skala waktu geologi

Eon

Era

Periode[1]

Fanerozoikum

Kala//Seri Kala

Peristiwa utama

Mulai, juta tahun yang lalu[2]

0.011430 ± 0.00013[4]

Holosen

Akhir glasiasi Akhir glasiasi dan kebangkitan peradaban kebangkitan peradaban manusia.

Pleistosen

Berkembangnya dan selanjutnya punahnya banyak mamalia mamalia besar ( besar (megaf auna Pleist osen osen). ). Evolusi manusia modern secara 1.806 ± 0.005 * anatomis. Awal Zam Zaman an Es terkini.

Pliosen

Iklim dingin dan kering. Australopitheca ; banyak mamalia dan moluska yang saat ini ada mulai muncul. Homo  Homo habilis muncul.

5.332 ± 0.005 *

Miosen

Iklim moderat; Orogeny di  di  bela han utara. Mamalia dan familia burung familia burungmodern modern dikenali. Berbagai kuda dan mastodon mastodon berkembang.  berkembang. Rumput Rumputtumbuh tumbuh di mana-mana. Kera pertama muncul.

23.03 ± 0.05 *

Oligosen

Iklim hangat; Evolusi dan diversifikasi pada fauna pesat, terutamamamalia terutamamamalia.. Evolusi dan penyebaran utama berbagai  jenis tumbuh an berbu nga modern.

33.9±0.1 *

Eosen

Mamalia kuno (mis. Creodont Creodont,, Condylarth Condylarth,, Uintatheriidae Uintatheriidae,, dll) berkembang. Munculnya beberapa keluarga mamalia "modern". Paus  primitif terdiversifikasi.Rumput terdiversifikasi. Rumput pertama.  pertama. Ice cap  berkembang di diAntarktika Antarktika..

55.8±0.2 *

Paleosen

Iklim tropis. Tumbuhan modern muncul; Mamalia terdiversikasi menjadi beberapa garis keturunan primitif  menyusul kepun ahan dinosa urus urus.. Mamalia besar pertama (sampai seukuran beruang atau kuda nil kecil).

65.5±0.3 *

Tumbuh an berbun ga ga berkembang,  berkembang, bersama dengan jenis-jenis baruinsekta baruinsekta.. Ikan Ikan bertulang  bertulang sejati (Teleostei (Teleostei)) modern mulai  bermunculan.  bermunculan.Ammonita Ammonita,, Belemnoidea Belemnoidea,, Bivalvia rudist rudist,, Echinoidea dan Porifera umum ditemukan. Banyak jenis  baru dinosaurus (mis. Tyrannosauridae Tyrannosauridae,,Titanosauridae Titanosauridae,, Hadrosauridae Hadrosauridae,, dan Ceratopsidae Ceratopsidae)) berkembang,  jugaCrocodilia  jugaCrocodilia modern; mosasaurus dan hiu modern muncul di laut. Burung primitif perlahan menggantikan pterosaurus menggantikan pterosaurus.. Mamalia monotremata monotremata,,marsupialia and eutheria eutheria bermunculan.  bermunculan. Gondwana terpecah.

99.6±0.9 *

 Neogen [3]

Kenozoikum

Paleogen [3]

Atas /Akhi r  Kapur  Bawah /Awal

Atas /Akhi r 

Jura

Tengah

Mesozoikum

Trias

161.2 ± 4.0 Gymnospermae (terutama tumbuh an runjun g, Bennettitales dan sikas sikas)) dan paku-pakuan dan paku-pakuan umum ditemukan. Banyak   jenis dinosaurus dinosaurus,, seperti sepertisauropoda sauropoda,, carnosaurus carnosaurus,, and stegosaurus stegosaurus.. Mamalia kecil umum ditemukan. Burung pertama dan hewan melata bersisik (Squamata (Squamata). ).Ichthyosaurus Ichthyosaurus dan plesiosaurus dan plesiosaurus berkembang.  berkembang. Bivalvia Bivalvia,, ammonita danBelemnoidea danBelemnoidea juga  juga 175.6 ± 2.0 *  banyak dijumpai. Bul u bab i sangat umum, juga lili laut, laut,  bint ang laut, Porifera Porifera,, Brachiopoda Brachiopoda,, Terebratulida Terebratulida,, danRhynchonellida danRhynchonellida.. Terpecahnya Pangaea menjadi Gondwana danLaurasia danLaurasia..

Bawah /Awal

199.6 ± 0.6

Atas /Akhi r 

228.0 ± 2.0

Tengah

Dinosaurus mendominasi: Archosaurus di daratan, Ichthyosaurus dan Nothosaurus di lautan, dan Pterosaurus di udara. Cynodonta menjadi lebih kecil dan lebih menyerupai mamalia; mamalia dan crocodilia pertama muncul. Dicrodium merupakan flora umum di daratan. Banyak terdapat amfibiTemnospondylus amfibi Temnospondylus . Ammonita sangat umum. Koral modern dan ikan bertulang sejati (Teleostei (Teleostei)) muncul, dan juga banyak insekta. insekta.

Lopingian

Perm

Guadalupian

Cisuralian

260.4 ± 0.7 * Daratan bergabung menjadi superbenua Pangaea Pangaea,, membentuk Pegun Pegun ungan Appal achia achia.. Akhir tahap glasial PermoCarboniferous. Carboniferous.Reptilia Synapsida (Pelycosaurus dan Therapsida Therapsida)) melimpah, sementara parareptilia sementara parareptilia dan [Amfibia Temnospondylia masih umum ditemukan. Pada zaman Perm pertengahan, flora zaman Karbon mulai digantikan oleh tumbuh an runju ng (tumbuhan berbiji sejati pertama) dantumbu dantumbu han lumut sejati pertama. Kumbang dan serangga 270.6 ± 0.7 *   bers ayap dua  berevolusi. Kehidupan laut berkembang di bagian terumbu dangkal yang  berevolusi. hangat; Brachiopoda (Productida dan Spiriferida Spiriferida)) , Bivalva Bivalva,, Foraminifera Foraminifera,, dan amonit Orthocerida melimpah. Kepunahan massal antara Perm dan Trias terjadi 251 juta tahun yang lalu: 95 persen kehidupan di bumi pun, termasuk  seluruh trilobita trilobita,, graptolita graptolita,, dan Blastoidea Blastoidea.. 299.0 ± 0.8 *

Atas /Akhi r  Karbon[5]/ Pennsyl-Pennsyl vanian

Karbon[5]/ Mississippian

Tengah

306.5 ± 1.0

Winged insects radiate suddenly; some (esp. Protodonata andPalaeodictyoptera andPalaeodictyoptera)) are quite large. Amphibians common and diverse. First reptiles and coal forests (scale trees, trees, ferns, club trees, trees, giant horsetails, horsetails, Cordaites , etc.). Highest311.7 ± 1.1 ever oxygen ever oxygen levels. Goniatites Goniatites,, brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas. Testateforams forams proliferate.  proliferate.

Bawah /Awal

318.1 ± 1.3 *

Atas /Akhi r 

326.4 ± 1.6

Tengah

Large primitive Large primitive trees, trees, first land vertebrates, vertebrates, and amphibious sea-scorpions live amid coal coal-forming -forming coastal swamps swamps.. Lobefinnedrhizodonts finnedrhizodonts are big fresh-water predators. In the oceans, early sharks are common and quite diverse; echinoderms (esp. crinoids and blastoids and blastoids)) abundant. Corals Corals,, bryozoa  bryozoa,, goniatites and brachiopods (Productida Productida,,Spiriferida Spiriferida,, etc.) very common. But trilobites and nautiloids decline.Glaciation decline.Glaciation in East Gondwana Gondwana..

Atas /Akhi r 

Tengah

345.3 ± 2.1

359.2 ± 2.5 *

Bawah /Awal

Devon

245.0 ± 1.5

251.0 ± 0.4 *

Bawah /Awal

Paleozoikum

145.5 ± 4.0

First clubmosses clubmosses,, horsetails and ferns appear, as do the first seed seed-- bearing  bearing plants ( progymnosperms),  progymnosperms), first trees (the treefern Archaeopteris ), and first (wingless) insects insects.. Strophomenid and atrypid brachiopods  brachiopods,, rugose and tabulate corals, and crinoids are all abundant in the oceans. Goniatite ammonoids are plentiful, while squid-likecoleoids squid-likecoleoids arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes  placoderms,  (placoderms, lobe-finned and ray-finned fish, and early sharks sharks)) rule the

385.3 ± 2.6 *

397.5 ± 2.7 *

Bawah /Awal

seas. First amphibians still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of Euramerica.

418.7 ± 2.7 *

Pridoli

Atas/Akhir (Ludlow) Silur  Wenlock 

First vascular  plants (the whisk ferns and their relatives), first millipedesand arthropleurids on land. First jawed fishes, as well as manyarmoured jawless fish, populate the seas. Sea-scorpions reach large size. Tabulate and rugose corals, brachiopods ( Pentamerida ,Rhynchonellida, etc.), and crinoids all abundant. Trilobites and mollusksdiverse; graptolites not as varied.

 Neop roter ozoikum

Proter ozoikum [7]

Prakam  brium

Atas /Akhi r 

460.9 ± 1.6 * Invertebrates diversify into many new types (e.g., long strai ght- shell edcephalopods). Early corals, articulate brachiopods (Orthida ,Strophomenida , etc.), bivalves, nautiloids, trilobites, ostracods, bryozoa, many types of echinoderms (crinoids, cystoids, starfish, etc.), branchedgraptolites, and other taxa all common. Conodonts (early planktonicvertebrates) appear. First green plants and fungi on land. Ice age at end of period.

488.3 ± 1.7 *

Atas/Akhir (Furongian)

501.0 ± 2.0 *

Tengah

Major diversification of life in the Kambri um Explosi on. Many fossils; most modern animal phyla appear. First chordates appear, along with a number of extinct, problematic phyla. Reef-buildingArchaeocyathaabundant; then vanish. Trilobites, priapulid worms, sponges, inarticulate brachiopods (unhinged lampshells), and many other animals numerous. Anomalocarids are giant predators, while many Ediacaran fauna die out. Prokaryotes, protists (e.g., forams), fungi and algaecontinue to present day. Gondwana emerges.

630

850 [8]

Tonian

1000 [8]

Siderian

Rodinia supercontinent persists. Trace fossils of simple multi-celled eukaryotes. First radiation of dinoflagellate-like acritarchs.

1200 [8] 1400 [8] 1600 [8]

First complex single-celled life: protists with nuclei. Columbia is the primordial supercontinent.

1800 [8]

The atmosphere became oxygenic. Vredefort and Sudbury Basin asteroid impacts. Much orogeny.

2050 [8]

Bushv eld Format ion occurs. Huronian glaciation.

2300 [8]

Oxygen Catastrophe: banded iron formations result.

2500 [8]

Stabilization of most modern cratons; possible mantle overturn event.

2800 [8]

First stromatolites (probably colonial cyanobacteria). Oldest macrofossils.

3200 [8]

Paleoarkean

First known oxygen-producing bacteria. Oldest definitive microfossils.

3600 [8]

Eoarkean

Simple single-celled life (probably bacteria and perhaps archaea). Oldest probable microfossils.

3800

 Neoarkean Arkean Mesoarkean

[7][9]

542.0 ± 0.3 *

Cryogenian Possible "snowball Earth" period. Fossils still rare. Rodinia landmass begins to break up.

Paleo prote ro- Orosirian zoikum Rhyacian

Hadean

Good fossils of multi-celled animals. Ediacaran fauna (or Vendobionta) flourish worldwide in seas. Trace fossils of worm-like Trichophycus , etc. First sponges andtrilobitomorphs. Enigmatic forms include oval-shaped Dickinsonia , frond-shapedCharniodiscus , and many soft-jellied creatures.

513.0 ± 2.0

+5/-30 *

Statherian

[7]

471.8 ± 1.6

Bawah /Awal

Stenian  Narrow highly metamorphic belts due to orogeny as supercontinent Rodinia is formed. Mesop roter oEctasian Platform covers continue to expand. Green algae colonies in the seas. zoikum Calymmian Platform covers expand.

[6]

428.2 ± 2.3 *

443.7 ± 1.5 *

Bawah /Awal

Ediacaran

422.9 ± 2.5 *

Bawah/Awal (Llandovery)

Ordovisium Tengah

Kambrium

416.0 ± 2.8 *

Pembentukan bumi (4570 jtl). Zircon, mineral tertua yang diketahui (4400 jtl).