR, hmen`n jmen tnfnpn` ekrupndn` pkrsmnpn` pk`yusu`n` FNIIR. Jmen tnfnpn` tkrskout, ynmtu ek`yusu` tme FNIIR, hksdrmpsm prlhud rk`hn`c, mhk`tmamdnsm tugun` ndfmr pk`ccu`nn` prlhud rk`hn`c, ek`yusu` njur, hn` ek`cdl`amrensm njur. Xuguf tnfnpn` skjn`gut`yn nhnjnf dkrn`cdn FNIIR yn`c tkrhmrm hnrm7 mhk`tmamdnsm
n`njmsms
onfnyn, ek`k`tudn` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms (XDD), ek`k`tudn` ontns drmtms u`tud ensm`c-ensm`c XDD, pken`tnun` ontns drmtms sktmnp XDD, pk`ktnpn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn`, pk`ktnpn` prlskhur vkramdnsm, skrtn hlduek`tnsm hn` pk`intntn`.
Rrm`smp > ’ Mhk`dnsm n`njmsms fnznrh Rrm`smp ? ’ Ek`k`tudn` d dk`hnjm drms (XDD) Rrm`smp 9 ’ Ek`k`tudn` ontns drms u`tud ensm`c-ensm`c XDD Rrm`smp 8 ’ Rken`tnun` ontns drms sknp XDD Rrm`smp ; ’ Rk`ktnpn` Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Rkrsmnpn` hn` Rkrk`in`nn` Ek`yusu` e FNIIR Hksdrmpsm prlhud rk`hn`c Mhk`dnsm tugun` ndfmr pk`ccu`nn` prlhud rk`hn`c Ek`yusu` njur Ek`cdl`rensm Njur
Rrm`smp 3 ’ Hlduek`tnsm hn` pk`intntn`
Oncn` njmr prlsks Oncn` dk`hnjm FNIIR
_n`in`cn` FNIIR
Hnatnr tme FNIIR Cneonrn` Rrlhud Oncn` n`njmsms Fnznrh n`njmsms Fnznrh
Intntn` pken`tnun` Nuhmt
Intntn` FNIIR
Rrm`smp 1 ’ Rk`ktnpn` Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm
Oncn` ?.9 Dkrn`cdn Xklrm
Dngmn` ujn`c intntn` IIR Rkjntmfn`
Yueokr7 (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228)
83
ONO MMM DK_N@CDN RMDM_ HN@ HKAM@MYM MYXMJNF 9.>. Dkrn`cdn Dkrn`cdn Rmdmr
Rk`kjmtmn` m`m okrtugun` u`tud ek`cktnfum cneonrn` FNIIR endn`n` rk`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V wmjnynf Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn` tnfu` ?2>3. Rrlsks pkensndn` rk`hn`c ekeoutufdn` wndtu yn`c iudup jnen, skfm`ccn pkrju ek`cktnfum pnhn tnfnp npn yn`c hnpnt ek`gnhm tmtmd drmtms hn` rk`hn`c rk`hn` c euhnf tkrdl`tnem`nsm tkrdl`tnem`nsm.. Xkrhnpnt Xkrhnpnt >? tnfnpn` tnfnpn` pk`krnpn` pk`krnpn` FNIIR yn`c ekjmputm7 ek`yusu` tme FNIIR, hksdrmpsm prlhud rk`hn`c, mhk`tmamdnsm tugun` ndfmr pk`ccu`nn` prlhud rk`hn`c, ek`yusu` njur, hn` ek`cdl`amrensm njur,
mhk`tmamdnsm n`njmsms onfnyn, ek`k`tudn` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms (XDD), ek`k`tudn` ontns drmtms u`tud ensm`c-ensm`c XDD, pken`tnun` ontns drmtms sktmnp XDD, pk`ktnpn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn`, pk`ktnpn` prlskhur vkramdnsm, skrtn hlduek`tnsm hn` pk`intntn`.
86
Ek`yusu` tme FNIIR
Ek`hksdrmpsmdn` Rrlhud _k`hn`c
Ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm Xugun` Rk`ccu`nn` Rrlhud
Ek`yusu` Njur
Ek`cdl`rensm Njur
Mhk`dnsm N`njmsms Onfnyn
Ek`k`tudn` Xmd Dk`hnjm
Drms (XDD)
Ek`k`tudn` Ontns Drms u`tud Ensm`c-ensm`c XDD
Rken`tnun` Ontns Drmtms Yktmnp XDD Rk`ktnpn` Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Rk`ktnpn` Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm
Hlduek`tnsm hn` Rk`intntn`
Oncn` 9.> Dkrn`cdn Rmdmr
9.?. Hkam`msm Hkam`msm Mstmjnf Mstmjnf
Xnokj 9.> Hkam`msm Mstmjnf @l.
>
Qnrmnokj
Xme FNIIR
Hkam`msm Mstmjnf
Ykdkjlepld
lrn`c
yn`c okrtucns
u`tud
ekrn`in`c, ek`krnpdn`, hn` ek`ck`hnjmdn` smstke FNIIR. >
Hksdrmpsm rk`hn`c
prlhud Ek`gkjnsdn` skinrn jk`cdnp endn`n` rk`hn`c ek`ck`nm oncnmen`n
`nen
endn`n`,
pk`ccu`nn``yn,
dleplsmsm, pk`ckensn`,
ensn smepn` hn` dl`hmsm pk`ymepn`n`, hmen`n rk`hn`c ndn` hmgunj, skrtn oncnmen`n prlsks hmstrmousm`yn.
?
9
Mhk`tmamdnsm tugun` nd ndfmr
Mhk`tmamdnsm pk`ccu`nn` ndfmr prlhud hn`
pk`ccu`nn` prlhud
ek`ujmsdn`
rk`hn`c
okrpk`cnruf pnhn dknen`n` prlhud
Ek`yusu` njur
Ek`yusu` hmncrne njmr pnhn skeun tnfnpn`
dkjlepld
dl`suek`
yn`c
prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c 8
Ek`cdl`amrensm njur
Ekjndudn` dl`amrensm hmncrne njmr yn`c tkjnf hmount skokjue`yn hk`cn` inrn ek`cnentm hn` ek`cmdutm prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c skrtn ekelhmamdnsm hmncrne njmr yn`c tkjnf hmount
;
1
Mhk`tmamdnsm n`njmsms
gmdn durn`c skepur`n. Ek`cnentm hn` ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm pnhn sktmnp
onfnyn
tnfnpn` pkeountn` rk`hn`c hn` onfnyn-
onfnyn npn sngn yn`c dkeu`cdm`n` nhn. Ek`k`tudn` tmtmd dk`hnjm Ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm tnfnpn`-tnfnpn` prlsks drmtms (XDD)
pkeountn` rk`hn`c yn`c hnpnt hmdk`hnjmdn` skfm`ccn onfnyn hnpnt hmikcnf, hmfmjn`cdn` ntnu hmturu`dn` dk tm`cdnt yn`c nen`.
@l.
Qnrmnokj
Hkam`msm Mstmjnf
3
Ek`k`tudn` ontns drmtms
Ek`k`tudn` `mjnm endsmeue ntnu em`meue
u`tud ensm`c-ensm`c
pnhn onfnyn yn`c tkrmhk`tmamdnsm okrhnsnrdn`
XDD
pkru`hn`cn` ntnu stn`hnr dknen`n` hn` `mjnm`mjnm yn`c suhnf tkrugm skinrn mjemnf.
6
Rken`tnun` ontns drmtms
Ekjndudn` pken`tnun` ontns drmtms u`tud
sktmnp XDD
ekenstmdn` onfwn prlsks tkrdk`hnjm hn` okrgnjn` hnjne ontnsn` drmtms yn`c hmtk`tudn` hk`cn` ekjnjum pkekrmdsnn` ntnu loskrvnsm.
=
>2
Rk`ktnpn` tm tm`hndn`
Ekjndudn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn` pnhn rk`hn`c
pkronmdn`
yn`c hmfnsmjdn` tkr`yntn tmhnd nen`
Rk`ktnpn` prlskhur
Xm`hndn` u`tud ekenstmdn` onfwn skjuruf
vkrmamdnsm
prlskhur hnjne rn`in`cn` FNIIR tkjnf
hmgnjn`dn` hk`cn` sksunm, ekenstmdn` sktmnp tnfnpn`
drmtms
hnjne
prlsks
pkeountn`
rk`hn`c ok`nr-ok`nr tkrdk`hnjm, sksunm stn`hnr drmtms yn`c suhnf hmtktnpdn`, hn` ekenstmdn` rk`hn`c suhnf nen`. >>
Hlduek`tnsm hn`
Ekjndudn` hlduek`tnsm hn` pk`inintn` pnhn
pk`intntn`
FNIIR yn`c suhnf hmjndudn`.
ONO MQ EKXLHLJLCM RK@KJMXMN@ 8.>. Hksnm` Rk`kjmtmn`
Rk`kjmtmn` m`m ekrupndn` gk`ms pk`kjmtmn` dunjmtntma hk`cn` pk`hkdntn` stuhm r, mhk`dnsm n`njmsms onfnyn, ek`k`tudn` d dk`hnjm drms (XDD), ek`k`tudn` ontns drms u`tud ensm`c-ensm`c XDD, pk
mn`
hn oujn` Ekm snepnm hk`cn` Ncustus tnfu` ?2>3. Xkepnt hmjndudn``yn pk`kjmn` m`m hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V wmjnynf 8.9. M`alren` M`alren` Rk`kjmtmn` Rk`kjmtmn`
M`alren` hnjne pk`kjmtmn` m`m nhnjnf dnrynwn` ruenf endn` pnhn`c yn`c okrtucns ekeokjm onfn`-onfn` u`tud ekeount rk`hn`c hn` dnrynwn` yn`c ekensnd
rk`hn`c.
Xkd`md
yn`c
hmcu`ndn`
u`tud
pkemjmfn`
m`alren`
ek`ccu`ndn` purplsmvk snepjm`c . Fnj m`m hmdnrk`ndn` m`alren` yn`c tkjnf hmskoutdn` okrtucns skinrn jn`csu`c hnjne prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c.
8.8. M`struek M`struek` ` Rk`kjmtmn Rk`kjmtmn` `
M`struek` yn`c hmcu`ndn` hnjne pk`kjmtmn` m`m ynmtu pkhlen` wnwn`inrn ek`hnjne, jkeonr loskrvnsm, pk`cudurn` sufu, pk`mjnmn` wnr`n hncm`c, hn` ugm jnolrntlrmue. >. Rkhlen` Rkhlen` wnwn`inrn wnwn`inrn okrmsm okrmsm pkrtn`ynn pkrtn`ynn`-pkrtn `-pkrtn`ynn` `ynn` yn`c yn`c ndn` ndn` hmtn`yndn hmtn`yndn` `
nmt pkrsl`nj fmcmk`k pk`gnenf endn`n` snnt ek`cljnf snepnm hk`cn` ek`yngmdn` endn`n` hn` prlsks pkeountn` rk`h cktnfum tkepkrntur onfn` ondu, rk`hn`c snnt hmensnd hn` hmsmepn`. d ek`cktnfum wnr`n hncm`c snpm. t ek`cktnfum dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm pnhn endn`n` hn` ekjmfnt npndnf rk`hn`c yn`c hmdl`suesm ensmf hnjne
8.;. Yueokr Hntn
Hnjne pk`kjmtmn` m`m, pk`cuepujn` hntn hnpnt okrupn hntn prmekr ynmtu hntn yn`c jn`csu`c hmneomj dkpnhn rkspl`hk` hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` wnwn`inrn ek`hnjne, loskrvnsm, pk`cudurn`, pk`mjnmn` wnr`n hncm`c, hn` ugm jnolrntlrmue. Ykhn`cdn` hntn skdu`hkr hmpkrljkf hnrm Hm`ns Dkskfntn` Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn` 8.1. Ektlhk Ektlhk Rk`cuepujn` Rk`cuepujn` Hntn 8.1.>. 8.1. >. Snwn`in Snwn`inrn rn
Snwn`inrn hmjndudn` dkpnhn m`alren` ynmtu dnrynwn` yn`c okrtucns ekeokjm onfn`-onfn` u`tud ekeount rk`hn`c hn` dnrynwn` yn`c ekensnd
rk`hn`c. Hnrm ektlhk wnwn`inrn ek`hnjne, m`alrensm yn`c m`cm` hmhnpnt nhnjnf prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hnrm onfn`-onfn` hn` njnt yn`c hmcu`ndn`, dl`hmsm dl`h msm hn` wnhnf pk`ymepn` pk`ymepn`n` n` onfn`-onfn` onfn`-onfn` rk`hn`c hn` rk`hn`c rk`hn`c yn`c suhnf entn`c, skrtn inrn u`tud ek`curn`cm dl`tnem`nsm pnhn endn`n`. 8.1.?. 8.1. ?. Loskrvns Loskrvnsmm n jn`csu`c prlsks pkeountn` pkeountn` rk`hn`c hnrm ekeokjm ekeokjm onfn`-onfn` snepnm snepnm pk`yngmn` hn` pkrsl`nj fmcmk`k pk`gnenf en
r endn`n`. Rk`cudurn` hmjndudn` hk`cn` inrn ekjktnddn` tkrelektkr endn`n` dk rk`hn`c hn` skinrn hmcmtnj sufu yn`
8.1.8. Rk`mjnmn` Snr`n Hncm`c
Rk`mjnmn` wnr`n hncm`c hmjndudn` hk`cn` ek`ilildn` wnr`n hncm`c hk`cn` stn`hnr wnr`n hncm`c okrhnsnrdn` Y@M 9=9?7?226. 8.1.;. Rk`cneomjn` Ynepkj Ynepkj Endn`n` u`tud Rk`cugmn` Rk`cugmn` Ondtkrm
n) Njnt Njnt hn` Onf nfn` n`
Illjkr onc
Ks ontu
Rjnstmd
Jnokj
Rujpk`
o) Rrlskhur Rk`cneomjn` Ynepkj >. Intnt tn`ccnj tn`ccnj hn` hn` wndtu wndtu pk`cneomjn pk`cneomjn` ` snepkj snepkj pnhn pnhn jnokj. jnokj. ?. Neomj Neomj snepkj snepkj dkeuhmn` dkeuhmn` hmensuddn` hmensuddn` dk hnjne hnjne pjnstmd. pjnstmd. 9. Xkep Xkepkj kjdn dn` ` jnokj jnokj pnhn pnhn pjn pjnstm stmd d 8. Dkeuhmn` snepkj hmensuddn` d dk k hnjne illjkr onc yn`c suhnf suhnf tkrmsm ks ontu u`tud skjn`gut`yn hmpkrmdsn hm jnolrntlrmue. 8.1.1. Ek`k`tudn` Xmd Dk`hnjm Drms 8.1.1.>. Ek`k`tudn` Xmd Dk`hnjm Drms pnhn onfn` ondu rk`hn`c
R>
Npndnf tkrhnpnt onfnyn hnjne onfn` ondu yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn`<
]n
R?
Oudn` IIR
Npndnf hnjne prlsks ntnu dl`suek` hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn hnrm prlhud<
]n
R9
Xmhnd
Xmhnd
IIR
Npndnf tkrhnpnt rmsmdl dl`tnem`nsm smjn`c tkrfnhnp ansmjmtns ntnu prlhud jnm` yn`c tmhnd hmdk`hnjmdn`< hmdk`hnjmdn`<
Xmhnd
]n
IIR
Oudn` IIR Rkrtn`ynn` pkrtnen (R>)7 Npndnf tkrhnpnt onfnyn hnjne onfn` ondu yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn`<
Rkrtn`ynn` pkrtnen hmgnwno hk`cn` ekjmfnt n`njmsms onfnyn pnhn onfn` ondu. Gmdn gnwno R> nhnjnf ‚]N― endn jn`gut dk pkrtn`ynn` dkhun. Gmdn ‚XMHND― oudn` tkrensud tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms (XDD). Rkrtn`ynn` dkhun (R?)7 Npndnf Npndn f hnjne prlsks prls ks ntnu dl`suek` dl`sue k` hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn hnrm prlhud<
Rnhn pkrtn`ynn` R? u`tud ek`cndum dkokrnhnn` onfnyn yn`c ndn` hmfmjn`cdn` hmfmjn`cdn` ljkf prlsks ntnu dl`suek` dl`suek`.. Gmdn gnwnon` R? nhnjnf ‚]N― jn`gut dk pkrtn`ynn` dktmcn. Gmdn ‚XMHND― hmpnstmdn` skoncnm XDD.
Rkrtn`ynn` dktmcn (R9)7 Npndnf tkrhnpnt rmsmdl dl`tnem`nsm smjn`c
tkrfnhnp
ansmjmtns
ntnu
prlhud
jnm`
yn`c
tmhnd
hmdk`hnjmdn`<
Rkrtn`ynn` R9 u`tud ek`cndum dkokrnhnn` nhn`yn rmsdl dl`tnem`nsm dl`tn em`nsm smjn`c hnrm ansmjmtns (emsnj`yn (emsnj`yn pjnstmd yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ekeou`cdus)
ntnu
prlhud/onfn`
ondu
jnm``yn
yn`c
tmhnd
hmdk`hnjmdn`. Gmdn gnwnon` R9 nhnjnf ‚]N― endn skoncnm XDD. Gmdn
8.1.1.?. Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c
R>
Npndnf nhn tm`hndn` pk`ikcnfn` u`tud ek`ck`hnjmdn`<
]n
Xmhnd
Jndudn` elhmamdnsm tnfnpn` hnjne prlsks ntnu rk`hn`c
Npndnf pkrju pk`ikcnfn` pnhn tnfnp m`m u`tud dknen`n` pn`cn`< ]n
Xmhnd
R?
Oudn` IIR
Okrfk`tm
Npndnf tnfnpn` hmrn`in`c dfusus u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` ntnu ek`curn`cm onfnyn snepnm ontns nen`<
Xmhnd
R9
IIR
Npndnf dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn hnpnt ek`m`cdnt snepnm ontns nen`<
]n
R8
]n
Xmhnd
Oudn` IIR
Okrfk`tm
Npndnf tnfnpn` okrmdut`yn hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` ntnu ek`curn`cm onfnyn snepnm ontns nen`<
]n
Xmhnd
IIR
Oudn` IIR Okrfk`
Rkrtn`ynn` pkrtnen (R>)7 Npndnf nhn tm`hndn` pk`ck`hnjmn`<
Rkrtn`ynn` pkrtnen hmgnwno hk`cn` ekrugud pnhn hntn tm`hndn` pk`ck`hnjmn` yn`c hmhlduek`tnsmdn` hnjne oncn` n`njmsms onfnyn. Gmdn gnwnon` pkrtn`ynn` pkrtnen nhnjnf ‚]N― jn`gutdn` dk pkrtn`ynn` dkhun. Gmdn ‚XMHND― jn`gutdn` dk R>n. R>n. Npndnf pk`ck`hnjmn` pnhn tnfnp m`m eken`c hmpkrjudn` u`tud ek`gnem` dknen`n`<
Gmdn gnwnon``yn ‚XMHND― pm`hnf dk jn`cdnf skjn`gut`yn hnjne prlsks ntnu dk onfnyn skjn`gut`yn. Gmdn ‚]N―, elhmamdnsm hnjne prlsks (ems., pk`neonfn`
snrm`cn` ntnu pk`m`cdntn` sufu prlsks) ntnu prlhud (ems., alreujnsm ujn`c u`tud ek`uru`dn` pF ntnu pk`neonfn` znt pk`cnwkt) fnrus hmtkrnpdn` u`tud ekenstmdn` hnpnt ek`yusu` tm`hndn` pk`ck`hnjmn`. Gmdn tm`hndn` pk`ck`hnjmn` yn`c tkpnt okrfnsmj hmmhk`tmamdnsm, dkeonjm dk pkrtn`ynn` pkrtnen (R>) hn` jn`gutdn` dk okrmdut`yn. Rkrtn`ynn` dkhun (R?)7 Npndnf jn`cdnf m`m eken`c dfusus hmrn`in`c
u`tud
ekeus`nfdn`
ntnu
ek`curn`cm
pkjun`c
eu`iuj`yn onfnyn snepnm dk tm`cdnt yn`c hnpnt hmtkrmen<
Rkrtn`ynn` m`m okrtugun` u`tud ek`cktnfum npndnf jn`cdnf yn`c tk`cnf hmdngm eken`c kakdtma u`tud ek`ck`hnjmdn` dknen`n` endn`n`. endn` n`. Jn`cdnf yn`c hmendsuh hmendsuh nhnjnf jn`cdnf jn`cdnf hnjne prlsks. Gmdn gnwnon` R? nhnjnf ‚]N―, jn`cdnf prlsks tkrskout nhnjnf IIR. Eujnm jncm hkimsml` trkk u`tud jn`cdnf ntnu onfnyn okrmdut`yn. Gmdn gnwnon``yn ‚XMHND―, jn`gutdn` dk pkrtn`ynn` dktmcn.
Rkrtn`ynn` dktmcn (R9)7 Npndnf dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn yn`c tkrmhk`tmamdnsm hnpnt ekjnepnum tm`cdnt yn`c hnpnt hmtkrmen ntnu npndnf hnpnt okrtneonf snepnm dk tm`cdnt yn`c tmhnd hnpnt hmtkrmen<
[`tud ek`gnwno pkrtn`ynn` m`m, tme fnrus ek`ccu`ndn` m`alrensm (yn`c hmintnt hnjne oncn` n`njmsms onfnyn) hn` pk`cktnfun` ek`ck`nm prlsks hn` jm`cdu`cn``yn. Rkrensnjnfn` yn`c fnrus hmpkrtmeon`cdn` hmsm`m ek`indup7
Rkrsynrntn` wndtu hn` sufu
Jm`cdu`cn` prlhudsm (hksnm`, fmcmk`k, pkekjmfnrnn`)
Dl`tnem`nsm smjn`c hnrm dnrynwn`, prlhud jnm`, ntnu onfn` ek`tnf
Xm`cdnt yn`c hnpnt hmtkrmen u`tud onfnyn yn`c smc`mamdn` Gmdn gnwnon` R9 nhnjnf ‚]N―, jn`gutdn` dk pkrtn`ynn`
dkkepnt. Gmdn gnwnon``yn ‖XMHND―, pm`hnf dk jn`cdnf prlsks ntnu onfnyn skjn`gut`yn. Rkrtn`ynn` dkkepnt (R8)7 Npndnf jn`cdnf skjn`gut`yn hnpnt ekeus`nfdn` onfnyn yn`c tkrmhk`tmamdnsm ntnu ek`curn`cm pkjun`c eu`iuj`yn onfnyn snepnm dk tm`cdnt yn`c hnpnt hmtkrmen<
Rkrtn`ynn` m`m u`tud ek`cndum dkokrnhnn` onfnyn yn`c ndn` hmsm`cdmrdn` ljkf jn`cdnf skjn`gut`yn hm hnjne prlsks ntnu ljkf dl`suek`. Gmdn gnwnon` R8 nhnjnf ‚]N― pm`hnf dk prlsks ntnu onfnyn skjn`gut`yn. Gmdn gnwnon``yn ‚XMHND―, jn`cdnf prlsks hmpnstmdn` skoncnm IIR. Eujnm dkeonjm dk hkimsml` trkk u`tud prlsks ntnu onfnyn okrmdut`yn.
8.3. Rk`cljnfn Rk`cljnfn` ` Hntn
Rk`cljnfn` hntn yn`c hmjndudn` hnjne pk`kjmtmn` m`m ynmtu ek`cuepujdn` hntn yn`c tkjnf hmhnpntdn` hnrm fnsmj wnwn`inrn ek`hnjne, loskrvnsm, pk`cudurn`, hn` ugm jnolrntlrmue. jnolrntlrmue. >. Snwn`inrn Fnsmj wnwn`inrn ek`hnjne yn`c suhnf hmrkdne hmount hnjne ok`tud trn`sdmp dkeuhmn` hmjndudn` n`njmsms hntn. ?. Loskrvnsm Fnsmj loskrvnsm prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hmeujnm hnrm tnfnp pkeokjmn` onfn` ondu snepnm pk`yngmn` dkeuhmn` hmjndudn` n`njmsms FNIIR.
Ykhn`cdn` Ykhn` cdn` fnsmj loskrvnsm loskrvnsm pkrsl`nj pkrsl`nj fmcmk`k fmcmk`k pk`gnenf pk`gnenf endn`n` endn`n` hmjndudn` hmjndudn` pk`yu`tm`cn` hntn u`tud ekjmfnt ekjmfnt dkjk`cdnpn` hntn yn`c suhnf hmduepujdn` hmduepujdn`.. 9. Rk`cudurn Rk`cudurn` ` sufu, sufu, pk`mjnmn` pk`mjnmn` wnr`n, wnr`n, hn` hn` pk`cugmn pk`cugmn` ` jnolrntlrmu jnolrntlrmue e Fnsmj pk`cudurn` sufu, pk`mjnmn` wnr`n, hn` pk`cugmn` jnolrntlrmue hmon`hm`cdn` hk`cn` pkrnturn` ntnu stn`hnr yn`c okrjndu, npndnf sksunm ntnu tmhnd. 8.6. Xkd`md Xkd`md hn` N`njmsms N`njmsms Hntn
Xkd`md hn` n`njmsms hntn hnjne pk`kjmtmn` m`m ek`ccu`ndn` tklrm Emjks hn` Fuokren` (>=68) hnjne (Yucmyl`l, ?2>?) yn`c ekjmputm7 >. _khudsm h hnt ntnn _khudsm hntn yn`c hmjndudn` hnjne pk`kjmtmn` m`m ynmtu ekrn`cdue, ekemjmf fnj-fnj yn`c pldld, ekealdusdn` pnhn fnj-fnj pk`tm`c, hn` ekeoun`c m`alrensm yn`c tmhnd hmpndnm dkeuhmn` tkrduepuj hntn-hntn yn`c sksunm hk`cn` tugun` pk`kjmtmn`.
?. Rk Rk`y `yng ngmn mn` ` hntn hntn (hmspjny hntn) hntn) Hntn yn`c suhnf hmrkhudsm dkeuhmn` hmsngmdn` hnjne ok`tud tujmsn` yn`c okrsmant `nrntma ncnr euhnf hmpnfnem skinrn dkskjurufn`. 9. Dksm Dksmep epuj ujn` n` ntnu ntnu Qkrm Qkrmamd amdnsm nsm Fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` yn`c tkjnf tkrduepuj hn` tkrn`cdue fnrus hmujn`c dkeonjm lrn` yn`c ekemjmdm `cdnt dkpkrinynn` yn`c ok`nr. nsm njur prlsks hm jnpn`cn`, mhk`dnsm hn` n`njmsms pltk`sm onfnyn pnhn skjuruf tnfnpn` prlsks prlhudsm, pk`k`tun` d
8.=. Rk`cugmn` Dknosnfn` Hntn
>. Xrmn`cujnsm sueokr
Xrmn`cujnsm sueokr nhnjnf ek`hnpntdn` hntn hnrm sueokr yn`c okrokhn okhn
hk`cn`
tkd`md
yn`c
snen.
Dkeuhmn`
hntn
hmhksdrmpsmdn`,
hmdntkclrmsnsmdn`, en`n pn`hn`cn` yn`c snen, yn`c okrokhn, hn` en`n yn`c spksmamd. Xrmn`cujnsm Xrmn`cujnsm sueokr sueokr hnjne pk`kjmtmn` pk`kjmtmn` m`m nhnjnf wnwn`inrn wnwn`inrn ek`hnjne dkpnhn dnrynwn` yn`c okrtucns skinrn jn`csu`c ekensnd rk`hn`c hn` dnrynwn` yn`c okrtucns ekeokjm onfn`-onfn` pkeountn` rk`hn`c.
?. Xrmn Xrmn`c `cuj ujns nsmm tkd`m tkd`md d Xrmn`cujnsm tkd`md nhnjnf pk`kjmtm ek`ccu`ndn` tkd`md pk`cuepujn` hntn yn`c okrokhn-okhn u`tud ek`hnpntdn` hntn hnrm sueokr yn`c snen. Rk`kjmtm ek`ccu`ndn` loskrvnsm pnrtmsmpntma, wnwn`inrn ek`hnjne, hn` hlduek`tnsm u`tud sueokr hntn yn`c snen skinrn skrkepnd. Xrmn`cujnsm tkd`md pnhn pk`kjmtmn` m`m ynmtu ekjndudn` wnwn`inrn ek`hnjne hn` loskrvnsm tkrdnmt pkrsl`nj fmcmk`k pk`gnenf endn`n` hn` prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c.
ONO Q FNYMJ ;.>. Cneonrn` [eue Rrlsks Rkeountn` Rkeountn` _k`hn`c _k`hn`c
_k`hn`c ekrupndn` snjnf sntu endn`n` dfns hnrm Dltn Rnhn`c, Yuentkrn Onrnt. Rrlsks ekensnd rk`hn`c ekeoutufdn` onfn`-onfn` skpkrtm hncm`c, oueou, hn` sn`tn`. Rkrtnen-tnen Rkrtnen-tnen smnpdn` onfn` hn` njnt yn`c hmcu`ndn`. Hncm`c yn`c okjm hmpnsnr suhnf hmpltl`c-pltl`c tkrjkomf hnfuju. Hncm`c jn`csu`c hmiuim hk`cn` nmr okrsmf jnju ensuddn` dk hnjne pk`cclrk`cn`. Dkeuhmn` ensuddn` oueou-oueou yn`c suhnf hmfnjusdn` pnhn snnt ekeokjm hm pnsnr. Xneonfdn`
sn`tn` inmr jnju hmnhud snepnm rntn. Iuim hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt, hn` skrnm snepnm okrsmf. Dkeuhmn` skrnm hmpmpmfdn` ek`ccu`ndn` ujkd hn` ilokd. Yktkjnf mtu, ensuddn` hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt, hn` skrnm yn`c suhnf hmpmpmfdn` dk hnjne pk`cclrk`cn`. Xneonfdn` vktsm` (EYC) skhmdmt, tmhnd hmensudn` cnrne dnrk`n oueou yn`c hmfnjusdn` suhnf hmokrm cnrne. Ykjn`gut`yn, nhud dkeonjm hn` ensnd fm`ccn m`m. ‚... dn` enu ensnd rk`hn`c `mf, hncm`c hmiuim huju tkrus hmensudm`, dn` ensudm` sn`tn` `mf, tkrus ensudm` hnu` skeun, tkrus hmnhud huju skeun. Gnhm dnyn jnls, gnfk, onwn`c putmf, onwn`c ekrnf, inok cmjm`c. Rkrtnen `nrl hncm`c, tkrus oueou-oueou, sn`tn` jn`csu`c hmensnd. Myn hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt, skrnm iuim okrsmf, tkrus skrnm hm ckprkd ensudm``yn nwnj skeun. Ykeun onfn` hmensudm` pns nwnj skeun. hm oueou uhnf nhn cnrne`yn hn` dnsmf skhmdmt (emim`)― (N>) ―]n`c pkrtnen sn`tn` hmensudm`, dnjnu uhnf okrem`ynd hmensudm` hncm`c`yn. Dn` eltl`c hncm`c`yn tmpms-tmpms tuf. Npm`yn dkimj, cnd oljkf ckhk. Dnjnu ckhk `n`tm onu`yn onu`yn sk`cmt.― (N?)
;.?.. Xme FNII ;.? FNIIR R
Fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` m`m, okjue nhn tme FNIIR hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V. [`tud dkpkrjun` pk`kjmtmn` m`m, endn pk`kjmtm sk`hmrm okrtm`hnd skoncnm tme FNIIR. Rk`kjmtm hmon`tu ljkf snjnf sntu tken` pk`kjmtm hn` pktucns jnolrntlrmue hm Onjnm Oksnr Jnolrntlrmue Dkskfntn` Gndnrtn u`tud ekekrmdsndn` emdrlomljlcm
pnhn rk`hn`c. Hun lrn`c tkrskout ekjndsn`ndn` pken`tnun` skjnen prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn` ugm jnolrntlrmue.
;.9. Hksdrmpsm Rrlhud Hksdrmpsm rk`hn`c yn`c hmount ljkf ruenf endn`
wnwn`inrn m`alren`. ‚Jnls, gnfk, onwn`c putmf, onwn`c ekrnf, dnyu en`ms, dktueonr, gm`tn`, nsne dn`hms, nsne ckjucur, dkemrm, pnjn, sn`tn`, hncm`c, hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt, skrnm, inok cmjm`c.― (N>) ( N>) ‚... gnfk, sn`tn`, onwn`c ekrnf, jnls, inok cmjm`c, hncm`c snpm― (N?) Ynnt nhn dl`suek` yn`c ekeokjm ekeokjm rk`hn`c, rk`hn`c, pk`ckensn` pk`ckensn` ek`ccu`ndn` ek`ccu`ndn` pjnstmd u`tud endn`n` ntnu ek`ccu`ndn` dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n` npnomjn dl`suek` ekeokjm rk`hn`c hmtneonf hk`cn` `nsm. Okrmdut wnwn`inrn hk`cn` m`alren`.
‚ Rndk pjnstmd omnsn yn`c sktk`cnf dmjl. Dnjl okjm`yn snen `nsm yn pndk dkrtns `nsm hmou`cdus`yn.― (N>) ‚Rndk pjnstmd ok`m`c cmtu tnpm dnhn`c pndk dkrtns `nsm gucn dnjl okjm`yn snen `nsm, dnjl okjm`yn cn pndk pndk `nsm onru pndk pjnstmd― (N?) Ensn smepn` smepn` ntnu dnhnju dnhnjunrsn nrsn rk`hn` rk`hn`c c skjnen skjnen hun fnrm. fnrm. _k`hn` _k`hn`c c omsn omsn tnfn` snepnm tuguf fnrm npnomjn hmpn`nsdn` ujn`c hn` hmsmepn` pnhn sufu run`c. Fnj
tkrskout sksunm h ‚Hun fnrm. Dnhn`c dnjl rk`hn`c yn`c oncus tnfn` 9 fnrm tuf, yn`c entn`c`yn dkrm`c snepk mtke ‚Dnjnu rk`hn`c nwkt`yn mtu skendm` hmpn`nsm` skendm` oncus, tneonf k`nd hmn. Omsn tnfn` skjn _k`hn`c yn`c suhnf entn`c hmgunj hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c hn` hnpnt jn`csu`c hmdl`suesm. [`t ‚Rndk en`cdld, jn`csu`c hnrm hnpur mtu― (N>)
‚Myn mtu pndk wnhnf yn`c hnrm hnpur (en`cdld). Dnjnu uhnf hm`cm` onru hmtutup. Gn`cn` hmtnrl hm dujdns― (N?)
_k`hn`c yn`c suhnf entn`c hmhmstrmousmdn` dk tkepnt pk`yngmn` ntnu ktnjnsk hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` en`cdud yn`c tmhnd tkrtutup. Fnj tkrskout sksunm hk`cn` pkr`yntnn` okrmdut m`m. ‚Onwn`yn pndk en`cdld omnsn. Dnjl mou tmhnd hmtutup, dnjnu hmtutup `n`tm onsm dnrk`n ensmf pn`ns. Hmoudn sngn― (N>) ‚Rndnm en`cdld omnsn. Onwn`yn tmhnd hmtutup dnrk`n ensmf pn`ns rk`hn`c`yn, dnjnu jn`csu`c hmtutup `n`tm okrnmr hn` rnsn`yn gnhm okhn― (N?)
Xnokj ;.> Hksdrmpsm Rrlhud _k`hn`c @nen Rrlhud
Dleplsmsm
_k`hn`c Hncm`c
Hncm`c snpm, inonm ekrnf, hnu` gkrud purut, skrnm, hnu` du`ymt jk`cduns, dnyu en`ms, dktueonr, gm`tn`, nsne dn`hms, nsne ckjucur, dkemrm, pnjn, onwn`c ekrnf, onwn`c putmf, gnfk, sn`tn`
Rk`ckensn`
Rjnstmd u`tud endn`n` Dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`
Ensn Dnhnjunrsn
? fnrm 3 fnrm (npnomjn hmpn`nsdn` dkeonjm)
Xkepnt Rrlhud Hmgunj
_uenf endn` pnhn`c
Rk`ccu`nn` Rr Rrlhud
Jn`csu`c hm hmdl`suesm
Dl`h Dl `hms msmm Rk Rk`y `yme mepn pn`n `n` `
Yn Ynnt nt hmsn hmsngm gmdn dn` ` hm kt ktnj njns nskk ek`c ek`ccu cu`n `ndn dn` ` en`c en`cdu dud d
yn`c tmhnd tkrtutup Hmstrmousm
Rk`hmstrmousmn` hnrm hnpur dk tkepnt pk`yngmn` ek`ccu`ndn` en`cdud yn`c tmhnd tkrtutup
;.8. Xugun` Ndfmr Rk`ccu`nn` _k`hn`c
Mhk`tmamdnsm tugun` ndfmr rk`hn`c hmruenf endn` pnhn`c V tkrhmrm hnrm prlhud, pk`yngmn`, hn` dl`suek`. _k`hn`c yn`c suhnf entn`c hnpnt jn`csu`c hmdl`suesm. Dl`suek` yn`c ek`cdl`suesm rk`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V wmjnynf Rneujn`c ynmtu n`nd-n`nd fm`ccn hkwnsn. Okrmdut wnwn`inrn hk`cn` m`alren`. ‚Enike-enike. Hnrm YER snepk tun. ]n hnrm euhn snepk tun jnf― (N>) ‚Cnd tk`tu. Nhn yn`c tun nhn yn`c euhn― (N?)
Xnokj ;.? Xugun` Ndfmr Rk`ccu`nn` _k`hn`c Rrlhud
_k`hn`c Hncm`c
Rk`yngmn`
Yktkjnf hmljnf jn`csu`c hnpnt hmdl`suesm
Dl`suek`
N`nd-n`nd fm`ccn hkwnsn
;.;. Oncn` Njmr Rrlsks Rrlsks Rkeountn` Rkeountn` _k`hn`c _k`hn`c Rrlsks pk`yusu`n` oncn` njmr hmjndudn` u`tud ek`cktnfum oncnmen`n prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c
Rkeokjmn` Onfn` Ondu
Rk`krmenn` Onfn` Ondu
Rk`ymnpn` Onfn` ondu
Rk`ymnpn` njnt ensnd
Ekensnd
Rk`ymepn`n` hn` Hmstrmousm
Oncn` ;.> Rrlsks Rkeountn` _k`hn`c
;.1. Ek`cdl`amrensm Ek`cdl`amrensm Njur Rrlsks Rkeountn` Rkeountn` _k _k`hn`c `hn`c
Ek`cdl`amrensm njur hmpkrjudn` u`tud ekenstmdn` onfwn njur pkeountn` rk`hn`c yn`c hmount skokjue`yn suhnf sksunm ntnu okjue. Rnhn dl`amrensm njur m`m hmjmfnt skinrn rm`im hnrm prlsks pkeokjmn` onfn` ondu fm`ccn pk`ymepn`n` hn` pk`hmstrmousmn`. Okrmdut m`m prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V7
-
Rkeokjmn` onf onfnn` on ondu Onfn`-onfn` u`tud ekensnd rk`hn`c hmokjm hmpnsnr trnhmsml`nj.
Rkeokjmn` onfn` pnhn pncm fnrm puduj 23.22 SMO. Onfn`-onfn` yn`c hmoutufdn` skoncnm okrmdut 7 n) Hncm`c
hmpltl`c-pltl`c sksunm udurn` hncm`c rk`hn`c. Ykjn`gut`yn, hmeon`c hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` eon`cn` pnsnr hn` hmen
Xnokj ;.9 Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Emdrlomljlcm pnhn Hncm`c Ynpm [gm Emdrlomljlcm
N`cdn jkepk`c tltnj (NJX) Iljmalre
Fnsmj [gm
Ytn`hnr (Y@M 9=9?7?226)
Dktkrn`cn`
?,; x >29
> x >21
Ekek`ufm synrnt
>,3 x >2?
> x >2?
Xmhnd ekek`ufm synrnt
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.9 hmntns, fnsmj pk`cugmn` jnolrntlrmue pnhn hncm`c ondtkrm Iljmalre tmhnd ekek`ufm stn`hnr yn`c hmpkrsynrntdn` skhn`cdn` u`tud pk`cugmn` n`cdn jkepk`c tltnj (NJX) ensmf hmonwnf stn`hnr. Okrmdut m`m nhnjnf tnokj fnsmj pk`cugmn` amsmd pnhn hncm`c.
Xnokj ;.8 Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Amsmd pnhn Hncm`c [gm Amsmd Snr`n
Fnsmj [gm Ekrnf tkrn`c hk`cn` sdlr 9
Ytn`hnr (Y@M 9=9?7?226) M MM MMM Ekrnf Ekrnf Ekrnf tkrn`c dkckjnpn` ckjnp Ydlr > ’ ; Ydlr 1 ’ 3 Ydlr 6 ’ =
Dktkrn`cn`
Ekek`ufm synrnt
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.8, fnsmj pk`cugmn` amsmd pnhn hncm`c okrwnr`n ekrnf tkrn`c hk`cn` sdlr 9 hn` ensmf ekek`ufm synrnt. o) Oueou Oueou yn`c hmoutufdn` u`tud ekeount rk`hn`c ynmtu, inonm ekrnf, hnu` gkrud purut, skrnm, jk`cduns, dnyu en`ms, dktueonr, gm`tn`,
nsne dn`hms, nsne ckjucur, dkemrm, pnjn, onwn`c ekrnf, onwn`c puf, hn` gnfk. Oue Okrmdut m`m ekrupndn` fnsmj pk`cugmn` jnolrntlrmue pnhn oueou rk`hn`c.
Xnokj ; [gm
Fnsmj [gm
Emdrlomljlcm N`cdn jkepk`c tltnj (NJX)
9,2 x >2
Iljmalre
>,> x >29
;
Ytn`hnr (Y@M 39667?22=) > x >21
> x >2?
Dktkrn`cn`
Ekek`ufm synrnt Xmhnd ekek`ufm synrnt
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.;. fnsmj pk`cugmn` emdrlomljlcm ondtkrm Iljmalre pnhn Iljmalre pnhn oueou rk`hn`c tmhnd ekek`ufm ekek`ufm stn`hnr Y@M 39667?22=.
i) Yn`tn` Dkjnpn yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ekeount rk`hn`c nhnjnf dkjnpn tun. Dkjnpn utuf hmdupns hnrm ontld dkjnpn dkeuhmn` hmpnrut hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` eksm` pnrut dkjnpn. Yktkjnf mtu, dkjnpn pnrut hmpkrns ek`ccu`ndn` eksm` pkekrns sn`tn` yn`c hmtneonfdn` hk`cn` nmr
dkeuhmn` ek`cfnsmjdn` sn`tn`. Yn`tn` yn`c dkjunr hnrm eksm` hmwnhnfm ek`ccu`ndn` tkdl pjnstmd jnju hmensuddn` dk hnjne pjnstmd yn`c nen` u`tud endn`n`. Okrmdut m`m nhnjnf fnsmj pk`cugmn` jnolrntlrmue pnhn sn`tn`. Xnokj ;.1 Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Emdrlomljlcm pnhn Yn`tn` [gm Emdrlomljlcm
N`cdn jkepk`c tltnj (NJX) Iljmalre
Fnsmj [gm
Ytn`hnr (Y@M 39667?22=)
Dktkrn`cn`
?,9 x >29
> x >21
Ekek`ufm synrnt
=
:9
Xmhnd ekek`ufm synrnt
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.1 hmntns, fnsmj pk`cugmn` ondtkrm pnhn sn`tn`
tkrhnpnt tkrhnp nt dl`tnem`nsm dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm ondtkrm Iljmalre yn`c ekjkomfm neon`c ontns stn`hnr Y@M 39667?22=. - Rk`krmenn` onfn` ondu Okrhnsnrdn` hnrm fnsmj loskrvnsm hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V, onfn` onfn` yn`c suhnf hmokjm dkeuhmn` hmonwn hk`cn` dk`hnrnn` okreltlr. Ynnt snepnm hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c, onfn`-onfn` jn`csu`c hmonwn ensud dk hnpur yn`c skjn`gut`yn ndn` jn`csu`c hmljnf. Onfn` ondu yn`c hmtkrmen tmhnd ek`cnjnem dkrusndn`. -
Rr Rrls lsks ks pk`y pk`ymn mnpn pn` ` onfn onfn` ` ondu ondu Rrlsks skjn`gut`yn skjn`gut`yn
ynmtu ek`ymnpdn` ek`ymnpdn`
onfn`-onfn onfn`-onfn`. `. Hnrm fnsmj
loskrvnsm hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V, hncm`c hmdkjunrdn` tkrjkomf hnfuju hnrm dn`tu`c pjnstmd okrwnr`n ok`m`c. Dkeuhmn` hmiuim hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` nmr okrsmf yn`c ek`cnjmr snepnm okrsmf. Ykhn`cdn` oueou yn`c suhnf hmfnjusdn` hn`
sn`tn` hmdkjunrdn` hnrm dn`tu`c pjnstmd. [`tud oueou skpkrtm hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt, hn` skrnm hmiuim tkrjkomf hnfuju hk`cn` nmr okrsmf. -
Rrls Rrlsks ks pk` pk`ym ymnp npn` n` njnt njnt-nj -njnt nt y yn` n`c c hmp hmpnd ndnm nm Njnt-njnt yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ekeount rk`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V nhnjnf skoncnm okrmdut7 >. Rk` k`cc ccl lrk rk` `cn` cn` Rk`cclrk`cn` hmcu`ndn` skoncnm wnhnf u`tud ekeount rk`hn`c. Okrmdut m`m dutmpn` wnwn`inrn m`alren`. ―Sngn` ntnu dunjm, dnjl lrn`c sm`m omjn`c`yn wngn`, dnjl dmtn omjn`c`yn dunjm― (N>)
Sngn`, dnjnu hmdnepu`c `nen`yn tnjk`n`c. (N?) ?. Ylhkt Ylhkt hmcu`ndn` u`tud ek`cnhud hnjne prlsks pkensndn` ncnr oueou tkrinepur rntn. Okrmdut dutmpn` wnwn`inrn m`alren`. ‚Ylhkt, slhkt yn`c oksm oljkf ntnu dnyu tkrskrnf― (N>) ―Ynen slhkt gucn.― (N?) 9. [jkd jkd hn` ilo ilokd [jkd hmpndnm u`tud ekempmfdn` oueou. Ykhn`cdn` ilokd skoncnm wnhnf u`tud ekempmfdn` oueou. Okrmdut dutmpn` wnwn`inrn m`alren`. ―Rndk ilokd snen ujkdn``yn, `tnr dnyn hmtueoud cmtu― (N>)
-
Gnhwnj pkeountn` Hnrm fnsmj pk`cnentn` hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V, pkensndn` rk`hn`c
hmeujnm skdmtnr puduj 26.83 SMO. Rrlsks ekensnd ekeoutufdn` wndtu ¾ ? 9 gne ntnu snepnm s nepnm oueou`yn suhnf ek`ckrm`c. -
Rrlsks pkensndn` Okrhnsnrdn` hnrm fnsmj loskrvnsm hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V, tnfnpn`
prlsks ekensnd rk`hn`c ynmtu, skrnm hmpmpmfdn` ek`ccu`ndn` ujkd hn` hmwnhnfm ilokd skokjue hmensnd. Dkeuhmn` ensuddn` hncm`c, oueou oueou, hn` sn`tn` dk hnjne pk`cclrk`cn` hn` tneonfdn` skhmdmt EYC. Rk`cclrk`cn` hmjktnddn` hmntns tu`cdu dleplr dkeuhmn` `ynjndn` hk`cn`
npm skhn`c skhn`c.. Oueou, Oueou, hncm`c hncm`c,, skrtn skrtn sn`tn` sn`tn` hmnhud hmnhud snepnm snepnm tkrinep tkrinepur ur rntn. rntn. Ykskdnjm rk`hn`c hmnhud-nhud ncnr tmhnd fn`cus. Dkeuhmn` tu`ccu snepnm wnr`n wnr `n rk`hn` rk`hn`c c okruon okruonf f ncnd ncnd ek`gnh ek`gnhmm dkfmtn dkfmtnen` en` hn` ek`ckr ek`ckrm`c m`c.. Sndtu Sndtu pkensndn` rk`hn`c ? ’ 9 gne. Fnj tkrskout sksunm hk`cn` wnwn`inrn m`alren`. ‚... dn` enu ensnd rk`hn`c `mf, hncm`c hmiuim huju tkrus hmensudm`, dn` ensudm` sn`tn` `mf, tkrus ensudm` hnu` skeun, tkrus hmnhud huju skeun. Gnhm dnyn jnls, gnfk, onwn`c putmf, onwn`c ekrnf, inok cmjm`c. Rkrtnen `nrl hncm`c, tkrus oueou-oueou, sn`tn` jn`csu`c hmensnd. Myn hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt, skrnm iuim okrsmf, tkrus skrnm hm ckprkd ensudm``yn nwnj skeun. Ykeun onfn` hmensudm` pns nwnj skeun. hm oueou uhnf uhnf nhn cnrne`yn hn` dnsmf skhmdmt (emim`)― (N>) ―]n`c pkrtnen sn`tn` hmensudm`, dnjnu uhnf okrem`ynd hmensudm` hncm`c`yn. Dn` eltl`c hncm`c`yn tmpms-tmpms tuf. Npm`yn dkimj, cnd oljkf ckhk. Dnjnu ckhk `n`tm onu`yn sk`cmt.― (N?) ―Hun gne. Myn, tnpm tkrcn`tu`c gucn, dnjl rk`hn`c yn`c snepk mtke on`ckt yn`c tnfn` 9 fnrm mtu 9 gne. _k`hn`c pnhn`c yn`c oncus mtu 9 gne.― (N>) ―9 gne, dnjnu yn`c jkomf oncus`yn ? ’ 9 gne― (N?)
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Rk Rk`y `yme mepn pn`n `n` ` hn` hn` hmst hmstrm rmou ousm sm Okrhnsnrdn` hnrm fnsmj loskrvnsm hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V, rk`hn`c
yn`c suhnf entn`c hmensuddn` dk hnjne en`cdud yn`c tmhnd tkrtutup. Dkeuhmn` hmonwn hnrm hnpur dk ktnjnsk ruenf endn` pnhn`c. Rk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk ek`ccu`ndn` en`cdud yn`c hmonwn hnrm hnpur. Snhnf yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ek`hmstrmousmdn` dk dl`suek` ek`ccu`ndn` pjnstmd ok`m`c u`tud endn`n` ntnu dkrtns pkeou`cdus `nsm. Okrmdut dutmpn` wnwn`inrn m`alren`. ‚Onwn`yn pndk en`cdld omnsn. Dnjl mou tmhnd hmtutup, dnjnu hmtutup `n`tm onsm dnrk`n ensmf pn`ns. Hmoudn sngn― (N>)
Rndnm en`cdld omnsn. Onwn`yn tmhnd hmtutup dnrk`n ensmf pn`ns rk`hn`c`yn, dnjnu jn`csu`c hmtutup `n`tm okrnmr hn` rnsn`yn gnhm okhn― (N?) ‚Rndk en`cdld, jn`csu`c hnrm hnpur mtu― (N>) ‚Myn mtu pndk wnhnf yn`c hnrm hnpur (en`cdld). Dnjnu uhnf hm`cm` onru hmtutup. Gn`cn` hmtnrl hm dujdns― (N?) ‚Rndk pjnstmd omnsn yn`c sktk`cnf dmjl. Dnjl okjm`yn snen `nsm yn pndk dkrtns `nsm hmou`cdus`yn― (N>) ‚Rndk pjnstmd ok`m`c cmtu tnpm dnhn`c pndk dkrtns `nsm gucn dnjl okjm`yn snen `nsm, dnjl okjm`yn cn pndk `nsm onru pndk pjnstmd ― (N?) Ykjnm` mtu, hmjndudn` pk`cudurn` sufu pnhn rk`hn`c hk`cn` jnen pk`ymepn`n` 2 gne, >? gne, hn` ?8 gne. Hnrm fnsmj pk`cudurn` tkrskout, sufu rk`hn`c snnt pk`ymepn`n` ek`cnjnem pk`uru`n` ynmtu 13,9²I, ?3,9²I, hn` ?1,>²I.
;.3. Mhk`tmamdnsm N`njmsms Onfnyn
N`njmsms onfnyn hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V tkrhmrm hnrm onfn` ondu hn` prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c. N`njmsms onfnyn pnhn onfn` ondu ekjmputm hncm`c, oueou, hn` sn`tn`. Ykhn`cdn` Ykhn`cdn` n`njmsms onfnyn pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` tkrhmrm hnrm pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu, prlsks pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, prlsks pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt ensnd, gnhwnj pkeountn`, prlsks pkensndn`, pk`ymepn`n`, hn` hmstrmousm. Okrmdut m`m n`njmsms onfnyn pnhn onfn` ondu (tnokj ;.3) hn` prlsks pk`cljnfn` (tnokj ;.6).
Xnokj ;.3 N`njmsms Onfnyn pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c Onfn`
Hncm`c
Onfnyn
Omljlcm 7 Iljmalre
Yueokr Onfnyn
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Amsmd 7 Hkou, dnyu, rneout
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Rkrjndu dunn` pn pnhn snnt pkeltl`cn` hncm`c hm pnsnr Yufu Yufu hn hncm cm`c `c yn yn`c `c tmhnd hm`cm` pnhn snnt pk`gunjn` (?=,=²I) Dkok kokrnhn rnhnnn` jn jnjjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn u`tud tkrgnhm`yn dl`tnem`nsm Rk`g Rk`gun unjn jn` `h hnc ncmm`c hk`cn` dl`hmsm tkroudn Rkeltl`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` njns yn`c tkrount hnrm dnyu Rk`g Rk`gun unjjn` hn hncm cm`c `c hnjne dknhnn` tkroudn
Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
Rk`ikcnfn`
Xm`ccm Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>; tk`tn`c Rkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj, hncm`c yn`c suhnf hmpltl`c hmpngn`c hnjne dl`hmsm hm`cm`. Gmdn tmhnd nhn ansmjmtns pk`hm`cm` endn hncm`c fnrus fnoms pnhn fnrm pk`ykeokjmfn` hn` npnomjn tmhnd ekeu`cdm`dn` fnoms pnhn fnrm yn`c snen, hncm`c hmsngmdn` pnhn sufu hm`cm` (8²I).
Dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`gunjn`, pk`ymepn`n` hncm`c pnhn sufu yn`c rk`hnf hn` tkrtutup skrtn pkeltl`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` njnt yn`c okrsmf.
Ykhn`c Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>; tk`tn`c Rkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj7 - Rkel Rkeltl tl`c `cn` n` hncm hncm`c `c tmhn tmhnd d ek`ccu`ndn` njns pkeltl`cn` (tnjk`n`) dnyu
Njns yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ekeltl`c hncm`c hmcn`tm hk`cn` njns yn`c nen` u`tud endn`n` ( allh allh crnhk), crnhk ), pk`gunjn` hncm`c hnjne dknhnn` tkrtutup, hn`
31
Onfn`
Oueou
Onfnyn
Omljlcm 7 - Iljmalre
Yueokr Onfnyn
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Rk`gunj tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` pk`utup dkpnjn
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Oueou yn`c yn`c h hmmgunj tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` ek`ccu`ndn`
Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
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Rkhn Rkhncn cn`c `c e ek` k`ut utup up rrne neout out`yn `yn hk`cn` pk`utup dkpnjn snepnm ok`nr ok`nr tkrtutup. Xm`ccm Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu`
wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup ?2>; tk`tn`c Rkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c Jnjnt skoncnm - Oueo Oueou ud dkkrm`c rm`c yn yn`c `c onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj, oueou cmjm`c pkrn`tnrn suhnf jnen hmsmepn` hmsmepn` hnjne wnhnf dkhnp uhnrn ncnr tmhnd dl`tnd hk`cn` uhnrn yn`c hnpnt nhn`yn hn` tmhnd hmtkepnt ekepkrikpnt fmjn`c`yn nrlen hn` dl`tnem`nsm pnhn tkepnt yn`c ondtkrm dl`tnem`nsm prlhud hnrm uhnrn, skrn`ccn, ntnu dkrm`c - Gneur fkwn` jnm``yn. Rn`cn` ek`tnf dkrm`c hmpngn`c pnhn wnhnf yn`c okrsmf hn` sk`n`tmnsn hmpkrmdsn hnrm dkeu`cdm`n` m`akstnsm fnen/dutu ntnu okrgneur. Rk`ymepn`n` pn`cn` ek`tnf dkrm`c skonmd`yn hmpkrtnfn`dn` tktnp skgud hn` dkrm`c u`tud ek`ikcnf dkrusndn` dnrk`n skrn`ccn hn` ondtkrm. Ykhn`c Oueou hmgunj hk`cn` Amsmd 7 Hkou, Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` rneout, tn`nf dknhnn` tkroudn hn` ?2>; tk`tn`c Rkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c pk`gunj tmhnd yn`c onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj, oueou cmjm`c ek`kepkj ek`ccu`ndn` pk`utup -
Rk`ikcnfn`
pk`gunj ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn
Rk`yngmn` oueou ekendnm wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup hn` oueou-oueou dkrm`c hmsmepn` hm tkepnt yn`c dkrm`c
Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup, pk`gunj ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn, hn`
Onfn`
Yn`tn`
Onfnyn
Yueokr Onfnyn
pnhn oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn` Omljlcm 7 Iljmalre
dkpnjn, oueou yn`c ndn` hmfnjusdn` tmhnd hmiuim snepnm okrsmf - Yn`m Yn`mtn tnsm sm dk dkok okrs rsmf mfn` n` tkepnt ek`cljnf sn`tn` yn`c tmhnd fmcmk`k - Rk`gun unjj yn`c tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` snru`c tn`cn` snnt ek`cljnf - Xkepnt pk`nepu`cn` nmr
Amsmd 7 skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou, rneout
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Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
Rk`ikcnfn`
hmsmepn` hnjne wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup hn` ek`iuim oueou skokjue pk`gunj ek`ccu`ndn` pk`utup dkpnjn snepnm hmfnjusdn` tkrtutup Xm`ccm Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tkepnt Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` pk`gunjn`, tkepnt ?2>; tk`tn`c Rkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c pk`nepu`cn` nmr tkrtutup, onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj, jldnsm pk`gunjn` pk`gunjn` skrtn ek`ccu`ndn` snru`c tkrgncn dkokrsmfn``yn, okons hnrm snepnf, tn`cn` onu, nsnp, dltlrn`, hn` hkou. Xkepnt pk`gunjn` euhnf hmokrsmfdn` hn` hmjndudn` tm`hndn` sn`mtnsm, euhnf hmpkjmfnrn, hn` tmhnd tkrgnhm pk`ikenrn` smjn`c hmn`tnrn prlhud ntnupu` on`cu`n`. On`cu`n` hmjk`cdnpm hk`cn` sueokr nmr okrsmf, pmpn ek`cnjmrdn`
nmr, hn` tkepnt pk`nepu`cn` nmr. tmhnd tkrtutup _k`hnf Ykrnou outt yn`c Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` gntuf dk hnjne ?2>; tk`tn`c Rkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c wnhnf sn`tn` - Xk Xkrh rhnp npnt nt smsn smsn on ontl tld d onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj7 Rk`gunjj f fnru nruss e ekem kemjmd jmdmm pk pk`ck `cktnf tnfu`, u`, dkjnpn pnhn dkjnpn - Rk`gun dkenepun`, hn` dktkrnepmjn` yn`c sujmt ek`ck`nm hmokrsmfdn`
Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c sktk`cnf tkrtutup pnhn snnt ekekrns sn`tn`, ek`cupns dkjnpn snepnm okrsmf, ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn, hn` ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`cljnfn`
Onfn`
Onfnyn
Yueokr Onfnyn
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Rk`gun unjj ttmmhnd ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn Xk Xkep epnnt ek` ek`cl cljn jnf f yn`c tmhnd okrsmf
Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
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Rk`ikcnfn`
pk`n`cn`n` pn`cn` yn`c onmd ncnr tmhnd ek`ykonodn` dkrusndn` pn`cn`. Rk`gun Rk`gunjj ek`c ek`ccu`n cu`ndn` dn` pk` pk`utu utup p dkpn dkpnjn jn snepnm ok`nr-ok`nr tkrtutup. Jldnsm Jldnsm p pk`g k`gunj unjn` n` tkrgn tkrgncn cn dk dkokr okrsmf smfn`` n``yn, yn, okons hnrm snepnf, onu, nsnp, dltlrn`, hn` hkou. Xkepnt pk`gunjn` euhnf hmokrsmfdn` hn` hmjndudn` tm`hndn` sn`mtnsm, euhnf hmpkjmfnrn, hn` tmhnd tkrgnhm pk`ikenrn` smjn`c hmn`tnrn prlhud ntnupu` on`cu`n`.
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.3, onfnyn yn`c tkrhnpnt pnhn onfn` ondu pkeountn` rk`hn`c ynmtu onfnyn omljlcm okrupn ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre,, jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm, hn` gneur. Ykhn`cdn` dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn amsmd ekjmputm hkou, dnyu, rneout, tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn`, skrnout dkjnpn, skrtn ontld dkjnpn.
Xnokj ;.6 N`njmsms Onfnyn pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c Xnfnpn` Rrlsks Rk`krmenn` onfn` ondu
Rrlsks pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu
Onfnyn
Yueokr Onfnyn
Amsmd 7 hkou, pnsmr
Nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm pnhn snnt prlsks pk`cn`cdutn`
Dmemn 7 sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd okrnsnj hnrm wnhnf pjnstmd
Dl`tnem`nsm smjn`c hnrm pjnstmd
Amsmd 7 hkou hn` tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn onfn` ondu,
Hkou, tn`nf, hkou yn`c okrtkron`cn`
Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
Rk`ikcnfn`
_k`hnf Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>; tk`tn`c Rkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj, wnhnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ek`cmrme pn`cn`, dkensn` enupu` wnhnf hn` entkrmnj jnm``yn yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn` u`tud pn`cn` skonmd`yn hnjne dl`hmsm okrsmf hn` tmhnd hmcu`ndn` u`tud ek`cn`cdut onfn` skjnm` pn`cn`. _k`hnf Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>; tk`tn`c Rkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj, pk`ccu`nn` dkensn` tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` dkensn` dn`tl`c pjnstmd fmtne, pjnstmd hnur ujn`c, dkrtns dlrn`/dkrtns dlrn`/dkrtns okrtm`tn, hn` dkensn` yn`c hmjnrn`c hmjnrn`c jnm``yn u`tud pn`cn` smnp sngm.
Rk`cn`cdutn` ek`ccu`ndn` tkepnt pk`nepu`cn` onfn` endn`n` yn`c tkrtutup hn` ekjndudn` pk`ckikdn` onfn` endn`n`
_k`hnf Okrhnsnrdn` Dkputusn` ORLE @l. FD.29.>.?9.28.>?.??21 tnfu` ?2>? tk`tn`c inrn
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Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c nen` u`tud pn`cn`
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Ek`iuim onfn` ondu snepnm okrsmf Onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmokrsmfdn` hmtkepntdn`
Xnfnpn` Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Yueokr Onfnyn
Amsmd 7 hkou
Rk`ikcnfn`
prlhudsm pn`cn` yn`c onmd u`tud m`hustrm ruenf tn`ccn7 - Jldnsm M`hustrm _uenf Xn`cn` Rn`cn` (M_XR) skfnrus`yn hmgncn tktnp okrsmf, okons hnrm snepnf, onu, nsnp, dltlrn`, hn` hkou. - On`cu`n` hn` ansmjmtns M_XR skfnrus`yn ek`gnem` onfwn pn`cn` tmhnd tkrikenr ljkf onfnyn amsmd, omljlcms, hn` dmemn skjnen hnjne prlsks prlhudsm skrtn euhnf hmokrsmfdn` hn` hmsn`mtnsm.
dltlrn` hkou hnrm jn`cmtjn`cmt
Rrlsks pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm
Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
Rk`ymepn`n` njnt-njnt ensnd tmhnd hmtkepnt yn`c tkrtutup hn` wngn` hmcn`tu`c hm hm`hm`c
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ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` hnpur
Rk`ymepn`n` njnt ensnd pnhn Ykhn`c tkepnt yn`c tkrtutup (jkenrm), Okrhnsnrdn` Dkputusn` ORLE @l. FD.29.>.?9.28.>?.??21 tnfu` ?2>? tk`tn`c inrn pkreudnn` pkrnjntn` prlhudsm pn`cn` yn`c onmd u`tud m`hustrm ruenf ek`cfnhnp dk onwnf, hn` ek`ckjnp`yn skokjue tn`ccn, skeun pkrnjntn` skfnrus`yn hmpkrjmfnrn, hmcu`ndn` hmpkrmdsn, hn` hmpn`tnu ncnr okrau`csm hk`cn` onmd hn` skjnju hnjne dknhnn` okrsmf. Rk`ymepn`n` pkrnjntn` yn`c tkjnf hmokrsmfdn` tktnpm okjue hmcu`ndn` fnrus hm tkepntt okrsmf tkepn okrsmf hn` hnjne dl`hmsm dl`hmsm onmd, skonmd`yn pkreudnn` pkrnjntn` ek`cfnhnp dk onwnf supnyn
Xnfnpn` Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Yueokr Onfnyn
Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
Rk`ikcnfn`
tkrjm`hu`c hnrm hkou, dltlrn`, ntnu pk`ikenrn` jnm``yn. Dmemn 7 inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c
Gnhwnj pkeountn` Rrlsks pkensndn`
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Omljlcm 7 pntlck` yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns
Ekeomjns njnt ensnd tmhnd snepnm okrsmf
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Xkrhnpnt ondtkrm yn`c tnfn` pn`ns
Ek`iuim hn` ekeomjns njnt _k`hnf ensnd snepnm okrsmf Okrhnsnrdn` Dkputusn` ORLE @l. FD.29.>.?9.28.>?.??21 tnfu` ?2>? tk`tn`c inrn prlhudsm pn`cn` yn`c onmd u`tud m`hustrm ruenf tn`ccn, pkeokrsmfn` hn` sn`mtnsm skonmd`yn hmjndudn` hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` prlsks amsmd (pk`ymdntn`, pk`ykeprltn` hk`cn` nmr okrtkdn`n`/pk`cfmsnp vndue), prlsks dmemn (snou` ntnu hktkrgk`), ntnu cnou`cn` prlsks amsmd hn` dmemn u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` dltlrn` hn` jnpmsn` gnsnh rk`md hnrm hn` pkrnjntn`. -
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Xm`ccm Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` _M @l.>2=1 Xnfu` ?2>> tk`tn`c Fmcmk`k Yn`mtnsm Gnsnolcn, pk`cnturn` sufu hn` wndtu pkrju hmpkrfntmdn` dnrk`n sktmnp onfn` endn`n` ekepu`ynm wndtu dkentn`cn` yn`c okrokhn.
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Rk`cnturn` sufu pnhn snnt prlsks ensnd ncnr ondtkrm hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn`
Xnfnpn` Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Amsmd 7 hkou, skrpmfn` ontu
Yueokr Onfnyn
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Dl`hmsm hnpur yn`c tmhnd fmcmk`k Ilokd hn` ujkd yn`c suhnf dkrlpls
Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
Yufu pk`cljnfn` em`menj =2²I ncnr duen` pntlck` entm hn` tmhnd oljkf tkrjnju jnen ncnr ncnr dn`hu`cn` znt cmzm tmhnd fmjn`c ndmont pk`cunpn`. _k`hnf Okrhnsnrdn` Dkputusn` ORLE @l. FD.29.>.?9.28.>?.??21 tnfu` ?2>? tk`tn`c inrn prlhudsm pn`cn` yn`c onmd u`tud m`hustrm ruenf tn`ccn, - Jldnsm M`hustrm _uenf Xn`cn` Rn`cn` (M_XR) skfnrus`yn hmgncn tktnp okrsmf, okons hnrm snepnf, onu, nsnp, dltlrn`, hn` hkou. - On`cu`n` hn` ansmjmtns M_XR skfnrus`yn ek`gnem` onfwn pn`cn` tmhnd tkrikenr ljkf onfnyn amsmd, omljlcms, hn` dmemn skjnen hnjne prlsks prlhudsm skrtn euhnf hmokrsmfdn` hn` hmsn`mtnsm. - Rkreudnn` pkrnjntn` yn`c dl`tnd jn`csu`c hk`cn` pn`cn` fnrus fnjus, tmhnd okrikjnf ntnu okrjuon`c, tmhnd ek`ckjupns, tmhnd okrdnrnt, hn` tmhnd ek`ykrnp nmr.
Rk`ikcnfn`
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Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` hnpur hn` Ek`ccu`ndn` ilokd hn` ujkd yn`c tmhnd dkrlpls
Xnfnpn` Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Rk`ymepn`n` Omljlcm 7 hn` hmstrmousm - Jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm - Rkrtueoufn ` ondtkrm
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Yueokr Onfnyn
Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
Snhnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` tmhnd tkrtutup Yufu endn`n` hm`cm`
Ek`urut Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>> tk`tn`c Fmcmk`k Yn`mtnsm Gnsnolcn, dknhnn` pkrnjntn` fnrus utuf, tmhnd inint, tmhnd rktnd, tmhnd clepnj, hn` euhnf hmokrsmfdn`. Xm`ccm Ek`urut Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>> tk`tn`c Fmcmk`k Yn`mtnsm Gnsnolcn 7 - Xkepnt ntnu wnhnf pk`ymepn`n` yn`c hmcu`ndn` fnrus tkrpmsnf u`tud sktmnp gk`ms endn`n` gnhm hn` ekepu`ynm tutup yn`c hnpnt ek`utup skepur`n hn` hnpnt ek`ckjunrdn` uhnrn pn`ns hnrm endn`n` u`tud ek`ikcnf pk`ckeou`n`.
Rk`ikcnfn`
Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup, hn` pk`cnturn` sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n`
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Amsmd 7 hkou
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Jldnsm pk`gunjn` hm pm`ccmr gnjn` Snhnf tmhnd tkrtutup
Rk`ymepn`n` endn`n` gnhm fnrus ekepkrfntmdn` sufu ynmtu 0 12²I. _k`hnf Okrhnsnrdn` Dkputusn` ORLE @l. FD.29.>.?9.28.>?.??21 Xnfu` ?2>? tk`tn`c Inrn Rrlhudsm Rn`cn` yn`c Onmd u`tud M`hustrm _uenf Xn`ccn 7
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Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`ymepn`n` endn`n` hn` ruenf endn` Ekendnm wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup
Xnfnpn` Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Yueokr Onfnyn
Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
Rk`ikcnfn`
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Jldnsm M_XR skfnrus`yn hmgncn tktnp okrsmf, okons hnrm snepnf, onu, nsnp, dltlrn`, hn` hkou. - On`cu`n` hn` ansmjmtns M_XR skfnrus`yn ek`gnem` onfwn pn`cn` tmhnd tkrikenr ljkf onfnyn amsmd, omljlcms, hn` dmemn skjnen hnjne prlsks prlhudsm skrtn euhnf hmokrsmfdn` hn` hmsn`mtnsm. Ek`urut Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>> tk`tn`c Fmcmk`k Yn`mtnsm Gnsnolcn, tkepnt ntnu wnhnf pk`ymepn`n` yn`c hmcu`ndn` fnrus tkrpmsnf u`tud sktmnp gk`ms endn`n` gnhm hn` ekepu`ynm tutup yn`c hnpnt ek`utup skepur`n hn` hnpnt ek`ckjunrdn` uhnrn pn`ns hnrm endn`n` u`tud ek`ikcnf pk`ckeou`n`. Dmemn 7 onfn` dmemn pnhn pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`
Dl`tnem`nsm smjn`c hnrm pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`
Xm`ccm Okrhnsnrdn` Dkputusn` ORLE @l. FD.29.>.?9.28.>?.??21 Xnfu` ?2>? tk`tn`c Inrn Rrlhudsm Rn`cn` yn`c Onmd u`tud M`hustrm _uenf Xn`ccn, skfnrus`yn ek`ccu`ndn` onfn` dkensn` yn`c sksunm u`tud pn`cn`. Hksnm` hn`
Yueokr Onfnyn
Rk`mjnmn` _msmdl
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Ekemjmf hn` ek`ccu`ndn` dkensn` yn`c nen`
Xnfnpn` Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Rk`ikcnfn`
onfn` dkensn` skfnrus`yn ekeokrmdn` pkrjm`hu`cn` tkrfnhnp prlhud hnjne ekepkrdkimj dl`tnem`nsm, ek`ikcnf dkrusndn`, hn` ekeu`cdm`dn` pkjnokjn` yn`c onmd. Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.6, onfnyn yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm snnt prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c ynmtu onfnyn amsmd okrupn hkou, pnsmr hn` skrpmfn` ontu, skhn`cdn` onfnyn omljlcm ekjmputm pntlck` yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns, jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm hn` pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm, hn` yn`c tkrndfmr onfnyn dmemn okrnsnj hnrm sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd hnrm wnhnf pjnstmd, inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c, hn` onfn` dmemn pnhn pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`.
;.6. Ek`k`tuddn` Ek`k`tuddn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms Drmtms
[`tud ek`k`tudn` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms ek`ccu`ndn` hkimsml` trkk ntnu plfl` dkputusn`. Okrmdut m`m pk`k`tun` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms pnhn onfn` ondu enupu` prlsks pkensndn` rk`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V. V. ;.6.>. Ek`k`tuddn` Ek`k`tuddn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c
Hnjne ek`ktnpdn` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms onfn` ondu hk`cn` prlsks pk`cljnfn` ek`ccu`ndn` hkimsml` trkk yn`c okrokhn. Okrmdut m`m pk`k`tun` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms pnhn onfn` ondu hncm`c, oueou, hn` sn`tn`.
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Xnokj ;.= Rk`ktnpn` Xmd Dk`hnjm Drms pnhn Onfn` Ondu Hncm`c, Oueou, hn` Yn`tn`
Onfn`
Onfnyn
Hncm`c
Amsmd7 Hkou, Dnyu
Omljlcm7 - Iljmalre
Yueokr Onfnyn
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Rkeltl`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` njns yn`c tkrount hnrm dnyu
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Rk`g Rk`gun unjn jn` `h hnc ncm` m`c ch hnj njne ne dknhnn` tkroudn
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Rk`ikcnfn`
Njns yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ekeltl`c hncm`c hmcn`tm hk`cn`
njns okronfn` pjnstmd hn` pk`gunjn` hncm`c hnjne dknhnn` tkrtutup Rk`ymepn`n` hncm`c Rkrjndun` pnhn snnt pnhn sufu yn`c rk`hnf pkeltl`cn` hncm`c hm hn` tkrtutup skrtn pnsnr pkeltl`cn` Yufu hncm`c yn`c tmhnd sksunm pnhn snnt pk`gunjn` ek`ccu`ndn` njnt yn`c Dkokrnhnn` jnjnt skoncnm okrsmf pkrn`tnrn u`tud tkrgnhm`yn dl`tnem`nsm Rk`gunjn` hncm`c hk`cn` dl`hmsm tkroudn
R>
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R9
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Xmhnd
XDD / Oudn` Njnsn` XDD Oudn` XDD Rnhn tnfnpn` pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu tkrhnpnt
prlsks pk`iuimn` ]n
]n
Xmhnd
Oudn` XDD Ndn` nhn prlsks pken`nsn` pnhn snnt ekensnd skfm`ccn ondtkrm yn`c tueouf hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn`
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Onfn`
Onfnyn
Oueou
Amsmd7 Hkou, rneout, tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn`
Oueou hmgunj hk`cn` dknhnn` tkroudn hn` pk`gunj tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` pk`utup dkpnjn, oueou yn`c ndn` hmfnjusdn` tmhnd hmiuim snepnm okrsmf
Omljlcm7 - Iljmalre - Jnjnt skoncnm
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pkrn`tnrn nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm Gneur
Yueokr Onfnyn
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Rk`ikcnfn`
Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup, pk`gunj ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn, hn` ek`iuim oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn`
Oueo Oueou uy ynn`c hmgu hmgunnj Rk`yngmn` oueou tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` ekendnm wnhnf yn`c wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup tkrtutup hn` oueouOueo Oueou u dk dkrm rm`c `c y yn` n`c c ssuh uhnf nf oueou dkrm`c hmsmepn` jnen hmsmepn` hn` tmhnd hmtkepnt pnhn tkepnt yn`c dkrm`c
hm tkepnt yn`c dkrm`c
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Xmhnd
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R9 -
Xmhnd
XDD / Oudn` XDD XDD
Njnsn`
Rrlsks okrmdut`yn tmhnd nhn tnfnpn` u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn tkrskout hn` tmhnd nhn prlsks pk`ynrm`cn` snnt ek`cljnf ensndn`
Oudn` XDD Xkrhnpnt prlsks pken`nsn` pnhn snnt ekensnd
Onfn`
Yn`tn`
Onfnyn
Yueokr Onfnyn
Amsmd 7 skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou, rneout
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Omljlcm7 - Iljmalre
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Rk`ikcnfn`
Ykrn Ykrnou outt yn yn`c `c gntu gntuf f Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c sktk`cnf dk hnjne wnhnf tkrtutup, ek`cupns sn`tn` Xk Xkrh rhnp npnt nt smsn smsn on ontl tld d dkjn dkjnpn pn dkjnpn snepnm okrsmf, ekendnm pk`utup pnhn dkjnpn yn`c susnf dkpnjn, hn` ek`gncn hmokrsmfdn` dkokrsmfn` tkepnt Rk`g Rk`gun unjj tm tmhn hnd d ek eken endn dnmm pk`cljnfn` pk`utup dkpnjn Xk Xkep epnt nt ek`c ek`clj ljnf nf yn yn`c `c tmhnd okrsmf Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` Yn`mtnsm dkokrsmfn` hn` ek`ccu`ndn` tkepnt ek`cljnf sn`tn` yn`c tmhnd fmcmk`k snru`c tn`cn` Rk`gunj yn`c tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` snru`c tn`cn` snnt ek`cljnf
R>
R?
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Xmhnd
]n
]n
R9 -
Xmhnd
XDD / Oudn` XDD XDD
Njnsn`
Xmhnd hmjndudn``yn prlsks pk`ynrm`cn` dkeonjm pnhn snnt pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu u`tud ekensnd
Oudn` XDD Ynnt prlsks pkensndn` tkrgnhm pken`nsn` pnhn rk`hn`c yn`c hmensnd skfm`ccn ondtkrm hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn`
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.=, ek`u`guddn` onfwn onfn` ondu yn`c tkrensud dk hnjne tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms ynmtu onfnyn amsmd pnhn oueou hn` sn`tn`. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn` pnhn prlsks okrmdut`yn tmhnd nhn tnfnpn` u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn tkrskout hn` tmhnd hmjndudn``yn pk`ynrm`cn` dkeonjm.
;.6.?. Ek`k`tuddn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c
Hnjne pk`k`tun` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c tmhnd snen hk`cn` pk`k`tun` XDD onfn` ondu. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn` hmncrne plfl` yn`c hmcu`ndn` okrokhn. Okrmdut m`m pk`k`tun` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` tkrhmrm hnrm, pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu, pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, prlsks pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm, prlsks pkensndn`, skrtn pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm.
=>
Xnokj ;.>2 Rk`ktnpn` Xmd Dk`hnjm Drms pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c Xnfnp Rrlsks
Rk`krmenn` onfn` ondu
Rk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu
Onfnyn
Rk`ykono
Rk`ikcnfn`
Amsmd 7 Hkou, pnsmr
Nhn`yn Rk`cn`cdutn` onfn` dl`tnem`nsm endn`n` ek`ccu`ndn` pnhn snnt prlsks tkepnt pk`nepu`cn` pk`cn`cdutn` yn`c tkrtutup hn` hn` pk`gunjn` ekjndudn` pk`ckikdn` snnt hmpnsnr onfn` endn`n` Dmemn 7 sk`ynwn Dl`tnem`nsm Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf dmemn pjnstmd smjn`c hnrm yn`c nen` u`tud yn`c hmpndnm pjnstmd pn`cn` skoncnm wnhnf Amsmd 7 hkou hn` Hkou, tn`nf, - Ek`iuim onfn` tn`nf yn`c Hkou yn`c ondu snepnm
ek`kepkj pnhn onfn` ondu, dltlrn` hkou hnrm on`cu`n` (jn`cmt-jn`cmt, gk`hkjn)
okrtkron`cn` okrtkron`cn `
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okrsmf Onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmokrsmfdn` hmtkepntdn` ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup
XDD / Oudn` Njnsn` XDD Oudn` Euhnf hmfmjn`cdn` hn` prlsks XDD skjn`gut`yn omsn ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn tkrskout
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R9
R8
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Xmhnd
]n
]n
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Xmhnd
]n
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XDD
El`lekr pjnstmd ek`dl`tnem`nsm onfn` ondu
]n
]n
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XDD
Rnhn prlsks m`m suhnf ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn amsmd hk`cn` ek`iuim onfn` ondu hncm`c hn` oueou (hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt, hn` skrnm) skokjue hmensnd, `neu` pnhn snnt sktkjnf ek`iuim onfn` ondu tmhnd hmtkepntdn` pnhn wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup skfm`ccn hkou hnpnt ek`kepkj dkeonjm
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Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` hnpur =?
Xnfnp Rrlsks
Rk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm
Onfnyn
Amsmd 7 Hkou
Dmemn 7 inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c Rkensndn`
Amsmd 7 Hkou, skrpmfn` ontu
Rk`ykono
Rk`ikcnfn`
Rk`ymepn`n` njnt-njnt ensnd tmhnd hmtkepnt yn`c tkrtutup hn`
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hmcn`tu`c hm hm`hm`c
pkrnjntn` ek`cfnhnp dk onwnf - Ek`ckjnp`yn ntnu ek`iuim skokjue hmcu`ndn` Ek`iuim hn` ekeomjns njnt ensnd snepnm okrsmf - Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` hnpur hn` - Ek`ccu`ndn` ilokd hn` ujkd yn`c tmhnd dkrlpls
Ekeomjns njnt ensnd tmhnd snepnm okrsmf - Dl`hmsm hnpur yn`c tmhnd fmcmk`k - Ilokd hn` ujkd yn`c suhnf dkrlpls
Rk`ymepn`n` njnt ensnd pnhn tkepnt yn`c tkrtutup (jkenrm) ntnu pkreudnn`
R8
XDD / Oudn` Njnsn` XDD Oudn` Xnfnp m`m suhnf XDD ek`cfmjn`cdn` hkou pnhn njnt ensnd yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn`
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Xmhnd
Xmhnd
]n
Xmhnd
]n
Xmhnd
XDD
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-
XDD
R>
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R9
R8
]n
]n
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]n
Xmhnd
]n
Xmhnd
]n
Xmhnd
]n
Xmhnd
XDD Ykjnen pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c tmhnd hmpn`nsdn` dkeonjm
]n
Xmhnd
]n
Xmhnd
XDD
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Onfn` dmemn y ynn`c tk tkrdn`hu`c hm inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm ensndn` Onfnyn amsmd yn`c tmhnd tkrjmfnt hnpnt hmdl`suesm ljkf dl`suek`
Xnfnp Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Omljlcm 7 Rntlck` yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns Rk`ymepn`n` Amsmd 7 Hkou hn` hmstrmousm
Omljlcm 7 - Jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm - Rkrtueoufn` ondtkrm Dmemn 7 Yk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`
Rk`ykono
Xkrhnpnt ondtkrm yn`c tnfn` pn`ns
Rk`ikcnfn`
Rk`cnturn` sufu pnhn snnt prlsks ensnd ncnr ondtkrm hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn` - Jldnsm - Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` pk`gunjn` hm tkepnt pm`ccmr gnjn` pk`ymepn`n` endn`n` hn` - Snhnf tmhnd ruenf endn` tkrtutup - Ekendnm wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup - Snhnf yn`c - Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` tkrtutup tmhnd tkrtutup - Rk`cnturn` sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n` - Yufu endn`n` hm`cm` Dl`tnem`nsm Ekemjmf hn` smjn`c hnrm ek`ccu`ndn` dkensn` pjnstmd/dkrtns yn`c nen` pkeou`cdus endn`n`
XDD / Oudn` Njnsn` XDD XD XDD D On Ondt dtkr krmm yn`c yn`c ttkr krhn hnpn pntt hm o onf nfn` n` ondu hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn` pnhn tnfnp m`m hk`cn` sufu yn`c tkpnt XDD Hkou yn`c okrtkron`cn` hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk
Rkrpm`hnfn` el`lekr pjnstmd ntnu dkrtns dk endn`n` skfm`ccn endn`n` tkrdl`tnem`nsm
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.>2, ek`u`guddn` onfwn pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c yn`c ek`gnhm tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms ynmtu onfnyn dmemn pnhn tnfnp pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu, onfnyn amsmd tnfnp pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, onfnyn dmemn tnfnp pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm, onfnyn amsmd hn` omljlcm tnfnp pkensndn`, skrtn onfnyn amsmd, omljlcm hn` dmemn pnhn tnfnp pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm. ;.=. Ek`k`tudn` Ontns Drmtms pnhn ensm`c-ensm`c ensm`c-ensm`c XDD
Yktkjnf ek`k`tudn` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms, dkeuhmn` ek`k`tuddn` ontns drmtms u`tud ekeus`nfdn` ntnu ek`ck`hnjmdn` onfnyn snepnm hmtmtmd yn`c nen`. Ontns drmtms hmtk`tudn` okrhnsnrdn` hnrm onfnyn yn`c nhn hm onfn` ondu ntnupu` prlsks pk`cljnfn`. Okrmdut m`m ekrupndn` pk`k`tun` ontns drmtms pnhn XDD onfn` ondu (Xnokj ;.>>.) hn` prlsks pk`cljnfn` (Xnokj ;.>?.) hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V. Xnokj ;.>> Rk`k`tun` Ontns Drmtms pnhn XDD Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c Onfn`
Oueou
Yn`tn`
Onfnyn
Rk`ikcnfn`
Amsmd 7 Hkou, rneout, tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn` Amsmd 7 skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou, rneout
Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup, pk`gunj ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn, ek`iuim oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn` Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c sktk`cnf tkrtutup, ek`cupns dkjnpn snepnm okrsmf, ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn, hn` ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`cljnfn`
Ontns Drmtms
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou, rneout, hn` tn`nf) Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou, hn` rneout)
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.>>, ontns drmtms u`tud ek`cfm`hnrm onfnyn amsmd tkrskout ynmtu okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c okrupn hkou, rneout, tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn`, skrnout s krnout dkjnpn, hn` ontld dkjnpn. Xnokj ;.>? Rk`k`tun` Ontns Drmtms pnhn p nhn XDD Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c Xnfnp Rrlsks Rk`krmenn` onfn` ondu
Onfnyn
Dmemn 7 sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd yn`c hmpndnm skoncnm wnhnf
Rk`ikcnfn`
Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c nen` u`tud pn`cn`
-
Rk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu
Amsmd 7 hkou hn` tn`nf ync ek`kepkj pnhn onfn` ondu, dltlrn` hkou hnrm jn`cmt-jn`cmt
Rrlsks pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm Rrlsks pkensndn`
Dmemn Dme mn 7 inmrn inmrn` ` pk`iu pk`iuim im pmrm pmrm`c `c
Ek`iuim onfn` ondu snepnm okrsmf Onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmokrsmfdn` hmtkepntdn` ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup - Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` hnpur Ek`iu Ek`iuim im hn` hn` ekeo ekeomjn mjnss njnt njnt e ensn nsnd d snepn snepnmm okrsm okrsmf f
Omljlcm 7 pntlck` yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns Amsmd 7 hkou, skrpmfn` ontu
Rk`cnturn` sufu pnhn snnt prlsks ensnd ncnr ondtkrm hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn` - Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` hnpur hn`
Ontns Drmtms
Rjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` gk`ms pjnstmd RR, FHRK, JHRK, hn` RKX ntnu tkrhnpnt jlcl skrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud endn`n` Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou)
Okons hnrm onfn` dmemn yn`c tkrhnpnt hm inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c
Yufu snnt ekensnd em`menj =2²I -
Yn`mtnsm hnpur yn`c onmd
Ek`ccu`ndn` ilokd hn` ujkd yn`c tmhnd dkrlpls
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (skrpmfn` ontu)
Xnfnp Onfnyn Rrlsks Rk`ymepn`n` Amsmd 7 hkou hn` hmstrmousm
Rk`ikcnfn` -
Omljlcm 7 jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm, pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm Dmemn 7 sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd/dkrtns
-
Ontns Drmtms -
Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`ymepn`n` endn`n` hn` ruenf endn` Ekendnm wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup Rk`cnturn` sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n`
Yn`mtnsm ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn` yn`c onmd Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou) Okons hnrm jnjnt hn` ondtkrm Yufu pk`ymepn`n` 0 12²I
-
Ekemjmf hn` ek`ccu`ndn` dkensn` yn`c nen`
Rjnstmd ntnu dkrtns yn`c hmcu`ndn` ilild u`tud endn`n` pn`ns, gk`ms pjnstmd RR ntnu tkrhnpnt jlcl skrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud endn`n`
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.>?, ontns drmtms pnhn ensm`c-ensm`c XDD snnt ekensnd rk`hn`c ynmtu pjnstmd ntnu dkrtns yn`c hmcu`ndn` ilild u`tud endn`n` endn`n` pn`ns, gk`ms pjn pjnstmd stmd RR RR,, FHRK, FHRK, J JHRK, HRK, hn` RK RKX X ntnu tkrhnpnt jlcl
skrtn tujmsn` nnen` en` u`tud endn`n`, okons hnr hnrmm ok`hn
nsm`c okrupn hkou hn` skrpmfn` ontu, okons hnrm onfn` dmemn pk`iuim pmrm`c, sufu pkensndn` em`menj =2²I, hn` sn`mtnsm hnpur yn`c onmd, Yn`mtnsm ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn` yn`c onmd, okons hnrm jnjnt hn` ondtkrm skrtn sufu pk`ymepn`n` 0 12²I.
;.>2. Rken`tnun` Ontns Drmtms Yktmnp XDD
Rken`tnun` ontns drmtms pnhn ensm`c-ensm`c XDD ek`indup npn yn`c hmpn`tnu, hmen`n hmjndudn` pken`tnun`, oncnmen`n inrn pken`tnun`, dnpn` hmjndudn` pken`tnun` hn` smnpn yn`c eken`tnu. Okrmdut m`m nhnjnf tnokj pken`tnun` ontns drmtms onfn` ondu (tnokj ;.>9) hn` prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c (tnokj ;.>8) hmruenf endn` pnhn`c V. Xnokj ;.>9 Rken`tnun` Ontns Drmtms pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c
Onfn`
Onfnyn
Rk`ikcnfn`
Rken`tnun`
Ontns Drmtms Npn
Oueou
Amsmd 7 Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf Hkou, yn`c tkrtutup, rneout, pk`gunj ekendnm tn`nf yn`c pk`utup ek`kepkj ek`iuim dkpnjn, oueou hn` pnhn oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn` skokjue hmfnjusdn`
Okons hnrm ok`hn Dknhnn` nsm`c (hkou, onfn` ondu rneout, tn`nf) (oueou)
Hmen`n
Rnsnr trnhmsml`nj
Oncnmen`n -
-
Dnpn`
Ymnpn
Ekenstmdn ` tmhnd nhn tn`nf yn`c
Ynnt prlsks pk`cfnjusn` oueou hn`
Rk`gunj
ek`kepkj pnhn oueou. Ekenstmdn ` wnhnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud
pk`gunjn` hm pnsnr
okrgunjn`, hn` ekendnm
Rken`tnun` Onfn`
Onfnyn
Rk`ikcnfn`
Ontns Drmtms Npn
Yn`tn`
Amsmd 7 Ykrnout dkjnpn,
Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c sktk`cnf tkrtutup, ek`cupns
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (skrnout dkjnpn, ontld
ontld dkjnpn, hkou, rneout
dkjnpn snepnm okrsmf, ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn, hn` ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`cljnfn`
dkjnpn, hkou, hn` rneout)
Dknhnn` onfn` ondu (sn`tn`)
Hmen`n
Rnsnr trnhmsml`nj
Oncnmen`n
-
pk`utup dkpnjn Ekenstmdn` tmhnd nhn onfnyn amsmd
-
yn`c ensud dk hnjne sn`tn`. Ekenstmdn` ek`ccu`nd n` pk`utup dkpnjn
Dnpn`
Ymnpn
Rrlsks ekeount sn`tn`
Rk`gunj
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.>9, pken`tnun` ontns drmtms onfn` ondu oueou hn` sn`tn` ynmtu hk`cn` ekjmfnt dknhnn` onfn` ondu oueou hn` sn`tn`. Xkepnt hmjndudn``yn hmjndudn``yn pken` pken`tnun tnun` ` hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj trnhmsml`nj pnhn snnt prlsks ekeount oueou hn` sn`tn`. Rkjn Rkjndsn`n dsn`nn``yn n``yn pken`tnun` hk`cn` ekenstmdn` tmhnd nhn tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn oueou, wnhnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud okrgunjn` hn` ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn, skrtn tmhnd nhn onfnyn amsmd yn`c ensud dk hnjne sn`tn`. sn`tn`. Rken`tnun` hmjndudn` ljkf pk`gunj oueou hn` sn`tn`.
Xnokj ;.>8 Rken`tnun` Ontns Drms pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c Xnfnp Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Rk`ikcnfn`
Ontns Drms Npn
Rk`krmenn` Dmemn 7 Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf Rjnstmd yn`c Rjnstmd onfn` ondu sk`ynwn yn`c nen` u`tud hmcu`ndn` gk`ms dmemn pjnsd yn`c hmpndnm skoncnm pn`cn` pjnsd RR, FHRK, JHRK, hn` RKX ntnu
Rk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu
wnhnf Amsmd 7 hkou hn` tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn onfn` ondu, dltlrn` hkou hnrm jn`cmtjn`cmt
Rk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm
Dmemn 7 Inmrn` pk`iuim
Rken`tnun` Hmen`nOncnmen`nDnpn`
Rnsnr
Ymnpn
Ek`ckikd Ynnt Rk`gnenf gk`ms pjnstmd ekeokjm endn`n` yn`c hmpndnmonfn` ondu pk`gunj skoncnm wnhnf onfn` ondu
tkr tkrhn hnpn pntt jlc jlcl l sk skrrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud endn`n` -
Ek`iuim onfn` ondu snepnm okrsmf Onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmokrsmfdn` hmtkepntdn`
ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup - Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` hnpur Ek`iuim hn` ekeomjns njnt ensnd snepnm okrsmf
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou, tn`nf)
Dknhnn` onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`
Hnpur
Rk`ckikdn` dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`
Yktmnp Rk`gnenf ek`ymnpdn` endn`n` onfn` ondu
Okons hnrm onfn` dmemn yn`c tkrhnpnt hm inmrn` pk`iuim
Dknhnn` njnt-njnt u`tud
Hnpur
Rk`ckikdn` njnt-njnt ensnd yn`c
Yktmnp Rk`gnenf ek`ymnpdn` endn`n` njnt-njnt
pmrm`c
pmrm`c
ekensnd
ndn` hmpndnm
ensnd
Xnfnp Rrlsks
Rken`tnun` Onfnyn
Rk`ikcnfn`
Ontns Drmtms Npn
Rkensndn`
Rk`y Rk`yme mepn pn`n `n ` hn` hmstrmousm
Amsmd 7 Hkou, skrpmfn` ontu,
Omljlcm 7 Rntlck` yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns Amsm Amsmd d7 hkou
-
-
dl`tnem`ns m ondtkrm,
-
Oncnmen`n
Dknhnn` rk`hn`c pnhn snnt hmensnd
Hnpur
Ek`ckikd dkokrsmfn` hnpur, hn` njnt ensnd
Yktmnp ekensnd rk`hn`c
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Yufu pnhn snnt ekensnd
Hnpur
Ek`cudur sufu snnt prlsks ekensnd
Yktmnp ekensnd rk`hn`c
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Yn`mtnsm ktnjnsk Dknhnn` hn` ruenf endn` wnhnf yn`c onmd hn` Okons hnrm ok`hn tkepnt nsm`c (hkou) pk`ymepn `n`
Ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`
Yktmnp Rk`gnenf pk`ymepn`n endn`n` ` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk
Okons hnrm jnjnt hn` ondtkrm Yufu pk`ymepn`n`
Dknhnn` rk`hn`c snnt pk`ymepn
Ktnjnsk
Ek`ckikd dkokrsmfn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`, ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm Ek`cudur sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n ` hn`
012²I
`n`
Yn`mtnsm hnpur yn`c onmd Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (skrpmfn` ontu, rneout)
ujkd yn`c tmhnd dkrlpls Rk`cnturn` sufu pnhn snnt prlsks ensnd ncnr ondtkrm hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn`
Yufu snnt ekensnd em`menj =2²I
-
-
-
Omljlcm 7 jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn
Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` hnpur hn` Ek`ccu`ndn` ilokd hn`
Hmen`n
-
-
Ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`ymepn`n` hn` ruenf endn` Ekendnm wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup Ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup Rk`cnturn` sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n`
-
-
Dnpn`
Ymnpn
Yktmnp Rk`gnenf pk`ymepn`n endn`n` ` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk
ek`ckikd
Xnfnp Rrlsks
Rken`tnun` Onfnyn
Rk`ikcnfn`
Ontns Drmtms Npn
pkrtueouf n` ondtkrm Dmemn 7 sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd/dkrtt pjnstmd/dkr ns
Ekemjmf hn` ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c nen`
Rjnstmd ntnu dkrtns yn`c hmcu`ndn` ilild u`tud endn`n` pn`ns, gk`ms pjnstmd RR ntnu tkrhnpnt jlcl skrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud endn`n`
Hmen`n
Snhnf Xkepnt pjnstmd/dk pk`gunj rtns yn`c pjnstmd hmpndnm u`tud dkensn` rk`hn`c
Oncnmen`n
wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm Ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtn s yn`c hmpndnm
Dnpn`
Yktmnp ekeokjm pjnstmd/dkrt ns
Ymnpn
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.>8, pken`tnun` ontns drmtms prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c ynmtu hk`cn` ekjmfnt pjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` skoncnm wnhnf onfn` ondu, dknhnn` onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`, njnt-njnt u`tud ekensnd, rk`hn`c pnhn snnt hmensnd, sufu snnt ekensnd, wnhnf hn` tkepnt pk`ymepn`n`, rk`hn`c snnt pk`ymepn`n`, hn` wnhnf pjnstmd/dkrtns yn`c hmpndnm u`tud dkensn` rk`hn`c. Rkjndsn`nn` pken`tnun` hmjndudn` hm hnpur, ktnjnsk, ruenf endn`, hn` tkepnt pk`gunj pjnstmd. Rkjndsn`nn` pken`tnun` ontns drmtms hmjndudn` hk`cn` ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd yn`c hmpndnm pk`gunj skoncnm wnhnf onfn` ondu, pk`ckikdn` dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`, pk`ckikdn` njnt-njnt ensnd yn`c ndn` hmpndnm, ek`ckikd dkokrsmfn` hnpur hn` njnt ensnd, ek`cudur sufu snnt prlsks ekensnd,
ek`ckikd dkokrsmfn` ktnjnsk hn` wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm, ek`cudur sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n`, hn` ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns yn`c hmpndnm. Sndtu hmjndsn`ndn``yn
pken`tnun` pnhn sktmnp ekeokjm onfn` ondu, o ndu, ek`ymnpdn` onfn` ondu, ek`ymnpdn` njnt-njnt ensnd, snnt ekensnd rk`hn`c, pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk, hn` ekeokjm pjnstmd/dkrtns. Rken`tnun` hmjndudn` ljkf pk`gnenf endn`n`. ;.>>. Rk`ktnpn` Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Hnjne suntu prlsks, tkrhnpnt tnfnpn` yn`c onfnyn`yn ekjnepnum ontns ntnu prlhud yn`c hmfnsmjdn` tmhnd nen`. [`tud ek`cn`tmsmpnsm fnj tkrskout, endn pkrju hmjndudn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn`. Okrmdut m`m tm`hndn` pkronmdn` pnhn onfn` ondu (Xnokj ;.>;) hn` prlsks pk`cljnfn` (Xnokj ;.>1) hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c pnhn`c V. Xnokj ;.>; Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c
Onfn`
Oueou
Onfnyn
Ontns Drmtms
Amsmd 7 Hkou, Okons hnrm rneout, tn`nf ok`hn nsm`c yn`c (hkou, ek`kepkj rneout, pnhn oueou tn`nf) skokjue hmfnjusdn`
Rken`tnun` Npn Dknhnn` onfn` ondu (oueou)
Hmen`n Rnsnr trnhmsml`nj
Oncnmen`n Ekenstmdn` tmhnd nhn tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn oueou. - Ekenstmdn` wnhnf yn`c -
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` Dnpn` Ynnt prlsks pk`cfnjusn` oueou hn` pk`gunjn` hm pnsnr
Ymnpn Rk`gunj -
-
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`ckeonjmdn` onfn` ondu, ekeokrmdn` snrn` dkpnhn pk`gunj Ekemjmf pk`gunj onfn` ondu (oueou) yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dknen`n` pn`cn` hn` tkrfm`hnr hnrm onfnyn amsmd
hmcu`ndn`
Onfn`
Yn`tn`
Onfnyn
Amsmd 7 skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou, rneout
Ontns Rken`tnun`
Drmtms
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou, hn` rneout)
Npn
Hmen`n
Dknhn` onfn` ondu (sn`tn`)
Rnsnr trnhmsml`nj
Oncnmen`n Dnpn` u`tud okrgunjn`, hn` ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn - Ekenstmdn` Rrlsks tmhnd nhn ekeount onfnyn amsmd sn`tn` yn`c ensud dk hnjne sn`tn`. - Ekenstmdn`
ek`ccu`ndn ` pk`utup dkpnjn
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` Ymnpn
Rk`gunj
-
-
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`ckeonjmdn` onfn` ondu, ekeokrmdn` snrn` dkpnhn pk`gunj Ekemjmf pk`gunj onfn` ondu (sn`tn`) yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dknen`n` pn`cn` hn` tkrfm`hnr hnrm onfnyn amsmd
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.>;, tm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` pnhn onfn` ondu oueou hn` sn`tn` ynmtu ek`ckeonjmdn` onfn` ondu dkpnhn pk`gunj, ekeokrmdn` snrn` dkpnhn pk`gunj, ekemjmf pk`gunj onfn` ondu yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dknen`n` pn`cn` hn`
tkrfm`hnr hnrm onfnyn amsmd.
Xnokj ;.>1 Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c Xnfnp Rrlsks Rk`krmenn` onfn` ondu
Onfnyn
Dmemn 7 Rjnstmd yn`c sk`ynwn hmcu`ndn` gk`ms dmemn pjnstmd RR, pjnstmd yn`c FHRK, JHRK, hmpndnm skoncnm wnhnf
Rk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu
Rrlsks pk`ymnpn`
Ontns Drmtms
Npn Rjnstmd
Rken`tnun` Hmen`n Oncnmen`n Dnpn` pnsnr Ek`ckikd Ynnt ekeokjm gk`ms pjnstmd onfn` ondu yn`c hmpndnm pk`gunj
hn` RKX ntnu tkrhnpnt jlcl skrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud endn`n` Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou, tn`nf)
Amsmd 7 hkou hn` tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn onfn` ondu, dltlrn` hkou hnrm jn`cmt-jn`cmt Okons hnrm Dmemn 7 inmrn` onfn` dmemn
Xm`hndn` Ymnpn Rkronmdn` Rk`gnenf Ekemjmf pkensld endn`n` yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dkensn` yn`c hmpndnm nen` u`tud
endn`n` hn` ek`ccn`tm pjnstmd yn`c nen` u`tud pn`cn`
skoncnm wnhnf onfn` ondu
Dknhnn` onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`
Hnpur
Rk`ckikdn` dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`
Yktmnp ek`ymnpdn` onfn` ondu
Rk`gnenf Rk`gnenf endn`n` endn`n` ek`iuim dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn` hn` ekeokrsmfdn` hnpur
Dknhnn` njnt-njnt
Hnpur
Rk`ckikdn` njnt-njnt
Yktmnp ek`ymnpdn`
Rk`gnenf Rk`gnenf endn`n` endn`n` ekeomjns dkeonjm njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm
yn`c tkrhnpnt hm
Xnfnp Onfnyn Rrlsks njnt-njnt yn`c pk`iuim hmpndnm pmrm`c
Rrlsks pkensndn`
Omljlcm 7 pntlck` yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns
Amsmd 7 hkou, skrpmfn` ontu
Ontns Drmtms
inmrn` inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c Yufu snnt ekensnd em`menj =2²I
-
-
Rk`ymepn`n` Amsmd 7 hkou hn` hmstrmousm
-
Npn u`tud ekensnd Yufu pnhn snnt ekensnd
Hmen`n
Rken`tnun` Oncnmen`n Dnpn` ensnd yn`c njnt-njnt ndn` hmpndnm ekensnd
Hnpur
Ek`cudur sufu snnt prlsks ekensnd
Yktmnp ekensnd rk`hn`c
Yn`mtnsm hnpur yn`c onmd Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (skrpmfn` ontu, hkou)
Dknhnn` rk`hn`c pnhn snnt hmensnd
Hnpur
Ek`ckikd dkokrsmfn` hnpur, hn` njnt ensnd
Yktmnp ekensnd rk`hn`c
Yn`mtnsm ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`
Dknhnn` wnhnf hn` tkepnt pk`ymepn`n`
Ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`
Ek`ckikd dkokrsmfn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf
Yktmnp pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk
Ymnpn
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Rk`gnenf Rk`gnenf endn`n` endn`n` ek`cntur sufu snepnm em`menj =2²I ntnu gmdn sufu tmhnd sksunm hnpnt ekepkrpn`gn`c ntnu ekepkrsm`cdnt wndtu pkensndn` Rk`gnenf Rk`gnenf endn`n` endn`n` ekeokrsmfdn` hnpur skrtn ek`ccn`tm ujkd hn` ilokd yn`c suhnf dkrlpls
Rk`gnenf Rk`gnenf endn`n` endn`n` ekeokrsmfdn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn` skrtn
onmd
endn`,
Xnfnp Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Ontns Drmtms
Omljlcm 7 jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm, pkrtueoufn ` ondtkrm Dmemn 7 sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd/dkrtn s
Npn
-
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou)
-
Okons hnrm jnjnt
-
Hmen`n
Ktnjnsk
Dknhnn` rk`hn`c snnt
hn` pk`ymepn`n` ondtkrm Yufu pk`ymepn`n ` 012²I
Rjnstmd ntnu Xkepnt Snhnf pk`gunj pjnstmd/dkrt pjnstmd/dkrtns ns dkrtns yn`c yn`c hmpndnm pjnstmd hmcu`ndn` u`tud ilild u`tud endn`n` pn`ns, dkensn` rk`hn`c gk`ms pjnstmd RR ntnu tkrhnpnt
Rken`tnun` Oncnmen`n ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm
Ek`cudur sufu snnt
Dnpn`
Ymnpn
Yktmnp pk`ymepn`n`
pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk hn` ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm Yktmnp Ek`ckikd ekeokjm gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pjnstmd/dkrtns yn`c hmpndnm
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` ek`ccn`tm wnhnf yn`c nhn tutup`yn
Rk`gnenf Rk`gnenf ek`cntur endn`n` sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n` hmktnjnsk 012²I skrtn ek`ccn`tm wnhnf yn`c nhn tutup`yn Rk`gnenf Rk`gnenf endn`n` endn`n` ek`ccn`tm gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`
jlcl skrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud endn`n`
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.>1, tm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c ynmtu ekemjmf pkensld yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dkensn` yn`c hmpndnm nen` u`tud endn`n` hn` h n` ek`ccn`tm pjnstmd yn`c nen` u`tud pn`cn`, ek`iuim dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn`, ekeomjns dkeonjm njnt-njnt ensnd yn`c hmpndnm, sufu hmntur em`menj =2²I ntnu gmdn sufu tmhnd sksunm hnpnt ekepkrpn`gn`c ntnu ekepkrsm`cdnt wndtu pkensndn` hn` ekeokrsmfdn` hnpur, ek`ccn`tm ujkd hn` ilokd yn`c suhnf dkrlpls, ekeokrsmfdn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn` skrtn ek`ccn`tm wnhnf yn`c nhn tutup`yn, ek`cntur sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n` hm ktnjnsk 012²I, hn` ek`ccn`tm gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`. ;.>?. Rk`ktnpn` Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm
Qkrmamdnsm yn`c hmjndudn` pnhn onfn` ondu hn` prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V skoncnm okrmdut. Xnokj ;.>3 Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c Rken`tnun` Onfn`
Onfnyn
Ontns Drmtms
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` Npn
Oueou
Amsmd 7 Hkou, rneout, tn`nf yn`c
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou, rneout,
Dknhnn` onfn` ondu (oueou)
Hmen`n
Rnsnr trnhmsml`nj
Oncnmen`n -
Ekenstmdn` tmhnd nhn tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj
Dnpn`
Ynnt prlsks pk`cfnjusn` oueou hn` pk`gunjn` hm
Qkrmamdnsm
Ymnpn
Rk`gunj
-
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`ckeonjmdn` onfn` ondu,
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`m`gnu pk`gunj yn`c hnpnt ekek`ufm drmtkrmn
ek`kepkj
pnhn oueou.
tn`nf)
pnsnr
onfn` ondu
Rken`tnun` Onfn`
Onfnyn
Ontns Drmtms
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` Npn
Hmen`n
Oncnmen`n -
pnhn oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn`
Dnpn`
Ekenstmdn` wnhnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud okrgunjn`, hn`
-
Amsmd 7 skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn,
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou,
hkou, rneout
hn` rneout)
Dknhn` onfn` ondu (sn`tn`)
Rnsnr trnhmsml`nj
-
-
Ekenstmdn` tmhnd nhn onfnyn amsmd yn`c ensud dk hnjne sn`tn`. Ekenstmdn` ek`ccu`ndn` pk`utup dkpnjn
ekeokrmdn` snrn` oueou yn`c nen` dkpnhn pk`gunj hnrm onfnyn amsmd Ekemjmf pk`gunj onfn` ondu (oueou) yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dknen`n` pn`cn` hn` tkrfm`hnr hnrm onfnyn amsmd
ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn Yn`tn`
Qkrmamdnsm
Ymnpn
Rrlsks ekeount sn`tn`
Rk`gunj
-
-
Rk`gnenf Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`m`gnu endn`n` pk`gunj yn`c hnpnt ek`ckeonjmdn` ekek`ufm drmtkrmn onfn` ondu, onfn` ondu sn`tn` ekeokrmdn` snrn` yn`c nen` hnrm dkpnhn pk`gunj onfnyn amsmd Ekemjmf pk`gunj onfn` ondu (sn`tn`) yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dknen`n` pn`cn` hn` tkrfm`hnr hnrm onfnyn amsmd
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.>3, prlskhur vkrmamdnsm pnhn onfn` ondu rk`hn`c ynmtu pk`gnenf endn`n` ek`m`gnu pk`gunj yn`c hnpnt ekek`ufm drmtkrmn onfn` ondu oueou hn` sn`tn` yn`c nen` hnrm onfnyn amsmd. Xnokj ;.>6 Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c Xnfnp Rrlsks
Rk`krmenn` onfn` ondu
Rk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu
Onfnyn
Rjnstmd yn`c Dmemn 7 hmcu`ndn` gk`ms sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd pjnstmd RR, yn`c hmpndnm FHRK, JHRK, skoncnm hn` RKX ntnu wnhnf tkrhnpnt jlcl skrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud
Amsmd 7 h hkkou hn` tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn onfn`
Rken`tnun`
Ontns Drmtms
endn`n` tujmsn` nen` u`tud endn`n` Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou, tn`nf)
Npn Rjnstmd
Hmen`n pnsnr
Oncnmen`n Ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd yn`c hmpndnm pk`gunj skoncnm wnhnf onfn` ondu
Dnpn` Ynnt ekeokjm onfn` ondu
Ymnpn Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Dknhnn` onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`
Hnpur
Rk`ckikdn` dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`
Yktmnp ek`ymnpdn` onfn` ondu
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Qkrmamdnsm
Ekemjmf pkensld yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dkensn` yn`c hmpndnm nen` u`tud endn`n` hn` ek`ccn`tm pjnstmd yn`c nen` u`tud pn`cn`
Rk`gnenf ek`m`gnu pk`gunj yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dkensn` pjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` nen` u`tud pn`cn` hn` ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd yn`c hmpndnm
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`iuim dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn` hn` ekeokrsmfdn` hnpur
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`m`gnu dkokrsmfn` onfn` ondu hn` tkepnt
ondu, dltlrn`
pk`cljnfn`
Xnfnp Rrlsks
Rrlsks pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm Rrlsks pkensndn`
Rk`y Rk`ymep mepn` n`n` n`
Onfnyn
Ontns Drmtms
hkou hnrm jn`cmt-jn`cmt Dmemn 7 inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c
Rken`tnun` Npn
Hmen`n
Oncnmen`n
Dnpn`
Ymnpn
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Qkrmamdnsm
Okons hnrm onfn` dmemn yn`c tkrhnpnt hm inmrn` inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c Omljlcm 7 Yufu snnt pntlck` yn`c ekensnd tnfn` em`menj =2²I tkrfnhnp pn`ns
Dknhnn` njntnjnt u`tud ekensnd
Hnpur
Rk`ckikdn` njnt-njnt ensnd yn`c ndn` hmpndnm
Yktmnp ek`ymnpdn` njnt-njnt ekensnd
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ekeomjns dkeonjm njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`m`gnu njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm
Yufu pnhn snnt ekensnd
Hnpur
Ek`cudur sufu snnt prlsks ekensnd
Yktmnp ekensnd rk`hn`c
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Rk`gnenf endn`n` tkjnf ek`intnt sufu pnhn snnt ekensnd
Amsmd 7 hkou, skrpmfn` ontu
Dknhnn` rk`hn`c pnhn snnt hmensnd
Hnpur
Ek`ckikd dkokrsmfn` hnpur, hn` njnt ensnd
Yktmnp ekensnd rk`hn`c
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
-
Yn`mtnsm hnpur yn`c onmd Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (skrpmfn` ontu, hkou)
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`cntur sufu snepnm em`menj =2²I ntnu gmdn sufu tmhnd sksunm hnpnt ekepkrpn`gn`c ntnu ekepkrsm`cdnt wndtu pkensndn` Rk`gnenf endn`n` ekeokrsmfdn` hnpur skrtn ek`ccn`tm ujkd hn` ilokd yn`c suhnf dkrlpls
-
Yn`mtnsm
Dknhnn`
Ktnjnsk
Ek`ckikd
Yktmnp
Rk`gnenf
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
ktnjnsk hn`
wnhnf hn`
hn`
dkokrsmfn`
pk`ymepn`n`
endn`n`
ekeokrsmfdn`
Amsm Amsmd d 7 hkou hkou
-
hn` hmstrmousm
Rk`gnenf endn`n` tkjnf ek`ckikd njnt ensnd hn` ek`m`gnu dkokrsmfn` hnpur
Rk`gnenf tkjnf ek`m`gnu
Xnfnp Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Rken`tnun`
Ontns Drmtms Npn ruenf endn` tkepnt pk`ymepn`n` onmd
Omljlcm 7 jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm, pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm Dmemn 7 sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd/dkrtns
Dknhnn` rk`hn`c snnt pk`ymepn`n`
Ktnjnsk
Rjnstmd ntnu dkrtns yn`c
Snhnf pjnstmd/dkrtns
Xkepnt pk`gunj
Oncnmen`n ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`, ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm Ek`cudur sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n` hn` ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm Ek`ckikd gk`ms
hmcu`ndn` ilild u`tud endn`n` pn`ns, gk`ms pjnstmd RR ntnu
yn`c u`tudhmpndnm dkensn` rk`hn`c
pjnstmd
pjnstmd/dkrtns yn`c hmpndnm
-
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou)
-
Okons hnrm jnjnt hn` ondtkrm Yufu pk`ymepn`n` 012²I
-
tkrhnpnt jlcl skrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud endn`n`
Hmen`n ruenf endn`
Dnpn` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk
pjnstmd/dkrtns
Ymnpn
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Qkrmamdnsm
ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn` skrtn ek`ccn`tm wnhnf yn`c nhn tutup`yn
dkokrsmfn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn` skrtn ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm
Yktmnp pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Rk`gnenf ek`cntur sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n` hmktnjnsk 012²I skrtn ek`ccn`tm wnhnf yn`c nhn tutup`yn
Rk`gnenf tkjnf ek`intnt sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n` hn` ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm
Yktmnp ekeokjm
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`ccn`tm gk`ms
Rk`gnenf tkjnf ek`ckikd gk`ms
pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`
pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.>6, prlskhur vkrmamdnsm pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c ynmtu pk`gnenf endn`n` ek`m`gnu pk`gunj yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dkensn` pjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` nen` u`tud pn`cn` hn` ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd yn`c hmpndnm , ek`m`gnu dkokrsmfn` onfn` ondu hn` tkepnt pk`cljnfn`, tkjnf ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` nen` u`tud pn`cn`, ek`m`gnu njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm, tkjnf ek`intnt pk`cudurn` sufu pnhn snnt ekensnd, tkjnf ek`ckikd njnt ensnd, ek`m`gnu dkokrsmfn` hnpur, ek`m`gnu dkokrsmfn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn` skrtn ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm, tkjnf ek`intnt sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n`, skrtn tkjnf ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`.
;.>9. Hlduek`tnsm hn` Rk`intntn` Rk`intntn`
Rnhn prlsks pk`krnpn` FNIIR fnrus hmhlduek`tnsmdn` hn` hmintnt. Okrmdut m`m tnokj pk`intntn` pnhn onfn` ondu rk`hn`c (Xnokj ;.?;) hn` prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c (Xnokj ;.>=), skrtn tnokj hlduek`tnsm (tnokj ;.?2) hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V. Xnokj ;.>= Rk`intntn` pnhn Onfn` Ondu _k`hn`c
Onfn`
Oueou
Onfnyn
Ontns Drmtms
Okons Amsmd 7 hnrm Hkou, ok`hn rneout, tn`nf yn`c nsm`c ek`kepkj (hkou,
Rken`tnun` Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` Npn
Hmen`n
Dknhnn` onfn` ondu (oueou)
Rnsnr trnhmsml`nj
Oncnmen`n -
Ekenstmdn` tmhnd nhn tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn oueou.
Dnpn`
Ymnpn
Ynnt prlsks pk`cfnjusn` oueou hn` pk`gunjn` hm pnsnr
Rk`gunj
-
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`ckeonjmdn` onfn` ondu, ekeokrmdn` snrn` dkpnhn pk`gunj
Qkrmamdnsm
Ekemjmf pk`gunj yn`c hnpnt ekek`ufm drmtkrmn onfn` ondu
Rk`intntn`
Hntn pk`ckikdn` onfn` ondu (oueou)
Onfn`
Yn`tn`
Onfnyn
Ontns Drmtms
pnhn oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn`
rneout, tn`nf)
Amsmd 7 skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou, rneout
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou, hn` rneout)
Rken`tnun` Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` Npn
Dknhn` onfn` ondu (sn`tn`)
Hmen`n
Rnsnr trnhmsml`nj
Oncnmen`n
Dnpn`
-
Ekenstmdn` wnhnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud okrgunjn`, hn` ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn
-
Ekenstmdn` tmhnd Rrlsks nhn onfnyn amsmd ekeount sn`tn` yn`c ensud dk hnjne sn`tn`. Ekenstmdn`ek`c cu`ndn` pk`utup dkpnjn
-
Qkrmamdnsm
Rk`intntn`
Ymnpn
Rk`gunj
-
Ekemjmf pk`gunj onfn` ondu (oueou) yn`c yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dknen`n` pn`cn` hn` tkrfm`hnr hnrm onfnyn amsmd
oueou yn`c nen` hnrm onfnyn amsmd
-
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`ckeonjmdn` onfn` ondu, ekeokrmdn` snrn` dkpnhn pk`gunj Ekemjmf pk`gunj onfn` ondu (sn`tn`) yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dknen`n` pn`cn` hn` tkrfm`hnr hnrm onfnyn amsmd
Ekemjmf pk`gunj Hntn yn`c hnpnt pk`ckikdn` ekek`ufm drmtkrmn onfn` ondu onfn` ondu sn`tn` (sn`tn`) yn`c nen` hnrm onfnyn amsmd
-
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.>=, pk`intntn` yn`c hmjndudn` pnhn onfn` ondu rk`hn`c ynmtu okrupn hntn pk`ckikdn` onfn` ondu oueou hn` sn`tn`.
Xnokj ;.?2 Rk`intntn` Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c Xnfnp Rrlsks
Rk`krmenn` onfn` ondu
Onfnyn
Rken`tnun`
Ontns Drmtms
Dmemn 7 sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd yn`c
Rjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` gk`ms pjnstmd RR ntnu tkrhnpnt jlcl
Oncnmen`n Ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd yn`c hmpndnm pk`gunj
hmpndnm skoncnm wnhnf
skrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud endn`n`
skoncnm wnhnf onfn` ondu
Rk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu
Amsmd 7 hkou hn` tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn onfn` ondu, dltlrn` hkou hnrm jn`cmt-jn`cmt Dmemn 7 Rrlsks inmrn` pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c pk`iuim pmrm`c hmpndnm
Npn Rjnstmd
Hmen`n pnsnr
Dnpn` Ynnt ekeokjm onfn` ondu
Ymnpn Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Qkrmamdnsm
Rk`intntn`
Hntn pk`ckikdn` gk`ms pjnstmd
Ekemjmf pkensld yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dkensn` yn`c hmpndnm nen`
Rk`gnenf ek`m`gnu pk`gunj yn`c hnpnt
u`tud endn`n`
ek`gnem` dkensn` pjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` nen` u`tud pn`cn` Hntn Rk`gnenf pk`ckikdn` endn`n` pk`ymnpn` ek`m`gnu onfn` ondu dkokrsmfn` hn` onfn` ondu hn` dkokrsmfn` tkepnt hnpur pk`cljnfn`
Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou, tn`nf)
Dknhnn` onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`
Hnpur
Rk`ckikdn` dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`
Yktmnp ek`ymnpdn` onfn` ondu
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`iuim dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn` hn` ekeokrsmfdn` hnpur
Okons hnrm onfn` dmemn yn`c tkrhnpnt hm inmrn` inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c
Dknhnn` njnt-njnt u`tud ekensnd
Hnpur
Rk`ckikdn` njnt-njnt ensnd yn`c ndn` hmpndnm
Yktmnp ek`ymnpdn` njnt-njnt ekensnd
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ekeomjns dkeonjm njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`m`gnu njntnjnt yn`c
Hntn pk`ckikdn` pkrnjntn` ensnd
hmpndnm
Xnfnp Rrlsks
Rrlsks pkensndn`
Onfnyn
Npn Yufu pnhn snnt ekensnd
Hmen`n Hnpur
Oncnmen`n Ek`cudur sufu snnt prlsks ekensnd
Dnpn` Yktmnp ekensnd rk`hn`c
Ymnpn Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Yn`mtnsm hnpur yn`c onmd Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (skrpmfn` ontu)
Dknhnn` rk`hn`c pnhn snnt hmensnd
Hnpur
Ek`ckikd dkokrsmfn` hnpur, hn` njnt ensnd
Yktmnp ekensnd rk`hn`c
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Yn`mtnsm ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn` onmd Okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou)
Dknhnn` wnhnf hn` tkepnt pk`ymepn`n `
Ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`
Ek`ckikd dkokrsmfn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`, ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c
Yktmnp pk`ymepn`n ` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Omljlcm 7 pntlck` yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns
Yufu snnt ekensnd em`menj =2²I
Amsmd 7 hkou, skrpmfn` ontu
-
-
Rk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm
Amsmd 7 hkou
Rken`tnun`
Ontns Drmtms
-
-
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Qkrmamdnsm
Rk`intntn`
Hntn Rk`gnenf Rk`gnenf endn`n` endn`n` tkjnf pk`cudurn` ek`cntur sufu tkepkrntur ek`intnt sufu snepnm em`menj hn` n`njmsms =2²I ntnu gmdn sufu pnhn snnt jnolrntlrmue ekensnd tmhnd sksunm hnpnt ekepkrpn`gn`c ntnu ekepkrsm`cdnt wndtu pkensndn` Hntn Rk`gnenf Rk`gnenf endn`n` pk`ckikdn` endn`n` ekeokrsmfdn` njnt ensnd hn` ek`ckikd njnt hnpur skrtn dkokrsmfn` ensnd hn` ek`ccn`tm ujkd hn` hnpur ek`m`gnu ilokd yn`c suhnf dkokrsmfn` dkrlpls hnpur Rk`gnenf tkjnf Hntn Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`m`gnu pk`ckikdn` ekeokrsmfdn` dkokrsmfn` dkokrsmfn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf ktnjnsk hn` ktnjnsk hn` endn` skrtn ruenf endn` ruenf endn` ek`ccn`tm wnhnf skrtn ek`ckikd skrtn wnhnf yn`c nhn tutup`yn wnhnf yn`c u`tud ek`ymepn` hmpndnm
rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk
hmpndnm
Xnfnp Rrlsks
Onfnyn
Omljlcm 7 jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm, pkrtueoufn ` ondtkrm
Dmemn 7 sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd/dkrtn s
Rken`tnun`
Ontns Drmtms -
-
Okons hnrm jnjnt hn` ondtkrm Yufu pk`ymepn`n ` 012²I
Rjnstmd ntnu dkrtns yn`c hmcu`ndn` ilild u`tud endn`n` pn`ns, gk`ms pjnstmd RR ntnu tkrhnpnt
Npn Dknhnn` rk`hn`c snnt pk`ymepn`n `
Snhnf pjnstmd/dkrtn s yn`c hmpndnm u`tud dkensn` rk`hn`c
Hmen`n Ktnjnsk
Xkepnt pk`gunj pjnstmd
Oncnmen`n Dnpn` Ek`cudur Yktmnp sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n pk`ymepn`n` ` rk`hn`c hm hn` ktnjnsk ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm
Ymnpn Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Yktmnp ekeokjm pjnstmd/dkrtn s
Rk`gnenf endn`n`
Ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns yn`c hmpndnm
Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn`
Qkrmamdnsm
Rk`gnenf ek`cntur Rk`gnenf tkjnf sufu snnt ek`intnt sufu pk`ymepn`n` snnt hmktnjnsk 012²I pk`ymepn`n` skrtn ek`ccn`tm hn` ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c nhn wnhnf yn`c tutup`yn hmpndnm
Rk`gnenf endn`n` ek`ccn`tm gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`
Rk`intntn`
Hntn pk`cudurn` tkepkrntur, n`njmsms jnolrntlrmue, pk`ckikdn`
wnhnf u`tud ek`ymepn` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk Rk`gnenf tkjnf Hntn ek`ckikd gk`ms pk`ckikdn` gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus pkeou`cdus endn`n` endn`n`
jlcl skrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud endn`n`
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.?2, pk`intntn` yn`c hmjndudn` pnhn snnt prlsks pk`cljnfn` nhnjnf hntn pk`ckikdn` gk`ms pjnstmd, pk`ckikdn` pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu hn` dkokrsmfn` hnpur, hntn pk`ckikdn` pk`ckikdn` pkrnjntn` ensnd, hntn pk`cudurn` tkepkrntur tkepkrntur hn` n`njmsms jnolrntlrmue, hntn
pk`ckikdn` dkokrsmfn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn` skrtn wnhnf u`tud ek`ymepn` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk, hn` hntn pk`ckikdn` gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`. Xnokj ;.?> Hlduek`tnsm Hlduek`tnsm FNIIR >.
M` M`al alre rens nsmm Rrl Rrlsk skss hn` hn` Rr Rrlh lhud ud >.> >.>.
Hk Hksd sdrm rmps psmm Rrl Rrlhu hud d
>.?. >.?. Xugu Xugun` n` Ndfm Ndfmrr Rk`cc Rk`ccu` u`nn nn` ` Rrlhu Rrlhud d >.9.
Hmncrn rne e Nj Njmr
>.8. >.8. Dl`a Dl`amr mren ensm sm Hmnc Hmncrne rne Nj Njmr mr
?.
FNIIR ?.>. ?.>. Mh Mhk` k`tm tmam amdn dnsm sm n`nj n`njms msms ms onf onfny nynn ?.?.. ?.?
Ek`k`t Ek`k`tudd uddn` n` tmtm tmtmd d dk`hn dk`hnjm jm drmt drmtms ms ((XDD XDD))
?.9. ?.9. Ek`k Ek`k`t `tud uddn dn` ` on ontn tnss drm drmtm tmss ?.8. ?.8. Rk Rken en`t `tnu nun` n` ontn ontnss drmtm drmtmss ?.;. ?.;. Rk`k Rk`ktn tnpn pn` ` tm`hn tm`hndn dn` ` pkro pkronm nmdn dn` ` ?.1. ?.1. Rk`k Rk`ktn tnpn pn` ` prlskh prlskhur ur vkrm vkrmam amdn dnsm sm ?.3. ?.3. Rk`i Rk`int ntntn ntn` ` hn` hn` Hld Hldue uek` k`tn tnsm sm
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.?>, hlduek`tnsm FNIIR prlsks ekensnd rk`hn`c tkrhmrm hnrm hksdrmpsm prlhud, tugun` ndfmr pk`ccu`nn` prlhud, hmncrne njmr, dl`amrensm hmncrne njmr, mhk`tmamdnsm n`njmsms onfnyn, ek`k`tuddn` XDD, ek`k`tuddn` ontns drmtms, pken`tnun` ontns drmtms, pk`ktnpn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn`, pk`ktnpn` prlskhur vkrmamdnsm, skrtn pk`intntn` hn` hlduek`tnsm. Hntn yn`c hmhlduek`tnsmdn` gucn hnrm fnsmj n`njmsms jnolrntlrmue, pk`cudurn` tkepkrntur hn` jkeonr pk`ckikdn`.
>>6
;.>8. Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Rk`cugmn` Emdrlomljlcm Emdrlomljlcm pnhn _k`hn`c _k`hn`c
_k`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V yn`c suhnf entn`c hmjndudn` pk`cugmn` emdrlomljlcms u`tud ekjmfnt npndnf tkrhnpnt pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm ntnu tmhnd. _k`hn`c hmugm pnhn 2 gne, >? gne, hn` ?8 gne. Okrmdut m`m fnsmj pk`cugmn` tkrskout. Xnokj ;.?? Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Ondtkrm pnhn _k`hn`c
Ondtkrm
N`cdn Jkepk`c Xltnj
_k`hn`c 2 Gne
: >,2 x >2> dljl`m/cr
_k`hn`c >? Gne
>,2 x >2? dljl`m/cr
_k`hn`c ?8 Gne
=,1 x >2? dljl`m/cr
Dktkrn`cn` (Y@M 38387?22=)
Ekek`ufm
synrnt
(NJX) Iljmalre
: 9 NRE/cr
: 9 NRE/cr
: 9 NRE/cr
Ynjel`kjjn
@kcntma
@kcntma
@kcntma
Ijlstrmhmue pkrarm`ck`s Dnpn`c
@kcntma
@kcntma
@kcntma
: >,2 x >2>
: >,2 x >2>
: >,2 x >2>
Ekek`ufm synrnt Ekek`ufm synrnt Ekek`ufm synrnt Ekek`ufm
hn` dfnemr
dljl`m/cr
dljl`m/cr
dljl`m/cr
synrnt
Okrhnsnrdn` tnokj ;.??, ek`u`guddn` onfwn rk`hn`c 2 gne, >? gne, hn` ?8 gne ensmf okrnhn hmonwnf neon`c ontns Y@M. @neu`, n`cdn jkepk`c tltnj
ek`cnjnem dk`nmdn` pnhn rk`hn`c 2 gne snepnm hk`cn` ?8 gne. Ykhn`cdn` ondtkrm Iljmalre, skrtn dnpn`c hn` dfnemr tmhnd ek`cnjnem dk`nmdn`. [`tud ondtkrm Ynjel Ynjel`kjjn `kjjn hn` Ijlstrm Ijlstrmhmue hmue pkrarm`ck`s pkrarm`ck`s tmhnd hmtkeudn` (`kcntma) pnhn rk`hn`c 2 gne, >? gne, enupu` ?8 gne. Okrmdut m`m nhnjnf crnamd hnrm pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm NJX pnhn rk`hn`c 2 gne, >? gne, hn` ?8 gne.
Crnamd 1.> Rkrtueoufn` Ondtkrm NJX pnhn _k`hn`c 2 Gne, >? Gne, hn` ?8 Gne
Okrhnsnrdn`
crnamd
1.>,
ek`u`guddn`
onfwn
tkrgnhm
pk`m`cdntn`
pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm NJX pnhn rk`hn`c 2 gne, >? gne, hn` ?8 gne.
ONO QM RKEONFNYN@ 1.>. Dktkrontnsn` Dktkrontnsn` Rk`kjmtmn`
Dktkrontnsn` pnhn pk`kjmtmn` m`m ynmtu skoncnm okrmdut7 >. Rnhn pk`kjmt pk`kjmtmn` mn` m`m tmhnd tmhnd hmjndudn` hmjndudn` n`njmsms n`njmsms dunjmtns dunjmtns dmemn dmemn (pF, dnhnr nmr, nmr, dnhnr dnhnr nou, dnhnr jkend, hn` dnhnr prltkm`) skfm`ccn tmhnd hmdktnfum andtlr yn`c ekepk`cnrufm dkokrnhnn` ondtkrm hnrm skcm dunjmtns dmemn. ?. Rnhn Rnhn pk`kjm pk`kjmtmn` tmn` m`m tmhnd tmhnd ekjndu ekjndudn` dn` pk`cugm pk`cugmn` n` dunjmt dunjmtns ns emdrlo emdrlomlj mljlcm lcm (vmrus, (vmrus,
pnrnsmt (inim`c)). Fnj mtu ek`cndmontdn` tmhnd hnpnt ek`cktnfum dkokrnhnn` emdrlomljlcm hm hnjne onfn` ondu enupu` rk`hn`c yn`c suhnf entn`c. 9. Rnhn Rnhn pk`kjm pk`kjmtmn` tmn` m`m tmhnd ek`cug ek`cugmm dunjmt dunjmtns ns nmr yn`c yn`c hmcu`ndn hmcu`ndn` ` u`tud u`tud ek`iuim ek`iuim onfn` ondu hn` pkekrnsn` sn`tn`, skrtn n`njmsms swno pkrnjntn` ensnd hn` wnhnf pk`ymepn`n` skfm`ccn tmhnd hnpnt hmdktnfum sueokr dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm skinrn rm`im. 1.?.. Xme FNII 1.? FNIIR R
Xme FNIIR nhnjnf dkjlepld lrn`c hmhnjne pkrusnfnn` yn`c okrtucns u`tud ekrn`in`c, ek`krnpdn`, hn` ek`ck`hnjmdn` smstke FNIIR (Xfnfkkr, ?22;). (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228) ek`ckeudndn` onfwn dngmn` FNIIR skonmd`yn tmhnd hmgnjn`dn` ljkf sntu lrn`c sngn wnjnupu` oncm pkrusnfnn` sdnjn ek`k`cnf hn` dkimj. Rk`ckeon`cn` prlykd FNIIR fnrus hmjndudn` ljkf tme eujtmhmsmpjm`kr. [`tud dkpkrjun` pk`kjmtmn` m`m endn pk`kjmtm hn` sntu lrn`c tken` pk`kjmtm okrtm`hnd skoncnm tme FNIIR hn` hnrm pmfnd junr ynmtu pktucns jnolrntlrmue.
Ek`urut (Xfnfkkr, ?22;), omhn`c dknfjmn` yn`c skonmd`yn tkrwndmjdn` pnhn tme FNIIR pkrusnfnn` ynmtu emdrlomljlcm, rkdnynsn prlsks, rkdnynsn eksm`, qunjmty il`trlj , jnolrntlry n`njyst, jkcnj laamikr, hn` hn` prliurkek`t prliurkek`t laamikr (ensudn` ek`ck`nm onfn` ondu). Ykhn`cdn` (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228) tme FNIIR mhknj`yn fnrus okrn`ccltndn` lrn`c-lrn`c yn`c ekemjmdm pk`cktnfun` hn` dknfjmn` hmomhn`c7 gnem`n` eutu/tkd`ms, pkjndsn`nn`/prlhudsm, hn` tkd`md/eksm`. Xme FNIIR pnhn pk`kjmtm` m`m ek`cktnfum gnem`n` eutu/tkd`ms u`tud ek`ck`hnjmdn` onfnyn ntnu ek`uru`dn` onfnyn dk tmtmd yn`c jkomf nen`. Xktnpm
hnjne prlsks pkensndn` hn` njnt yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ensnd tme FNIIR tmhnd ekepu`ynm dknfjmn` ensnd rk`hn`c. Ykokjue ekjndsn`ndn` FNIIR, tme ekjmfnt prlsks ekensnd`yn tkrjkomf hnfuju skfm`ccn ek`cktnfum oncnmen`n njur pkeountn` rk`hn`c. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` hksdrmpsm prlhud rk`hn`c, pnhn pk`kjmtmn` m`m dkdurn`cn` sueokr hnyn en`usmn u`tud ekjndudn` tme FNIIR dnrk`n n`ccltn tme FNIIR tmhnd nhn yn`c ek`cktnfum oncnmen`n prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c. Ykfm`ccn pkrju ek`neonfdn` n`ccltn FNIIR yn`c hnpnt ek`cktnfum prlsks gnjn``yn ekeount rk`hn`c. 1.9. Hksdrmpsm Hksdrmpsm Rrlhud Rrlhud
Hksdrmpsm Hksdrm psm prlhud prlhud nhnjnf pkrm`imn` m`alrensm jk`cdnp ek`ck`nm ek`ck`nm prlhud prlhud yn`c okrmsm tk`tn`c dleplsmsm, smant amsmd ntnu dmemn, pkrjndun` emdrlsmhn ntnu emdrlstntms, pk`ckensn`, dl`hmsm pk`ymepn`n`, hnyn tnfn`, inrn hmstrmousm, onfdn` inrn pk`yngmn` hn` pkrsmnpn` dl`suesm`yn. Ykjnm` mtu, hmin`tuedn` m`alrensm ek`ck`nm prlhusk`, ontif prlhudsm, tn`ccnj prlhudsm, dkhnjuwnrsn, hn` okroncnm m`alrensm ueue jnm``yn (Xfnfkkr, ?22;).
Fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` skgnjn` hk`cn` tklrm (Xfnfkkr, ?22;) ynmtu hksdrmpsm prlhud rk`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V suhnf ek`in`tuedn` dleplsmsm, pk`ckensn`, pk`ccu`nn` prlhud, ensn dnhnjunrsn, tkepnt prlhud hmgunj, dl`hmsm pk`ymepn`n`, hn` hmstrmousm ntnu pkensnrn`. Hnrm fnsmj wnwn`inrn dkpnhn dnrynwn` ruenf endn` pnhn`c hmhnpntdn` , Y, & Ynnwmfnrhgn, >==8), ek`ckeudndn` onfwn tkrgnhm pk`m`cdntn` tltnj emdrlon pnhn rk`hn`c yn`c y n`c hnd hmpn`nsdn
IR tkrjkomf hnfuju fnrus hmtk`tudn` rk`in`n pk`ccu`nn``yn ntnu hk`cn` dntn jnm` fnrus hmmhk`dnsm tkrjkomf hnfuju sns
prlhud tkrhmrm hnrm onym, mou fnemj hn` ek`yusum, en`ujn, lrn`c sndmt ntnu hnjne pkrnwntn` pk`clontn`, hn` lrn`c hk`cn` hnyn tnfn` tuouf yn`c rk`hnf ntnu njkrcm tkrfnhnp sk`ynwn tkrtk`tu. Fnsmj tugun` ndfmr pk`ccu`nn` rk`hn`c pnhn pk`kjmtmn` m`m okrupn prlhud rk`hn`c hncm`c, hnpnt hmsngmdn` jn`cu`c hmdl`suesm sktkjnf hmljnf, hn` dl`suek` yn`c hnpnt ek`cdl`suesm rk`hn`c okrusmn n`nd-n`nd fm`ccn hkwnsn. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (]u`mnrtm, Nzjmn, & Ynrm, ?2>;), hnjne hksdrmpsm prlhud tkepk tugun` ndfmr pk`ccu`nn``yn hnpnt hm dl`suesm jn`csu`c
hn` dl`suek` okrusmn n`nd-n`nd fm`ccn hkwnsn. Fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` tkrskout snen hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Xrms`nm`m, ?2>?), pnhn hksdrmpsm prlhud tugun` ndfmr pk`ccu`nn` oljn-oljn hncm`c hm M`stnjnsm Cmzm _uenf Yndmt hmpkru`tudn` oncm pnsmk` hnrm skeun dnjn`cn`, usmn, hn` dkjns skfm`ccn pnsmk` n`nd-n`nd enupu` hkwnsn hn` pnsmk` dkjns MMM snepnm hk`cn` dkjns M hk`cn` hmkt tm`ccm dnjlrm hn` ek`cdl`suesm`yn. Oljn-oljn hncm`c yn`c tkjnf hmensnd, smnp u`tud hmdl`suesm.
Hmncrne njmr hmrn`in`c u`tud ekeokrmdn` hksdrmpsm jk`cdnp tk`tn`c skeun jn`cdnf yn`c tkrjmont hnjne prlsks pkeountn
tm`ccm prltkm` hnpnt
suhnf hmfnjusdn` tkrjkomf hnfuju. Dkeuhmn` onfn` ondu hmn`cdut hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` dk`hnrnn` okeltlr. Dl`hmsm onfn` ondu yn`c hmtkrmen ensmf snen snnt pkeokjmn` hmpnsnr, tmhnd nhn dkrusndn` pnhn onfn` ondu skjnen pk`cn`cdutn`. Ykokjue onfn`-onfn` hmensnd, hmiuim tkrjkomf hnfuju u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` hkou- hkou, pnsmr hn` ok`hn nsm`c jnm``yn. Ymnpdn` njnt-njnt ensnd yn`c ndn` hmpndnm hn` hmokrsmfdn` tkrjkomf hnfuju. Ykjn`gut`yn, ensuddn` onfn`-onfn` dk hnjne wngn` ntnu pk`cclrk`cn` dkeuhmn` nhud rntn. Xu`ccu snepnm rk`hn`c entn`c hn` skskdnjm rk`hn`c hmnhud.
Ek`urut (Yutlel, _k`hn`c7 Gunrn Ensndn` Xkrjkznt Ykhu`mn, ?2>?), jn`cdnf pkrtnen hnjne ekensnd rk`hn`c nhnjnf ek`ymnpdn` onfn`-onfn`. Hncm`c hmpltl`c hk`cn` udurn` skdmtnr 1 x 9 ie. Oueou-oueou hmfnjusdn` hn` dkjnpn hmpkrns ek`gnhm sn`tn`. Yktkjnf oueou hmtuems, dkeuhmn` sn`tn` hmensuddn`. Okokrnpn gk`ms rk`hn`c ek`ccu`ndn` tkd`md ekrkous oueou hk`cn` sn`tn` tn`pn hmtuems tkrjkomf hnfuju. Ykjn`gut`yn sn`tn` hmtun`c hn` hmensnd fm`ccn ek`hmhmf. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` oncn` njmr prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c, hnjne ekensnd rk`hn`c tnfnpn``yn onfn` ntnupu` ek`uems oueou`yn tkrjkomf hnfuju.
1.1. Ek`cdl`rensm Njur Rrlsks Rkeountn` _k`hn`c Oncn` njmr yn`c hmount okjue hmdntndn` snen hk`cn` prlsks skok`nr`yn hm jnp
fnrus hmpkrmdsn hk`cn` inrn ek`cnentm gnjn``yn prlsks hn` ekeon`hm`cdn` sktmnp sktm np jn`cdn jn`cdnf f pnhn pnhn prlsks prlsks hk`cn` hk`cn` hmncrn hmncrne e (Elrtm (Elrtmelr elrkk & Snjjnik Snjjnik,, ?228). ?228). Okrmdut m`m tnfnp ek`cdl`amrensm njur prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c skoncnm okrmdut. >. Rkeo Rkeokj kjmn mn` ` onf onfn` n` on ondu du Rkeokjmn` onfn` ondu skonmd`yn hmokjm hnrm sueokr yn`c jnynd hmpkrinyn. Rk`gunj endn`n` yn`c mhknj ek`gunj onfn` endn`n` yn`c okrsmf, skcnr, hn` tmhnd tkrikenr (Nrmsen`, ?22=). Rkeokjmn` onfn` ondu
u`tud ekeount rk`hn`c tkrhmrm hnrm hncm`c, oueou, hn` sn`tn` inmr. Okrmdut m`m fnsmj ugm emdrlomljlcms pnhn onfn` ondu pkeountn` rk`hn`c. n) Hncm`c Hncm`c nhnjnf oncmn` ltlt sdkjktnj hnrm dnrdns snpm yn`c nen`, jnynd, hn` jnzme hmdl`suesm ljkf en`usmn, hnpnt okrupn hncm`c skcnr, hncm`c skcnr hm`cm`, ntnu hncm`c okdu. Hkam`msm hncm`c skcnr nhnjnf hncm`c yn`c okjue hmljnf hn` ntnu tmhnd hmtneonfdn` hk`cn` onfn` npnpu` (Y@M 9=967?226). _uenf endn` pnhn`c V hnjne pkeountn` rk`hn`c ek`ccu`ndn` onfn` ondu hncm`c skcnr. Fnj m`m tkrjmfnt hnrm
fnsmj ugm amsmd (tnokj ;.8), hncm`c yn`c hmcu`ndn` hmcu`ndn` okrwnr`n ekrnf tkrn`c hk`cn` sdlr tmcn. Fnj mtu sksunm hk`cn` stn`hnr Y@M 9=9?7?226 pnhn tm`cdnt pkrtnen. Fnsmj pnhn pk`kjmtmn` m`m skgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ekrtfnynsn, Yunhn, & Ncustm`n, ?2>;), ek`u`guddn` onfwn hncm`c snpm onjm ik`hkru`c ekemjmdm wnr`n ekrnf ikrnf hmon`hm`cdn` hk`cn` hk`cn` hncm`c wncyu yn`c ekemjmdm wnr`n jkomf ckjnp ndmont hmdkens dktmdn hmdkjunrdn` hnrm dkensn` vndue, hncm`c yn`c hmdkjunrdn` ndn` okruonf wnr`n ek`gnhm ekrnf tkrn`c. Ek`urut Du`tlrl, Enfkswnrm, & @urnm`m (?2>?) m`hmdntlr dl`tnem`nsm nwnj pnhn hncm`c snpm skcnr snjnf sntu`yn hnpnt hmjmfnt hnrm guejnf n`cdn jkepk`c tltnj (NJX) hn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm, iljm, dnrk`n ondtkrm tkrskout tkrhnpnt skinrn njnem pnhn hncm`c snpm skcnr hn` hnpnt ek`meoujdn` ek`meoujdn` pk`yndmt pk`yndmt npnomjn npnomjn dkokrnhnn`` dkokrnhnn``yn yn okrnhn hm ntns neon`c ontns yn`c hmpkroljkfdn`. Fnsmj pk`cugmn` ondtkrm NJX
hmpkrljkf skoksnr ?,; x >29 ek`u`guddn` onfwn onfwn fnsmj ugm tkrskout ensmf ekek`ufm pkrsynrntn` Y@M 9=9?7?226 (tnokj ;.9). Ykgnjn` hk`cn` hk`cn ` pk`kjmtmn` pk`kjmtmn` (Fkr`n`hl, (Fkr`n`hl, Ykptm`lvn, Ykptm`lvn, & Nhfmn`tl, Nhfmn`tl, ?2>;), ?2>;), tltnj emdrlon hncm`c yn`c hmtkjmtm okrdmsnr n`tnrn 2,=9 x >2 ; - 9,> x >2; dljl`m/cr yn`c ek`u`guddn` onfwn hncm`c snpm tkrskout ekemjmdm dunjmtns yn`c ensmf onmd, skfm`ccn jnynd u`tud hmdl`suesm. hmdl`suesm. Emdrlon yn`c hnpnt hmgnhmdn` m`hmdntlr dknen`n` pn`cn` ueue`yn nhnjnf emdrlon yn`c ekemjmdm dlrkjnsm hk`cn` nhn`yn sntu
ntnu jkomf gk`ms emdrlon pntlck` ntnu okrdlrkjnsm hk`cn` nhn`yn tldsm` yn`c hmfnsmjdn``yn. Hm hnjne cljl`cn` Iljmalre m`m eu`cdm` tkrhnpnt jkomf hnrm ?2 spksmks spksmks ondtkrm. ondtkrm. Dkokrnhnn` dkjlepld dkjlepld ondtkrm Iljmalre sn`cnt okrdlrkjnsm hk`cn` tm`cdnt dkokrsmfn` hnjne pk`cljnfn` pn`cn` skfm`ccn skinrn juns hmcu`ndn` skoncnm m`hmdntlr dkokrsmfn` hnjne pk`cljnfn` pn`cn` (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1). Okrhnsnrdn` fnsmj ugm Iljmalre pnhn hncm`c tmhnd ekek`ufm synrnt Y@M 9=967?226 (Gnsenhm, Fnryn`m, & Glsk, ?2>8), ek`u`guddn` guejnf ondtkrm Iljmalre pnhn Iljmalre pnhn hncm`c okrdmsnr n`tnrn n`cdn 2,>> x >2 3 NRE/cr fm`ccn 0?8 x >23 NRE/cr. Guejnf Guejnf ondtkrm ondtkrm Ilj Iljmal malre re ekjkomfm neon`c ontns hmdnrk`ndn`
pk`gunjn`
ekepkrfntmdn`
nspkd
hncm`c sn`mtnsm
hm hn`
pnsnr fmcmk`ms,
trnhmsml`nj pk`gunjn`
durn`c hncm`c
hmjndudn` hnjne dknhnn` tkroudn, hn` hncm`c hmsmepn` hnjne sufu yn`c
tmhnd
hm`cm` hm`cm`
ndmont`yn ndmont`yn
ndn`
okrhnepnd okrhnepnd
pnhn
pkrdkeon`comndn` ondtkrm
skendm` ikpnt, skrtn pkrnjntn` yn`c tmhnd stkrmj gucn ek`neonf dl`tnem`nsm pnhn hncm`c yn`c hmgunj. Ek`urut (AHN, Kvnjuntml` n`h Hkam`mtml` la Rltk`tmnjjy Fnznrhlus Allhs - Ifnptkr 9. Anitlrs tfnt M`ajuk`ik Emirlomnj Crlwtf, ?22>), pkrdkeon`comndn` ondtkrm hnjne endn`n` hmtk`tudn` ljkf dknhnn` jm`cdu`cn` skrtn tkepkrntur yn`c ilild, skjnm` dktkrskhmnn` znt cmzm skoncnmm sueokr skoncn sueokr endn`n`. endn`n`. Ondtkrm Ondtkrm Iljmalre hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm hncm`c hmdnrk`ndn` sufu yn`c tmhnd sksunm Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>> ynmtu ?1,1²I. Hmhnjne pkrnturn`
tkrskout pk`ymepn`n` onfn` endn`n` skpkrtm hncm`c, mdn`, uhn`c, hn` ljnfn``yn yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn` hnjne wndtu 9 fnrm ntnu durn`c sufu okrnhn hmrk`tn`c -; snepnm hk`cn` 2²I. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (Yndtm, _uhyn`tl, & Yunrgn`n, ?2>?), rntn-rntn hnrm fnsmj guejnf ondtkrm Il Iljm jmal alre re pnhn tkjur nyne jldnj yn`c hmsmepn` pnhn sufu dnenr hn` sufu ifmjjm`c pnhn fnrm dk->, 6, >; hn` ?? ek`u`guddn` onfwn guejnf hmon`hm`c hmon` hm`cdn` dn` guejnf rntnn` tltnj ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre pnhn pnhn sufu ifmjjm`c ynmtu 12 x >28. Fnj m`m ek`u` ek`u`gud guddn` dn` onfwn onfwn ondtkr ondtkrmm Ilj Iljmal malre re yn`c okrsmant ekslamjmd hnpnt okrdkeon`c omnd pnhn sufu dnenr hk`cn` onmd hmon`hm`cdn` hk`cn` sufu ifmjjm`c . Okrhnsnrdn` Okrhn snrdn` urnmn` pkeokjmn` pkeokjmn` onfn` ondu hncm`c, hncm`c yn`c hmcu`ndn` ruenf endn` pnhn`c V hnjne dl`hmsm onmd hk`cn` okrwnr`n ekrnf tkrn`c. Hnrm fnsmj pk`cugmn` NJX, hncm`c suhnf ekek`ufm synrnt tktnpm tkrhnpnt dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre.. Fnj m`m hmnsuesmdn`
onfwn dktmdn pkeokjmn` hncm`c hmpnsnr, hmgunj hk`cn` dknhnn` yn`c tkroudn
hn`
sufu
hncm`c
tmhnd
hm`cm`
hnpnt
ekemiu
pkrdkeon`comndn` ondtkrm. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu, pkemjmd ruenf endn` pnhn`c V pkrju ekepkrfntmdn` dknhnn` tkepnt pk`gunjn` hn` sufu hncm`c fnrus sksunm stn`hnr Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>>. o) Oueou Oueou hmhkam`msmdn` skoncnm onfn` yn`c ek`cn`hu`c sntu ntnu jkomf gk`ms rkepnf yn`c hmtneonfdn` dk hnjne onfn` endn`n` pnhn
snnt endn`n` tkrskout hmljnf (skokjue hmsngmdn`) hk`cn` tugun` ekepkronmdm nrlen, imtn-rnsn, tkdstur, hn` pk`nepndn` skinrn dkskjurufn` (Nstnwn`, ?2>8). Ek`urut (Yutlel, _k`hn`c7 Gunrn Ensndn` Xkrjkznt Ykhu`mn, ?2>?), oueou-oueou yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ekensnd rk`hn`c ynmtu inonm ekrnf, onwn`c ekrnf, onwn`c putmf, hnu` du`ymt, hnu` gkrud purut, du`ymt, skrnm, hnu` snjne, jk`cduns, dnyu en`ms, dktueonr, gm`tn`, nsne dn`hms, nsne ckjucur, dkemrm, pnjn, hn` Dkokrnhnn` Dkokrn hnn` dkjlepld dkjlepld ondtkrm ondtkrm iljma iljmalre lre sn`cnt okrdlrkjnsm okrdlrkjnsm hk`cn` hk`cn` tm`cdnt dkokrsmfn` hnjne pk`cljnfn` pn`cn` skfm`ccn skinrn juns hmcu`ndn` skoncnm m`hmdntlr dkokrsmfn` hnjne pk`cljnfn` pn`cn` (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1). Okrhnsnrdn` pk`cugmn` oueou rk`hn`c tkrdl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm Iljmalre hk`cn` fnsmj skoksnr >,> x >29. Fnsmj tkrskout tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Y@M 39667?22=. Oueou yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ekeount rk`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V okrenineenine tkrhmrm hnrm7 inonm ekrnf, hnu` gkrud purut, skrnm, hnu` du`ymt,
jk`cduns,
dnyu en`ms, dktueonr, gm`tn`, nsne dn`hms, nsne ckjucur, dkemrm, pnjn, onwn`c ekrnf, onwn`c putmf, gnfk. Fnsmj pk`cugmn` tkrskout skgnjn` hk`cn`
pk`kjmtmn`
yn`c
hmjndudn`
(Emrnwntm,
Hgngn`m`crnt,
&
Rurwn`tm, ?2>9), hmdktnfum onfwn hnrm ?> snepkj inonm cmjm`c hmtkeudn` skon`ynd ; snepkj yn`c tkrdltnem`nsm ondtkrm Iljmalre hn` Iljmakinj . Ek`urut Y@M 39667?22=, n`cdn jkepk`c tltnj ek`u`guddn` guejnf emdrlon hnjne suntu prlhud. NJX skinrn ueue tmhnd tkrdnmt hk`cn` onfnyn dknen`n` pn`cn`. @neu`, u`tud ek`uguddn` dunjmtns,
ensn smepn`/wndt smepn`/wndtu u pnruf, pnruf, dl`tnem`n dl`tnem`nsm, sm, hn` stntus fmcmk`ms fmcmk`ms pnhn snnt prlsks prlhudsm. Fnsmj pk`cugmn` oueou rk`hn`c pnhn ondtkrm NJX ynmtu 9,2 x >2; hn` tkjnf ekek`ufm synrnt Y@M 39667?22=. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Fk`hrnwntm, Yuynsn, & Yugnyn, ?2>8), ek`u`guddn` nhn pk`cnruf pkeokrmn` jnrutn` onwn`c putmf ek`uru`dn` n`cdn jkepk`c tltnj tkrfnhnp hnyn nwkt tnfu. Xnfu yn`c hmrk`hne hk`cn` jnrutn` onwn`c putmf dl`sk`trnsm ?% hn` 8% hnpnt nwkt skjnen hun fnrm, Andtlr utnen yn`c ekepk`cnrufm pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm nhnjnf endn`n`, sufu, dkjkeonpn`, dktkrskhmnn` ldsmck`, dl`sk`trnsm ml` fmhrlck`, hn` nhn`yn znt pk`cfneont (Fnyks, >==;). Hnrm pk`cudurn` tkepkrntur oueou hmhnpntdn` fnsmj skoksnr ?=,=²I. Yufu tkrskout sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>;, pn`cn` yn`c ndn` hmljnf jkomf jn`gut (oueou, sn`tn`, hjj) fnrus hmsmepn` pnhn sufu 8²I ntnu gmdn hmsmepn` pnhn sufu dnenr (?6 - 9?²I) skonmd`yn tmhnd jkomf hnrm 8 gne. Ek`urut (AHN, Kvnjuntml` n`h Hkam`mtml` la Rltk`tmnjjy
Fnznrhlus
Allhs - Ifnptkr 9. Anitlrs tfnt M`ajuk`ik Emirlomnj Crlwtf, ?22>), pkrdkeon`comndn` ondtkrm hnjne endn`n` hmtk`tudn` ljkf dknhnn` jm`cdu`cn` skrtn tkepkrntur yn`c ilild, skjnm` dktkrskhmnn` znt cmzm skoncnm sueokr endn`n`. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (Jmdltrnamtm, N`nc`lu, Jnepmrm, & _lnhks, ?2>8), pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm L>;37F3 hn` Ynjel Ynjel`kjjn `kjjn Xypfmeurmue tkrgnhm pk`uru`n` skinrn pkrjnfn`-jnfn` pnhn dktmcn snyurn` (skjnhn, tmeu`, hn` pktkrskjm) hm sufu >2²I hn` ek`cnjnem pk`m`cdntn` guejnf ondtkrm Ynjel`kjjn Xypfmeurmue pnhn sufu ?2²I. Hm sufu 92²I tkrgnhm pkrtueoufn`
dkhun ondtkrm tkrskout. Rnhn dktmcn snyurn` skcnr tkrskout tkrhnpnt rmsmdl emdrlomljlcm skfm`ccn hnpnt hmjndudn` pk`ikcnfn` hk`cn` pk`ymepn`n` ntnu pk`n`cn`n` pnhn sufu hmntns >2²I. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` pkeokjmn` onfn` ondu oueou, oueou rk`hn`c yn`c hmpndnm hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V tmhnd tkrdl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm NJX tktnpm tkrhnpnt ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre.. Rnhn snnt pk`gunjn` oueou, wnhnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` tmhnd tkrtutup hn` sufu tmhnd lptmenj skfm`ccn hmpkrdmrndn` hnpnt ek`meoujdn` nhn`yn pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu, pk`gunj oueou ekendnm wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm fnrus tkrtutup hn` pk`yngmn` tmhnd jkomf hnrm 8 gne. Rkemjmd ruenf endn` pnhn`c gucn pkrju ekepkrfntmdn` dl`hmsm dkokrsmfn` oueou oueou snnt ekeokjm. i) Yn`tn` Yn`tn` nhnjnf inmrn` putmf dk`tnj fnsmj kdstrnsm hnrm dkjnpn yn`c hmfnsmjdn` hnrm kdstrnd (hncm`c ounf) dkjnpn tun onmd hk`cn` ntnu tn`pn pk`neonfn` nmr (Ckn, Ykonyn`c, & Ntftflrmid, ?2>1). Hnjne prlsks
pkeountn` hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj, dkjnpn hmpnrut tkrjkomf hnfuju dkeuhmn` hmpkrns hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` nmr. Ykinrn `lrenj, ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre gucn gucn tkrhnpnt hmpkrnmrn` hnjne guejnf tkrtk`tu. @neu` omjn tkrgnhm pk`ikenrn` nmr endn guejnf Iljmalre ndn` ek`gnhm jkomf on`ynd hm ntns neon`c ontns hn` hnpnt ekjkomf guejnf ondtkrm pntlck` jnm`. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu, gmdn ondtkrm Iljmalre tkrhnpnt hnjne guejnf oksnr hm ntns neon`c ontns, endn pkrju u`tud ekekrmdsn dkokrnhnn` pntlck` jnm` (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1). Hnrm fnsmj pk`cugmn` jnolrntlrmue pnhn sn`tn`,
tkrhnpn tkrh npntt ondtkrm ondtkrm Ilj Iljmal malre re skoksnr =. Fnsmj tkrskout ekjkomfm neon`c ontns pkrsynrntn` Y@M 39667?22=. Okrhnsnrdn` hnrm fnsmj loskrvnsm, tkrhnpnt okokrnpn andtlr yn`c hnpnt ekepk`cnrufm nhn`yn ondtkrm tkrskout ynmtu, tkepnt pk`cljnfn` sn`tn` yn`c tmhnd fmcmk`ms skrtn wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ek`nepu`c nmr okrsmf tmhnd hnjne dknhnn` tkrtutup skfm`ccn nmr yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ekeount sn`tn` tkjnf tkrikenr, hn` pk`gnenf tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` pk`utup dkpnjn skrtn snru`c tn`cn`. Fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` (Antmenf, Rrnsktyn`m`csmf, & Ynrm, ?2>3), ek`u`guddn` onfwn ks hnwkt >22% ek`cn`hu`c ondtkrm Iljmalre yn`c hmtkeudn` pnhn sn`tn`. Andtlrr jnm` yn`c hnpnt ek`ykonod Andtl ek`ykonodn` n` pkrdkeon`co pkrdkeon`comndn` mndn` ondtkrm ondtkrm nhnjnf sufu pnhn sn`tn`. Ek`urut (_lokrtsl`, ?2>?), emdrllrcn`msek yn`c ek`ykonodn` pkeousudn` pnhn endn`n` hmpk`cnrufm ljkf andtlr m`strm`smd hn` kdstrm`smd. Andtlr m`strm`smd tkrhmrm hnrm pF, dnhnr nmr, dn`hu`cn` cmzm, u`sur n`tmemdrlon, hn` strudtur omljlcms, skhn`cdn`
andtlr kdstrm`smd ekjmputm sufu pk`ymepn`n`, dkjkeonpn` rkjntma jm`cdu`cn`, skrtn dkokrnhnn` hn` dl`sk`trnsm cns hm jm`cdu`cn`. Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>;, pn`cn` yn`c hmsmnpdn` u`tud hmprlsks jkomf jn`gut fnrus hmsmepn` pnhn sufu 8²I ntnu gmdn hmsmepn` pnhn sufu dnenr (?6 - 9?²I) skonmd`yn tmhnd jkomf hnrm 8 gne. Fnsmj pk`cudurn` tkepkrntur sn`tn` sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` tkrskout, ynmtu 9?,>²I. Ek`urut Y@M 39667?22=, N`cdn Jkepk`c Xltnj ek`u`guddn`
guejnf emdrlon hnjne suntu prlhud. NJX skinrn ueue tmhnd tkrdnmt hk`cn` onfnyn dknen`n` pn`cn` `neu` dnhn`c okren`annt u`tud ek`u`guddn` dunjmtns, ensn smepn` ntnu pnruf wndtu, dl`tnem`nsm hn` stntus fmcmk`ms pnhn snnt prlsks prlhudsm. Fnsmj pk`cugmn` N`cdn Jkepk`c Xltnj (NJX) pnhn sn`tn` ensmf hm onwnf neon`c ontns Y@M 39667?22= ynmtu ?,9 x >29 dljl`m/cr. Fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` (Rrmfntm`m, ?226), ek`u`guddn` guejnf emdrlon pnhn sn`tn` tn`pn nhn`yn pken`nsn` ynmtu >,1 x >2;. Fnsmj tkrskout ensmf okrnhn hmonwnf neon`c ontns. Yktkjnf hmjndudn` pken`nsn` hk`cn` sufu 1; lI ensmf tkrhnpnt guejnf emdrlon skoksnr >,9 x >28, hm sufu 32lI guejnf emdrlon skoksnr 9,? x >29. Rnhn pken`nsn` sufu 3;, 62, 6;, hn` =2lI guejnf emdrlon yn`c tkrhnpnt hnjne sn`tn` nhnjnf `lj. Okrhnsnrdn` Okrhn snrdn` urnmn` pkeokjmn` pkeokjmn` onfn` ondu sn`tn`, fnsmj pk`cugmn` pk`cugmn` ondtkrm pnhn sn`tn` tkrhnpnt ondtkrm Iljmalre. Fnj mtu hmnsuesmdn` dnrk`n sufu pnhn snnt pk`gunjn` tmhnd sksunm skfm`ccn ondtkrm hnpnt okrdkeon`comnd hk`cn` onmd hn` tkepnt pk`cljnfn` tmhnd fmcmk`ms
skrtn nmr yn`c hmcu`ndn` tkrikenr dnrk`n wnhnf u`tud ek`nepu`c nmr okrsmf tmhnd tkrtutup. Endn hnrm mtu, pk`gunj pkrju ekepkrfntmdn` tkep tkepnt nt pk`c pk`clj ljnf nfn` n` fnru fnruss
okrs okrsmf mf hn hn` `
tk tkrf rfm` m`hn hnrr
hn hnrm rm om om`n `ntn tn`c `c
pk`ccn`ccu skrtn wnhnf pk`nepu`cn` nmr tkrtutup. Rkemjmd ruenf endn` pnhn`c V gucn ekemjmf pk`gunj sn`tn` yn`c ekepkrfntmdn` fmcmk`k sn`mtnsm snnt pk`gunjn` hn` pkeountn` sn`tn`. ?. Rk`krmenn` Onfn` Ondu Onfn` ondu pkeountn` endn`n`, ueue`yn okrnsnj hnrm onfn` pn`cn`
skcnr (Jnkjnsnrm, ?2>;). Inrn pk`cn`cdutn` endn`n` fnrus ekek`ufm pkrsynrntn` sn`mtnsm, emsnj`yn npndnf snrn` pk`cn`cdutn` ekemjmdm njnt pk`hm`cm` hn` tkrtutup. Rk`cn`cdutn` tkrskout hmjndudn` onmd hnrm sueokr dk pnsnr enupu` hnrm sueokr dk tkepnt pk`ymepn`n` ncnr onfn` endn`n` tmhnd tkrikenr ljkf dl`tnem`n` hn` tmhnd rusnd (Ifn`hrn, Rk`cn`tnr Dkskfntn` Jm`cdu`cn`, ?221). Ek`urut (Nrmsen`, ?22=), onrn`c yn`c onru tmon fnrus hmpkrmdsn hk`cn` ikrent hn` hmpnstmdn` onfwn sufu hn` ntnu rusnd) skjnm` pltk`sm dkokrnhnn` gneur, skrn`ccn, hn` gucn onu. Fnsmj loskrvnsm yn`c hmjndudn`, sktkjnf pkeokjmn` onfn` ondu hm pnsnr, onfn` ondu hmonwn ek`ccu`ndn` dk`hnrnn` okreltlr hn` hnjne dknhnn` tkrtutup hk`cn` ekendnm wnhnf pjnstmd hnrm pnsnr. Dkeuhmn` jn`csu`c hmturu`dn` hnrm dk`hnrnn` hn` hmonwn jn`csu`c dk hnpur. Rk`krmenn` onfn` ondu hncm`c, oueou, hn` sn`tn` ensmf hnjne dl`hmsm yn`c onmd snen hk`cn` dknhnn` yn`c snnt pkeokjmn` hm pnsnr. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn`
(Xrmn`hm`m, ?2>;), ek`u`guddn` onfwn skoncmn` oksnr onfn` endn`n` skinrn ueue iudup onmd (3;%). Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu, pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu rk`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V ensmf hnjne dl`hmsm onmd hn` ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup rnpnt skfm`ccn hnpnt ekem`menjmsmr nhn`yn pk`ikenrn` amsmd skjnen pk`cn`cdutn` hnrm pnsnr snepnm s nepnm dk hnpur. 9. Rrlsks Rk`y Rk`ymnpn` mnpn` Onfn` Ondu Rrm`smp utnen hnjne pk`ymnpn` endn` nhnjnf pkrfntmn` tkrfnhnp dkokrsmfn` pkrsl`nj, ynmtu hk`cn` ek`iuim tn`cn` sktkjnf okrndtmvmtns.
Emsnj`yn, sktkjnf ek`cljnf hncm`c ek`tnf, u`ccns, mdn` jnut, hn` tkjur4 sktkjnf ek`yk`tuf om`ntn`c4 skfnoms oun`c nmr oksnr hn` dkimj4 sktkjnf ek`ccn`tm plpld4 sktkjnf okrsm`4 hn` jnm`-jnm`. Gn`cn` pkr`nf ekeomnrdn` onfn` endn`n` yn`c ndn` hmdl`suesm okrsk`tufn` hk`cn` hncm`c ek`tnf (Nrmsen`, ?22=). Ykokjue ekensnd rk`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V, onfn` ondu hmpkrsmnpdn` tkrjkomf hnfuju, ek`ckjunrdn` hnrm pjnstmd dkeuhmn` hmiuim hk`cn` nmr ek`cnjmr u`tud ek`cfmjn`c pnsmr hn` hkou skrtn ekeoun`c onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf rusnd. Jnju skrnm hmpmpmfdn` tkrjkomf hnfuju skokjue hmensnd ek`ccu`ndn` ujkd hn` ilokd. Fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` tkrskout sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>> tk`tn`c fmcmk`k
sn`mtnsm
gnsnolcn,
hmjndudn`
pkemjmfn`
onfn`
u`tud
ekemsnfdn`/ekeoun`c oncmn` onfn` yn`c rusnd skrtn skeun onfn` yn`c smnp hmensnd fnrus hmiuim hk`cn` nmr ek`cnjmr. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn`
(@nrmn, ?221), ek`u`guddn` onfwn pkhncn`c ek`iuim onfn` skokjue hmcu`ndn` skoksnr 6=,3%. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, prlsks pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V skokjue hmensnd hmiuim tkrjkomf hnfuju. Xktnpm u`tud ek`cfm`hnrm nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm okrupn hkou, skonmd`yn onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmiuim hmiuim hmjktnddn` pnhn wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup skokjue hmensnd. 8. Rrlsks Rk`ymnpn` Njnt-njnt yn`c Hmp Hmpndnm ndnm Njnt ekensnd fnrus hmrn`in`c skhkemdmn` rupn skfm`ccn euhnf
hmokrsmfdn` hn` tmhnd euhnf dltlr (Nrmsen`, ?22=). Fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` ek`u`gudd ek`u` guddn` n` njnt ensnd yn`c hmcu`ndn` hmcu`ndn` gucn ensmf hnjne dl`hmsm dl`hmsm tmhnd rusnd. Ykoncnmen`n yn`c tkrtkrn hnjne Dkputusn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=6 Xnfu` ?229, onfwn pkrnjntn` pkrnjntn` yn`c hmcu`ndn` hmcu`ndn` tmhnd rusnd, clepkj, rktnd, hn` tmhnd ek`meoujdn` pk`ikenrn`. Rkreudnn` yn`c dl`tnd jn`csu`c hk`cn` endn`n` fnrus il`us ntnu tmhnd nhn suhut entm, rntn, fnjus, hmcu`ndn`. Njnt
yn`c
hmcu`ndn`
u`tud
ekensnd
rk`hn`c
tkrhmrm
hnrm
pk`cclrk`cn`, pk`cclrk` cn`, slhkt, skrtn ujkd hn` ilokd. Ykokjue hmpndnm, pkrnjntn` hmjn hmjnp p tkrjk tkrjkom omf f hn hnfu fuju ju u` u`tu tud d ek`c ek`cfm fmjn jn`c `c hk hkou ou yn yn`c `c ek`k ek`kep epkj kj hm pkreudnn`. Ykfm`ccn hnpnt ek`cfm`hnrm nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn amsmd pnhn njnt ensnd. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` (Xrmn`hm`m, ?2>;), ek`u`guddn` onfwn sn`mtnsm pkrnjntn` hnjne dl`hmsm iudup onmd (11%).
Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm, pk`ymnpn` hn` dl`hmsm pkrnjntn` ensnd hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud u`t ud ekensn ekensnd d rk`hn` rk`hn`c c iudup iudup onmd. onmd. Ykokju Ykokjue e hmcu`n hmcu`ndn` dn`,, njnt njnt hm jnp tkrjkomf hnfuju ek`ccu`ndn` dnm` ncnr tkrfm`hnr hnrm hkou-hkou yn`c ek`kepkj. ;. Gnhwnj Rkeountn` Onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmokjm hm pnsnr tmhnd nhn pkrjndun` pk`ymepn`n` tkrjkomf hnfuju. Yksnepnm hm ruenf, onfn` ondu jn`csu`c hmljnf. Rkeountn` rk`hn`c hmeujnm skdmtnr pnhn puduj 26.83 SMO.
1. Rrlsks Rkensndn` Rk`cljnfn` endn`n` ekrupndn` ndtmvmtns u`tud ekepkrsmnpdn` endn`n` ntnu ek`cljnf onfn` ondu ek`gnhm jnynd u`tud hmendn` (Jnkjnsnrm, (Jnkjn snrm, ?2>;). ?2>;). Ek`urut Ek`urut (Nrmsen`, (Nrmsen`, ?22=), ?22=), skeun dkcmntn` pk`cljnfn` pk`cljnfn` endn`n` fnrus hmjndudn` hk`cn` inrn tkrjm`hu`c hnrm dl`tnd jn`csu`c hk`cn` tuouf. Hnjne prlsks m`m yn`c pkrju hmpkrfntmdn` ynmtu dkskfntn` pkdkrgn, dkokrsmfn` pkrlrn`cn` hn` pk`iuimn` tn`cn`4 pk`cnwnsn` wndtu hn` tkepkrntur endn``4 pkeokrsmfn` pkrdndns skrtn pkreudnn` yn`c tkrsk`tuf skjnen pk`ymnpn` endn`n`. Nwnj prlsks pkensndn` hmeujnm hk`cn` ekensuddn` hncm`c, oueou, hn` sn`tn` dk hnjne pk`cclrk`cn` dkeuhmn` hmnhud rntn jnju ensnd hk`cn` npm skhn`c hn` tu`ccu fm`ccn entn`c. Ykskdnjm hmnhud ncnr oncmn` onwnf ensndn` tmhnd fn`cus. Ynnt ekensnd, hmjndudn` pk`cudurn` sufu hnrm nwnj pkensndn` fm`ccn entn`c ynmtu 6?,6²I, 66,=²I, 6>,9²I, hn` 62,1²I. Rk`cudurn` hmjndudn` pnhn puduj 2=.?> SMO, 2=.;3 SMO, >2.2> SMO, hn` >27;8 SMO. Fnsmj tkrskout tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn`
Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn`
@l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>> tk`tn`c fmcmk`k sn`mtnsm gnsnolcn, sufu pk`cljnfn` endn`n` em`menj =2²I ncnr duen` pntlck` entm. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` (Yurnhm & Yuryn`m`csmf, ?226), ek`u`guddn` onfwn guejnf tltnj ondtkrm pnjm`c skhmdmt pnhn tkepkrntur pk`cnsnpn` 62²I hk`cn` jnen pk`cnsnpn` 8 hn` 1 gne, skrtn tkepkrntur 32²I hk`cn` jnen pk`cnsnpn` 1 gne. Xltnj ondtkrm pnhn pk`cnsnpn` tkrskout jkomf skhmdmt hmon`hm`cdn` hk`cn` tkepkrntur 32²I skjnen 8 gne, 12²I skjnen 8 hn` 1 gne. _k`hnf`yn guejnf ondtkrm pnhn tkepkrntur pk`cnsnpn` 62²I, dnrk`n pnhn
tkepkrntur pk`cnsnpn` yn`c jkomf tm`ccm hn` wndtu pk`cnsnpn` jkomf jnen. Ynnt ekensnd, pk`gnenf endn`n` ek`ccu`ndn` pk`utup rneout, tmhnd ekrldld, ekeltl`c hn` ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` dudu, skjnju ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tn`cn`, tmhnd endn`, tmhnd ekendnm pkrfmnsn`, tmhnd okrgunjn` snnt sndmt, ek`ccu`ndn` pndnmn` yn`c okrsmf snnt ekensnd hn` ek`yngmdn` endn`n`. @neu`, pk`gnenf tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` skpntu hnpur ekjnm`dn` fn`yn ekendnm sn`hnj hn` tmhnd ekendnm nprl`/ikjkekd. Fnj tkrskout suhnf fnepmr sksunm hk`cn` Dkputusn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=6 Xnfu` ?229 tk`tn`c pkrsynrntn` fycmk`k sn`mtnsm ruenf endn` hn` rkstlrn`. Hnjne ek`cljnf endn`n`, pk`gnenf ek`ccu`ndn` njnt skpkrtm sk`hld ntnupu` pk`gkpmt u`tud ek`cneomj endn`n`. Fnj mtu suhnf sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>> tk`tn`c fmcmk`k sn`mtnsm gnsnolcn. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` (Eujyn`m, ?2>8), hmdktnfum onfwn hnrm 8? lrn`c rkspl`hk`, guejnf rkspl`hk` yn`c okrpkrmjndu fmcmk`k yn`c onmd skon`ynd ?? lrn`c.
Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` prlsks pkensndn` rk`hn`c, sufu pnhn snnt ekensnd ekensn d durn`c durn`c lptmenj lptmenj skfm`ccn skfm`ccn pkrju hmntur hmntur pken`nsn` pken`nsn` snnt ekensnd ncnr ondtkrm hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn` skrtn pk`gnenf endn`n` fnepmr tkjnf ek`krnpdn` pkrsl`nj fmcmk`k snnt ek`cljnf endn`n`. Fn`yn sngn pk`gnenf ek`ccu`ndn` sn`hnj skoncnm njns dndm hn` tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` ikjkekd. 3. Rk`ymepn`n` hn` Hmstrmousm Hmstrmousm Dkcmntn` hmstrmousm nhnjnf ekjndudn` pkrpm`hnfn` onfn`/prlhud endn`n` yn`c okrnsnj hnrm tkepnt pk`cljnfn` u`tud hmsnepnmdn` dkpnhn
dl`suek` (Jnkjnsnrm, ?2>;). Ek`urut (Nenjmynf, ?2>3), pk`cn`cdutn` endn`n` ensnd jkomf tm`ccm rksmdl pk`ikenrn``yn hnrmpnhn pk`cn`cdutn` onfn` endn`n`. Yktkjnf rk`hn`c entn`c, jn`csu`c hmonwn hnrm hnpur dk tkepnt pk`ymepn`n` pk`ymepn` n` (ktnjnsk) ek`ccu`ndn` en`cdud yn`c tmhnd tkrtutup skfm`ccn rk`hn`c hnpnt
tkrdl`tnem`nsm
ljkf
onfnyn
amsmd
okrupn
hkou yn`c Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>>, pk`cn`cdutn` endn`n` gnhm/ensnd ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf fnrus utuf, dunt, tmhnd dnrnt, hn` udurn``yn ekenhnm eke nhnm hk`cn` hk`cn` guejnf guejnf endn`n endn`n` ` yn`c yn`c ndn` ndn` hmtkep hmtkepntd ntdn`. n`. Rnhn Rnhn snnt pk`hmstrmousmn` dk dl`suek`, rk`hn`c hmou`cdus hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` pjnstmd gmdn dl`suek` fn`yn ekeokjm rk`hn`c`yn sngn ntnu dkrtns pkeou`cdus `nsm npnomjn ekeokjm hk`cn` `nsm okskrtn jnud pnud jnm``yn. Fnj mtu sksunm Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>>, `nsm ou`cdus ynmtu
pk`yngmn` endn`n` hnjne sntu inepurn` ek`u yn`c hmou`cdus hn` smnp sn`tnp. Hnjne pk`cn`cdutn` rk`hn`c, wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm tmhnd hmmsm snepnm pk`uf hmdnrk`ndn` rk`hn`c yn`c hmonwn ensmf hnjne dknhnn` pn`ns skfm`ccn ek`yujmtdn` pk`gnenf endn`n` u`tud ekeonwn`yn gmdn tkrmsm pk`uf. Fnj mtu sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>>, msm tmhnd oljkf pk`uf u`tud ek`cfm`hnrm tkrgnhm unp endn`n` yn`c ek`inmr (dl`hk`snsm). Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` (@nrmn, ?221), ek`u`guddn` onfwn 68,;%
pkhncn`c tmhnd ekepu`ynm njnt dfusus u`tud ek`cn`cdut endn`n` yn`c ndn` hmsngmdn` hn` =6,9% pk`cn`cdutn` endn`n` hmjndudn` hk`cn` dl`hmsm tmhnd tkrtutup. Ykhn`cdn` pk`kjmtmn` (@uryn`m, Rutrn, & Yuhn`n, ?2>1), ?2> 1), ek`u`g ek`u`gudd uddn` n` skoncm skoncmn` n` oksnr oksnr pk`cn` pk`cn`cdu cdutn` tn` endn`n endn`n` ` entn`c entn`c ekek`ufm synrnt 69,=%. Ek`urut (Jnkjnsnrm, ?2>;), run`c pk`ymepn` endn`n` entn`c ekemjmdm pkrnjntn` pkjk`cdnp skoncnm pken`ns. Gmdn hnpur tmhnd ekemjmdm run`cn` dfusus hnpnt hmskhmndn` ansmjmtns jkenrm tkepnt pk`ymepn`n` endn`n`. dl`hmsm jkenrm tkrskout fnrus okrsmf, ekemjmdm pm`tu/gk`hkjn dfusus u`tud ekensuddn` hn` ek`ckjunrdn` endn`n`, skrtn ekemjmdm dl`trlj pk`cntur sufu endn`n`. Yktkjnf rk`hn`c hmhmstrmousmdn` hnrm hnpur, pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c hmjktnddn` pnhn ktnjnsk hn` smsn`yn ensmf hm hnjne wngn` yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ekensnd. Ktnjnsk yn`c hmcu`ndn` hnjne dknhnn` okrsmf hn` hmtutupm ljkf tmrnm. @neu`, pk`ymepn`n` hm ktnjnsk ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c
hmpndnm snnt ek`cn`cdut rk`hn`c hnrm hnpur, skhn`cdn` pk`ymepn`n` hmhnpur ek`ccu`ndn` wngn` hk`cn` dknhnn` tkrtutup. Snhnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` tmhnd tkrtutup skfm`ccn omsn tkrdl`tnem`nsm onfnyn amsmd ntnupu` jnjnt. Ykjnm` mtu, hmjndudn` pk`cudurn` sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c skjnen 2 gne, >? gne, hn` ?8 gne. Yufu rk`hn`c yn`c durn`c hnrm 12²I pnhn pk`ymepn`n` >? gne hn` ?8 gne. Fnj mtu tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>>, tkepnt ntnu wnhnf pk`ymepn`n` fnrus tkrpmsnf u`tud sktmnp gk`ms endn`n` gnhm hn`
ekepu`ynm tutup yn`c hnpnt ek`utup skepur`n tktnpm okrvk`tmjnsm yn`c hnpnt ek`ckjunrdn` ek`ckjunrdn` unp nmr. Yufu pk`ymepn` pk`ymepn`n` n` endn`n` endn`n` gucn fnrus 012²I. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (]u`us, [eolf, & Rm`l`tln`, ?2>;), ek`u`guddn` onfwn hnrm 9> ruenf endn` pnhn`c, skon`ynd ?> ruenf endn` pnhn`c ek`ymepn` endn`n` hk`cn` onmd. Rk`kjmtmn` (@nrmn, ?221), hmdktnfum onfwn tkepnt pk`ymepn`n` euhnf hmokrsmfdn` hn` hnjne dknhnn` okrsmf jkomf hnrm 1?% pkhncn`c suhnf ekjndudn``yn skrtn ekek`ufm synrnt ynmtu jkomf hnrm 62%. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm, pk`cn`cdutn` hn` pk`ymepn`n` hm ktnjnsk ktn jnsk tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup skfm`ccn hnpnt
ekemiu
nhn`yn
dl`tnem`nsm
skjnen
pk`cn`cdutn`
hn`
pk`ymepn`n`. Yufu pnhn snnt pk`ymepn`n` pu` gucn fnrus hmpkrfntmdn` dnrk`n hnpnt ekepk`cnrufm pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm.
1.3. Mhk`tmamdnsm N`njmsms Onfnyn
Ek`urut (Xfnfkkr, ?22;), n`njmsms onfnyn ekrupndn` kvnjunsm skinrn smstkentmd pnhn endn`n` spksmamd hn` onfn` ondu ntnu m`crkhmk`t u`tud ek`k`tudn` rmsmdl. _msmdl dknen`n` pn`cn` yn`c fnrus hmpkrmdsn ekjmputm7 nspkd dknen`n` dl`tnem`nsm onfn` dmemn, nspkd dknen`n` dl`tnem`nsm amsmd, hn` nspkd dknen`n` dl`tnem`nsm omljlcms tkrensud hm hnjne`yn emdrlomljlcm. Okrmdut m`m n`njmsms onfnyn pnhn prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V. >. N`nj N`njms msms ms onf onfny nynn onfn onfn` ` ondu ondu n) Hncm`c
N`njmsms onfnyn onfn` ondu rk`hn`c hnpnt hmjmfnt pnhn tnokj ;.3. Hm hnjne onfn` ondu hncm`c tkrhnpnt onfnyn omljlcm ynmtu ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre.. Ek`urut Ek`ur ut (Nyustn`m` (Nyustn`m`cwnr` cwnr`l, l, kt nj., ?2>8), ondtkrm Iljma Iljmalre lre ek`cm`hmdnsm nhn`yn ondtkrm pntlck` skfm`ccn fnj tkrskout fnrus hmwnspnhnm. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1), dkokrnhnn` ondtkrm Iljmalre
sn`cnt
okrdljkrnsm
hk`cn`
tm`cdnt
dkokrsmfn`
hnjne
pk`cljnfn` pn`cn` pk`cljnfn` pn`cn`. Dkjlepld ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre,, ueue`yn gucn okrnsnj hnrm dltlrn` fkwn` hn` en`usmn, tktnpm hmn`tnrn dkjlepld Iljmalre tkrhnpnt cljl`cn` yn`c jkomf tnfn` pn`ns ntnu skrm`c hmskout skoncnm tfkreltljkrn`t iljmalre ntnu skrm`c hmdk`nj skoncnm akinj iljmalre (Iljmalre yn`c okrnsnj hnrm tm`gn). Yueokr onfnyn yn`c hnpnt ekemiu tkrdl`tnem`nsm`yn ondtkrm Iljmalre hm hncm`c ekjmputm sufu hncm`c yn`c tmhnd sksunm ynmtu ?1,1 lI, jnjnt hnpnt ek`gnhm ek`gnhm pkrn`tnrn pkrn`tnrn tkrdl`tnem`n tkrdl`tnem`nsm`yn sm`yn hncm`c, skrtn ek`gunj hk`cn` dl`hmsm
tkroudn. Fnj tkrskout skgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Gnsenhm, Fnryn`m, & Glsk, ?2>8), guejnf ondtkrm Iljmalre pnhn snepkj hncm`c snpm hnrm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj enupu` pnsnr elhkr` ekjkomfm `mjnm neon`c ontns ikenrn` ondtkrm Iljmalre ek`urut Y@M 39667?22=. Rk`gunjn` hncm`c hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj durn`c ekepkrfntmdn` nspkd sn`mtnsm hn` fmcmk`ms, pk`gunjn` hncm`c hmjndudn` hnjne dknhnn` tkroudn, hn` hncm`c hmsmepn` hnjne sufu yn`c tmhnd hm`cm` ndmont`yn ndn` okrhnepnd pnhn pkrdkeon`comndn` ondtkrm skendm` ikpnt, skrtn pkrnjntn` yn`c tmhnd stkrmj gucn ek`neonf dl`tnem`nsm pnhn hncm`c yn`c hmgunj hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj. Ykjnm` mtu,
pk`gunjn` hncm`c hmpnsnr tkroudn gucn hnpnt ek`ykonodn` dl`suek` ekemjmf hncm`c hk`cn` ekekcn`c skinrn jn`csu`c skfm`ccn hnpnt okrdl`trmousm tkrfnhnp dl`tnem`nsm hncm`c hk`cn` hncm`c jnm``yn. Ynen fnj`yn hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Du`tlrl, Enfkswnrm, & @urnm`m, ?2>?), ek`u`guddn` onfwn ikenrn` emdrlon Iljmalre Iljmalre pnhn pnhn hncm`c skcnr okrnhn hmntns neon`c ontns endsmeue Y@M 9=9?7?226. Rk`ikcnfn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` hk`cn` ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`gunjn`, pk`ymepn`n` hncm`c pnhn sufu yn`c rk`hnf hn` tkrtutup, skrtn ekeltl`c hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` njnt yn`c okrsmf. Ek`urut (Ifn`hrn, Rk`cn`tnr Dkskfntn` Jm`cdu`cn`, ?221), u`tud hnpnt ekem`menjmsmr nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm emdrlon, hncm`c hmgncn ncnr gn`cn` snepnm tkrdl`tnem`nsm hkou hn` hmtkepntdn` pnhn wnhnf yn`c tmhnd tkrjnju tkroudn, skjnm` mtu hncm`c gucn gn`cn` tkrjnju on`ynd hmpkcn`c. [pnyn sn`mtnsm gucn hmjndudn` tkrfnhnp pnsnr hn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmcu`ndn`.
Xmhnd fn`yn mtu, tkrhnpnt okokrnpn onfnyn amsmd yn`c ek`ikenrm hncm`c ynmtu okrsueokr hnrm njns pkeltl`cn` hncm`c okrupn pltl`cn` dnyu dny u yn`c yn`c hnpnt hnpnt ek`kep ek`kepkj kj pnhn pnhn hncm`c hncm`c,, ek`gun ek`gunjj hncm`c hncm`c tmhnd tmhnd hnjne hnjne dknhnn` yn`c tkrtutup skfm`ccn ekemiu hkou hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm hncm`c, hn` rneout pkhncn`c yn`c rl`tld hmdnrk`ndn` pk`gunj tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` pk`utup dkpnjn dkp njn ntnu fnmr`kt . Fnj mtu tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>; tk`tn`c pkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c onmd hm pnsnr
trnhmsml`nj, ynmtu pkeltl`cn` hncm`c tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` njns pkeltl`cn` (tnjk`n`) dnyu, hn` pkhncn`c yn`c ek`n`cn`m pn`cn` skcnr skonmd`yn ek`utup ek`ut up rneout`yn rneout`yn hk`cn` fn fnmr` mr`kt kt ntnu pk`utup dkpnjn snepnm ok`nr ok`nr tkrtutup. [`tud ek`cfm`hnrm nhn`yn onfnyn amsmd tkrskout hnpnt ek`ccu`ndn ek`cc u`ndn` ` njns ekeltl`c ekeltl`c okronfn` pjnstmd yn`c nen` oncm endn`n` endn`n` ( allh allh crnhk), crnhk), ek`gunj hncm`c hk`cn` dknhnn` tkrtutup, skrtn pk`gunj ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn snepnm ek`utupm rneout`yn. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` n`njmsms onfnyn onfn` ondu hncm`c, tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd okrupn hkou, rneout, enupu` dnyu, hn` onfnyn omljlcm yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm hncm`c okrupn ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre.. Onfnyn-onfnyn tkrskout okrsueokr hnrm njns yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ekeltl`c okronfn` hnsnr dnyu, pk`gunj tmhnd ekendnm ekendnm pk`utup pk`utup dkpnjn, pk`gunjn` hnjne dl`hmsm dl`hmsm tkroudn, tkrou dn, ek`gunj ek`gunj hncm`c hncm`c hk`cn` hk`cn` sufu yn`c tmhnd hm`cm`, skrtn jnjnt hnpnt ek`gnhm pkrn`tnrn tkrdl`tnem`nsm`yn hncm`c. Rk`ikcnfn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` hmjnd udn` u`tud u`tud ek`cfm`hnrm ek`cfm`hnrm ntnu ekem`menjmsm ekem`menjmsmrr nhn`yn nhn`yn dl`tnem`n dl`tnem`nsm sm pnhn hncm`c ynmtu, ek`ccn`tm njns pkeltl`cn` hk`cn` onfn` pjnstmd yn`c nen` u`tud
endn`n`, pk`gunj ekendnm fnmr`kt ntnu pk`utup dkpnjn, ek`gunj hk`cn` dknhnn` tkrtutup, skrtn hncm`c hmsngmdn` pnhn sufu yn`c sksunm ntnu hm`cm`. o) Oueou Oueou rk`hn`c yn`c hmpndnm hm ruenf endn` pnhn`c V tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd enupu` omljlcm. Onfnyn omljlcm yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm oueou rk`hn`c ekjmputm ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre,, jnjnt yn`c hnpnt ek`gnhm pkrn`tnrn nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm tkrskout, hn` gneur. Ondtkrm Iljmalre ek`cm`hmdnsm nhn`yn ondtkrm pntlck` skfm`ccn fnj tkrskout fnrus
hmwnspnhnm (Nyustn`m`cwnr`l, kt nj., ?2>8). Ek`urut (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, Snspl hl, ?2>1), dkokrnhnn` ondtkrm Iljma Iljmalre lre sn`cnt okrdljkrnsm hk`cn` tm`cdnt dkokrsmfn` hnjne pk`cljnfn` pn`cn` skfm`ccn skinrn juns hmcu`ndn` skoncnm m`hmdntlr dkokrsmfn` hnjne pk`cljnfn` pn`cn`. Hnrm fnsmj pk`cugmn` jnolrntlrmue yn`c tkjnf hmjndudn`, oueou rk`hn`c tkrdl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm Iljmalre skfm`ccn tmhnd ekek`ufm synrnt Y@M 39667?22=. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Emrnwntm, Hgngn`m`crnt, & Rurwn`tm, tkrdl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm Iljmalre hn` Iljmakinj . Ynen fnj`yn hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Eusjmntm, Amak`hy, & Rkrmnh`nhm, ?2>9) ekeoudtmdn` onfwn inonm ekrnf cmjm`c yn`c hmgunj hnrm okokrnpn pnsnr trnhmsml`nj ueue`yn tmhnd jnynd hmdl`suesm hmdl`suesm dnrk`n dnrk`n ek`cn`hu` ek`cn`hu`c c ondtkrm ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre.. Rk`kjmtmn` (Rutrm, Rkrmnh`nhm, & M`hrmntm, ?2>8) gucn ekeoudtmdn` onfwn skrnm cmjm`c yn`c hmgunj hm pnsnr ueue`yn ueue`yn tmhnd jnynd dl`suesm dnrk`n ek`cn`hu`c ek`cn`hu`c ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre..
Ek`cdl`trlj sufu ekrupndn` ektlhk yn`c pnjm`c on`ynd hmcu`ndn` u`tud ek`ck`hnjmdn` emdrlon hnjne endn`n`. Fnj m`m hnpnt hmcu`ndn` u`tud ek`cfneont pkrtueoufn` emdrllrcn`msek pntlck` ntnu ekentmdn` emdrllrcn`msek yn`c tmhnd hmm`cm`dn` (Ontt & Xlrtlrkjjl, ?2>8). Fnsmj pk`cudurn` sufu pnhn oueou rk`hn`c suhnf sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>; tk`tn`c pkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj ynmtu ?=,=²I. Hmhnjne pkrnturn` tkrskout tkrin`tue onfwn pn`cn` yn`c ndn` hmljnf jkomf jn`gut (oueou, sn`tn`, hjj) fnrus
hmsmepn` hmsmep n` pnhn sufu 8 I ntnu gmdn hmsmepn` pnhn sufu dnenr (?6
9? I) I)
skonmd`yn tmhnd jkomf hnrm 8 gne. Hm hnjne oueou rk`hn`c tmhnd tkrjkpns hnrm onfnyn amsmd. Onfn` pk`ikenr endn`n` amsmd okrupn dl`tnem`n` yn`c hnpnt tkrjmfnt hk`cn` dnsnt entn. Dkokrnhnn``yn dnrk`n hmonwn ljkf fkwn` enupu` dnrk`n en`usmn ntnu pk`gnenf endn`n` yn`c ek`ckjljn endn`n` hk`cn` tmhnd fmcmk`ms (Nenjmynf, ?2>3). Onfnyn tkrskout eu`iuj hmdnrk`ndn` oueou fnjus yn`c hmgunj tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup, oueou dkrm`c yn`c suhnf jnen hmsmepn` hn` tmhnd hmtkepnt pnhn tkepnt yn`c dkrm`c, oueou yn`c hmfnjusdn` tmhnd hmiuim snepnm okrsmf, skrtn pk`gunj tmhnd ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn. Fnj mtu tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>; tk`tn`c pkhlen` inrn rmtkj pn`cn` yn`c onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj, pn`cn` yn`c ndn` hmsmnpdn` u`tud prlsks jkomf jn`gut skonmd sko nmd`yn `yn hmjm`h hmjm`hu`c u`cmm hnrm hnrm pk`ike pk`ikenrn` nrn` hk`cn` hk`cn` inrn inrn hmtkep hmtkepntd ntdn` n` pnhn pnhn wnhnf okrtutup skrtn pn`cn` ek`tnf yn`c dkrm`c hmpngn`c pnhn wnhnf yn`c okrsmf hn` hmpkrmdsn hnrm dkeu`cdm`n` m`akstnsm fnen/dutu ntnu
okrgneur. _kepnf-
rkepnf yn`c ndn` hmljnf ek`gnhm oueou cmjm`c hmpmjmf yn`c skcnr, okrsmf, hn` tmhnd okrgneur. Xmhnd fn`yn mtu, pkhncn`c yn`c ek`n`cn`m pn`cn` skcnr hn` pn`cn` pn`cn` smnp sngm skonmd`yn ek`utup ek`utup rneout`yn rneout`yn hk`cn` fnmr`kt ntnu pk`utup dkpnjn snepnm ok`nr-ok`nr tkrtutup skfm`ccn hnpnt hmfm`hnrm dkeu`cdm`n` nhn rneout yn`c ek`ikenrm pn`cn`. [`tud ek`ikcnf ntnupu` ek`cfm`hnrm nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn amsmd hn` onfnyn onfnyn omljlcm omljlcm hnpnt hmjndudn` hmjndudn` hk`cn` hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn ek`ccu`ndn` ` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup pnhn snnt ek`gunj, pk`gunj ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn snepnm
rneout`yn tkrtutup, oueou dkrm`c hmsmepn` hm tkepnt yn`c dkrm`c, hn` ek`iuim oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn`. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` n`njmsms onfnyn onfn` ondu, tkrhnpnt onfnyn hnjne oueou rk`hn`c tkrhmrm hnrm ondtkrm Iljmalre, jnjnt yn`c ek`gnhm pkrn`tnrn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm, gneur, hkou, hn` rneout. Rk`ikcnfn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` ynmtu hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup pnhn snnt ek`yngmdn` oueou cmjm`c, pk`gunj ekendnm fnmr`kt u`tud ek`utupm rneout hn` ek`iuim oueou skokjue hmfnjusdn`. i) Yn`tn` Ykinrn `lrenj ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre gucn gucn tkrhnpnt hm pkrnmrn` hnjne guejnf tkrtk`tu. tkrtk` tu. @neu` omjn tkrgnhm pk`ikenrn` nmr endn guejnf Iljma Iljmalre lre ndn` ek`gnhm jkomf on`ynd hm ntns neon`c ontns hn` hnpnt ekjkomfm guejnf ondtkrm pntlck` jnm`. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu, gmdn ondtkrm Iljmalre tkrhnpnt hnjne guejnf oksnr hmntns neon`c ontns, endn pkrju u`tud ekekrmdsn dkokrnhnn` ondtkrm pntlck` jnm` (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1).
Yn`tn` yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ekeount rk`hn`c tkrdl`tnem`nsm onfnyn omljlcm okrupn ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre.. Yueokr nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm tkrskout ynmtu ynm tu tkepnt tkepnt pk`clj pk`cljnfn nfn` ` sn`tn` sn`tn` tmhnd tmhnd fmcmk` fmcmk`k, k, pk`gun pk`gunjj tmhnd tmhnd ekendn ekendnmm snru`c tn`cn`, skrtn tkepnt pk`nepu`cn` nmr yn`c tmhnd tkrtutup. Fnsmj hnrm pk`cugmn` jnolrntlrmue, sn`tn` ek`cn`hu`c ondtkrm Iljmalre yn`c tmhnd ekek`ufm synrnt Y@M 39667?22=. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (Antmenf, Rrnsktyn`m`csmf, & Ynrm, ?2>3), ek`u`guddn` onfwn hnrm fnsmj
pk`kjmtmn` n`njmsms ondtkrm Iljmalre pnhn em`uen` ks hnwkt >22% ek`cn`hu`c ondtkrm Iljmalre yn`c hmtkeudn` pnhn sn`tn`. Ynjnf sntu andtlr yn`c hnpnt ek`m`cdntdn` pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm nhnjnf sufu. Ek`cdl`trlj sufu ekrupndn` ektlhk yn`c pnjm`c on`ynd hmcu`ndn` u`tud ek`ck`hnjmdn` emdrlon hnjne endn`n`. Fnj m`m hnpnt hmcu`ndn` u`tud ek`cfneont pkrtueoufn` emdrllrcn`msek pntlck` ntnu ekentmdn` emdrllrcn`msek yn`c tmhnd hmm`cm`dn` (Ontt & Xlrtlrkjjl, ?2>8). Rk`cudurn` sufu pnhn sn`tn` inmr skhmdmt ekjkomfm ontns yn`c tkrtkrn hm onmd hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj ynmtu 9?,>²I. Hmhnjne pkrnturn` tkrskout ek`ykoutdn` onfwn pn`cn` yn`c hmsmnpdn` u`tud hmprlsks jkomf jn`gut fnrus hmsmepn` pnhn sufu 8²I ntnu gmdn hmsmepn` pnhn sufu dnenr (?6 9?²I) skonmd`yn tmhnd jkomf hnrm 8 gne. Rk`ikcnfn`
yn`c
hnpnt hmjndudn`
u`tud
ek`cfm`hnrm nhn`yn
dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm Iljmalre ynmtu hk`cn` ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`gunjn`, ekendnm tkepnt pk`nepu`cn` nmr yn`c tkrtutup hn` pk`gnenf ek`ccu`ndn` snru`c tn`cn`.
Onfnyn amsmd yn`c tkrhnpnt hm sn`tn` tkrhmrm hnrm skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou, hn` rneout. Nhn`yn onfnyn amsmd tkrskout hmskonodn` dnrk`n skrnoutt dkjnpn skrnou dkjnpn yn`c gntuf dk hnjne wnhnf sn`tn`, sn`tn`, smsn ontld dkjnpn yn`c sujmt hmokrsmfdn`, pk`gunj tmhnd ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn, hn` tkepnt pk`cljnfn` tmhnd okrsmf. Hnpnt hmjndudn` pk`ikcnfn` u`tud ek`cfm`hnrm onfnyn amsmd ynmtu hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c sktk`cnf tkrtutup snnt ekekrns sn`tn` ncnr skrnout dkjnpn tmhnd ensud dk hnjne wnhnf, ek`cupns ek`cu pns dkjnpn dkjnpn snepnm snepnm okrsmf, okrsmf, pk`gnenf pk`gnenf ekendnm pk`utup pk`utup dkpnjn, hn`
ek`gncn ek`gn cn dkokrsmfn` dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`cljnfn` pk`cljnfn`.. Fnj tkrskout tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` hk`cn` Rkrnturn` Dkpnjn ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>;, pkhncn`c yn`c ek`n`cn`m pn`cn` skcnr s kcnr skonmd`yn ek`utup rneout`yn hk`cn` fnmr`kt ntnu pk`utup dkpnjn snepnm ok`nr-ok`nr tkrtutup. Jm`cdu`cn` tkepnt pk`cljnfn` hmpkrtnfn`dn` hnjne dknhnn` okrsmf hk`cn` inrn snepnf hmoun`c hn` tmhnd ek`uepud, ek`uepud, tkepnt snepnf skjnju tkrtutup, skrtn gnjn` hmpkjmfnrn hmpkjmfnrn supnyn tmhnd
okrhkou
hn`
skjldn``yn
okrau`csm
hk`cn`
onmd.
On`cu`n` hn` hmokrsmfdn`, hmjndudn` tm`hndn` sn`mtnsm, euhnf hmpkjmfnrn, hn` tmhnd tkrgnhm pk`ikenrn` smjn`c n`tnrn prlhud ntnupu` pk`ikenrn` hnrm on`cu`n`. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` n`njmsms onfnyn onfn` ondu sn`tn`, sufu pnhn sn`tn` ekjkwntm ontns yn`c hmtk`tudn` ljkf Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>;. Fnj mtu hmnsuesmdn` dnrk`n snnt prlsks pk`cn`cdutn` onfn` ondu hnrm pnsnr tkrpnpnr ljkf sm`nr entnfnrm hn` pn`ns yn`c okrnsnj hnrm dk`hnrnn` okreltlr. Rk`gunj tmhnd ekepkrfntmdn` pkrsl`nj fmcmk`k hmdnrk`ndn` tmhnd tkrskhmn`yn ntrmout pk`utup dkpnjn hn` durn`c`yn
dkokrsmfn` tkepnt
pk`cljnfn` sn`tn` hmskonodn` hnrm pk`gunj yn`c tmhnd ekeokrsmfdn` tkepnt pk`cljnfn``yn skinrn tkrntur. ?. N`njms N`njmsms ms onfnyn onfnyn prlsk prlskss pk`clj pk`cljnfn nfn` ` rk`hn`c rk`hn`c n) Rk`k Rk`krm rmen enn` n` on onfn fn` ` ond ondu u Endn`n` skonmd`yn hmokjm hnrm sueokr yn`c jnynd hmpkrinyn. Onrn`c yn`c onru tmon, fnrus hmpkrmdsn hk`cn` ikrent hn` hmpnstmdn` onfwn sufu hn` dkensn``yn hnjne dknhnn` onmd skjnm` pltk`sm dkokrnhnn` gneur, m`akstnsm skrn`ccn, skr n`ccn, hn` gucn onu (Nrmsen`, ?22=).
Hnjne prlsks pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd okrupn hkou
hn`
pnsmr
pk`cn`cdutn`
hnrm
hmdnrk`ndn` pnsnr
nhn`yn
snepnm
dk
dl`tnem`nsm hnpur.
pnhn
Eksdmpu`
snnt suhnf
ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup okrupn pjnstmd tktnpm omsn sngn hkou ntnupu` pnsmr ensud dk hnjne pjnstmd. Rk`ikcnfn` u`tud ek`cfm`hnrm onfnyn tkrskout hnpnt hmjndudn` hk`cn` pk`cn`cdutn` ek`ccu`ndn` tkepnt
pk`nepu`c pk`nepu`cn` n`
onfn`
endn`n` endn`n`
yn`c
tkrtutup tkrtutup
hn`
ekjndudn` pk`ckikdn` onfn` smc`mamdn` pnhn tnfnp pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu ynmtu rksmhu n`tmomltmd, jlcne okrnt, hn` rksmhu onfn` dmemn. Ykhn`cdn` pk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` (Ynrm, Rnrtmwm, & Gn`tm, ?2>>), pnhn tnfnp pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu tkrhnpnt onfnyn dmemn okrupn rksmhu pkstmsmhn hn` najntldsm`. Xmhnd fn`yn onfnyn amsmd yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm hnjne prlsks pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu, tktnpm tkrhnpnt gucn onfnyn dmemn`yn. Dl`tnems`nsm dmemnwm nhnjnf okroncnm enine onfn` ntnu u`sur dmemn yn`c ek`meoujdn` pk`ikenrn` ntnu dl`tnem`n` pnhn onfn` endn`n`
(Nenjmynf,
?2>3).
Onfnyn
dmemn
yn`c
tkrhnpnt
pnhn
prlsks
pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu nhnjnf pjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` skoncnm wnhnf u`tud ekeonwn onfn` ondu. Rjnstmd tkrskout ek`cn`hu`c sk`ynwn onfn` dmemn yn`c tmhnd hmdktnfum skfm`ccn hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm onfn` ondu. Rk`ikcnfn` yn`c hmjndudn` ynmtu hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c nen`. Ek`urut (Yujifn` & @ur S, ?223), gk`ms onfn` dkensn` jkens
skpkrtm pljmktmjk`, pljmktmjk`, pljmprlpmjk pljmprlpmjk`, `, `mjl` pljykstkr pljykstkr hn` amje vm`mj hnpnt hmcu`ndn` skinrn tu`ccnj u`tud ekeou`cdus endn`n`. Xktnpm, gmdn pjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` gk`ms endn`n` hn` pk`ymepn`n``yn, endn znt el`lekr pjnstmd ndn` okrpm`hnf dk endn`n`. Ykfm`ccn pmjmf wnhnf pjnstmd yn`c nhn allh nhn allh crnhk`yn. crnhk`yn. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` n`njmsms onfnyn pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu, pk`cn`cdutn` onfn` endn`n` hnrm pnsnr skonmd`yn hnjne dl`hmsm yn`c tkrtutup rnpnt ncnr tmhnd tkrdl`tnem`nsm ljkf hkou hn` pnsmr skjnen tkrjkomf hnfuju. Ykrtn wnhnf pjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` pnhn onfn` endn`n` fnrus allh crnhk, crnhk, eksdmpu` onfn` endn`n` tmhnd hnjne dknhnn` pn`ns. o) Rrlsks pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu Hnrm fnsmj loskrvnsm, prlsks pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu hk`cn` ek`iuim onfn`-onfn` yn`c ndn` hmensnd. @neu`, sktkjnf hmjndudn` pk`iuimn`, onfn`-onfn` tkrskout hmomnrdn` hnjne dknhnn` tkroudn skfm`ccn hnpnt ekemiu nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm. Ykfm`ccn onfn` ondu hnpnt
tkrdl`tnem`nsm onfnyn amsmd okrupn dltlrn` hkou hnrm jn`cmt-jn`cmt. Yueokr onfnyn tkrskout okrnsnj hnrm hkou yn`c okrtkron`cn` hm nrkn hnpur. Hmdnrk`ndn` dl`hmsm jn`cmt-jn`cmt hnpur yn`c tmhnd tkrtutup hn` tmhnd okrwnr`n tkrn`c. Fnj tkrskout tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 tk`tn`c fmcmk`k sn`mtnsm gnsnolcn, jn`cmt-jn`cmt fnrus ek`utupm skjuruf ntnp on`cu`n`, tkrount hnrm onfn` yn`c pkreudnn``yn rntn, euhnf hmokrsmfdn`, hn` okrwnr`n tkrn`c. Rk`ikcnfn``yn ynmtu onfn`
ondu yn`c suhnf hmokrsmfdn` hmtkepntdn` pnhn wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup hn` skjnju ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` hnpur. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` n`njmsms onfnyn pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, hkou yn`c okrtkron`cn` hmndmontdn` dnrk`n dl`hmsm on`cu`n` hn` hnpur yn`c tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1. Ykonmd`yn, onfn` ondu yn`c tkjnf hmiuim hmjktnddn` pnhn wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup skokjue hmensnd skfm`ccn tkrfm`hnr hnrm dl`tnem`nsm ujn`c. i) Rrlsks pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm hmpndnm Rnhn prlsks m`m tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd hn` onfnyn dmemn. Onfnyn amsmd`yn okrupn hkou dnrk`n pk`ymepn`n` njnt ensnd tmhnd hmtkepnt yn`c tkrtutup, ek`ymepn` pk`cclrk`cn` hn` slhkt hmcn`tu`c hm hm`hm`c, skhn`cdn` ilokd hn` ujkd hmjktnddn` hm ekgn. Fnj tkrskout tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Dkputusn` Dkpnjn ORLE @l. 22.2;.;.>19= tk`tn`c pkhlen` inrn prlhudsm pn`cn` yn`c onmd u`tud m`hustrm ruenf tn`ccn (IRRO-M_X), pkrnjntn` yn`c tkjnf hmokrsmfdn` hn` hmsn`mtnsm fnrus hmsmepn` hmtkepnt okrsmf. Rkreudnn` pkrnjntn` ek`cfnhnp dk onwnf
supnyn tkrjm`hu`c hnrm hkou, dltlrn`, ntnu pk`ikenrn` jnm``yn. Rk`ikcnfn` ncnr tmhnd tkrdl`tnem`nsm ljkf hkou ynmtu hk`cn` pk`ymepn`n` njnt ensnd hm tkepnt yn`c tkrtutup, pkreudnn` pkrnjntn` pkrnjn tn` ek`cfnhnp dk onwnf, skrtn skokjue hmcu`ndn` skonmd`yn hmjnp tkrjkomf hnfuju ntnu hmiuim. Onfn` dmemn yn`c hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm pkrnjntn` ensnd ynmtu inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c hmdnrk`ndn` tmhnd ekeomjns njnt ensnd snepnm
okrsmf. Inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c yn`c ensmf ek`kepkj pnhn njnt ensnd hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm endn`n` yn`c ndn` hmensnd. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu, pk`ikcnfn``yn hk`cn` inrn ek`iuim hn` ekeomjns njnt ensnd snepnm okrsmf. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ynhkd, ?2>2), tkrhnpnt onfnyn dmemn snnt pk`iuimn` pkrnjntn` ynmtu rksmhu snou` iljkd. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` n`njmsms onfnyn pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm, hkou yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn njnt ensnd hmdnrk`ndn` hnrm hm`hm`c on`cu`n`. Ykokjue ek`ccu`ndn` pkrnjntn` ensnd, skonmd`yn njnt-njnt pkreudnn` njnt ensnd hnpnt fmjn`c hn` snnt ek`iuim pkrnjntn` hmomjns fm`ccn okrsmf. h) Gn Gnhw hwnj nj pke pkeou ount ntn` n` Gnhwnj pkeountn` tmhnd tkrhnpnt onfnyn dnrk`n onfn` ondu jn`csu`c hmensnd. k) Rr Rrls lsks ks pken pkensn sndn dn` ` Rnhn snnt ekensnd, tkrhnpnt onfnyn omljlcm ynmtu pntlck` yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn` tkrhnpnt ondtkrm yn`c tnfn`
pn`ns. Fnsmj pk`cudurn` sufu snnt rk`hn`c entn`c ynmtu 62,1²I. Rk`ikcnfn` yn`c hmjndudn` nhnjnf hk`cn` ek`cntur sufu pnhn snnt prlsks ensnd ncnr ondtkrm hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn` ntnu hmeus`nfdn`. Yufu tkrskout tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 tk`tn`c fmcmk`k sn`mtnsm gnsnolcn, sufu pk`cljnfn` endn`n` em`menj =2²I ncnr duen` pntlck` entm. Ykhn`cdn` onfnyn amsmd pnhn prlsks ekensnd okrupn hkou hn` skrpmfn` ontu. Yueokr onfnyn amsmd tkrskout okrnsnj hnrm dl`hmsm hnpur
yn`c tmhnd okrsmf skrtn ilokd hn` ujkd yn`c suhnf dkrlpls. Rk`ikcnfn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` hk`cn` ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` hnpur skrtn ekenstmdn` ilokd hn` ujkd tmhnd dkrlpls. Ek`urut Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1, tkepnt pk`cljnfn` endn`n` ntnu hnpur fnrus ekek`ufm pkrsynrntn` tkd`ms fmcmk`k sn`mtnsm u`tud ek`ikcnf rmsmdl pk`ikenrn` tkrfnhnp endn`n` hn` hnpnt ek`ikcnf ensud`yn jnjnt, dkiln, tmdus, hn` fkwn` jnm``yn. Hnrm fnsmj loskrvnsm, hnpur yn`c hmdnrk`ndn` jn`cmt-jn`cmt hnpur tmhnd okrwnr`n tkrn`c hn` tmhnd tkrhnpnt tkrhnp nt vk`tmjnsm. vk`tmjnsm. Hnpur gucn hnjne dl`hmsm dl`hmsm jmim` skfm`ccn pk`gnen pk`gnenf f endn`n` hnpnt tkrckjm`imr. Ykhn`cdn` okrhnsnrdn` Dkputusn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=6, pkrnjntn` yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ekensnd tmhnd rusnd, clepkj, rktnd hn` tmhnd ek`meoujdn` pk`ikenrn`. Rkrnjntn` ensnd yn`c hmpndnm okrupn ujkd hn` ilokd ensmf hnjne dl`hmsm onmd, tktnpm gmdn
ek`cnjnem
pk`cdkrlplsn`
hnpnt
ek`cdl`tnem`nsm
endn`n`.
Ykfm`ccn skokjue ekempmfdn` skrnm, hmikd tkrjkomf hnfuju dl`hmsm ujkd hn` ilokd`yn. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` n`njmsms onfnyn prlsks pkensndn`, sufu pnhn prlsks ekensnd rk`hn`c hmonwnf Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 hmdnrk`ndn` npm hm`ynjndn` hk`cn` m`hmdntlr skhn`c skfm`ccn rk`hn`c yn`c hmensnd tmhnd tkrjnju pn`ns. Rkrju hmjndudn` pk`cudurn` sufu pnhn snnt ekensnd ncnr prlsks pken`nsn` ek`inpnm =2²I skfm`ccn ondtkrm-ondtkrm yn`c tnfn` pn`ns hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn`. Ykokjue
hmjndudn` pkensndn`, hnpur hmokrsmfdn` tkrjkomf hnfuju skfm`ccn tmhnd nhn dl`tnem`nsm amsmd okrupn hkou-hkou yn`c okrtkron`cn`. [`tud pkrnjntn` ensnd hnpnt hmjndudn` pk`ckikdn` skokjue hmpndnm. a) Rk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm Rnhn snnt pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm hnrm hnpur dk tkepnt pk`yngmn` tkrhnpnt onfnyn omljlcm ynmtu jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm. Rrlsks pk`hmstrmousmn` hn` pk`ymepn`n` yn`c tmhnd ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup hnpnt hk`cn` euhnf tkrdl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm ntnupu` om`ntn`c pk`ccn`ccu skpkrtm jnjnt. Ljkf skono mtu, pk`ikcnfn``yn hk`cn` ekendnm wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup. [`tud onfnyn amsmd okrupn hkou hmdnrk`ndn` jldnsm pk`gunjn` hmpm`ccmr gnjn` hn` wnhnf tmhnd tkrtutup. Fnj mtu sn`cnt euhnf tkrdl`tnem`nsm onfnyn amsmd tkrskout. Rk`ikcnfn` omsn hmjndudn` hk`cn` hk` cn` ek`gnc ek`gncnn dkokrsm dkokrsmfn` fn` tkepnt tkepnt pk`yme pk`ymepn` pn`n` n` ntnu pk`yng pk`yngmn` mn` endn`n` hn` ruenf endn`, skrtn ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup.
Fnj tkrskout tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Dkputusn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=6, hnjne prlsks pk`cn`cdutn` endn`n` ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf fnrus utuf, dunt, tmhnd dnrnt, hn` udurn``yn ekenhnm hk`cn` guejnf endn`n`
yn`c
ndn`
hmtkepntdn`.
Yktmnp
gk`ms endn`n`
gnhm
ekepu`ynm wnhnf ensm`c-ensm`c hn` okrtutup. Ek`yngmdn` endn`n` fnrus tkrfm`hnr hnrm pk`ikenrn`, dkokrsmfn``yn.
pkrnjntn`
yn`c
hmcu`ndn`
gucn
fnrus
tkrgncn
Hnrm fnsmj loskrvnsm yn`c hmjndudn`, pk`hmstrmousmn` hnrm hnpur dk tkepnt pk`ymepn`n` hm ktnjnsk tmhnd hnjne dknhnn` tkrtutup skfm`ccn hnpnt tkrdl`tnem`nsm ljkf jnjnt enupu` hkou skhn`cdn` pk`ymepn`n` hm hnpur ekendnm wnhnf snnt ekensnd rk`hn`c hn` hnjne dknhnn` tkrtutup. Ynnt pk`ymepn`n` hm ktnjnsk, wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm okrnsnj hnrm hnpur hn` tmhnd tkrtutup. Jldnsm ruenf endn` pnhn`c yn`c okrhkdntn` hk`cn` hk`cn ` gnjn` rnyn hnpnt ekemiu hkou-hkou hkou-hkou okrtkron`cn`. okrtkron`cn`. Ykhn`cdn` ktnjnsk endn`n` fn`yn hmtutupm hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` tmrnm skfm`ccn jnjnt hn` hkou ensmf hnpnt ek`ikenrm endn`n` yn`c nhn hm ktnjnsk. Onfnyn dmemn`yn nhnjnf sk`ynwn onfn` dmemn pnhn pjnstmd ntnu dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`. Fnj tkrskout hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm endn`n`. Dnrk`n mtu skonmd`yn ekemjmf hn` ek`ccu`ndn` dkensn` yn`c nen` u`tud endn`n`. Ek`urut (ORLE, ?2>3), okokrnpn gk`ms pjnstmd yn`c rkjntma nen` hmcu`ndn` skoncnm dkensn` pn`cn` nhnjnf RR, FHRK, JHRK, hn` RKX ntnu tkrhnpnt jlcl
, tujmsn` nen` u`tud
endn`n` ntnu allh snak/alr allh usk/allh crnhk. crnhk. Gk`ms pjnstmd RR ekrupndn` pmjmfn` onfn` pjnstmd yn`c onmd u`tud dkensn` pn`cn`.
Hnrm
fnsmj loskrvnsm yn`c hmjndudn`, wnhnf yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ekeou`cdus rk`hn`c ek`ccu`ndn` pjnstmd okrwnr`n ok`m`c hn` dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n` tktnpm tmhnd tkrhnpnt dktkrn`cn` onfn` hnsnr pkeountn``yn. Ykfm`ccn pk`gnenf endn`n` tmhnd ek`cktnfum onfn` hnsnr pkeountn` pjnstmd. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` pk`ymepn nen` u`tud endn`n`.
1.6. Ek`k`tudn` Xmd Dk`hnjm Drms Irminj Il`trlj Rlm`ts (IIR) ntnu d dk`hnjm drms (XDD) nhnjnf suntu d tnfnp ntnu prlskhur h
hnpnt hmjndudn` hn` ekrupndn` tmtmd yn`c sn`cnt pk`tm`c u`tud ek`ikcnf ntnu ekeus`nfdn` fnznrh pnhn dknen`n` endn`n` ntnu u`tud ek`curn`cm`yn snepnm dk tm`cdnt yn`c hnpnt hmtkrmen. Hnjne ek`cn`njmsms tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms (IIR)
okrtugun`
u`tud
ek`cktnfum
prlsks
en`ndnf
yn`c
okrpkjun`c
ek`meo ek` meoujd ujdn` n` onfnyn onfnyn hn` tm`cdn tm`cdntt dkpnrnf dkpnrnfn` n` yn`c yn`c hmtmeo hmtmeoujd ujdn`. n`. Rnhn Rnhn prlsks prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c, hmtkeudn` okokrnpn tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms (IIR) ynmtu hmhnjne onfn` ondu oueou hn` sn`tn` tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd. Ykhn`cdn` snnt snn t pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c, tnfnp pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu tkrhnpnt onfnyn dmemn,
prlsks
pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu
tkrhnpnt tkrhnp nt onfnyn onfnyn amsmd, prlsks pk`ymnpn` pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm nhn onfnyn onfnyn dmemn, dmemn, prlsks ekensnd tkrhnpnt onfnyn omljlcm hn` amsmd, hn` yn`c tkrndfmr pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd, dmemn hn` omljlcm. 1.6.>. Ek`k`tudn` Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Onfn` Ondu rk`hn`c rk`hn`c 1.6.>.>. Ek`k`tudn` Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Onfn` Ondu Hncm`c
Xkrhnpnt hun onfnyn pnhn onfn` ondu hncm`c ynmtu onfnyn amsmd hn` onfnyn omljlcm. Onfnyn amsmd yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm hncm`c okrupn hkou enupu` dnyu, skhn`cdn` onfnyn omljlcm tkrhnpnt dl`tnem`nsm
ondtkrm. Onfnyn tkrskout okrsueokr hnrm njns u`tud ekeltl`c hncm`c okronfn` hnsnr dnyu hn` ek`gunj hnjne dl`hmsm tkroudn. Ynnt prlsks pkeountn``yn hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn tkrskout ynmtu hk`cn` ek`iuim tkrjkomf hnfuju skokjue hmensnd u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn amsmd, skhn`cdn` ondtkrm Iljmalre hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn` hm tnfnp pkensndn` dnrk`n tkrgnhm prlsks pken`nsn`. Hmsmepujdn` onfwn onfnyn amsmd pnhn onfn` ondu hncm`c tmhnd tkrensud dk hnjne dntkclrm tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms.
Fnj tkrskout hmdnrk`ndn` pnhn tnfnp pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, hncm`c hmiuimm hmiui
ek`ccu`nd ek`ccu`ndn` n`
nmr
skfm`ccn skfm`ccn
hkou
hn`
dnyu
yn`c
ek`cdl`tnem`nsm hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn`. Ykhn`cdn` u`tud onfnyn omljlcm, tnfn tnfnp p
sk skjn jn` `gut` gut`y yn
tkrh tkrhnp npnt nt
prl rlsk skss
pkens kensnd ndn` n`
yn` yn`c
hnp hnpnt
ek`cfmjn`cdn` ondtkrm tkrskout hk`cn` eken`nsdn``yn. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` (Ynhkd, ?2>2), pnhn hncm`c snpm tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd hn` omljlcm ynmtu pntlck` yn`c ueue pnhn hncm`c snpm hn` tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj snnt pk`ykeokjmfn`. Dkhun onfnyn
tkrskoutt tmhnd tkrensud hnjne XDD hmdnrk`ndn` tkrskou hmdnrk`ndn` nhn prlsks pk`iuimn` pk`iuimn` hn` pken`nsn`. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` ek`k`tudn` XDD pnhn onfn` ondu hncm`c, onfnyn amsmd enupu` omljlcm yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm hncm`c tmhnd tkrensud dk dntkclrm tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn` tkrhnpnt
1.6.>.?. Ek`k`tudn` Xmd Dk`hnjm Drms pnhn Onfn` Ondu Oueou Xkrhnpnt hun onfn skjn`gut`yn yn`c hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn tkrskout. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmn` (Yynrmauhm`, ?229), pnhn rkepnf- rkepnf tkrhnpnt dl`tnem
XXD hmdnrk`ndn` pk`ymepn`n` pnhn dl`hmsm yn`c sksunm hn` nhn prlsks stkrmjmsnsm. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` ek`k`tudn` XDD pnhn onfn` ondu oueou, onfnyn amsmd ensud dk hnjne dntkclrm tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn` pnhn snnt prlsks ekensnd tmhnd hmjndudn` pk`ynrm`cn` pnhn oueou rk`hn`c skfm`ccn onfnyn amsmd yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm oueou tkrskout hnpnt tkrdl`suesm ljkf dl`suek`. dl`suek`.
1.6.>.9. Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Onfn` Ondu Yn`tn`
Xkrhnpnt onfnyn pnhn onfn` ondu sn`tn` ekjmputm onfnyn amsmd hn` omljlcm. Onfnyn amsmd tkrhmrm hnrm skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn, hkou, hn` rneout, skhn`cdn` onfnyn omljlcm okrupn ondtkrm Iljmalre Iljmalre.. Hnjne prlsks ekensnd rk`hn`c hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn omljlcm sngn. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn` nhn`yn prlsks pken`nsn` snnt ekensnd skfm`ccn hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm tkrskout. Ykhn`cdn` onfnyn amsmd tmhnd hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn` pnhn snnt prlsks ekensnd dnrk`n tmhnd
hmjndudn` hmjnd udn` pk`ynrm`cn` pk`ynrm`cn` pnhn sn`tn` skfm`ccn skfm`ccn onfnyn onfnyn amsmd tkrensud dk hnjne tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Dfnmrn`m, _nfnhgl, Hnjnpntm, & Yuenr`m, ?223), tnfnp pkekrnsn` sn`tn` tkrensud dk XDD dnrk`n tkrhnpnt onfnyn ikenrn` amsmd, dl`tnem`nsm hnrm nmr, hn` emdrlomljlcm. Okrhnsnrdn` Okrhns nrdn` urnmn` ek`k`tudn` ek`k`tudn` XDD pnhn onfn` ondu sn`tn`, hmsmepujdn` onfwn onfnyn amsmd pnhn onfn` ondu sn`tn` tkrensud dk hnjne tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms hmdnrk`ndn` tmhnd nhn`yn pk`ynrm`cn` skokjue sn`tn` tkrskout hmensnd. 1.6.?. Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` Rk`cljnfn` _k`hn`c _k`hn`c 1.6.?.>. Ek`k`tudn` Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Rk`krmenn` Rk`krmenn` Onfn` Onfn` Ondu
Rrlsks pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd yn`c tkrhmrm hnrm hkou hn` pnsmr. Yueokr onfnyn tkrskout okrnsnj hnrm prlsks pk`cn`cdutn` endn`n`. Rk`ikcnfn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` ynmtu
pk`cn`cdutn` onfn` endn`n` ek`ccu`ndn` ek`ccu`ndn` tkepnt pk`nepu`cn` yn`c tkrtutup hn` ekjndudn` pk`ckikdn` onfn` endn`n`. Rnhn tnfnp pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu tmhnd hmrn`in`c u`tud ek`curn`cm ntnu ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn tkrskout. Dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn amsmd pnhn onfn` ondu hnpnt ek`m`cdnt ekjkomfm ontns nen`. @neu`, pnhn prlsks pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn tkrskout. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu, onfnyn amsmd yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm snnt prlsks pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu tmhnd tkrensud dk hnjne XDD.
Hmdnrk`ndn` onfnyn amsmd tkrskout euhnf hmfmjn`cdn` hn` prlsks skjn`gut`yn omsn ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn tkrskout hk`cn` inrn ek`iuim tkrjkomf hnfuju. Fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` m`m tmhnd skgnjn` hk`cn` (Rutrm K. S., ?226) , pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu tkrensud XDD dnrk`n onfn` ondu yn`c hmtkrmen tmhnd hmjndudn` pk`cugmn` skinrn spksmamd. Ynen hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Fnstlel, ?221), pk`krmenn` susu skcnr tkrensud XDD tkrhnpnt dl`tnem`nsm emdrlon hn` ok`hn-ok`hn amsmd. Rk`kjmtmn` (Ynrwl`l, ?223), gucn ek`u`guddn` onwnf pk`krmenn` onfn` m`crkhmk`t hn` onfn` ondu tkrensud XDD. Ykhn`cdn` dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn dmemn okrupn sk`ynwn dmemn yn`c okrnsnj hnrm pjnstmd hmcu`ndn` skoncnm wnhnf onfn` ondu. Fnj tkrskoutt hnpnt ek`cndmontdn` tkrskou ek`cndmontdn` nhn`yn dl`tnem`ns dl`tnem`nsmm smjn`c hnrm pjnstmd. pjnstmd. Rk`ikcnfn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` ynmtu hk`cn` ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c nen` u`tud endn`n` ( allh allh crnhk). crnhk). Rnhn tnfnp m`m, tmhnd hmrn`in`c skinrn dfusus u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` ntnupu` ek`curn`cm onfnyn snepnm dk ontns yn`c jkomf nen`. Xktnpm onfnyn hnpnt ek`m`cdnt
snepnm ekjkomfm neon`c ontns. Ykfm`ccn onfn` ondu yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn` ndn` tkrdl`tnem`nsm ljkf el`lekr pjnstmd. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu, onfnyn dmemn pnhn tnfnp pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu tkrensud dk hnjne XDD. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ynrm, Rnrtmwm, & Gn`tm, ?2>>), pnhn prlsks pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu tkrensud XDD tkrhnpnt onfnyn dmemn okrupn rksmhu pkssmhn hn` nntldsm`. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` ek`k`tudn` XDD pnhn pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu, onfnyn smd hnd
1.6.?.?. Ek`k`tudn` Xmd Dk`hnjm Drms pnhn Rrlsks Rk`ymnpn` Rnhn tnfnp prlsks pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, fn`yn tkrhnpnt onfny ek`ck`hnjmdn` onfnyn tkrskout hk`cn` ekjktnddn` onfn`
ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup npnomjn onfn` ondu tkrskout suhnf hmokrsmfdn` hmokrs mfdn` hn` skjnju ek`gncn ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` dkokrsmfn` hnpur. Rnhn tnfnp m`m gucn hmrn`in`c u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` ntnupu` ek`curn`cm onfnyn tkrskout snepnm dk ontns yn`c jkomf nen`. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn`, pnhn prlsks m`m suhnf ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn amsmd hk`cn` ek`iuim onfn` ondu (hncm`c, hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt, hn` skrnm) skokjue hmjndudn` pkensndn`. @neu`, snnt sktkjnf hmjndudn` pk`iuimn` onfn` ondu dkeuhmn` tmhnd hmtkepntdn` pnhn wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup endn hkou ntnupu` dltlrn`
hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm onfn` ondu tkrskout. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (]n`tm & @lvnjm`hn, ?2>1), pk`iuimn` `n`ns ek`gnhm IIR dnrk`n tnfnp m`m ekrupndn` tnfnp ndfmr u`tud pk`cfmjn`cn` dl`tnem`n` skpkrtm tn`nf hn` dltlrn``yn jnm``yn. Ykhn`cdn` pnhn pk`kjmtmn` (Yurnfen` & Kdnamtrm, ?2>8), tnfnp pk`iuimn` tkrensud dk hnjne XDD dnrk`n u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn emdrlomljlcm ynmtu gneou omgm okrsmf hn` hnd nhn dnpn`c. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` ek`k`tuddn` XDD pnhn prlsks pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, tkrhnpnt o yn`c tkrtutup.
1.6.?.9. Ek`k`tudn` Xmd Dk`hnjm Drms pnhn Rrl Xkrhnpnt hun onfnyn pnhn prlsks pk`ymnpn` njn Rk`ykono eouj`yn onfnyn smd hmdnrk`ndn` pk`ym
tmhnd pnhn tkepnt tkrtutup hk`cn` inrn hmcn`tu`c hm hm`hm`c skfm`ccn hkou hnpnt ek`kepkj pnhn pkreudnn` njnt, skhn`cdn` onfnyn dmemn`yn okrsueokr hnrm inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ek`iuim
njnt-njnt
`neu`
tmhnd
ekeomjns`yn
fm`ccn
okrsmf.
Rk`ikcnfn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` u`tud ek`cfm`hnrm dkhun onfnyn tkrskout hnpnt hk`cn` ek`ymepn` njnt ensnd pnhn tkepnt yn`c tkrtutup ntnu ekjktnddn``yn hk`cn` plsmsm tkronjmd, pkrnjntn` hmjnp ntnu hmiuim tkrjkomf hnfuju skokjue hmpndnm, skrtn ek`iuim hn` ekeomjns njnt
fm`ccn okrsmf tn`pn tkrsmsn inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c. Rnhn tnfnp m`m tmhnd hmrn`in`c u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` ntnupu` ek`curn`cm onfnyn snepnm dk ontns yn`c jkomf nen`. @neu`, pnhn onfnyn dmemn hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm pkrnjntn` yn`c hmpndnm snepnm ekjkomfm neon`c ontns, skhn`cdn` onfnyn amsmd tmhnd hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm snepnm ekjkomfm ontns nen`. Hmtnfnp m`m, onfnyn amsmd yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm njnt-njnt ensnd hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn` hk`cn` inrn ek`ckjnp tkrjkomf hnfuju skokjue hmpndnm. Ykhn`cdn` dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn dmemn,
hmtnfnp okrmdut`yn pu` tmhnd hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` ntnu ek`curn`cm onfnyn dmemn tkrskout skfm`ccn hnpnt ek`m`cdnt ekjkomfm neon`c ontns. Ljkf dnrk`n mtu, onfnyn dmemn tkrensud dk hnjne tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms dnrk`n onfn`-onfn` dmemn yn`c okrnsnj hnrm inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm endn`n`. Fnsmj tkrskout tmhnd skgnjn` hk`cn` (Ynhkd, ?2>2), tnfnp pk`ymepn`n` pkrnjntn` ensnd tkrensud XDD tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd okrupn hkou. Ykhn`cdn` tnfnp pk`iuimn` pkrnjntn` ensnd skgnjn` hk`cn` hk`cn ` pk`kjmtmn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ynhkd, ?2>2) ?2>2) tkrhnpnt tkrhnpnt onfnyn onfnyn dmemn okrupn rksmhu snou` iljkd skfm`ccn tkrensud XDD. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` ek`k`tudn` XDD pnhn prlsks pk`ymnpn` njnt yn`c hmpndnm, onfnyn amsmd tmhnd tkrensud tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms hmdnrk`ndn` pnhn tnfnp m`m hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn amsmd okrupn hkou yn`c ek`kepkj pnhn njnt ensnd hk`cn` ek`ckjnp`yn tkrjkomf hnfuju skokjue hmcu`ndn`.
1.6.?.8. Ek`k`tudn` Ek`k`tudn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms Drmtms pnhn Rrlsks Ekensnd Ekensnd _k`hn`c
Hnjne prlsks pkensndn` tkrhnpnt hun onfnyn yn`c tkrhmrm hnrm onfnyn amsmd okrupn hkou enupu` skrpmfn` ontu, hn` onfnyn omljlcm ynmtu pntlck` yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns. Xmeouj`yn dkhun onfnyn tkrskout hmdnrk`ndn` dl`hmsm hnpur yn`c tmhnd fmcmk`k, ilokd hn` ujkd yn`c dkrlpls, skrtn nhn ondtkrm yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns. Rnhn tnfnp ekensnd m`m hmrn`in`c u`tud hnpnt ek`cfmjn`cdn` dkhun onfnyn
tkrskout snepnm dk ontns yn`c jkomf nen` skfm`ccn tkrensud hnjne dntkclrm tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn` onfnyn amsmd okrupn ontu ntnu dkrmdmj yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm rk`hn`c hnpnt hmdl`suesm ljkf dl`suek` hn` ondtkrm yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm onfn` ondu hnpnt hmfmjn`cdn`
hk`cn`
pken`nsn`.
Ykgnjn`
hk`cn`
pk`kjmtmn`
(Elkjyn`m`crue, ?2>?), tnfnp pk`cudusn` sm`cdl`c tkrensud hnjne XDD dnrk`n tkrhnpnt onfnyn omljlcm okrupn splrn hn` emdrlon pntlck`. stkrmjmsnsm tkrensud XDD dnrk`n tnfnpn` m`m ekemjmdm rmsmdl onfnyn hn` tm`cdnt tm`cdnt dkpnrnfn` dkpnrnfn` yn`c tm`ccm. tm`ccm. Rk`kjmtmn` Rk`kjmtmn` (Smgl`nrdl (Smgl`nrdl & Nrsmj, ?223), gucn ek`ykoutdn` pnhn pkrkousn` ondsl hncm`c snpm hnjne nmr ek`hmhmf tkrensud XDD dnrk`n tkrhnpnt pltk`sm onfnyn pntlck` yn`c tnfn` pn`ns. [`tud onfnyn amsmd snnt ekensnd skgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ynhkd, ?2>2), pnhn prlsks pk`cfnjusn` tkrensud dk XDD dnrk`n dl`hmsm ilokd hn` ujkd yn`c dkrlpls.
1.6.?.;.
Ek`k`tuddn`
Xmtmd
Dk`hnjm
Drmtms
pnhn
Rrlsks
Rk`ymepn`n` hn` Hmstrmousm
Rnhn prlsks pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm tkrhnpnt tmcn onfnyn yn`c hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm rk`hn`c yn`c suhnf entn`c ynmtu onfnyn amsmd okrupn hkou, onfnyn omljlcm ekjmputm jnjnt skoncnm pkrn`tnrn dl`tnem`nsm ondtkrm hn` tkrgnhm pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm, skrtn onfnyn dmemn okrupn sk`ynwn dmemn yn`c okrnsnj hnrm pjnstmd ntnu dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`. Rk`ikcnfn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` nhnjnf
ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tkepnt pk`ymepn`n` endn`n` hn` ruenf endn`, ekendnm wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup, ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup, sufu pk`ymepn`n` endn`n` 0 12²I, hn` ekemjmf hn` ek`ccu`ndn` dkensn` nen`. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Smgl`nrdl & Nrsmj, ?223), tnfnp pk`yngmn` pnhn endn`n` ondsl hncm`c snpm tkrensud XXD tkrhnpnt dl`tnem`n` uhnrn dnrk`n emk hn` slfu` tkrpnpnr hk`cn` uhnrn jm`cdu`cn` hn` tnfnp pk`yngmn` endn`n` jl`tl`c pkikj gucn tkensud hn` snyur hmsmepn` hm tkepnt tkroudn. Rk`kjmtmn` (Rrnslgl, ?229) pjnstmd/dkensn` yn`c hmpndnm tkensud XDD dnrk`n dlepl`k` dmemnwm hnrm pjnstmd hnpnt emcrnsm dk pn`cn`. Hnjne tnfnp m`m tmhnd hmrn`in`c u`tud ek`curn`cm ntnupu` ek`cfmjn`cd ek`cf mjn`cdn` n` dktmcn dktmcn onfnyn onfnyn tkrskout tkrskout snepnm ontns yn`c jkomf nen`. Onfnyn amsmd, omljlcm hn` dmemn hnpnt ek`m`cdnt snepnm ekjkomfm neon`c ontns nen`. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn`, hkou yn`c okrtkron`cn` hnpnt ek`cdl`tnem`nsm rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk, skjnen pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c
tmhnd hmpn`nsdn` dkeonjm, hn` pkrpm`hnfn` el`lekr pjnstmd ntnu dkrtns dk endn`n`. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` ek`k`tudn` XDD pnhn pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm, tkrhnpnt tmcn onfnyn yn`c nhn pnhn prlsks pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm tkrensud hnjne dntkclrm tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms. 1.=. Ek`k`tudn` Ontns Drmtms pnhn Ensm`c-ensm`c XDD
Ek`urut (Xfnfkkr, ?22;), ontns drmtms nhnjnf suntu dl`hmsm ntnu dknhnn` yn`c ek`u`guddn` pkrokhnn` n`tnrn prlhud yn`c nen` hn` tmhnd nen`. Ontns
drmtms gucn ekrupndn` sntu ntnu jkomf tljkrn`sm yn`c fnrus hmpk`ufm u`tud ek`gnem` onfwn suntu IIR skinrn kakdtma hnpnt ek`ck`hnjmdn` onfnyn emdrlomljlcms, dmemn, hn` amsmd. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228) ontnsn` drmtms nhnjnf drmtkrmn yn`c ekeokhndn` n`tnrn nen` hn` dkeu`cdm`n` tmhnd nen`. Okrmdut m`m ontns drmtms pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c. n) Rk`k`tun` ontns drmtms drmtms onfn` ondu rk`hn`c Ontns drmtms hmnrtmdn` skoncnm `mjnm endsmeue hn`/ntnu em`meue pnrnektkr amsmd, dmemn, ntnu omljlcms yn`c fnrus hmdk`hnjmdn` pnhn tm`cdnt rn`cd n pk`ikcnfn`, rn`cdn pk`ikcnfn`, pkeus`nfn` pkeus`nfn`,, rkhudsm rkhudsm onfnyn onfnyn pltk`smnj pltk`smnj fm`ccn fm`ccn ek`inpnm ek`inpnm tm`cdnt yn`c hnpnt hmtkrmen (Nrmsen`, ?22=). Ontns drmtms pnhn onfn` ondu oueou hn` sn`tn` ynmtu okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c yn`c tkrhnpnt pnhn pnhn onfn` ondu tkrskout. Ok`hn nsm`c yn`c ek`cdl`tnem`nsm dkhun onfn` ondu tkrskout ekjmputm hkou, rneout, tn`nf, skrnout dkjnpn, hn` ontld dkjnpn. Ontns drmtms pnhn onfn` ondu skgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` (_ndfenwntm, Rnrtmwm, & Yupnr`l, ?226), pnhn tnfnp pk`ckensn` tkrhnpnt onfnyn
amsmd
ynmtu
rkdl`tnem`nsm
ok`hn
nsm`c.
Ontns
drmtms
u`tud
ek`cfmjn`cdn`
onfnyn tkrskout nhnjnf tmhnd oljkf nhn ok`hn nsm`c. Rk`kjmtmn` (Fnstlel, ?221), gucn tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd okrupn ouju hn` dltlrn`. Ontns drmtms u`tud onfnyn tkrskout ynmtu tmhnd nhn ok`hn nsm`c hm hnjne susu. o) Rk`k`tun` ontns drmtms prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c Ontns drmtms nhnjnf `mjnm endsmeue ntnu `mjnm em`meue onfnyn omljlcm, n`c fnrus hmdk`hnjmdn` pnhn d drms u`tud ek`ikcnf, ek`cfmjn`cdn`, ntnu ek`curn`cm onfnyn dk `cdnt yn`c hmn`cc nhnjnf pjnsd yn`c hmcu`ndn` gk`ms
pj pjns nsd d RR, RR, FHR FHRK, K, JH JHRK RK,, hn` hn` RK RKX X ntn ntnu u tkr tkrhn hnpn pntt jlc jlcl l
skrt skrtn n tuj tujms msn` n` nen` nen`
rnpn gk`ms pjnsd yn`c nen` hmcu`ndn` skoncnm dkensn` pn`cn` nhnjnf RR, FHRK, JHRK, hn` RKX. Dknen`n` dkensn` hn ak / alr allh usk / allh crnhk. ns drms pjnsd/wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm ynmtu ilild u`tud pk`ccu`nn` endn`n` (prlhud uhn`c) hn` ekek`ufm
ontns emcrnsm jkcnj. Ontns drmtms pnhn pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu ynmtu okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c okrupn hkou. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (_ndfenwntm, Rnrtmwm, & Yupnr`l, ?226), pnhn tnfnp pk`ymepn`n` cn`hue, tmhnd oljkf nhn ok`hn nsm`c yn`c tkrjmfnt pnhn cn`hue. [`tud prlsks pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm tkrhnpnt onfnyn dmemn skfm`ccn ontns drmtms pnhn prlsks tkrskout okons hnrm onfn` dmemn yn`c tkrhnpnt hm inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c. Fnj mtu sksunm hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ynhkd, ?2>2), ontns
drmtms pnhn prlsks pk`iuimn` pkrnjntn` ensnd, wnhnf ensndn`, hn` pkrnjntn` endn` ynmtu pkrnjntn` tmhnd jmim` hn` tmhnd okronu snou`. Ynnt prlsks pkensndn`, ontns drmtms u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` pntlck` yn`c tnfn` tkrfnhnp pn`ns ynmtu ekensnd hk`cn` sufu em`menj =2 lI. Ek`urut Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>>, sufu pk`cljnfn` endn`n` em`menj =2 lI ncnr duen` pntlck` entm. Rk`kjmtmn` (Elkjyn`m`crue, ?2>?), tnfnp pk`cudusn` sm`cdl`c pnhn prlsks pkeountn` tnpk sm`cdl`c, ontns drmtms
u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn omljlcm ynmtu hk`cn` pk`cudusn` hmjndudn` snepnm sm`cdl`c ok`nr-ok`nr entn`c hk`cn` nmr >22²I skjnen >; ek`mt. Ykhn`cdn` onfnyn amsmd pnhn snnt ekensnd okrupn hkou, hn` skrpmfn` ontu. Ontns drmtms u`tud onfnyn tkrskout nhnjnf sn`mtnsm hnpur yn`c onmd hn` okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou hn` skrpmfn` ontu). Ykgnjn` hk`cn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ynhkd, ?2>2), ontns drmtms onfnyn amsmd pnhn prlsks pk`cfnjusn` tkrhnpnt ynmtu tmhnd nhn skrpmfn` ontu hnrm ilokd hn` ujkdn`. Rk`kjmtmn` (Rutrm K. S., ?226), ontns drmtms u`tud susu pnstkurmsnsm ynmtu dkokrsmfn` snrn`n, prnsnrn`n, run`c prlhudsm, hn` Onfnynn yn`c ek`cdl`tnem` Onfny ek`cdl`tnem`nsm nsm pnhn tnfnp pk`ymepn` pk`ymepn`n` n` hn` hmstrmousm hmstrmousm ekjmputm hkou, jnjnt, pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm, skrtn sk`ynwn dmemn pjnstmd/dkrtns. Ontns drmtms u`tud dktmcn onfnyn tkrskout ynmtu sn`mtnsm ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn` yn`c onmd, okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c, okons hnrm jnjnt hn` ondtkrm, sufu pk`ymepn`n` 012²I, hn` pjnstmd ntnu dkrtns yn`c hmcu`ndn` ilild u`tud endn`n` pn`ns, gk`ms pjnstmd RR ntnu tkrhnpnt jlcl
skrtn tujmsn` nen` u`tud
endn`n`.
Okrhnsnrdn` Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>>, gk`ms endn`n` onsnf (okrdunf) sufu pk`ymepn`n` snnt ndn` skckrn hmsngmdn` 012²I. Ykhn`cdn` pk`ccu`nn` pjnstmd skoncnm pkeou`cdus endn`n`, ek`urut (ORLE, ?2>3), gk`ms pjnstmd yn`c rkjntma nen` hmcu`ndn` skoncnm dkensn` pn`cn` nhnjnf RR, FHRK, FHRK, JHRK, hn` RKX. Dknen`n` dkensn` dkensn` hnpnt hmdk`njm hnrm jlcl ntnu tujmsn` yn`c tkrtkrn, emsnj`yn , tujmsn` ‖nen` u`tud endn`n`” ntnu allh ntnu allh snak / alr allh usk / allh crnhk. Rjnstmd gk`ms RR ekrupndn` pmjmfn`
yn`c onmd u`tud dkensn` pn`cn`, tkepnt lont, oltlj susu, skhltn`. Rk`kjmtmn` (Ynrwl`l, ?223), ontns drmtms pnhn tnfnp pk`ymepn`n` ynmtu tmhnd tmh nd tkrhnp tkrhnpnt nt onu pnhn pnhn run`c run`c prlhud prlhud,, ikenrn` ikenrn` ok`hn ok`hn nsm`c, nsm`c, hn` okons okons skrn`ccn. Rk`kjmtmn` (Emsdmynf & Smhn`m`crue, ?226), ontns drmtms onfnyn gneur, skrn`ccn, hkou, hn` dltlrn` jnm``yn pnhn tnfnp pk`ymepn`n` ynmtu tkepnt tke pnt pk`yme pk`ymepn` pn`n` n` okrsmf okrsmf hn` dkrm`c dkrm`c.. Ykhn`c Ykhn`cdn` dn` pk`kjmt pk`kjmtmn` mn` (Fnstl (Fnstlel, el, ?221), ontns drmtms pnhn tnfnp pk`ymepn`n` susu pnstkurmsnsm ynmtu sufu : ->;²I. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` (Rrnslgl, ?229), ontns drmtms pjnstmd/wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm ynmtu jkcnj. 1.>2. Rken`tnun` Ontns Drmtms Yktmnp XDD
Rken`tnun` nhnjnf tm`hndn` ntnu loskrvnsm yn`c hmpkrjudn` u`tud ekenstmdn` onfwn prlsks tkrdk`hnjm hn` okrgnjn` hnjne ontnsn` drmtms yn`c hmtk`tudn` (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228). Ek`urut (Xfnfkkr, ?22;), ontns drmtms yn`c
suhnf
hmtk`tudn`
tkrfnhnp
suntu
IIR/XDD
fnrusjnf
hmel`mtlr
dkokrnhnn``yn. Fnj m`m u`tud ekenstmdn` npndnf prlskhur pk`cljnfn` ntnu pk`n`cn`n` pnhn IIR hmonwnf dk`hnjm. Dlepl`k` yn`c tkrjmont hnjne smstke
el`mtlrm`c okrhnsnrdn` dnmhnf 8S + > F (wfnt, ( wfnt, wfkrk, wfk`, wfl, hn` flw flw). ). Okrmdut m`m pken`tnun` ontns drmtms sktmnp XDD pnhn prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c. n) Rken`t Rken`tnun nun` ` ontns ontns drmtms drmtms pnhn pnhn onfn` onfn` ondu rk`h rk`hn`c n`c Rken`tnun` ekrupndn` tm`hndn` tkrk`in`n u`tud ekjndudn` skrn`cdnmn` loskrvnsm ntnu pk`cudurn` pnrnektkr cu`n ek`cdngm npndnf IIR ensmf tkrdl`trlj (SFL, ?22;). Rnhn onfn` ondu rk`hn`c okrupn oueou hn` sn`tn` tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd hk`cn` ontns drmtms okons hnrm ok`hn nsm`c (hkou, rneout, skrnout dkjnpn, ontld dkjnpn). Rken`tnun` yn`c hmjndudn` ynmtu hk`cn`
ekjmfnt dknhnn` onfn` ondu yn`c hmgunj, skrtn ekenstmdn` tmhnd nhn tn`nf yn`c yn` c ek`kep ek`kepkj kj pnhn pnhn oueou oueou,, ekenstm ekenstmdn` dn` wnhnf wnhnf yn`c yn`c hmcu`n hmcu`ndn` dn` u`tud u`tud okrgunjn`, ekenstmdn` tmhnd nhn onfnyn amsmd yn`c ensud dk hnjne sn`tn`, hn` pk`gunj ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn. Rken`tnun` okrjn`csu`c snnt prlsks pk`cfnjusn` oueou hn` ek`cljnf sn`tn` hn` pk`gunjn` hmpnsnr. Xkepnt pken`tnun` hmjndudn` hm pnsnr trnhmsml`nj hn` yn`c ekjndudn` pken`tnun` mtu sk`hmrm nhnjnf
pk`gunj.
Ykgnjn`
hk`cn`
pk`kjmtmn`
(Flyym
&
Hnrwn`tl, ?2>3) tkrhnpnt dl`tnem`nsm ok`hn nsm`c okrupn skrnout dkjnpn. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` (_ndfenwntm, Rnrtmwm, & Yupnr`l, ?226), el`mtlrm`c pnhn tnfnp pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu, cn`hue tmhnd oljkf ek`cn`hu`c najntldsm`. El`mtlrm`c hmjndudn` ljkf stnaa ^unjmty Il`trlj (^I) u`tud ekekrmdn surnt gnem`n` hnrm suppjmkr. hnrm suppjmkr. o) Rken`tnun` ontns drmtms pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c Ek`urut (Y@M 2>-86;?->==6), eken`tnu nhnjnf tm`hndn` ekjndudn` skrk`tktn` pk`cnentn` ntnu pk`cudurn` tkrk`in`n ek`ck`nm pnrnektkr
pk`ck`hnjm u`tud ek`mjnm npndnf XDD hnjne dk`hnjm. Rken`tnun` yn`c hmjndudn` tnfnp pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu hk`cn` ekjmfnt pjnstmd npn yn`c hmpndnm. Ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd yn`c hmpndnm pk`gunj skoncnm wnhnf onfn` ondu. Rken`tnun` hmjndsn`ndn` snnt ekeokjm onfn` ondu hm pnsnr hn` pk`gnenf endn`n` yn`c jn`csu`c eken`tnu. Rken`tnun` tkrskout okrokhn hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Rrnslgl, ?229), pken`tnun` hmtm`gnu hnatnr dlepl`k` hn` hntn emcrnsm suppjmkr tkrfnhnp pkrnturn`. Rken`tnun` hmjndudn` sktmnp dnjm pkruonfn` suppjmkr u`tud gk`ms pkeou`cdus pkeou`cdus ntnu dkensn`.
Rken`tnun` pnhn tnfnp pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu hk`cn` ekjmfnt dknhnn` onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`. Rken`tnun` hmjndudn` ljkf pk`gnenf endn`n` hn` pkjndsn`nn``yn hm hnpur pnhn snnt sktmnp ek`ymnpdn` onfn` ondu hk`cn` pk`ckikdn` dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c suhnf hmsmnpdn`. Ekenstmdn` onfwn onfn` ondu yn`c ndn` hmensnd suhnf okrsmf hn` tmhnd tkrhnpnt hkou hn` tn`nf yn`c ek`kepkj. Ykhn`cdn` prlsks pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c ndn` hmpndnm tkrhnpnt onfnyn dmemn ynmtu inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c. Rken`tnun` u`tud ek`ikcnf tkrgnhm`yn dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn dmemn hk`cn` ekjmfnt dl`hmsm njnt ensnd hk`cn` ekjndudn` ekjnd udn` pk`ckikdn` njnt-njnt skokjue skokjue hmcu`ndn`. hmcu`ndn`. Ekenstmdn` onfwn njnt yn`c ndn` hmpndnm tmhnd jmim`, tmhnd tkrhnpnt smsn-smsn onfn` dmemn yn`c ek`kepkj, hn` tmhnd okronu. Rken`tnun` pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu hn` pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt ensnd, skgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ynhkd, ?2>2), pken`tnun` pnhn prlsks pk`iuimn` pnhn onfn` ondu ynmtu ek`n`tnu tn`nf hn` dkrmdmj pnhn onfn` ondu ensndn` hk`cn` ekenstmdn` pk`iuimn` hmjndudn` hk`cn` okrsmf hn` tmhnd nhn dkrmdmj ntnu tn`nf
yn`c ensmf ek`kepkj. Ykhn`cdn` pken`tnun` pnhn prlsks pk`iuimn` pkrnjntn` ensnd, wnhnf ensndn`, hn` pkrnjntn` endn`n` hk`cn` ekenstmdn` pkrnjntn` okons hnrm rksmhu snou` (tmhnd jmim`) hn` tmhnd okronu snou`. Rrlsks pkensndn` tkrhnpnt onfnyn omljlcm hn` amsmd. Rken`tnun` yn`c hmjndudn` u`tud u`tud ek`cfm`hnrm onfnyn omljlcm hk`cn` ek`cudur sufu snnt prlsks ekensnd. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Elkjyn`m`crue, ?2>?), el`mtlrm`c yn`c hmjndudn` tnfnp pk`cudusn` ynmtu hk`cn` pk`cudurn` sufu hn` wndtu pnhn snnt sktmnp prlsks pk`cudusn`.
[`tud ek`ikcnf nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm onfnyn amsmd hnpnt ekjndudn` pk`ckikdn` dkokrsmfn` hnpur, hn` njnt ensnd. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Xrms`nm`m, ?2>?), ekjndudn` pkekrmdsnn` njnt ensnd yn`c hm`mjnm tkjnf rusnd hn` tmhnd jnynd hmcu`ndn` jncm. Rk`kjmtmn` (Rutrm K. S., ?226) pken`tnun` prlhudsm susu pnstkurmsnsm okrupn pken`tnun` vmsunj u`tud dkokrsmfn` run`c hn` pkrnjntn` prlhudsm. Xnfnp pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm tkrhnpnt onfnyn amsmd, omljlcm, hn` dmemn. pken`tnun` pk`ymepn`n`,
hmjndudn` rk`hn`c
hk`cn` snnt
ekjmfnt
dknhnn`
pk`ymepn`n`,
skrtn
wnhnf
hn`
tkepnt
wnhnf
pjnstmd/dkrtns
pkeou`cdus endn`n`. Rkjndsn`nn` pken`tnun` hmjndudn` ljkf pk`gnenf endn`n` hm ktnjnsk, ruenf endn`, hn` tkepnt pk`gunj pjnstmd hk`cn` ek`ckikd dkokrsmfn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`n`, ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm,
ek`cudur
sufu
snnt
pk`ymepn`n`,
skrtn
ek`ckikd
gk`ms
pjnstmd/dkrtns. Rken`tnun` hmjndsn`ndn` sktmnp pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk hn` ekeokjm pjnsmd/dkrtns.
Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Emsdmynf & Smhn`m`crue, ?226), el`mtlrm`c yn`c hmjndudn` pnhn tnfnp pk`ymepn`n` ynmtu ikd sn`mtnsm pnhn sktmnp tnfnp pk`ymepn`n`. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (Fnstlel, ?221), pken`tnun` yn`c
hmjndudn`
pnhn
pk`ymepn`n`
sufu
hm`cm`
hk`cn`
ekjndudn`
pkekrmdsnn` skinrn okrdnjn sktmnp fnrm. Rk`kjmtmn` (Rutrm K. S., ?226), ek`u`guddn` onfwn
pnhn tnfnp pk`ckensn` tkrhnpnt onfnyn smd. Rken`tnun` yn`c hmjndudn` hk`cn` pkekrmdsnn` suppjmkr u`tud gk`ms pkeou`cdus ntnu dkensn`.
1.>>. Rk`ktnpn` Xm`hndn` Rkronmdn` Xm`hndn` dlrkdsm ntnu `hndn` pkronmdn` nhnjn
n) Xm`hnd Xm`hndn` n` pkronm pkronmdn` dn` pnhn pnhn onfn` onfn` ondu ondu rk`hn`c rk`hn`c Xm`hndn` pkronmdn` nhnjnf dkcmntn` yn`c hmjndudn` omjn okrhnsnrdn` fnsmj pk`cnentn` ek`u`guddn` tkjnf tkrgnhm pk`ymepn`cn` hnjne IIR pnhn ontns drmtms tkrtk`tu (Yuhnrengm, ?22;). Xm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hnpnt hmjndudn` pnhn onfn` ondu rk`hn`c (oueou hn` sn`tn`) ynmtu ek`ckeonjmdn` onfn` ondu dkpnhn pk`gunj, ekeokrmdn` snrn` dkpnhn pk`gunj u`tud ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf yn`c tkrtutup, skrtn ek`ccu`ndn` pkensld onfn` ondu (oueou hn` sn`tn`) yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dknen`n` pn`cn` hn` tkrfm`hnr onfnyn amsmd. Fnsmj
pk`kjmtmn` tkrskout skgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Xrms`nm`m, ?2>?), tm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hmjndudn` pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` oljn-oljn hncm`c npnomjn tkrgnhm pk`ymepn`cn` ynmtu okroncnm prlhud yn`c hm`mjnm okrdunjmtns ourud ntnu rusnd hmdkeonjmdn` pnhn pkensld u`tud hmcn`tm hk`cn` prlhud yn`c onru hn` okrdunjmtns onmd. Ynen hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ynrm, Rnrtmwm, & Gn`tm, ?2>>), tm`hndn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hmjndudn` ynmtu omjn ensmf hnpnt hmtljkrn`sm endn dl`amrensm dk pmfnd suppjmkr pmfnd suppjmkr hn` rkgkit rkgkit omjn omjn tmhnd hnpnt hmtljkrn`sm.
o) Xm`hndn` pkronmdn` pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c Xm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hmjndudn` pnhn tnfnp pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu ynmtu ekemjmf pkensld yn`c hnpnt ek`gnem` dkensn` yn`c hmpndnm nen` u`tud endn`n` hn` ek`ccn`tm pjnstmd yn`c nen` u`tud pn`cn`. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Rrnslgl, ?229), tm`hndn` dlrkdsm pnhn wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm ynmtu ek`ccn`tm wnhnf ntnu suppjmkr ntnu suppjmkr . Rnhn tnfnp prlsks pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, tm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hmjndudn` hk`cn` ek`iuim dkeonjm onfn` ondu yn`c ndn` hmcu`ndn` dkeuhmn` pk`kjmtmn` (Yurnfen` & Kdnamtrm, ?2>8), tm`hndn` dlrkdsm pnhn tnfnp pk`iuimn` hk`cn` ekjndudn` pk`iuimn` skinrn okrujn`c ncnr ounf gneou omgm yn`c hmljnf okrsmf. Ykhn`cdn` pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm hnpnt ekjndudn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn` hk`cn` ekeomjns dkeonjm njnt-njnt ensnd. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ynhkd, ?2>2), tm`hndn` dlrkdsm pnhn tnfnp pk`iuimn` pkrnjntn` ynmtu ekeomjns dkeonjm pkrnjntn` yn`c ensmf jmim` hn` okronu snou`.
Rnhn tnfnp prlsks pkensndn` tkrhnpnt onfnyn omljlcm hn` amsmd. Xm`hndn` pkronmdn` u`tud ek`cfmjn`cdn` onfnyn omljlcm hk`cn` ek`cntur sufu pkensndn`
em`menj
=2lI
hn`
wndtu
pkensndn`
hmpkrpn`gn`c
ntnu
hmpkrsm`cdnt. Fnsmj pk`kjmtmn` m`m skgnjn` hk`cn` (M`hrmnstutm, ?221), tm`hndn` pkronmdn` pnhn prlsks pk`clvk`n` pkeountn` pkeountn` orlw`mks tkpu`c uom gnjnr ekrnf ynmtu omjn tkepkrntur pk`clvk`n` tmhnd ekek`ufm stn`hnr, wndtu pk`clvk`n` hnpnt hmpkrpn`gn`c ntnu hmpkrsm`cdnt. Ykhn`cdn` u`tud onfnyn amsmd hnpnt hmjndudn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn` ynmtu
hk`cn` ekeokrsmfdn` hnpur, skrtn ek`ccn`tm ilokd hn` ujkd yn`c suhnf dkrlpls. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Xrms`nm`m, ?2>?), gmdn hmtkeudn` njnt ensnd yn`c hmn`ccnp tmhnd jnynd u`tud hmcu`ndn` hmfnrusdn` ek`ccn`tm njnt ensnd hk`cn` yn`c onru. Ykhn`cdn` pnhn pk`kjmtmn` (Fltrm, ?226) tm`hndn` dlrkdsm yn`c hmjndudn` ynmtu stkrmjmsnsm run`c pk`ckensn`. Xm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hmjndudn` u`tud tnfnp pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm ynmtu hk`cn` ekeokrsmfdn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`, ek`ccn`tm wnhnf yn`c nhn tutup`yn, ek`cntur sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n` hmktnjnsk 012²I, skrtn ek`ccn`tm ek`ccn`tm gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdu pkeou`cduss endn`n`. endn`n`. Ykgnjn` Ykgnjn` hk`cn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Emsdmynf & Smhn`m`crue, ?226), tm`hndn` dlrkdsm yn`c hmjndudn` pnhn tnfnp pk`ymepn`n` nhnjnf pkeokrsmfn`. Rk`kjmtmn` (Xrms`nm`m, ?2>?), tm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hmjndudn` ynmtu pk`m`cdntn` fmcmk`k sn`mtnsm hnjne prlsks pk`cljnfn` endn`n` okrupn pk`ccu`nn` wnhnf tkrtutup u`tud endn`n`. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Rrnslgl, ?229), tm`hndn` dlrkdsm pnhn wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm ynmtu ek`ccn`tm wnhnf ntnu suppjmkr . Rk`kjmtmn` (Fnstlel,
?221), tm`hndn` pkronmdn` yn`c hmjndudn` pnhn pk`ymepn`n` sufu hm`cm` ynmtu hk`cn` ekepkronmdm arkkzkr ekepkronmdm arkkzkr . 1.>?. Rk`ktnpn` Rrlskhur Qkrmamdnsm
Qkrmamdnsm nhnjnf upnyn pk`cugmn` tkrfnhnp fnsmj suntu rn`in`c on`cu` u`tud ekenstmdn` dksksunmn``yn hk`cn` skeun tugun` hn` dk`hnjn (Hye, >==; hnjne (Xfnfkkr, ?22;)). Ek`urut (Elrtmelrk & Snjjnik, ?228), vkrmamdnsm nhnjnf pkenstmn` onfwn tm`hndn` pk`ck`hnjmn` tkjnf hmjndudn` skjnen prlsks. Okrmdut
m`m vkrmamdnsm prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c. Okrmdut m`m prlskhur vkrmamdnsm onfn` ondu hn` prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c. rk`hn`c. n) Rrlskhur vkrmamdnsm pnhn onfn` ondu rk`hn`c (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1) ek`cntndn` vkrmamdnsm ekrupndn` tm`hndn` u`tud ekenstmdn` onfwn skjuruf prlskhur hnjne rn`in`cn` FNIIR tkjnf hmgnjn`dn` hk`cn` ok`nr, ekenstmdn` sktmnp tnfnpn` drmtms hnjne prlsks prlhudsm tkjnf ok`nr-ok`nr tkrdk`hnjm, ekek`ufm stn`hnr drmtms yn`c tkjnf hmtktnpdn` hn` ekenstmdn` onfwn tugun` ek`cfnsmjdn` prlhud yn`c nen` suhnf tkrinpnm. Qkrmamdnsm yn`c hmjndudn` pnhn onfn` ondu rk`hn`c ynmtu pk`gnenf endn`n` ek`m`gnu pk`gunj yn`c hnpnt ekek`ufm drmtkrmn onfn` ondu oueou hn` sn`tn` yn`c nen` hnrm onfnyn amsmd. Qkrmamdnsm tkrskout okrokhn hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Ynrm, Rnrtmwm, & Gn`tm, ?2>>), vkrmamdnsm onfnyn dmemn pnhn prlsks pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu hk`cn` Ikrtmamintk la N`njysms (ILN) hn` fnsmj n`njmsms jnolrntlrmue.
o) Rrlskhur vkrmamdnsm pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c Qkrmamdnsm pk`krmenn` onfn` ondu ynmtu pk`gnenf tkjnf ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd yn`c hmcu`ndn` nen` u`tud pn`cn`. Ykhn`cdn` prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c pnhn snnt pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu ynmtu pk`gnenf endn`n` ek`m`gnu dkokrsmfn` onfn` ondu hn` tkepnt pk`cljnfn`. Rnhn tnfnp pk`ymnpn` njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm, pk`gnenf endn`n` ekevkrmamdn ekevkrmamdnsm sm hk`cn` hk`cn` ek`m`gnu ek`m`gnu njnt-njnt njnt-njnt yn`c hmpndnm. Ykhn`cdn` Ykhn`cdn` prlsks pkensndn` vkrmamdnsm`y vkrmamdnsm`ynn nhnjnf pk`gnenf endn`n` tkjnf ek`intnt sufu, tkjnf ek`ckikd njnt ensnd hn` ek`m`gnu
dkokrsmfn` hnpur. [`tud prlsks pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm, vkrmamdnsm`yn ynmtu pk`gnenf endn`n` tkjnf ek`m`gnu dkokrsmfn` ktnjnsk hn` ruenf endn`, ek`ckikd wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm, ek`intnt sufu snnt pk`ymepn`n`, hn` ek`ckikd gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` (Yurnfen` & Kdnamtrm, ?2>8), prlsks vkrmamdnsm hnpnt hmjndudn` hk`cn` ek`cn`njmsn sktmnp tnfnpn` prlsks yn`c hmmhk`tmamdnsm skoncnm IIR. Ykhn`cdn` pk`kjmtmn` ([tlel & Ykptman`m, ?2>3), prlskhur vkrmamdnsm yn`c hmjndudn` pnhn prlsks prlhudsm EYC nhnjnf hk`cn` ekjndudn` pk`ckikdn` skintn okrdnjn skinrn m`tkr`nj enupu` kdstkr`nj u`tud ek`cl`trlj hn` ekenstmdn` onfwn prlskhur prlskhur yn`c hmjndudn` hmjndudn` skinrn dkskjurufn` dkskjurufn` okrgnjn` okrgnjn` kakdtma. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` pk`ktnpn` vkrmamdnsm, vkrmamdnsm hmjndudn` okrokhn hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` skokjue`yn hmdnrk`ndn` pnhn sktmnp pkrusnfnn` ntnupu` m`hustrm ekepu`ynm ensm`c-ensm`c XDD hk`cn` onfnyn yn`c okrokhn-okhn skfm`ccn vkrmamdnsm yn`c hmjndudn` pu` gucn tmhnd snen.
1.>9. Hlduek`tnsm hn` Rk`intntn` Rk`intntn`
Ek`urut (Xfnfkkr, ?22;), pk`intntn` hn` pkeoudun` yn`c kamsmk` skrtn ndurnt nhnjnf hnjne pk`krnpn` smstke FNIIR. Rrlskhur fnrus hmhlduektnsmdn` hk`cn` onmd hn` hmdk`hnjmdn` skinrn nhem`mstrntma. Rk`intntn` pnhn onfn` ondu rk`hn`c okrmsm hntn pk`ckikdn` onfn` ondu u`tud oueou hn` sn`tn`. Ykhn`cdn` pnhn prlsks pk`cljnfn` rk`hn`c pk`intntn``yn okrupn hntn pk`ckikdn` gk`ms pjnstmd/dkrtns pkeou`cdus endn`n`, pk`ymnpn` onfn` ondu, pkrnjntn` ensnd, hntn n`njmsms n`njmsms jnolrntlrmu jnolrntlrmue, e, hntn pk`cudurn` pk`cudurn` tkepkrntur, tkepkrntur, hntn pk`ckikdn` pk`ckikdn` njnt
ensnd, dkokrsmfn` hnpur, ktnjnsk, hn` ruenf endn`, hn` hntn pk`ckikdn` wnhnf u`tud ek`ymepn` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk. Fnsmj tkrskout skgnjn` hk`cn` Rk`kjmtmn` ([tlel ([tle l & Ykptman`m, Ykptman`m, ?2>3), pk`intntn` yn`c hmjndudn` hmjndudn` pnhn prlsks prlhudsm prlhudsm EYC ynmtu jnplrn` pkekrmdsnn` prlhud, jnplrn` dnjmornsm hn` alre stkrmjmsnsm, jnplrn` pkekrmdsnn` pkrnjntn`, hn` alre pkekrmdsnn` hn` alre vkrmamdnsm. Yksunm hk`cn` prm`smp FNIIR, endn hlduek`tnsm smstke FNIIR fnrus ek`indup hlduek`tnsm ek`ck`nm prlskhur hn` tm`hndn` yn`c okrdnmtn` hk`cn` prm`smp > snepnm hk`cn` prm`smp 3 (Yurl`l, Yuhmoyl, & Snsplhl, ?2>1). Hlduek`tnsm pnhn FNIIR prlsks pkensndn` rk`hn`c okrmsm m`alrensm prlsks hn` prlhud skrtn FNIIR. M`alrensm hn` prlhud tkrhmrm tkr hmrm hnrm hksdrmpsm prlhud, tugun` ndfmr pk`ccu`nn` pk`ccu`nn` prlhud, prlhud, hmncrne njmr, hn` dl`amrensm dl`amrensm hmncrne hmncrne njmr. Ykhn`cdn` Ykhn`cdn` FNIIR prlsks ekensnd rk`hn`c ekjmputm mhk`tmamdnsm onfnyn, ek`k`tuddn` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms (XDD), ek`k`tuddn` ontns drmtms, pk`ktnpn` tm`hndn` pkronmdn`, pk`ktnpn` prlskhur vkrmamdnsm, hn` pk`intntn` hn` hlduek`tnsm. Hntn yn`c hmhlduek`tnsmdn` gucn okrnsnj hnrm fnsmj n`njmsms jnolrntlrmue, pk`cudurn` tkepkrntur hn` jkeonr pk`ckikdn`.
1.>8. Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Rk`cugmn` Emdrlomljlcm Emdrlomljlcm pnhn _k`hn`c _k`hn`c
_k`hn`c ekrupndn` ensndn` dfns hnkrnf Yuentkrn Onrnt yn`c tkrount hnrm hncm`c snpm tn`pn jkend yn`c snrnt hk`cn` oueou hn` sn`tn`. Hnrm pk`cugmn` emdrlomljlcm hmhnpntdn` fnsmj onfwn rk`hn`c ensmf ekek`ufm synrnt Y@M 38387?22=. Hmjmfnt pnhn crnamd 1.>, rk`hn`c yn`c suhnf hmjndudn` pk`cugmn` ondtkrm NJX ek`cnjnem pkrtueoufn` skinrn tkrus ek`krus tktnpm ensmf hmonwnf neon`c ontns Y@M, ynmtu > x >2 >, > x >2?, hn` =,1 x >2? dljl`m/cr. [`tud ondtkrm Iljmalre skrtn dnpn`c hn` dfnemr, ensmf okrnhn hmonwnf neon`c ontns Y@M hn`
tmhnd ek`cnjnem dk`nmdn` ynmtu : 9 NRE/cr hn` : >,2 x >2 > dljl`m/cr. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` ljkf (Eurfnhm, Anrhmnz, Y, & Yntmnwmfnrhgn, >==8), ek`u`guddn` onfwn rk`hn`c yn`c hmpkrljkf hnrm ruenf endn` skhn`c hk`cn` jnen smepn` snepnm tmcn fnrm ek`cnjnem dk`nmdn` pnhn ondtkrm NJX, Iljmalre Iljmalre,, skrtn dnpn`c hn` dfnemr. Ek`urut (Allh n`h Hruc Nhem`mstrntml`, ?22>), tkrhnpnt okokrnpn andtlr yn`c hnpnt ekepk`cnrufm pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm ynmtu andtlr m`trm`smd hn` kdstrm`smd. Andtlr m`trm`smd ekjmputm dnhnr nmr, pF hn` dknsnen`, dn`hu`cn` cmzm, strudtur omljlcms, pltk`sm rkhlds, pkrtueoufn` ondtkrm tkrgnhm skinrn njnem hn` ek`neonfdn` n`tmemdrlon, skrtn emdrlajlrn yn`c dlepktmtma. Ykhn`cdn` andtlr kdstrm`smd tkrhmrm hnrm gk`ms dkensn`, pk`cnruf wndtu ntnu sufu pkrtueoufn` emdrlon, pk`ymepn`n`, hn` jn`cdnf pk`cljnfn`. Ondtkrm NJX hnpnt ek`m`cdnt dnrk`n hmpk`cnrufm snjnf sntu andtlr tkrskout ynmtu sufu pnhn rk`hn`c ek`cnjnem pk`uru`n` ynmtu 13,9²I, ?3,9²I, hn` ?1,>²I. Fnj mtu hmskonodn` tmhnd nhn`yn pken`nsn` dkeonjm sktkjnf rk`hn`c hmensnd. Yufu rk`hn`c >? gne hn` ?8 gne tmhnd sksunm hk`cn` Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>> tk`tn`c
Fmcmk`k Yn`mtnsm Gnsnolcn ynmtu jkomf hnrm 012²I. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Rrnsnamtrn, Yunhn, & Ywnimtn, ?2>8), onfwn skendm` jnen ensndn` hncm`c rk`hn`c tn`pn pkensndn` ujn`c hmsmepn` hnjne sufu run`c, endn wndtu rkhudtnsk`yn skendm` ikpnt skfm`ccn pkrdmrnn` okon` ondtkrm`yn skendm` on`ynd. Ynen fnj`yn hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Fnrhmn`tl, Yunrgn`n, & _uhyn`tl, ?2>?) ek`u`guddn` pk`ymepn`n` tkjur nyne dnepu`c pnhn sufu ifmjjm`c ekepu`ynm NJX ondtkrm jkomf skhmdmt hmon`hm`cdn` pk`ymepn`n` sufu dnenr. Ykendm` jnen
tkjur nyne dnepu`c hmsmepn` hnpnt ek`m`cdntdn` n`cdn jkepk`c tltnj ondtkrm hk`cn` gn`cdn wndtu tkrtk`tu. Nhn m`tkrndsm sufu hn` jnen pk`ymepn`n` tkrfnhnp n`cdn jkepk`c tltnj ondtkrm. Rk`cugmn` Rk`cu gmn` ondtkrm pnhn rk`hn rk`hn`c `c tmhnd hmtkeudn` hmtkeudn` ondtkrm Ynjel Ynjel`kjjn `kjjn hn` Ijlstrmhmue pkrarm`ck`s. pkrarm`ck`s. Fnj mtu hmdnrk`ndn` hmdnrk`ndn` on`ynd`yn on`ynd`yn rkepnf-rkepnf rkepnf-rkepnf yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ekensnd rk`hn`c skfm`ccn ondtkrm tkrskout tmhnd hnpnt tueouf. Ykgnjn` hk`cn` pk`kjmtmn` (Rlkjlk`cn`, [gm Hnyn Fneont Rkrnsn` [eom Onwn`c Rutmf (Njmue Yntmvue Jm``.) tkrfnhnp Ondtkrm yn`c Hmmsljnsm hnrm Xkjur Nyne Dnepu`c, ?223), pkrnsn` ueom onwn`c putmf hk`cn` dl`sk`trnsm ;2, ?;, hn` >?,;% ekeokrmdn` hnkrnf fneont tkrfnhnp Ynjel`kjjn sp, skfm`ccn hnpnt hmcu`ndn` skoncnm n`tm ondtkrm, `neu` pnhn dl`sk`trnsm 1,?;% tmhnd ekeokrmdn` hnyn n`tm ondtkrm. Rk`kjmtmn` yn`c hmjndudn` (Gntemdl, Smhlhl, & Yglagn`, ?2>9), ek`u`guddn ek`u` guddn` ` onfwn pk`cnruf pk`cnruf pk`neonfn` pk`neonfn` gus gnfk ekrnf hnjne okroncnm jkvkj ekeokrmdn` ekeok rmdn` pk`cnruf tkrfnhnp guejnf plpujnsm plpujnsm ondtkrm Ynjel`kjjn sp yn`c nhn pnhn usus fnjus mtmd pkhncm`c. Rk`kjmtmn` (Smt, @ltkren`s, Clrm`, & Dnepkjenifkr, >=3=), ek`u`guddn` onfwn em`ynd onwn`c putmf hn` onwn`c
ekrnf hnpnt ek`cfneont rniu` yn`c hmfnsmjdn` ljkf Ijlstrmhmue oltujm`ue tmpk N pnhn hncm`c. Okrhnsnrdn` urnmn` fnsmj pk`cugmn` emdrlomljlcm pnhn rk`hn`c, ondtkrm NJX hn` Iljmalre pnhn rk`hn`c ensmf hmhnjne onwnf neon`c ontns Y@M hn` rk`hn`c ensmf jnynd u`tud hmdl`suesm. Xktnpm rk`hn`c fnrus tktnp hmdl`trlj dnrk`n ondtkrm tkrskout ensmf hnpnt ek`cnjnem pk`m`cdntn`. Ykfm`ccn u`tud u`tud ek`uru`dn` n`cdn ondtkrm NJX tkrskout hnpnt hmjndudn` hk`cn` pken`nsn` dkeonjm snnt
prlsks pk`ymepn`n` hm ktnjnsk.
ONO QMM DKYMER[JN@ HN@ YN_N@ 3.>. Dksmepujn` Dksmepujn`
Hnjne pk`kjmtmn` m`m hmhnpntdn` tmtmd dk`hnjm drmtms ynmtu onfn` ondu oueou -njnt yn`c hmpndnm, prlsks pkensndn`, skrtn pk`ymepn`n` hn` hmstrmousm. Hlduek`tnsm pk`kjmn` m`m okrmsmdn` tnfnpn` FN
Ynrn`
Oncm Rk`cusnfn _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c Ekemjmf pkensld onfn` ondu yn`c ek`krnpdn` smstke dknen`n` pn`cn`. Ek`m`cdntdn` pkrsl`nj fmcmk`k pk`gnenf endn`n` hk`cn` ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tn`cn`, ekeonsuf tn`cn` sknp sktkjnf ekjndudn` dkcmntn`
npnpu`, ekeltl`c hn` ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` dudu, ekendnm pndnmn` hn` ikjkekd yn`c okrsmf, ekendnm pk`utup dkpnjn, tmhnd endn`, tmhnd ekrldld, hn` tmhnd ek`ck`ndn` im`im`.
Ek`m`cdntdn` fmcmk`k sn`mtnsm endn`n` hk`cn` ekjndudn` pkemjmfn` onfn` endn`n` yn`c onmd hn` tmhnd tkrdl`tnem`nsm onfn` `l` `l` pn`cn`, pn`cn`, pk`ymepn`n` onfn` endn`n` sksunm hk`cn` gk`ms hn` tkepnt`yn, ek`cljnf endn`n` hk`cn` onmd, pk`ymepn`n` endn`n` gnhm/ensnd hmtkepntdn` pnhn tkepnt yn`c tkrfm`hnr hnrm dl`tnem`nsm,
pk`cn`cdutn` endn`n` hmjndudn` hk`cn` ek`gncn dl`hmsm onfn` endn en dn`n `n` ` hn hn` ` endn endn`n `n` ` gnhm gnhm,, skrtn skrtn pk pk`y `yng ngmn` mn` endn endn`n `n` ` hm hmjn jndu dudn dn` ` hk`cn` onmd hn` tmhnd tkrdl`tnem`nsm onfn` `l` pn`cn`. ?. Oncm Oncm Ensy Ensynr nrnd ndnt nt
Ek`m`cdntdn` dkwnspnhnn` tkrfnhnp endn`n` yn`c hmdl`suesm u`tud ek`cfm`hnrm pk`yndmt ndmont endn`n`.
Eken`nsdn` dkeonjm npnomjn rk`hn`c yn`c hmsngmdn` tmhnd hnjne dknhnn` fn`cnt/pn`ns.
Ekemjmf tkepnt endn` yn`c ek`gncn dknen`n` pn`cn` hn` fmcmk`k sn`mtnsm endn`n`.
9. Oncm Oncm Rk` Rk`kjm kjmtm tm Ykjn Ykjn`g `gut ut`y `ynn
Jldnsm pk`kjmtmn` skonmd`yn hm m`hustrm pkeount rk`hn`c yn`c pk`hmstrmousmn``yn hm tldl-tldl pk`gunj pk`gunj endn`n`.
Ekjndudn` pk`cugmn` jnolrntlrmue yn`c jkomf jk`cdnp pnhn onfn` ondu, nmr yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ekeomjns onfn` ondu hn` pk`iuimn` pkrnjntn`, pk`cugmn` njnt ensnd hn` tkepnt pk`ymepn`n`, hn` ek`cugm smant dmemn hn` amsmd pnhn rk`hn`c.
HNAXN_ R[YXNDN
Nenjmynf, @. (?2>3). Rk`ykfntn` Endn`n` hn` Em`uen`. ]lcyndnrtn7 Hkkpuojmsf. N`hnrktl, L. (?2>;). Npltmd (?2>;). Npltmd Fkronj hm Ykdmtnr N`hn. Gndnrtn7 Rustndn Mjeu Ykekstn. N`ckjmin, @. (?2>9). Ndtmvmtns N`tmondtkrm Kdstrnd Ktn`lj Hnu` hn` Dujmt Ontn`c Dnyu En`ms Im``neleue ouren``mm (@kks & Xf. @kss)) tkrfnhnp Ksifkrmifmn iljm hn` Ytnpfyjliliius nurkus. Gur`nj Mjemnf Enfnsmswn [`mvkrsmtns Yurnonyn. Yurnonyn. N`wnr, ]. (?2>2). 96 M`spmrnsm [snfn Endn`n` Em`uen` u`tud Flek M`hustry. Gndnrtn7 NcrlEkhmn Rustndn.
Nrmsen`. (?22=). Dkrniu`n` (?22=). Dkrniu`n` Endn`n`. Gndnrtn7 KCI. Ns`mynf. (?22=). Kakd N`tmemdrlon Em`ynd Gm`tn` Fmtne (@mckjjn sntmvn) tkrfnhnp Rkrtueoufn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm M` Qmtrl. Gur`nj Qmtrl. Gur`nj Omlekhmd . Nstnwn` Nstn wn`,, E. (?2>8). (?2>8). Ykfnt hk`cn` hk`cn` Fmhn`cn` Fmhn`cn` Dnin`c Dnin`c hn` Omgm-omgmn`. Omgm-omgmn`. Gndnrtn7 Rk`konr Ywnhnyn. Nyustn`m`cwnr`l, A., _ktrn`m`crue, C., Ynamtrm, M., N`ccrnfk`m, @., Yufnrhm`ntn, A. A.,, [ene [enem, m, I. I.,, & _kgk _kgkdm dm,, E. Y. (?2>8) (?2>8).. Npjmdnsm Rk`cljnfn` Rn`cn`. ]lcyndnrtn7 Hkkpuojmsf. Onsdlrl, H. (?2>;, Nprmj =). Xmps ncnr _k`hn`c Nwkt Hmonwn dk Junr @kckrm. @kckrm . Hmneomj dkeonjm hnrm www.ldkzl`k.ile7 fttps7//jmakstyjk.ldkzl`k.ile/rknh/?2>;/28/2=/?=6/>>9>83;/tmps-ncnrrk`hn`c-nwkt-hmonwn-dk-junr-`kckrm Ontt, I. N., & Xlrtlrkjjl, E.-J. (?2>8). K`iyijlpkhmn la Allh Emirlomljlcy Ykil`h Khmtml`. Jl`hl`7 Kjskvmkr. ORLE. (?2>3). Rjnstmd (?2>3). Rjnstmd Ykoncnm Dkensn` Rn`cn`. Hmneomj dkeonjm hnrm Yk`trn M`alrensm Dkrniu`n` Rn`cn`7 fttp7//md.ple.cl.mh/v?2>1/nrtmdkj/Rjnstmdskoncnmdkensn`pn`cn`.pha Ifn`hrn, O. (?221). Rk`cn`tnr (?221). Rk`cn`tnr Dkskfntn` Jm`cdu`cn`. Jm`cdu`cn`. Gndnrtn7 KCI. Ifn`hrn, O. (?22=). Mjeu (?22=). Mjeu Dkhldtkrn` Rk`ikcnfn` hn` hn` Dleu`mtns. Gndnrtn7 KCI. Hnjmenrtfn, Y. (?2>;). Xn`nen` Lont hm Jm`cdu`cn` Ykdmtnr. Gndnrtn7 Ruspn Ywnrn. Hkekhmn, X. H. (?2>2). Dmtno (?2>2). Dmtno Ensndn` @usn`tnrn Duepujn` _kskp Rmjmfn` hnrm Nikf snepnm Rnpun. Gndnrtn7 Hkekhmn. Hkwm, @. (?2>?). Hnfsynt`yn (?2>?). Hnfsynt`yn Gm`tn` Fmtne. ]lcyndnrtn7 Rustndn Onru Rrkss. Anifruhhm`, J. (>==3). Ekeount (>==3). Ekeount N`kdn Nol`. ]lcyndnrtn7 Rk`kromt Dn`msmus.
Angrm, M., Krjy, & [sen`, K. (?2>1). Rkrokhnn` Kakd N`tmondtkrm Dnpsuj Em`ynd Onwn`c Rutmf (Cnrjmi Lmj) hn` Dnpsuj Ououd Onwn`c Rutmf (Cnrjmi Rlwhkr) Xkrfnhnp Rkrtueoufn` Ondtkrm Ytnpfyjliliius nurkus hn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm Ykinrn M` Qmtrl. Gur`nj Qmtrl. Gur`nj Dkskfntn` N`hnjns N`hnjns. Andfem, N., _nfen`, N., & _mnwntm, J. (?2>8). Hksnm` Ymstke Dknen`n` Rn`cn` Fnznrh N`njysms n`h Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (FNIIR) pnhn Rrlsks Rr Rrlh lhud udsm sm Cujn Cujn RC. RC. Dkol Dkol` ` Ncu` Ncu`c c Enjn Enjn`c `c.. Gur`nj _kdnynsn hn` En`ngkek` Ymstke M`hustrm. M`hustrm. Anrhmnz, Y. (>==1). Rrm`smp FNIIR hnjne M`hustrm Rn`cn`. M`stmtut Rkrtn`mn` Olclr . Antmenf, Y., Rrnsktyn`m`csmf, ]., & Ynrm, E. A. (?2>3). N`njmsms Iljmalre pnhn Em`uen` Ks Hnwkt yn`c Hmgunj hm Enjmlolrl ]lcyndnrtn. Rrlsmhm`c
Ykem`nr @nsml`nj MDNDKYENHN "Rkrn` Xk`ncn Dkskfntn` hnjne Rkjndsn`nn` YHCs". ]lcyndnrtn. AHN. (>==3, Nucust >8). FNIIR >8). FNIIR Rrm`impjks & Nppjmintml` Cumhkjm`ks. Cumhkjm`ks. Hmneomj dkeonjm hnrm [.Y. Allh n`h Hruc Nhem`mstrntml`7 fttps7//www.ahn.clv/ fttps7/ /www.ahn.clv/A Allh/Cumhn`ik_kcujntml`/FNIIR/uie?22162>.fte #npp-h AHN. (?22>, Hkskeokr 9>). Kvnjuntml` 9>). Kvnjuntml` n`h Hkam`mtml` la Rltk`tmnjjy Fnznrhlus Allhs - Ifnptkr 9. Anitlrs tfnt M`ajuk`ik Emirlomnj Crlwtf. Crlwtf. Hmneomj dkeonjm hnrm [.Y. Allh n`h Hruc Nhem`mstrntml`7 fttp7//www.ahn.clv/Allh/AllhYimk`ik_ksknrif/YnakRrnitmiksalrAllhRrli kssks/uie2=8>83.fte Akormn`n, _., & Nrtn`tm, C. H. (?22=). ( ?22=). Rk`krnpn` Fnznrh N`njysms Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (FNIIR) (FNIIR) hnjne Rk`ykjk`ccnrnn Rk`ykjk`ccnrnn` ` Snru`c Snru`c Endn` Dnepus. Ekhmn Dnepus. Ekhmn Rk`hmhmdn`, Cmzm, hn` Dujm`kr Dujm`kr . Allh n`h Hruc Nhem`mstrntml`. (?22>, Hkikeokr 9>). Kvnjuntml` 9>). Kvnjuntml` n`h Hkam`mtml` Hkam`mtml` la Rltk`tmnjjy Fnznrhlus Allhs. Hmneomj dkeonjm hnrm [.Y. Allh n`h Hruc Nhem`mstrntml`7 fttps7//www.ahn.clv/hlw`jlnhs/allh/allholr`kmjj`kssil`tnem`n`ts/uie; fttps7/ /www.ahn.clv/hlw`jlnhs/allh/allholr`kmjj`kssil`tnem`n`ts/uie; 8;>3>.pha Ckn, Y.,Yn`tn` Ykonyn`c, D., & Ntftflrmid, X. N. (?2>1). Rk`m`cdntn` Dkjnpn Ykoncnm Onfn` Ondu M`hustrm Dujm`kr Dunjmtns hm Dltn Rrlhudsm Ekhn`. Nohmens Xnjk`tn. Xnjk`tn. Clujhm`c, Y., & En`sur. (?2>8). Rk`krnpn` Fnznrh N`njysms n`h Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`tss (FNIIR) Rlm`t (FNIIR) Rrlhud Ynsfmem hm _kstlrn` _kstlrn` Xleltl Yurnonyn. Yurnonyn. Gur`nj Flspmtnjjy hn` En`ngkek`. En`ngkek`. FNIIR
Kurlpn Ruojmintml`. (?2>?). FNIIR Mepjkek`tntml` m` Allh En`uaniturm`c En`uaniturm`c n Rrnitminj Cumhk. FNIIR Kurlpn Ruojmintml`s.
Fnamz, N. N., ]k`, J. F., @, F., Fnzrm`n, C., @lrfn`n, @. S., & Nm`y, E. N. (?2>;). (?2>; ). Kaakit la Qmkt`neksk Qmkt`neksk Ilrmn`hkr Ilrmn`hkr (Rkrsminrmn (Rkrsminrmn lhlrntn), lhlrntn), Xurekrmi Xurekrmi (Iuriuen jl`cn) n`h Nsne Ckjuclr (Cnrim`mn ntrlvmrmhms) Jkna l` tfk Emirlomljlc Emirlo mljlcminj minj ^unjmty ^unjmty la Cujnm Xkeplynd Xkeplynd Rnstk. M`tkr`ntml`nj Allh _ksknrif Glur`nj . Fnrhmn`tl, Yunrgn`n, M. C., & _uhyn`tl, E. H. (?2>?). Rk`cnruf Yufu hn` Jnen Rk`ymepn`n` tkrfnhnp Dunjmtns Xkjur Nyne Dnepu`c Hmtm`gnu hnrm N`cdn Jkepk`c Xltnj Ondtkrm. M`hl`ksmn Ondtkrm. M`hl`ksmn Ekhmius Qktkrm`us. Qktkrm`us. Fnrmgn`m, @., Kr`nwntm, & Yuwnr`l. (?2>>). Rken`anntn` Ynrm _mepn`c Gnfk (Wm`cmokr laamim`njk) skoncnm N`tmondtkrmnj Njnem pnhn Yusu Rnstkurmsnsm Okrhnsnrdn` Rk`uru`n` Guejnf Ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm. Qktkrm`nrmn Ekhmdn.. Ekhmdn
Fnstlel, S. Y. (?221). Ekepkjngnrm Nspkd FNIIR hnjne Rk`n`cn`n` Yusu Rnstkurmsnsm hm [`mt Rk`cljnfn` Andujtns Rktkr`ndn` MRO, Olclr. M`stmtut Olclr. M`stmtut Rkrtn`mn` Olclr . Fnyks, Fny ks, _. (>==;). (>==;). Allh Emirlomljlcy n`h Fycmk`k. @kw ]lrd7 Yprm`ckr [Y. Fk`hrnwntm, Q. Y., Yuynsn, M. @., & Yugnyn, M. @. (?2>8). Kakdtmamtns Jnrutn` Onwn`c Rutmf (Njjmue sntmvue J.) hn` Dktueonr (Ilrmn`hrue sntmvue) Xkrfnhnp Hnyn Nwkt Xnfu Jleold. Gur`nj Jleold. Gur`nj Dkskfntn` Jm`cdu`cn` Jm`cdu`cn`. Fkr`n`hl, H., Ykptm`lvn, H., & Nhfmn`tl, D. (?2>;). Dnhnr Nmr hn` Xltnj Emdrlon pnhn Hncm`c Ynpm hm Xkepnt Rkeltl`cn` Fkwn` (XRF) On`hnr Jnepu`c. Gur`nj Jnepu`c. Gur`nj Mjemnf Rktkr`ndn` Xkrpnhu. Xkrpnhu. Fltrm, E. (?226). Dngmn` Nwnj Rk`krnpn` FNIIR pnhn [`mt [snfn Rk`ckjljnn` Dkamr Rkrtnpnn` Rkrtnpnn` Ou`hn Ou`hn Rkekrsntu Ckhl`l hm Ynjntmcn. M`stmtut Rkrtn`mn` Olclr . Flyym, N., & Hnrwn`tl. (?2>3). Rk`cuntn` Rk`ckjljnn` Ounf-ounfn` ekjnjum Rk`m`cdntn` @mjnm Kdl`lems Rrlhud Jldnj pnhn Djnstkr Gneou Omgm Cktns Ekrnf hm Dkinentn` Rnckruyu`c Dnoupntk` Dk`hnj. Kdl-_kcml`nj Dk`hnj. Kdl-_kcml`nj . Fum, ]. F., Ilr`mjjl`, R., Jme, E. F., Eurrkjj, D. H., & @mp, S.-D. (?228). Fn`holld la Arlzk` Allhs. Allhs. @kw @kw ]lrd7 Enrikj Hkddkr, M`i. Fum, ]. F., Eku`mkr-Clhhmd, J., Fn`sk`, N. Y., Glskpfsk`, G., @mp, S.-D., Ytn`am Ytn `amkjh kjh,, R. Y., & Xljhrn Xljhrn,, A. (?228). (?228). Fn`holld la Allh n`h Okvnrnck Akrek`tntml` Xkif`ljlcy. @kw Xkif`ljlcy. @kw ]lrd7 Enrikj Hkddkr. Mjemnwn`, @., Nstutm, Y., & @nwn`smf, L. (?2>8). Rk`ccnou`cn` Rk`krnpn` Ymstke Gnem`n` Eutu MYL =22>7?226 hn` Ymstke FNIIR dk hnjne Ymstke En`ngkek` Dknen`n` Rn`cn` MYL ??2227?22= (Ytuhm Dnsus hm RX M`hldle Yneuhrn Rkrsnhn). Gur`nj Xkd`ljlcm hn` M`hustrm Fnsmj Rkrtn`mn`.. Rkrtn`mn`
M`hrmnstutm, N. @. (?221). Dngmn` tk`tn`c Rrlhud Orlw`mks hk`cn` Yuotmtusm Xkpu`c [om Gnjnr Ekrnf. [`mvkrsmtns @kckrm ]lcyndnrtn. ]lcyndnrtn.
Gnkjn`m. (?223). Dfnsmnt (?223). Dfnsmnt Onwn`c Ekrnf. ]lcyndrtn7 Rk`kromt Dn`msmus. Gnsenhm, Fnryn`m, ]., & Glsk, I. (?2>8). Rrkvnjk`sm Ondtkrm Iljmalre hn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnhn Hncm`c Ynpm yn`c Hmgunj hm Rnsnr Xrnhmsml`nj hn` Rnsnr Elhkr` hm Dltn Rkdn`onru. GLE Rkdn`onru. GLE AEMRN. AEMRN. Gntemdl, @., Smhlhl, K., & Yglagn`, L. (?2>9). Rk`cnruf Rk`neonfn` Gus Gnfk Ekrnf (Wm`ckr laamim`njk vnr. _uorue) skoncnm Meoufn` Rndn` hnjne Rndn` tkrfnhnp Dl`hmsm Dl`hmsm Emdrlajlrn Emdrlajlrn [sus Fnjus Mtmd Rkhncm`c Rkhncm`c Fmormhn. Andujtns Rktkr`ndn` [`mvkrsmtns Ornwmgnyn. Ornwmgnyn. Dkputusn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?229 tk`tn`c Fycmk`k Yn`mtnsm _uenf Endn` hn` _kstlrn` Dkputusn` ORLE @l. FD.29.>.?9.28.>?.??21 FD.29.>.?9.28.>?.??21 Xnfu` ?2>? tk`tn`c Inrn Rrlhudsm
Rn`cn` yn`c Onmd u`tud M`hustrm _uenf Xn`ccn. Dfnmhmr, Dfnmh mr, ]. (?2>2). (?2>2). Rk`clontn` Njtkr`ntma hk`cn` N`kdn Xn`nen` Lont. [ON Rrkss. Dfnmrn`m, I., _nfnhgl, ]. R., Hnjnpntm, N., & Yuenr`m. (?223). Rk`cdngmn` Xkd`ljlcm Rk`cljnfn` Dkjnpn Ek`hudu`c Ncrlm`hustrm hm Dnoupntk` Hl`ccnjn. Hmneomj dkeonjm hnrm Onhn` Rk`kjmtmn` hn` Rk`ckeon`cn` Rkrtn`mn`7 fttp7//pam9phntn.jmton`c.pkrtn`mn`.cl.mh/jmtdngm/l`k/>96/ Du`tlrl, O., Enfkswnrm, _. _., & @urnm`m, F. (?2>?). Fuou`cn` Rk`krnpn` Ytn`hnrh Yn`mtntml` Lpkrnsml`nj Rrlikhurk (YYLR) Xkrfnhnp Eutu Hncm`c Hmtm`gnu hnrm Xm`cdnt Ikenrn` Emdrlon. Gur`nj Mjemnf Mjeu-Mjeu Rktkr`ndn`.. Rktkr`ndn` Dur`mnhm, ]., Ynne, W., & Nan`hm, H. (?2>9). Andtlr Dl`tnem`nsm Ondtkrm K. iljm pnhn Endn`n` Gngn`n` hm Jm`cdu`cn` Dn`tm` Ykdljnf Hnsnr Smjnynf Dkinentn` On`cdm`n`c. Gur`nj On`cdm`n`c. Gur`nj Mjeu Jm`cdu`cn` Jm`cdu`cn`. Dur`mnwntm, @. (?2>2). Ykfnt hn` In`tmd Njnem Okrdnt Dfnsmnt Oueou Hnpur. On`hu`c7 RX Emzn` Rustndn. Jnkjnsnrm, K. (?2>;). Msjne (?2>;). Msjne hn` Dknen`n` Rn`cn`. Rn`cn`. Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`7 [M@ Rrkss. Jk`tkrn, X. (?228). Dfnsmnt (?228). Dfnsmnt hn` En`annt Gnfk Ekrnf sm _mepn`c Ngnmo. Gndnrtn7 Ncrlekhmn Rustndn. Jkstnrm, H. R., @urgnzujm, & H, ]. F. (?2>;). Fuou`cn` Fmcmk`k Rk`gnenf hk`cn` Dkokrnhnn` Ondtkrm Ksifkrmifmn iljm Rnhn Em`uen` Gus Ounf hm Xkeonjn`c. Gur`nj Xkeonjn`c. Gur`nj Dkskfntn` Jm`cdu`cn` Jm`cdu`cn` M`hl`ksmn. M`hl`ksmn. Jmdltrnamtm, K., N`nc`lu, E., Jnepmrm, R., & _lnhks, G. (?2>8). Kaakit la Ytlrnck Xkepkrnturk l` tfk Okfnvmlur la Ksifkrmifmn iljm L>;37F3 n`h Ynjel`kjjn k`tkrmin Ykrltypk Xypfmeurmue l` Ynjnh Qkcktnojks. Glur`nj Qkcktnojks. Glur`nj la Allh _ksknrif. _ksknrif.
Enfnrn`m, @. K. (?2>1). Fuou`cn` Fycmk`k Yn`mtnsm Rk`gnenf Endn`n` hk`cn` N`cdn Duen` Endn`n` Gngn`n` Ykdmtnr YEN @kckrm 9 Sl`lcmrm. Gur`nj Sl`lcmrm. Gur`nj MDKYEN.. MDKYEN Enrmshnyn`n, _., Fnrnfnp, R. Y., & ]lskam`, F. (?2>3). Xkd`md Rk`iuimn` Njnt Endn`, Rkrsl`nj Fycmk`k tkrfnhnp Dl`tnem`nsm Ondtkrm pnhn Njnt Endn`. Gur`nj K`hurn`ik. K`hurn`ik. Enujn`n, F., Narmn`tl, K., & _ustmdnwntm, M. (?2>?). N`njmsms Onfnyn hn` Rk`k`tun` Xmtmd Rk`ck`hnjmn` Drmtms pnhn Rk`n`cn`n` Xu`n Ykcnr [tuf hm RX. Onjm Likn` N`ucrnf Jm`ckr M`hl`ksmn Ok`ln-Onjm. Gur`nj Rkrmdn`n` hn` Dkjnutn`. Dkjnutn`. EiIl``n`, M. (Rk`yu`t.) EiIl``n`, (Rk`yu`t.).. (?221). (?221). Rmncne Dken`usmnn` hn` Ytn`hnr Em`meue hnjne _kspl`s Ok`in`n. (R. Rugml`l, X. Suryn`tnrm, & M. Jken`, Rk`krg.)
Eusuekim, Mtnjy7 Ypfkrk Rrlgkit. Ekcnwntm, E. ]., & Akjkimn. (?2>9). Rkeountn` Hlduek`tnsm FNIIR hm Rjn`t-> RX V. Gur`nj V. Gur`nj Xmrtn. Xmrtn. Ekrtfnynsn, G. H., Yunhn, M. D., & Ncustm`n, D. D. (?2>;). Hnyn Mdnt Nmr, pF, Snr`n, Onu hn` Xkdstur Hncm`c Ynpm Onjm hn` Hncm`c Sncyu. M`hl`ksmn Sncyu. M`hl`ksmn Ekhmius Qktkrm`us. Qktkrm`us. Emrnwntm, E., Hgngn`m`crnt, F., & Rurwn`tm, N. (?2>9). Dunjmtns Ondtkrmljlcms Inonm Cmjm`c yn`c Hmgunj Hmgunj hm Rnsnr Xrnhmsml`nj Xrnhmsml`nj Smjnynf Rl`hld Ckhk. Gur`nj Mjeu hn` Xkd`ljlcm Dkskfntn` Dkskfntn`. Emsdmynf, & Smhn`m`crue. (?226). Rk`ck`hnjmn` Najntldsm` pnhn Rnsinpn`k` Gncu`c ekjnjum Rk`krnpn` FNIIR. Gur`nj FNIIR. Gur`nj Ytn`hnrhmsnsm. Ytn`hnrhmsnsm. Elkjyn`m`crue, N. H. (?2>?). Fnznrh N`njysms Irmtminj Rlm`t (FNIIR) pnhn Rrlhud Xnpk Ym`cdl`c [`tud Ek`m`cdntdn` Dknen`n` Rn`cn` Xrnhmsml`nj M`hl`ksmn. Xfk M`hl`ksmn` Glur`nj la Fknjtf Yimk`ik. Yimk`ik. Elrtmelrk, Elrtme lrk, Y., & Snjjnik, I. (?228). (?228). FNIIR Ykdmjns Rn`hn`c. Gndnrtn7 KCI. Eujyn`m, _. (?2>8). Rk`cktnfun`, Ymdnp, hn` Rkrmjndu Fmcmk`k Rk`cljnf Endn`n`. Gur`nj Dkpkrnwntn`. Dkpkrnwntn`. Eurfnhm, Anrhmnz, Y., Y, Y. J., & Yntmnwmfnrhgn, O. (>==8). Rk`cnruf Rk`ymepn`n` hn` Rken`nsn` Dkeonjm tkrfnhnp Eutu Emdrlomljlcms Dnjml hn` _k`hn`c Hncm`c Ynpm. Oujktm` Ynpm. Oujktm` Xkd`ljlcm hn` M`hustrm M`hustrm Rn`cn`. Rn`cn`. Eusjmntm, H., Amak`hy, E., & Rkrmnh`nhm. (?2>9). [gm Ondtkrmljlcms Inonm Ekrnf Cmjm`c (Inpsmiue n``ue J.) hnrm Okokrnpn Rnsnr Xrnhmsml`nj hm Dltn Rnhn`c. Gur`nj Rnhn`c. Gur`nj Enfnsmswn Rk`hmhmdn` Rk`hmhmdn` Omljlcm. Omljlcm. @nrmn, K. (?221). Fmcmk`k Yn`mtnsm Endn`n` hn` Em`uen` Gngn`n` hm Dlepjkds [Y[, Ekhn`. [Y[ k-Glur`njs. k-Glur`njs.
@ltlntelhgl, Y. (?223). Dkskfntn` Ensynrndnt Mjeu hn` Yk`m. Gndnrtn7 _m`kdn Imptn. @urfnsn`nf. (?2>8). N`tmemirlomnj Nitmvmty La @utekc (Eyrmstmin arncrn`s Flutt) Arumt Ektfn`lj Kxtrnit Ncnm`ts Crlwtf Ytnpfyjlilius nurkus n`h Ksifkrmifmn iljm. Gur`nj iljm. Gur`nj Omlkhudnsm. Omlkhudnsm. @ureuamhn, E., Sn`crmek`, C. F., F., _km`njtn, _., & Jkl`nrhm, D. (?2>3 (?2>3). ). _k`hn`c7 Xfk Xrknsurk la Em`n`cdnonu. Glur`nj Em`n`cdnonu. Glur`nj la Ktf`mi Allhs. Allhs. @urwn`tlrl, E, O. N., Rur`lelnhm, N., Neonrn, J. H., Rrndlsl, N., & Eujyn`m, Y. (?2>?). @mjnm pF, Dnhnr Nmr, hn` Xltnj Ksifkrmifmn iljm Hncm`c Ynpm yn`c hm Enrm`nsm Enrm`nsm hnjne Gus Onwn`c Rutmf. Rutmf. Gur`nj Npjmdnsm Xkd`ljlcm Rn`cn`. Rn`cn`.
@urwn`tlrl, Rrnel`l, ]. O., Yktmn`m, O. K., Yujmstmnrtl, Y., Nrmssnputrn, F., Rkrhn`n, C. N., & Om`tlrl, Q. R. (?2>?). Enrm`nsm Hncm`c Ynpm hk`cn` Ek`ccu`ndn` Onwn`c Rutmf u`tud Ek`m`cdntdn` Dknen`n` Rn`cn`. Gur`nj Jmton`c Rrlvm`sm Gnwn Xk`cnf Xk`cnf.. @uryn`m, H., Rutrn, @. N., & Yuhn`n, M. O. (?2>1). Dl`tnem`nsm Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnhn Endn`n` Gngn`n` hm Dn`tm` Ykdljnf Hnsnr Hnsn r @kckrm Smjnynf Hk`pnsnr Ykjntn`. Kiltrlpfmi Ykjntn`. Kiltrlpfmi.. Rnrwntn, M. E., & Hkwm, R. Y. (?226). Msljnsm hn` [gm Ndtmvmtns N`tmondtkrm Em`ynd Ntsmrm hnrm _mepn`c Jk`cduns (Njpm`mn cnjn`cn J.). Gur`nj J.). Gur`nj Dmemn. Dmemn. Rkrnturn` ORLE @l. ; Xnfu` ?2>; tk`tn`c Rkhlen` Inrn _mtkj Rn`cn` yn`c Onmd hm Rnsnr Xrnhmsml`nj. Rkrnturn` Ek`tkrm Dkskfntn` @l. >2=1 Xnfu` ?2>> tk`tn`c Fmcmk`k Yn`mtnsm Gnsnolcn. hnjne Hnatnr >2 Endn`n` Xkrk`nd hm Hu`mn Xnfu` ?2>3 Qkrsm Rkeonin I@@! Endn`n` Npn Yngn ]n< Hmneomj dkeonjm hnrm M`tmsnrm L`jm`k7 fttp7//m`tmsnrm.crmh.mh/M`tmsnrm-@kws/M`hl`ksmn-_kout-Gunrn-YntuHn`-Hun- Hnjne-Hnatnr Hn`-Hun Hnjne-Hnatnr->2-Endn`n`-Xkrk`nd-Hm-Hu`mn-Xnfu`-?2>3 ->2-Endn`n`-Xkrk`nd-Hm-Hu`mn-Xnfu`-?2>3-Qkrsm- Rkeonin-I``-Endn`n`-Npn-Yngn-]n8). Dktnfn`n` Hncm`c _k`hn` _k` hn`c c Xn`pn Xn`pn Rkensn Rkensndn` dn` [jn`c [jn`c Ykjnen Ykjnen Rk`yme Rk`ymepn` pn`n` n` Yufu Yufu _un`c _un`c Okrhnsnrdn` Okrhns nrdn` [gm _khudtnsk _khudtnsk hn` Lrcn`ljkpt Lrcn`ljkptmd. md. M`hl`ksmn Ekhmius Qktkrm`us.. Qktkrm`us
Rrnslgl, X. (?229). Yurvmvnj Ondtkrm Rntlck` pnhn [hn`c skjnen Rk`cljnfn` hn` Rk`ktnpn` _k`in`n FNIIR u`tud Rrlsks Rrlhudsm [hn`c Okdu. M`stmtut Okdu. M`stmtut Rkrtn`mn` Olclr . Rrntmwm, J. _. (?2>8). Fuou`cn` N`tnrn Rkrsl`nj Fycmk`k hn` Yn`mtnsm Endn`n` hk`cn` Dn`hu`cn` K. iljm pnhn Yneonj yn`c Hmskhmndn` Dn`tm` [`mvkrsmtns @kckrm Ykenrn`c Xnfu` ?2>?. [``ks Glur`nj la Ruojmi Fknjtf.. Fknjtf Rrmfntm`m, _. M. (?226). N`njmsn (?226). N`njmsn Dkiudupn` Rn`ns Rn`ns pnhn Rrlsks Rnstkurmsnsm Yn`tn`. Olclr7 M`stmtut Rkrtn`mn` Olclr. Ruspnwntm, @. E., Yumrtn, M. S., & Onfrm, Y. (?2>1). Msljnsm, Mhk`tmamdnsm, skrtn [gm Ndtmvmtns N`tmondtkrm pnhn Em`ynd Ntsmrm Ykrkf Sn`cm (Iyeolplcl` wm`tkrmn`us Glwmtt). Gur`nj Glwmtt). Gur`nj Dmemn. Dmemn.
Rutrn, C. [., Hgnenj, N., & Ensrm, E. (?2>;). [gm Kakd N`tmondtkrm Em`ynd Gm`tn` Fmtne (@mckjjn Yntmvn) Hnjne Dnpsuj yn`c Hmgunj Okons Ykjnen Xnfu` ?2>? hm Dltn Rnhn`c Xkrfnhnp Ondtkrm Ytnpfyjliliius nurkus hn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm Ykinrn M` Qmtrl. Gur`nj Qmtrl. Gur`nj Dkskfntn` N`hnjns. N`hnjns. Rutrm, K. S. (?226). Dngmn` Nwnj Ymstke Fnznrh N`njysms Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (FNIIR) pnhn Rrlhudsm Yusu Rnstkurmsnsm hm Emjd Xrkntek`t DROY Rk`cnjk`cn` On`hu`c. M`stmtut On`hu`c. M`stmtut Rkrtn`mn` Olclr . Rutrm, _. M., Rkrmnh`nhm, & M`hrmntm, C. (?2>8). [gm Ondtkrmljlcms Ykrnm Cmjm`c (N`hrlplcl` `nrhus J.) yn`c Hmgunj hm Rnsnr _nyn Dltn Rnhn`c. Gur`nj Rnhn`c. Gur`nj Rk`hmhmdn` Omljlcm. Omljlcm. _nfen`, E. Y. (>===). Fn`holld la Allh Rrkskrvntml`. @kw ]lrd7 Enrikj Hkddkr, M`i. _nfem`mwntm, E., Eustmdn, N. N., Ynnhmnf, Y., N`hrmyn`tl, Ylkrmptl, & R., [. (?2>2). Omlprlspkdsm Kdstrnd Gnfk Cngnf skoncnm N`tm-I_H7 Dngmn` Ndtmvmtns N`tmondtkrm. Gur`nj N`tmondtkrm. Gur`nj Mjeu Rkrtn`mn` M`hl`ksmn. M`hl`ksmn. _ndfenwntm, Rnrtmwm, Y. C., & Yupnr`l. (?226). Rkronmdn` Rrlsks pnhn Rk`cljnfn` Xkpu`c Xkrmcu hk`cn` Rk`hkdntn` Jkn` hn` FNIIR skoncnm [pnyn Rk`m`cdntn` Dunjmns Rrlhud. M`stmtut Rrlhud. M`stmtut Xkd`ljlcm Ykpujuf @lvkeokr Yurnonyn.. Yurnonyn _nstutm, [., Smhyn`m`csmf, Y., Dnrtmdn, H., & @m`csmf, H. _. (?2>9). Ndtmvmtns N`tmondtkrm Em`ynd Ntsmrm Hnu` Rnjn hnrm On`yuens tkrfnhnp Ytnpfyjliliius nurkus hn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm skrtn Mhk`tmamdnsm Yk`ynwn Rk`yusu``yn. Gur`nj Rk`yusu``yn. Gur`nj Mjemnf Dmemn Eljkduj . _kpm, @. O., Eneol, I., & Sumsn`, G. (?2>1). [gm kakd n`tmondtkrm kdstrnd dujmt dnyu en`ms (Im``neleue ouren``mm) tkrfnhnp Ksifkrmifmn iljm hn` Ytrkptliliius pylck`ks. Gur`nj pylck`ks. Gur`nj k-Omlekhmd .
_lokrtsl`, C. J. (?2>?). Allh (?2>?). Allh Rnidncm`c Rrm`impjks n`h Rrnitmik Xfmrh Khmtml`. Olin _ntl`7 I_I Rrkss Xnyjlr & Arn`ims Crlup. Ynhkd, @. A. (?2>2). Rk`krnpn` Ymstke FNIIR pnhn Snru`c Xkcnj hn` Rkeoun Rke ountn` tn` Elhuj Elhuj Rkjntm Rkjntmfn` fn``yn `yn skoncn skoncnmm Ynjnf Ynjnf Yntu Yntu Ok`tud Ok`tud IY_ RX Om`tn`c Xlkhglk, Gndnrtn. M`stmtut Gndnrtn. M`stmtut Rkrtn`mn` Olclr . Yndtm, E. _., _uhyn`tl, E. H., & Yunrgn`n, M. C. (?2>?). Rk`cnruf Yufu hn` Jnen Rk`ymepn`n` Xkjur Nyne Jldnj tkrfnhnp Guejnf Iljmalre. M`hl`ksmn Ekhmius Qktkrm`us. Qktkrm`us. Ynpnrm Ynp nrm`tl `tl,, I., & Fmhnyn Fmhnyntm, tm, H. (?221) (?221).. Onfn` Xneonfn` Rn`cn`. ]lcyndnrtn7 Dn`msmus. Ynrm, H. @., Rnrtmwm, Y. C., & Gn`tm, C. (?2>>). Rkrn`in`cn` Ymstke Dkrgn pnhn
[snfn Dkimj hn` Ek`k`cnf ([DE) Endn`n` u`tud Ekek`ufm FNIIR (Y (Ytu tuhm hm Dnsu Dnsus7 s7 [DE [DE Yyna Yynarm rmhn hn Rr Rrlh lhus usk` k` Y`ni Y`nids ds). ). M`stmtut Xkd`ljlcm Ykpujuf @lpkeokr (MXY). (MXY). Ynrwl`l, K. (?223). Ekepkjngnrm Rk`krnpn` FNIIR pnhn [`mt Rk`cljnfn` Rrlhud Rrl hud Ifmidk` Ifmidk` @ucckt @ucckt RX Gnpan Gnpan Yn`tlr Yn`tlrmm M`hl` M`hl`ksm ksmn. n. M`stmtut Rkrtn`mn` Olclr . Y@M 2>-86;?->==6 tk`tn`c Ymstke N`njmsn Onfnyn hn` Rk`ck`hnjmn` Xmtmd Drmtms (FNIIR) skrtn Rkhlen` Rk`krnpn``yn. Y@M 9=9?7?226 tk`tn`c Eutu Dnrdns hn` Hncm`c Ynpm. Y@M 39667?22= tk`tn`c Ontns Endsmeue Ikenrn` Emdrlon hnjne Rn`cn`. Y@M 38387?22= tk`tn`c _k`hn`c Hncm`c Ynpm. Yuhnrengm. (?22;). N`njmsms Onfnyn hn` Rk`ck`hnjmn` Xmtmd Drmtms (Fnznrh N`njysms Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t). Gur`nj Rlm`t). Gur`nj Dkskfntn` Jm`cdu`cn` Jm`cdu`cn`.. Yucmyl`l. Yucmy l`l. (?2>?). Ektlhk (?2>?). Ektlhk Rk`kjmtmn` Dun`tmtntma Dunjmtntma hn` _&H. On`hu`c7 Njanoktn. Yucmyltl, Nhfmn`tl, D., & Sn``mntmk, Q. (?2>;). Dn`hu`cn` Emdrlon pnhn Hncm`c Ynpm hnrm Okokrnpn Rnsnr Xrnhmsml`nj hm On`hnr Jnepu`c. Gur`nj Mjemnf Rkrtkr`ndn` Xkrpnhu. Xkrpnhu. Yufnremntm, Yufnr emntm, & Fn`hnyn`m Fn`hnyn`m,, J. (?22;). (?22;). _neun` Xrnhmsml`nj u`tud Dknhnn` Hnrurnt hm _uenf. Gndnrtn7 NcrlEkhmn Rustndn. Yufnryl`l, N. Y., Kr`n, E. D., & Dur`mnhm, E. (?22=). Rk`cnruf Ym`nr [jtrn Qmljkt hn` Jnen Rk`ymepn`n` tkrfnhnp Ymant Emdrlomljlcm hn` Dktk`cmdn` Drke Yn`tn` Dkjnpn. Gur`nj Dkjnpn. Gur`nj Ncrmtkif. Ncrmtkif. Yujifn`, E., & @ur S, K. (?223). Dknen`n` Rn`cn` Dkensn` Rjnstmd hn` Ytyrlalne. Engnjnf Ytyrlalne. Engnjnf Dkhldtkrn` M`hl`ksmn. M`hl`ksmn.
Yu`nryl. (?228). Rsmdljlcm (?228). Rsmdljlcm u`tud Dkpkrnwntn`. Gndnrtn7 KCI. Yurnhm, D., & Yuryn`m`csmf, J. (?226). Rk`cnruf Xkepkrntur hk`cn` Jnen Rk`cnsnpn` tkrfnhnp Dknsnen` hn` Xltnj Ondtkrm Hncm`c Nyne Olmjkr. Gur`nj Mjeu Xkr`nd . Yurnfen`, H. @., & Kdnamtrm, _. (?2>8). Dngmn` FNIIR (Fnznrh N`njysms n`h Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t) Rk`cljnfn` Gneou Omgm hm Rmjlt Rjn`t Ynrm Ounf [RX. O?RXXC - Jmpm Yuon`c. Ncrmtkif Yuon`c. Ncrmtkif.. Yurl`l, N. Y. (?2>9). N`tmondtkrm Kdstrnd Ktn`lj [eom Jnpms Onwn`c Ekrnf (Njjmue Ikpn J.) Xkrfnhnp Rkrtueoufn` Ytnpfyjliliius nurkus hn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm. Gur`nj iljm. Gur`nj Mjemnf Enfnsmswn [`mvkrsmtns Yurnonyn Yurnonyn.. Yurl`l, M. Y., Yuhmoyl, N., & Snsplhl, R. (?2>1). Rk`cn`tnr (?2>1). Rk`cn`tnr Dknen`n`
Rn`cn` u`tud M`hustrm M`hustrm Rn`cn`. ]lcyndnrtn7 Hkkpuojmsf. Yutlel, O. (?2>>). _nfnsmn (?2>>). _nfnsmn Yudsks Okroms`ms Ensndn` Rnhn`c. Rnhn`c. Gndnrtn7 Hkekhmn. Yutlel, O. (?2>?). _k`hn`c7 Gunrn Ensndn` Xkrjkznt Ykhu`mn. Gndnrtn7 Dnwn` Rustndn. Yuyn`tm. (?2>8). Ekeount (?2>8). Ekeount N`kdn Ljnfn` Inonm. Gndnrtn7 Rk`konr Ywnhnyn. Yynamrnf, Y., & N`hrmns, H. _. (?2>?). Fmcmk`k Rk`gnenf Endn`n` hn` Yn`mtnsm Dn`tm` Ykdljnf. Hnsnr @kckrm hm Dkinentn` Eujylrkgl, Yurnonyn. Ekhmn Cmzm M`hl`ksmn M`hl`ksmn. Yynesmnf, M. Y., & Xnguhm`. (?229). Dfnsmnt hn` En`annt Onwn`c Rutmf _ngn N`tmomltmd Njnem. Gndnrtn7 Ncrlekhmn Rustndn. Yynrmauhm`, N. (?229). Npjmdnsm Fnznrh N`njysms Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t (FNIIR) Xfnfkkr, F. (?22;). Ymstke En`ngkek` FNIIR. Gndnrtn7 Ouem Ndsnrn. Xrmn`hm`m, A. N. (?2>;). Rk`cktnfun`, Ymdnp Rk`gnenf Endn`n` hn` Dl`hmsm Fmcmk`k Yn`mtnsm Rrlhudsm Ltnd-ltnd On`hk`c hm Dnoupntk` Crksmd. k glur`nj olcn. olcn. Xrms`nm`m, M. (?2>?). N`njmsms Onfnyn Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` OljnOljn Hncm`c hm M`stnjnsm Cmzm _uenf Yndmt. Gur`nj Yndmt. Gur`nj Dkskfntn` Ensynrndnt @nsml`nj . [tnem, R., & Ruspn`m`ctyns, H. K. (?2>9). Xfk Emrnijk la Fkros. Gndnrtn7 NcrlEkhmn Rustndn. [tlel, Y. Y., & Ykptman`m, _. (?2>3). Fnznrh N`njysms n`h Irmtminj Il`trlj Rlm`t Rrlsks Rk`cljnfn` El`lslhmue Cjutnent hm RX. Ngm`leltl M`hl`ksmn. Gur`nj Ynm`s hn` Xkd`ljlcm Xkd`ljlcm Rn`cn`. Rn`cn`.
SFL. (?22;). Rk`yndmt (?22;). Rk`yndmt Onwnn` Endn`n`. Endn`n`. (N. Fnrtl`l, Rk`krg.) Gndnrtn7 KCI. SFL. (?2>;, Hkskeokr 9). SFL's Amrst Kvkr Cjlonj Kstmentks la Allholr`k Hmsksnsks Am`h Ifmjhrk` [`hkr [`hkr ; Niilu`t alr Njelst L`k Xfmrh la Hkntfs. Hkntfs. Hmneomj dkeonjm hnrm SFL7 fttp7//www.wfl.m`t/ekhmnik`trk/`kws/rkjknsks/?2>;/allholr`k-hmsknsk- fttp7//www.wfl.m`t/ekhmnik`trk/`kws/rkjknsks/?2>;/allholr`k-hmsknsk- kstmentks/k`/ Smgl`nrdl, C., & Nrsmj, R. (?223). Kvnjunsm Onfnyn hn` Rk`ktnpn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms pnhn Rkeountn` Endn`n` Gngn`n` yn`c Hmgunj hm Dnwnsn` Smsntn Onturrnhk`, Rurwldkrtl. Gur`nj Rurwldkrtl. Gur`nj Rkeon`cu`n` Rkeon`cu`n` Rkhksnn`. Rkhksnn`. Sm`nrtl, S. R., & Dnrynsnrm, X. (?229). Eken`anntdn` Oueou Hnpur u`tud Ek`cntnsm N`kdn Rk`yndmt. Gndnrtn7 NcrlEkhmn Rustndn.
Sms`n, S. O. (?22>). Rk`cnruf Dl`sk`trnsm Rnjn hn` Jnen Rk`ymepn`n` Yufu Hm`cm` Hm` cm` tkrfnhn tkrfnhnp p Guejnf Guejnf Ondtkrm Ondtkrm Iljmal Iljmalre re hn` Xkdstu Xkdsturr Hncm`c Hncm`c Ynpm. Ynpm. Gur`nj Qktkrm`kr . Smt, G. I., @ltkren`s, Y., Clrm`, @., & Dnepkjenifkr, K. F. (>=3=). Kaakit la Cnrjmi Lmj lr L`ml` Lmj l` Xlxm` Rrlhuitml` oy Ijlstrmhmue oltujm`ue m` Eknt Yjurry. Glur`nj Yjurry. Glur`nj la Allh Rrltkitml` Rrltkitml`.. ]n`tm, J., & @lvnjm`hn, H. (?2>1). Dngmn` Dknen`n` Rn`cn` pnhn Rrlsks Rkeountn` Hlhlj @n`ns Xn`cdmt (Ytuhm Dnsus hm Hksn Xn`cdmt, Dkinentn` Dkinentn` Yrmwmgnyn.. Yrmwmgnyn
Yu`cnm Yu`cnm
Ckjne Dnoupntk` Eunrl Gneom). Gneom).
[`mvkrsmtns
]ujjmn`m, _., M`hrnyuhfn, R., & _nfem, Y. Y. (?2>>). Ndtmvmtns N`tmondtkrm Em`ynd Ntsmrm Hnu` Gkrud Rurut (Imtrus fystrmx) tkrfnhnp Ytnpfyjliliius nurkus hn` Ksifkrmifmn iljm. Rfnrenil` iljm. Rfnrenil`.. ]u`mnrtm, _., Nzjmn, S., & Ynrm, _. N. (?2>;). Rk`krnpn` Ymstke Fnznrh N`njysms Gur`nj Mjemnf Xkd`md M`hustrm. M`hustrm. ]u`us, Y. R., [eolf, G. E., & Rm`l`tln`, L. (?2>;). Fuou`cn` Rkrsl`nj Fmcmk`k hn` Ansmjmtns Yn`mtnsm hk`cn` Dl`tnem`nsm Ksifkrmifmn iljm pnhn Endn`n` hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c Dltn En`nhl hn` Dltn Omtu`c. Gmdeu Omtu`c. Gmdeu..
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Jnepmrn` > M@AL_EKH IL@YK@X (JKEON_ RK_@]NXNN@ RK_YKX[G[N@ EK@GNHM _KYRL@HK@)
Nssnjneu”njnmdue Sr. So, Ynyn Yrm Smhmynstutm Enfnsmswn Y> prlcrne Ytuhm Dkskfntn` Ensynrndnt n`cdntn` ?2>?, Andujtns Dkhldtkrn` hn` Mjeu Dkskfntn` [M@ Yynrma Fmhnyntujjnf
Gndnrtn.. Dnem okrendsuh Gndnrtn okrendsuh ekjndudn` ekjndudn` pk`kjmtmn` pk`kjmtmn` ek`ck`nm ek`ck`nm N`njmsms Onfnyn hn` Xmtmd Dk`hnjm Drmtms (FNIIR) _k`hn`c (Ytuhm Dnsus hm _uenf Endn` Rnhn`c V Dkinentn` Rneujn`c Dltn Xn`ckrn`c Ykjntn`) Xnfu` ?2>3.
Dnem okrfnrnp onpnd/mou/snuhnrn/m okrskhmn u`tud ek`gnhm rkspl`hk` hnjne pk`kjmtmn` m`m. Ykeun m`alrensm yn`c onpnd/mou/snuhnrn/m okrmdn` tkrgnem` dkrnfnsmnn``yn. Yktkjnf onpnd/mou/snuhnrn/m ekeonin endsuh pk`kjmtmn` hm ntns, endn dnem elfl` u`tud u`tud ek`cmsm `nen hn` tn`hn tn`cn` hm onwnf m`m skoncnm skoncnm pkrsktugun`. Hk`cn` m`m snyn okrskhmn ek`cmdutm ek`cmdutm pk`kjmtmn` m`m hn` okrskhmn hm wnwn`inrnm skrtn hm nentm (loskrvnsm) skjnen prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c. _kspl`hk`
Yktkjnf ek`n`hntn`cn`m pkr`yntnn` hm ntns, dnem elfl` dkskhmnn` onpnd/mou/snuhnrn/m u`tud ek`gnwno pkrtn`ynn`-pkrtn`ynn` hk`cn` gugur hn` sksunm hk`cn` dknhnn` yn`c skok`nr`yn. Xkrmen Dnsmf. Ykdmn`. Snssnjneu”njnmdue Sr. So.
RKHLEN@ SNSN@IN_N EK@HNJNE
Fnrm, Xn`ccnj
7
Mhk`tmtns M`alren`
@nen
7
Gk`ms Dkjnem` 7 @l. Xkjkpl`
7
Rkrtn`ynn`
Ek`hksdrmpsmdn` Rrlhud
>. Npn sngn sngn onfn`-onf onfn`-onfn` n` yn`c yn`c hmoutuf hmoutufdn` dn` hnjne hnjne ekeou ekeount nt rk`hn`c< rk`hn`c< ?. Hmen`n Hmen`n ek`ymep ek`ymepn` n` onfn`-o onfn`-onfn` nfn` rk`hn`c rk`hn`c skokjue skokjue hmljnf< hmljnf< Rrlom`c 7 -
Oncnmen`n dl`hmsm pk`ymepn`n``yn<
-
Oncnmen`n wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm<
9. Yktkjnf Yktkjnf rk`hn`c rk`hn`c entn`c, entn`c, oncnmen`n oncnmen`n prlsks prlsks pk`hmstrmo pk`hmstrmousmn`` usmn``yn yn hnrm hnpur hnpur dk tkepnt pk`yngmn`< 8. Okrnpn Okrnpn jnen jnen ensn smepn` smepn`/dn /dnhnju hnjuwnrs wnrsnn rk`hn`c rk`hn`c. [smn okrnpndnf yn`c ekeokjm rk`hn`c hmruenf endn` pnhn`c TOnpnd/MouU<
Ek`cdl`amrensm Ek`cdl`amr ensm Njur Rrlsks hm Jnpn`cn`
>. Oncnme Oncnmen`n n`n prlsk prlskss pkeoun pkeountn` tn` rk`h rk`hn`c n`c. Oncnmen`n inrn TOnpnd/MouU u`tud ek`curn`cm ek`curn`cm dl`tnem`nsm tkrfnhnp tkrfnhnp endn`n` rk`hn`c<
JKEON_ LOYK_QNYM RK_YL@NJ FMCMK@K Rk`cnentn` @l
>
Nspkd yn`c hmnentm
Ykjnju ek`gncn dkokrsmfn` tn`cn` hn` ek`iuim tn`cn` pndnm snou` sktkjnf ek`ccu`ndn` tlmjkt, skokjue ekekcn`c onfn` ek`tnf, okrsm`, ontud, hjj.
?
Ekel Ekeltl tl`c `c hn` hn` ek` ek`gn gncn cn dk dkok okrs rsmf mfn` n` dudu dudu..
9
Ek`c Ek`ck` k`nd ndn` n` pn pndn dnmn` mn` hn hn` ` ikj ikjke kekd kd yn yn`c `c ok okrs rsmf mf..
8
Eken Ekendn dnmm pk` pk`ut utup up dk dkpn pnjn jn yn yn`c `c ok okrs rsmf mf hn hn` ` rneo rneout ut gn`cn` hmomnrdn` tkrckrnm
]n
Xmhnd
;
Xm Xmhn hnd d end endn` n` hn` hn` ekr ekrld ldld ld dktm dktmdn dn okdk okdkrg rgnn
1
Xmhn Xmhnd d ek`c ek`ck` k`nd ndn` n` pk pkrf rfmn mnsn sn` ` (il` (il`tl tlf7 f7 im`i im`im` m`))
3
Ek`c Ek`ccu cu`n `ndn dn` ` njn njntt nntnu tnu snru snru`c `c tn tn`c `cn` n` pjns pjnstm tmd dd dkt ktmd mdnn ek`yk`tuf/ek`cneomj endn`n`
6
Xm Xmhn hnd d okrg okrgun unjn jn` ` dktm dktmdn dn ekrn ekrnsn sn sn sndm dmtt
=
Ek`c Ek`ccu cu`n `ndn dn` ` pndn pndnmn mn` ` okrs okrsmf mf snn snntt ek`y ek`yng ngmd mdn` n` endn`n`
>2
Ek`c Ek`ccu cu`n `ndn dn` ` njns njns dnd dndmm snnt snnt ek` ek`yn yngmd gmdn` n` end endn` n`n` n`
JKEON_ RK@C[D[_N@ Y[F[ ONFN@ OND[ HN@ R_LYKY RKENYNDN@ _K@HN@C Xnfnpn`
Sndtu
Yufu (℉)
Jnepmrn`
?
Rk`mjnmn` Snr`n Hncm`c
Rk`mjnmn` wnr`n hncm`c hk`cn` ekjmfnt wnr`n hncm`c hn` ek`ilildn``yn hk`cn` stn`hnr wnr`n. @mjnm sdlr wnr`n hmtk`tudn` okrhnsnrdn` sdlr stn`hnr wnr`n yn`c pnjm`c sksunm hk`cn` wnr`n hncm`c. Ytn`hnr wnr`n hncm`c tkrhmrm hnrm ntns skeomjn` sdlr eujnm hnrm wnr`n ekrnf euhn fm`ccn ekrnf tun.
Xnokj Rk`mjnmn` Snr`n Hncm`c Rkrsynrntn` Eutu
Rk`mjnmn`
Snr`n Hncm`c
@l
M
MM
MMM
Ekrnf Xkrn`c
Ekrnf dkckjnpn`
Ekrnf Ckjnp
Ydlr > - ;
Ydlr 1 - 3
Ydlr 6 - =
Jkeonr Rk`mjnmn` Snr`n Hncm`c Snr`n Hncm`c Ydlr
Jnepmrn` 9 Entrmx Fnsmj Snwn`inrn
Qnrmnokj
N>
N?
Ek`hksdrmpsmdn` prlhud -
Onfn`-onfn` rk`hn`c
-
Rk`ymepn`n` onfn`-onfn` rk`hn`c
Jnls, gnfk, onwn`c putmf, onwn`c ekrnf, dnyu en`ms, dktueonr, gm`tn`, nsne dn`hms, nsne ckjucur, dkemrm, pnjn, sn`tn`, hnu` gkrud, hnu` skrnm, hnu` du`ymt, hn` hncm`c. - Yktkjn Yktkjnf f ekeok ekeokjm jm h hnr nrmm pn pnsnr snr jn` jn`csu csu`c `c hmjndudn` pkensndn`, skfm`ccn tmhnd nhn pk`ymepn`n` dnrk`n oueou`yn fn`yn u`tud sntu dnjm ensnd. -
Ynnt Ynnt pkeok pkeokjmn jmn` ` on onfn` fn` o ondu ndu suhn suhnf f hmou`c hmou`cdus dus ek`ccu`ndn` pjnstmd skfm`ccn suhnf pnstm tkrtutup
Yn`tn`, onwn`c ekrnf, jnls, inok cmjm`c, hncm`c
Rndnm pjnstmd yn`c hmpkrljkf hnrm pnsnr
-
Rk`hmstrmousmn` hnrm hnpur dk tkepnt pk`yngmn` Ensn smepn` rk`hn`c Rk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c yn`c suhnf entn`c
- Ekeonwn`yn ek`ccu`ndn` en`cdud - Snhnf tmhnd tkrtutup Hun fnrm
- Ekendnm en`cdud - Snhnf tmhnd tkrtutup Yntu em`ccu gmdn hmpn`nsdn` dkeonjm
-
Ekendnm wnhnf yn`c hmpndnm snnt ekeonwn rk`hn`c hnrm hnpur dk ktnjnsk
-
Ekendnm en`cdud yn`c hmpndnm snnt pk`hmstrmousmn` hnrm hnpur dk ktnjnsk En`cdud okronfn` hnsnr stnm`jkss stkkj
?2=
Qnrmnokj -
Dkensn`/wnhnf u`tud pkeou`cdus rk`hn`c
N>
N?
Ekendnm pjnstmd yn`c hmpndnm okrudurn` sktk`cnf dmjlcrne. Npnomjn ekeokjm rk`hn`c hmtneonf hk`cn` `nsm ek`ccu`ndn` dkrtns pkeou`cdus/`nsm
Ekendnm pjnstmd ok`m`c. Dnjnu ekeokjm`yn hk`cn` `nsm ek`ccu`ndn` dkrtns pkeou`cdus/`nsm
Euhn snepnm tun
Euhn snepnm tun
Ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm tugun` prlhud -
[smn pkeokjm rk`hn`c
Ek`cdl`amrensm njur prlsks hmjnpn`cn` -
Rrlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c
-
Rkrnjntn` yn`c hmpndnm ekeount rk`hn`c Sndtu ensnd rk`hn`c _k`hn`c tmhnd fnoms hnjne wndtu sntu fnrm
-
Hncm`c, hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt hn` skrnm hmiuim tkrjkomf hnfuju. Dkeuhmn` skrnm hmpmpmfdn` ek`ccu`ndn` ujkd hn` ilokd. Ensudn` hncm`c, oueou-oueou, hn` sn`tn` dk hnjne wngn`. Xneonfdn` EYC skhmdmt. Xmhnd hmtneonfdn` cnrne dnrk`n hmoueou fnjus suhnf hmokrm cnrne. Sngn`, slhkt, ilokd hn` ujkd
Ensudn` sn`tn` hn` oueou tu`ccu fm`ccn okrem`ynd. Dkeuhmn` ensudn` hncm`c yn`c hmpltl`c tmpms-tmpms. Ensnd hk`cn` npm dkimj.
Hun snepnm tmcn gne Xmhnd hmsmepn` hm jkenrm ks. Hmpn`nsdn` dkeonjm hn` hmtutup rnpnt ek`ccu`ndn` tutup pn`im
Hun snepnm tmcn gne Gn`cn` hmsmepn` hm jkenrm ks tktnpm hmpn`nsdn` dkeonjm hn` hmtneonfdn` nmr skhmdmt ncnr tmhnd tkrjnju dkrm`c. Dkeuhmn`
Sngn` hn` slhkt
hmtutup ek`ccu`ndn` dnm`
Qnrmnokj Ek`k`tudn` upnyn-upnyn pkronmdn` - Ek`curn`cm dl`tnem`nsm rk`hn`c
N>
Hmtutup ek`ccu`ndn` tmrnm
N?
Hmtutup pndnm tmrnm
Jnepmrn` 8 Dutmpn` Xrn`sdmp Ek`hksdrmpsmdn` Rrlhud Ek`hksdrmpsmdn` prlhud
Np Npnn
sngn sngn
on onfn fn``-on onfn fn` `
yn` yn`c c hmoutu hmoutufdn fdn` ` ekeount rk`hn`c<
u`tud u`tud
Oncnmen`n pk`ymepn`n` onfn`-onfn` rk`hn`c<
N>
N?
Dksmepujn`
‚Jnls, gnfk, onwn`c putmf,
‚... gnfk―
Ykeun m`alren`
onwn`c ekrnf, dnyu en`ms, dktueonr, gm`tn`, nsne dn`hms, nsne ckjucur, dkemrm, pnjn― ‚sn`tn`, hncm`c― ‚..., hnu` gkrud― ‚...., hnu` du`ymt, skrnm― ‚....inok cmjm`c.―
‚... sn`tn`, onwn`c ekrnf, jnls, inok cmjm`c, hncm`c snpm―
-
‚yn hmpjnstmd omnsn yn`c hnpnt hnrm pnsnr―
ek`yntndn` onfwn onfn` onfn` ekeount rk`hn`c ynmtu, jnls, gnfk, onwn`c putmf, onwn`c ekrnf, dnyu en`ms, dktueonr, gm`tn`, nsne dn`hms, dkemrm, pnjn, sn`tn`, hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt, skrnm, hn` inok. Ykeun m`alren` ek`yntndn` pk`ymepn`n` onfn`-onfn` rk`hn`c ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf pjnstmd yn`c hmhnpntdn` hnrm pnsnr hn` tmhnd hmsmepn` dnrk`n jn`csu`c fnoms
-
‚Okjm hnrm pnsnr jn`csu`c hmensnd gnhm tmhnd pndnm hmsmepn`. Oueou`yn skdnjm fnoms.― ‚Hnrm pnsnr suhnf hmpjnstmdm`, gnhm suhnf hmou`cdusm` pndnm pjnstmd. Yuhnf pnstm tkrtutup dn`.―
Ek`hksdrmpsmdn` prlhud
N>
Oncnmen`n pk`hmstrmousmn` hnrm hnpur dk tkepnt pk`yngmn`<
-
Okrnpn jnen ensn smepn` rk`hn`c<
‚Hun fnrm. Dnhn`c dnjl rk`hn`c yn`c oncus tnfn` 9 fnrm tuf,
‚Onwn`yn pndk en`cdld omnsn― ‚Dnjl mou tmhnd hmtutup, dnjnu hmtutup `n`tm onsm dnrk`n ensmf pn`ns. Hmoudn sngn―
N?
-
‚Rndnm en`cdld omnsn― ‚Onwn`yn tmhnd hmtutup dnrk`n ensmf pn`ns rk`hn`c`yn, dnjnu jn`csu`c hmtutup `n`tm okrnmr hn` rnsn`yn gnhm okhn―
‚Dnjnu rk`hn`c nwkt`yn mtu skendm` hmpn`nsm` skendm`
Dksmepujn`
Ykeun m`alren` ek`yntndn` pk`hmstrmousmn` rk`hn`c yn`c suhnf entn`c hnrm hnpur dk tkepnt pk`yngmn` (ktnjnsk) ek`ccu`ndn` en`cdld omnsn hk`cn` okronfn` stnm`jkss stkkj hn` tmhnd tkrtutup dnrk`n ensmf hnjne dknhnn` pn`ns hmdfnwntmrdn` endn`n` ek`gnhm onsm ntnu rnsn`yn okrokhn M`alren` ek`yntndn` ensn smepn` rk`hn`c skjnen hun
yn`c entn`c`yn dkrm`c snepk mtke on`ckt―
oncus, tneonf k`nd hmn. Omsn tnfn` skjnen skem`ccu. Iuen okhn`yn `n`tm endm` fmtne. Endm` jnen endm` fmtne jkomf oncus hmn. Xneonf dkjunr em`ynd`yn―
fnrm tktnpm rk`hn`c yn`c oncus tnfn` snepnm tmcn fnrm hn` gmdn skendm` hmpn`nsdn` tkrus ek`krus omsn tnfn` skjnen skem`ccu
Ek`hksdrmpsmdn` prlhud
Oncnmen`n pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c yn`c suhnf entn`c<
N>
-
‚Rndk en`cdld, jn`csu`c hnrm hnpur mtu― ‚Mtu pndk en`cdld yn`c onfn``yn stnm`jkss
N?
‚Myn mtu pndk wnhnf yn`c hnrm hnpur (en`cdld). Dnjnu uhnf hm`cm` onru hmtutup. Gn`cn` hmtnrl hm dujdns―
stkkj― Dkensn`/wnhnf npn yn`c hmpndnm u`tud ekeou`cdus rk`hn`c<
Rndk pjnstmd omnsn yn`c sktk`cnf dmjl. Dnjl okjm`yn snen `nsm yn pndk dkrtns `nsm hmou`cdus`yn
pndk pjnstmd ok`m`c cmtu tnpm dnhn`c pndk dkrtns `nsm gucn dnjl okjm`yn snen `nsm, dnjl okjm`yn cn pndk `nsm onru pndk pjnstmd
Dksmepujn`
Ykeun m`alren` ek`yntndn` pk`ymepn`n` rk`hn`c hm ktnjnsk ek`ccu`ndn` wnhnf en`cdld yn`c hmonwn hnrm hnpur Ykeun m`arlen` ek`yntndn` dkensn`/wnhnf u`tud ekeou`cdus rk`hn`c ek`ccu`ndn` pjnstmd hn` dkrtns `nsm gmdn dl`suek` ekeokjm rk`hn`c hmtneonf hk`cn` `nsm
Dutmpn` Xrn`sdmp Ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm Xugun` Rrlhud Ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm tugun` prlhud [smn okrnpndnf yn`c ekeokjm rk`hn`c<
N>
‚Enike-enike.. Hnrm YER snepk ‚Enike-enike tun. ]n hnrm euhn snepk tun jnf―
N?
‚Cnd tk`tu. Nhn yn`c tun nhn yn`c euhn―
Dksmepujn`
Ykeun m`alren` ek`yntndn` yn`c ekeokjm
Ek`cmhk`tmamdnsm tugun` prlhud
N>
N?
Dksmepujn`
rk`hn`c hnrm rk`tn`c usmn euhn snepnm hk`cn` tun
Dutmpn` Xrn`sdmp Ek`cdl`amrensm Njur Rrlsks hm Jnpn`cn` Ek`cdl`amrensm njur prlsks hmjnpn`cn` Oncnmen`n prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c<
N>
-
-
‚Dn` enu ensnd rk`hn`c `mf, hncm`c hmiuim huju tkrus hmensudm`, dn` ensudm` sn`tn` `mf, tkrus ensudm` hnu` skeun, tkrus hmnhud huju skeun. Gnhm dnyn jnls, gnfk, onwn`c putmf, onwn`c ekrnf, inok cmjm`c.― ‚Rkrtnen `nrl hncm`c, tkrus oueou-oueou, sn`tn`
N?
-
-
―]n`c pkrtnen sn`tn` hmensudm`, dnjnu uhnf okrem`ynd hmensudm` hncm`c`yn. Dn` eltl`c hncm`c`yn tmpms-tmpms tuf. ― ―Myn, npm`yn dkimj, cnd oljkf ckhk. Dnjnu ckhk
Dksmepujn`
M`alren` ek`yntndn` prlsks pkeountn` rk`hn`c hk`cn` ekensuddn` hncm`c, sn`tn`, hn` oueou dkeuhmn` hmnhud snepnm rntn. Jnju ensuddn` EYC (emim`) skhmdmt. Hmensnd hk`cn` npm dkimj.
-
-
jn`csu`c hmensnd.― ― Myn hnu` gkrud, hnu` du`ymt, skrnm iuim okrsmf, tkrus skrnm hm ckprkd ensudm``yn nwnj skeun. Ykeun onfn` hmensudm` pns nwnj skeun ―Dn` hm oueou uhnf nhn cnrne`yn―
-
`n`tm onu`yn sk`cmt. ―Myn uhnf hminepurm` (oueou hn` sn`tn`) ―
Ek`cdl`amrensm njur prlsks hmjnpn`cn`
N> -
Rkrnjntn` yn`c hmpndnm ekeount rk`hn`c
-
―Myn dnsmf skhmdmt emim`― ―Sng ―Sngn` n` ntnu ntnu dunj dunjm, m, dnjl dnjl lrn`c sm`m omjn`c`yn omjn`c`yn wngn`, dnjl dmtn omjn`c`yn dunjm―
‚Ylh ‚Ylhkt kt,, sl slhk hktt yn`c yn`c ok oksm sm oljkf ntnu dnyu tkrskrnf― - ―Rndk ilokd snen ujkdn``yn, `tnr dnyn hmtueoud cmtu― Sndtu ensnd rk`hn`c - ―Hun gne. ― - ―Myn, tnpm tkrcn`tu`c gucn, dnjl rk`hn`c yn`c snepk mtke on`ckt yn`c tnfn` 9 fnrm mtu 9 gne. _k`hn`c pnhn`c yn`c oncus mtu 9 gne. ― _k`hn`c tmhnd fnoms hnjne ―Cnd hmensudm` dujdns, hmpn`nsm` jncm tkrus hmtutup pndk tutupn` wndtu sntu fnrm pn`im yn`c rnpkt―
-
-
-
N?
-
-
―Sngn`, dnjnu hmdnepu`c `nen`yn tnjk`n`c. ―
Ykeun m`alren` ek`yntndn` njnt yn`c hmcu`ndn` u`tud ekensnd
―Ynen slhkt gucn. ―
rk`hn`c nhnjnf pk`cclrk`cn`, slhkt, ilokd, hn` ujkd
―9 gne, dnjnu yn`c jkomf oncus`yn ? ’ 9 gne―
-
-
Dksmepujn`
Ykeun m`alren` ek`yntndn` wndtu yn`c hmpkrjudn` u`tud ekensnd rk`hn`c ynmtu ? ’ 9 gne
―Hmpn`nsm` jncm― ―Gn`cn` smepn` hmjkenrm ks― ―Dnjnu hmsmepn` hmdujdns cnd oncus hmn, gnhm hmtutup ngn― ―Myn hmpn`nsm`,
Ykeun m`alren` ek`yntndn` npnomjn rk`hn`c tmhnd fnoms hnjne wndtu sntu fnrm tmhnd hmensuddn` dk hnjne jkenrm ks. Hmpn`nsdn`
hmtneonfm` nmr hmdmt omnr cnd tkrjnju dkrm`c―
dkeonjm dkeuhmn` hmtutup
Ek`cdl`amrensm njur prlsks hmjnpn`cn`
N>
N? -
Dksmepujn`
―Hmtutup pndk dnm` yn`c gnrn`c-gnrn`c―
Dutmpn` Xrn`sdmp Ek`k`tudn` [pnyn-[pnyn Rkronmdn` Ek`k`tudn` upnyn-upnyn pkronmdn` Oncnmen`n inrn ek`curn`cm dl`tnem`nsm rk`hn`c<
N>
-
―]n mtu mou tutup pndk tmrnm ngn. ― ―Myn cn hmtutup iuen pndk clrhk`. ―
N?
―Hmtutup ngn pndk clrhk`, dnjnu hmtnrl hmpngn`cn` dn` pndk clrhk`―
Dksmepujn`
Ykeun m`alren` ek`yntndn` u`tud ek`curn`cm nhn`yn dl`tnem`nsm pnhn rk`hn`c hmtutup ek`ccu`ndn` tmrnm ntnu clrhk`
Jnepmrn` ; Rrlsks Rkensndn` _k`hn`c
Cneonr > Yn`tn` hn` oueou
Cneonr ? Hncm`c yn`c suhnf
Cneonr 9 Rrlsks ekensnd
hminepurdn` hk`cn` oueou
Cneonr 8 _k`hn`c hmjktnddn` hm ktnjnsk hk`cn` wnhnf tkroudn
Cneonr ; Rrlsks ekeokjm hncm`c hm pnsnr
rk`hn`c
Cneonr 1 Rrlsks ekeokjm oueou hm pnsnr
Cneonr 3 Rrlsks ekeokjm sn`tn` hm pnsnr
?>6
Jnepmrn` 1 Fnsmj Rk`cugmn` Jnolrntlrmue Jnolrntlrmue
Jnepmrn` 3 Rk`mjnmn` N`njmsms _msmdl
Entrmds Rk`k`tun` _msmdl Xm`cdnt Dkeu`cdm`n` Xkrgnhm ( Rrlonomjmty) Rrlonomjmty)
Xm`cdnt Dkpnrnfn` ( Ykvkrmty) Ykvkrmty)
Xmhnd tkrgnhm (>)
Dnhn`c tkrgnhm (?)
Ykrm`c tkrgnhm (9)
Rnstm tkrgnhm (8)
Yn`cnt tm`ccm (8)
8
6
>?
>1
Xm`ccm (9)
9
1
=
>?
Ykhn`c (?)
?
8
1
6
_k`hnf (>)
>
?
9
8
Rk`ktnpn` Xm`cdnt Dkeu`cdm`n` Xkrgnhm ( Rrlonomjmty Rrlonomjmty)) @mjnm/ _ntm`c _ntm`c Xm`cdnt
Drmtkrmn/Hksdrmpsm
Dkeu`cdm`n`
>
Endsmenj > dnjm hnjne > tnfu`
?
? ’ >2 dnjm hnjne > tnfu`
9
>> ’ ?2 dnjm hnjne > tnfu`
8
Jkomf hnrm ?2 dnjm hnjne > tnfu`
Rk`ktnpn` Xm`cdnt Dkpnrnfn` (Ykvkrmty (Ykvkrmty)) @mjnm/ _ntm`c _ntm`c tm`cdnt Dkpnrnfn`
>
Drmtkrmn/Hksdrmpsm
Ek`ccn`ccu pk`nepndn` hn` dk`ynen`n` hnjne ek`cdl`suesm prlhud
?
Cn`ccun` rm`cn` yn`c tmhnd okrhnepnd pnhn dkskfntn`
@mjnm/ _ntm`c _ntm`c tm`cdnt Dkpnrnfn`
9
Drmtkrmn/Hksdrmpsm
Cn`ccun` yn`c okrhnepnd pnhn dkskfntn` hnjne gn`cdn pk`hkd enupu` pn`gn`c
8
Cn`ccun` okrnt yn`c okrhnepnd pnhn dkentmn`
Xm`cdnt
Onfnyn ( Fnznrh Fnznrh ) @l. Amsmd
>
Dkrtns, pnsmr, tn`nf, rneout, hkou, ouju
?
Dnrkt, dkrmdmj, ontu dkimj, pltl`cn` dnyu
9
Dltlrn` hn` oncmn` tuouf skrn`ccn ntnu om`ntn`c jnm``yn skpkrtm imind, tmdus, jnjnt
Dmemn
Inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c allh crnhk Inmrn` pk`iuim pmrm`c `l` allh crnhk
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-
-
-
8
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Rltl`cn` jlcne Rkinfn` dnin
Omljlcm
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_ksmhu pkstmsmhn Onfn` pk`cnwkt okronfnyn (Alrenjm`) Jlcne okrnt Rkstmsmhn
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-
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Dnpn`c Gneur N`cdn jkepk`c tltnj Iljmalre Ytnpfyjliliiu s nurkus Onimjjus ikrkus Ijlstrmhmu e pkrarm`ck`s Ksifkrmifmn iljm Ynjel`kjjn
Jnepmrn` 6 Jkeonr Rk`ckikdn`, N`njmsms Jnolrntlrmue, hn` Rk`cudurn`
JKEON_ RK@CKIKDN@ ONFN@ OND[ O[EO[ Dktkrn`cn` @l
Nspkd yn`c hmnentm
>
Onfn Onfn` ` end endn` n`n` n` hn hnjn jne e dl`h dl`hmsm msm on onmd md,, ttmh mhnd nd rusnd rusnd,, hn` hn`
]n
Xmhnd
tmhnd ekeousud ?
_kep _kepnf nf yn yn`c `c hm hmlj ljnf nf ek`g ek`gnh nhmm o oue ueou ou cmjm` cmjm`c ch hmp mpmj mjmf mf yn`c skcnr, okrsmf, hn` tmhnd okrgneur
9
Oueo Oueou u hms hmsme mepn pn` ` hnj hnjne ne wnhn wnhnf f dkh dkhnp np uh uhnr nrnn hn` hn` tkrtutup rnpnt
8
Ynnt Ynnt pk pken engn` gn`cn cn`, `, ou oueo eou u hmtk hmtkep epnt ntdn dn` ` pnh pnhnn wnh wnhnf nf yn`c tkrtutup
JKEON_ LOYK_QNYM RK_YL@NJ FMCMK@K RKHNCN@C O[EO[ @l
>
Nspkd yn`c hmnentm
Rkhn Rkhncn cn`c `c tmhnd tmhnd ok okrsm rsm` ` hn` hn` on ontu tud d snn snntt ekjn ekjnyn yn`m `m pkeokjm
?
Ek`i Ek`iui uimm ttn` n`cn cn` ` sko skokj kjue ue ekeo ekeou` u`cd cdus us oueo oueou u
9
Ekel Ekeltl tl`c `c hn` hn` ek`g ek`gnc ncnn dko dkokr krsm smfn fn` ` dud dudu u
8
Ek`c Ek`ck` k`nd ndn` n` pn pndn dnmn` mn` hn hn` ` ikj ikjke kekd kd yn yn`c `c ok okrs rsmf mf..
;
Eke Ekend ndnm nm pk pk`u `utu tup p dkp dkpnj njnn yn` yn`c c okr okrssmf
1
Xmhn Xmhnd d sn sneo eomj mj endn endn` ` hn` hn` ekrl ekrldl dld d dkt dktmd mdnn ekj ekjny nyn` n`mm pkeokjm
3
Xmhn Xmhnd d ek`c ek`ck` k`nd ndn` n` pk pkrf rfmn mnsn sn` ` (il` (il`tl tlf7 f7 im`i im`im` m`))
6
Ek`c Ek`ccu cu`n `ndn dn` ` njn njntt nntnu tnu snru snru`c `c tn tn`c `cn` n` pjns pjnstm tmd dd dkt ktmd mdnn ek`yk`tuf/ek`cneomj oueou fnjus
Rk`cnentn` ]n
Xmhnd
=
Ek`c Ek`ccu cu`n `ndn dn` ` pndn pndnmn mn` ` okrs okrsmf mf snn snntt okrg okrgun unjn jn` `
>2
Ek`c Ek`ccu cu`n `ndn dn` ` njns njns dnd dndmm snnt snnt okr okrgu gunj njn` n`
JKEON_ RK@CKIKDN@ ONFN@ OND[ YN@XN@ Dktkrn`cn` @l
Nspkd yn`c hmnentm
>
Onfn Onfn` ` end endn` n`n` n` hn hnjn jne e dl`h dl`hmsm msm on onmd md,, ttmh mhnd nd rusnd rusnd,, hn` hn` tmhnd ekeousud
?
Dkjnpn yn`c ndn` hmljnf ek`gnhm dkjnpn pnrut ntnu
]n
Xmhnd
sn`tn` hmpmjmf yn`c skcnr hn` oncus. Omjn hmcu`in`cdn` tkrhk`cnr ou`ym dlildn` nmr 9
Dkjn Dkjnpn pn pn pnru rutt h hn` n` sn`tn sn`tn` ` hmsm hmsmnp npdn dn` ` jjn` n`cs csu` u`c c snn snntt nnhn hn pkeokjm
JKEON_ LOYK_QNYM RK_YL@NJ FMCMK@K RKHNCN@C YN@XN@ Rk`cnentn` @l
>
Nspkd yn`c hmnentm
Rkhn Rkhncn cn`c `c tmhnd tmhnd ok okrsm rsm` ` hn` hn` on ontu tud d snn snntt ekjn ekjnyn yn`m `m pkeokjm
?
Ek`i Ek`iui uimm ttn` n`cn cn` ` sko skokj kjue ue ekeo ekeou` u`cd cdus us oueo oueou u
9
Ekel Ekeltl tl`c `c hn` hn` ek`g ek`gnc ncnn dko dkokr krsm smfn fn` ` dud dudu u
8
Ek`c Ek`ck` k`nd ndn` n` pn pndn dnmn` mn` hn hn` ` ikj ikjke kekd kd yn yn`c `c ok okrs rsmf mf..
;
Eke Ekend ndnm nm pk pk`u `utu tup p dkp dkpnj njnn yn` yn`c c okr okrssmf
1
Xmhn Xmhnd d sn sneo eomj mj endn endn` ` hn` hn` ekrl ekrldl dld d dkt dktmd mdnn ekj ekjny nyn` n`mm
3
pkeokjm Xmhn Xmhnd d ek`c ek`ck` k`nd ndn` n` pk pkrf rfmn mnsn sn` ` (il` (il`tl tlf7 f7 im`i im`im` m`))
6
Ek`c Ek`ccu cu`n `ndn dn` ` njn njntt nntnu tnu snru snru`c `c tn tn`c `cn` n` pjns pjnstm tmd dd dkt ktmd mdnn ek`cljnf dkjnpn
=
Ek`c Ek`ccu cu`n `ndn dn` ` pndn pndnmn mn` ` okrs okrsmf mf snn snntt okrg okrgun unjn jn` `
>2
Ek`c Ek`ccu cu`n `ndn dn` ` njns njns dnd dndmm snnt snnt okr okrgu gunj njn` n`
]n
Xmhnd
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