Sistemas y Metodos de Entrenamiento

 

TJTPFIMT/IÊPE@ET @F FKPXFKMIJFKPE @F^EXPJQE   ^XEA. F@BMX CE^MPFBVJ DEXTJKE I.M., Ajsjecebém `fc Fgfrdjdje Vkjvfrsj`m` Jktfrmifrjdmkm `f ^X - Iftre, Amductm` `f F`udmdjôk, @fpt. `f F`udmdjôk Aésjdm ^E Hex =:=8:4, Tmk Gumk, ^X >>:=:-=8:4 \Pfc7 86>-=:=8, _88?1< Amx7 8?=-2>2:Y

  Ces sjstfims `f fktrfkmijfkte rfprfsfktmk cms pmutms dekdrftms `f trmhmge quf sf utjcjzmk pmrm cm prfpmrmdjôk `f uk `fpertjstm. @jdoes sjstfims husdmk `jafrfktfs pmutms, fk dumkte m su mpcjdmdjôk. Dumk`e sf mpcjdm m ukm dumcj`m` aésjdm dekdrftm, ym ke sf trmtm `f uk sjstfim, sjke `f uk Iête`e7  

 Tjstfim7 ^mutms bfkfrmcfs, `f te`ms cms dumcj`m`fs.  Iête`e7 ^mutms fspfdéajdms, `f ukm dumcj`m` dekdrftm.

^mrm`fquf uk mtcftm puf`m pesffr rfmcfs `f trjukae, êstf `fhf sfbujr uk sjstfim prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm fspfdéajde, j.f.,fxpfdtmtjvms sfb÷k su sjstfim fkfrbêtjde prf`eijkmktf. Fxjstf ukm `jvfrsj`m` `f tjpes `f fktrfkmijfktes pmrm mtcftms `f `fpertfs jk`jvj`jucfs y `f dekgukte. Fktrf fstes sjstfims, sf fkdufktrmk mqufcces quf `fsmrreccmk su mptjtu` iusducmr (aertmcfzm, petfkdjm y tecfrmkdjm iusducmr), vfcedj`m` e rmpj`êz (dmpmdj`m` mkmfrôhjdm), ievjcj`m` (acfxjhjcj`m`) y tecfrmkdjm dmr`jerfspjrmterjm (dmpmdj`m` mfrôhjdm).

TFCFDDJÔK @FC IÊPE@E @F FKPXFKMIJFKPE   ^mrm pe`fr fsdebfr fc iête`e `f fktrfkmijfkte mprepjm`e pmrm fc `fpertf fk quf sf deipjtf, fs rfqufrj`e prjifre `ftfrijkmr ces sjstfims fkfrbêtjdes quf prf`eijkmk fk su `fpertf. ^mrm fstes prepôsjtes, sf puf`f deksuctmr cm Pmhcm =. Pmhcm =

Iête`es `f Fktrfkmijfkte y su Dektrjhudjôk Xfcmtjvm  `f ces Tjstfims Fkfrbêtjdes

 

Iête`e `f Fktrfkmijfkte

@fsdrjpdjôk

Aesaíbfke y Mkmfrôhjde Mfrôhjde Bcudecétjde- y Mfrôhjde  Mkmfrôhjde

(%)

(%)

 

(%) Dmrrfrms `f Muifktes brm`umcfs fk cm vfcedj`m` vfcedj`m` `f `f cm dmrrfrm mdfcfrmdjôk Dmrrfrm rípj`m Dmrrfrm pf`fstrf e kmtmdjôk `f cmrbm dektékum `jstmkdjm m ukm dm`fkdjm rípj`m Dmrrfrm cfktm Dmrrfrm pf`fstrf kmtmdjôk cfktm `f cmrbm dektékum `jstmkdjm m ukme dm`fkdjm Dmrrfrms `f vfcedj`m` jktfrpufstms Dmrrfrms `f vfcedj`m` amcsms  per pfrje`es `f tretmr e dmijkmr  ^frje`es `f trmhmge rfpftj`es Fktrfkmijfkte jktfrpufstes dek pfrje`es `f jktfrvícjde `fsdmkse Dmrfrm dektjkum cfktm m trmvês `f ukm Pretmr  `jstmkdjm ie`frm`m (f.b., 8 e 4 ijccms) Tjijcmr mc fktrfkmijfkte jktfrvícjde, Xfpftjdjekfs  pfre dek pfrje`es `f trmhmge y `f `f rfdupfrmdjôk iís precekbm`es Dmrrfrms rípj`ms y cfktms sehrf Amrtcfl  tfrrfkes kmturmcfs y vmrjm`es Dmrrfrms `f vfcedj`m` rfpftj`ms Fktrfkmijfkte fgfdutm`ms ukm jktfksj`m` iíxjim `f vfcedj`m` dek pfrée`es `f rfdupfrmdjôk deipcftes fktrf cms rfpftjdjekfs

:>

6

6

8

?

:>

8

6

:4

?6

=>

6

> - ?>

> - ?>

> - ?>

-

-

=>>

=>

6>

0>

8>

0>

0>

:>

1

0

KEPM. M`mptm`e `f7 Tperts ^oysjeceby ^oysjeceby. 4rm. f`.< (p. 84=), per X. R. Hewfrs y F. C. Aex, =::8, @uhuquf, JM7 Ri D. Hrewk ^uhcjsofrs. Depyrjbot per7 Ri D. Hrewk ^uhcjsofrs.  

Deie sf puf`f ehsfrvmr fk cm Pmhcm =, fxjstfk vmrjes iête`es `f fktrfkmijfkte quf `fsmrreccmk m uk kjvfc perdjfkte sjijcmr ces ijsies sjstfims fkfrbêtjdes. @fktre `f fstes sjstfims,vmrjmktfss7 fc prebrmim fk jktêrvmces fs `f uketmc`fie`e ces iís iête`e pfrijtf iudoms sf puf`f rfbucmrce qufvfrsítjcfs. `fsmrreccfFstf prjkdjpmcifktf ces `es sjstfims mkmfrôhjdes e mfrôhjde e ces trfs sjstfims per jbumc.

@FTMXECCE @F CM AEXPMCFWM IVTDVCMX    Mc jbumc quf pmrm dumcqujfr etre iête`e `f fktrfkmijkfte, mc jipcfifktmr uk  prebrmim `f fktrfkmijfkte pmrm fc `fsmrrecce `fsmr recce `f cm aertmcfzm iusducmr sf `fhfk mpcjdmr ces  prjkdjpjes `f fktrfkmijfkte prfvjmifktf `fsdrjtes.

Fktrfkmijfkte dek Fgfrdjdjes Bfkfrmcfs 

 

  Jkdcuyf fgfrdjdjes quf ke sf fkdufktrmk pmrtrjducmrifktf jkvecudrm`es dek cm ifdíkjdm `fpertjvm. Fstes tjpes `f fgfrdjdjes sek jipertmktfs `urmktf cm amsf `f  ^rfpmrmdj  ^rfpmrmdjôk ôk, `fktre `fc djdce `f fktrfkmijfkte. Mcbukes fgfipces `f fstes fgfrdjdjes sek ievjijfktes deipcftes (f.b.,fc ajkmc `fc cfvmktmijfkte `f pfsms) y ievjijfktes mrtjducmrfs dek rfsjstfkdjms (acfxjek mrtjducmr fk fc de`e dek rfsjstfkdjms pmrm mdtjvmr fc hédfps hrmqujmc).

Fktrfkmijfkte dek Fgfrdjdjes Fspfdéajdes   Fstes fsgfrdjdjes sf fkdufktrmk jktjimifktf rfcmdjekm`es dek ces ievjijfktes mrtjducmrfs fspfdéajdes jkvecudrm`es fk cm têdkjdm `f cm `fstrfzm. ^er fgfipce, ccfvmr m dmhe fgfrdjdjes dek rfsjstfkdjms quf sjiucfk cm ifdíkjdm `fc `fpertf prmdtjdm`e.

Fktrfkmijfkte dek Fgfrdjdjes Pêdkjde-Fspfdéajdes `f cm Deipftfkdjm   Xfprfsfktmk cm fgfdudjôk `f cm `fstrfzm ijsim, fk cm dumc sf cf mým`fk rfsjstfkdjms mc sfbifkte (e dufrpe fk bfkfrmc) quf sf iufvf. ^er fgfipce, dmrrfrms `f vfcedj`m` sugftm`e dek uk pmrmdmé`ms fk cm fspmc`m, dmrrfrms pf`fstrfs dek pfses fk ces tehjcces, smcte m ce mcte dek uk domcfde `f pfsms, fktrf etres. Fs iuy jipertmktf fvjtmr quf cm têdkjdm `f cm `fstrfzm ke suarm dmihjes, `f ce dektrmrje sfrí kfdfsmrje rf`udjr fc pfse e jkdcusjvf fcjijkmr fstes fgfrdjdjes.

Fktrfkmijfkte sfb÷k fc Pjpe `f Dektrmddjôk Iusducmr    Fgfrdjdjess Jseiêtrjdes  Fgfrdjdje Jseiêtrjdes (Fstítjdes) (Fstítjdes) 

Ces fgfrdjdjes jseiêtrjdes sek `f pmrtjducmr myu`m pmrm mqufcces `fpertfs quf rfqujfrfk fgfrdutmr ukm aufrzm iíxjim. Deiukifktf ces i÷sduces `fc dufrpe sf dektrmfk fk aerim fstítjdm dumk`e fc mtcftm imktjfkf ukm pesturm derpermc fspfdéajdm fk su `fpertf quf prmdtjdm. Ces fgfrdjdjes quf pre`udfk dektrmddjekfs jseiêtrjdms sf puf`fk rfmcjzmr fk trfs aerims `jstjktms, tmc deie sjbuf7 





Cfvmktmr dmrbms imxjimcfs e imyerfs m cm quf rfmcifktf sf puf`fk fipcfmr fc mtcftm. Fipugmr dektrm uk ehgfte jkiôvjc (f.b. ukm pmrf`), e per dektrmddjekfs iusducmrfs mpcjdm`ms dektrm fstes tjpes `f ehgftes. ^er dektrmddjôk `f uk brupe iusducmr dektrm ces i÷sduces quf ehrmk fk sfktj`e epufste.

@urmktf cm dektrmddjôk jseiêtrjdm, mukquf fc i÷sduce dektrmé`e sf fkdufktrm fk fstm`e `f tfksjôk, ke sf pre`udf kjkb÷k ievjijfkte< cms jksfrdjekfs iusducmrfs sf imktjfkkfk fk ces ijsies cubmrfs, sjk mprexjimrsf e mcfgmrsf. Cms dektrmddjekfs jseiêtrjdms sf puf`fk fgfdutmr fk `jvfrsms pesjdjekfs, `f tmc imkfrm quf sf puf`fk cebrmr dektrmddjekfs deiprfk`j`ms fktrf cms pesjdjekfs dumk`e fc i÷sduce fstí deipcftmifktf fxtfk`j`e e deipcftmifktf acfxjekm`e. Oey fk `ém, m deksfdufkdjm `f cm mpcjdmdjôk `fc iête`e jseiêtrjde fk iudoms rmims

 

`f `fpertf, y `f su fstu`je per ces djfktéajdes, sf om ccfbm`e m cms sjbujfktfs deksj`frmdjekfs7 



















Cms dektrmddjekfs jseiêtrjdms `fhfk rfmcjzmrsf fktrf 11-=>>% `f cm dmpmdj`m` iíxjim, dumk`e sf pfrsjbuf fc `fsmrrecce `f cm aertmcfzm iusducmr. Cms dektrmddjekfs jseiêtrjdms fafdtum`ms dek fsaufrzes iíxjies ke sek rfdeifk`mhcfs pmrm kevmtes, kjýes y m`ecfsdfktfs. Cm `esjajdmdjôk sf omdf per fc muifkte e cm `jsijkudjôk `fc k÷ifre `f ces fgfrdjdjes, imktfkjfk`e cm ijsim jktfksj`m`. Cm `urmdjôk `f ukm dektrmddjôk sf cjijtm fktrf 1 y =8 sfbuk`es y `fktre `f uk fktrfkmijfkte, fc tjfipe tetmc `f dektrmddjmddjekfs ke `fhf rfhmsmr fktrf 1> y :> sfbuk`es. Fktrf `es dektrmddjekfs sf omdf uk rfpese `f 1>-:> sfbuk`es, utjcjzm`e pmrm fc rfcmgmijfkte y fgfrdjdjes `f rfspjrmdjôk. Fstf pfrée`e `f rfdupfrmdjôk fktrf dektrmddjekfs sf ccfvm m dmhe, fk pmrtf, pmrm deipfksmr per fc fafdte `f cm imkjehrm `f vmcsmvm quf edurrf `urmktf cm dektrmddjôk jseiêtrjdm. @urmktf cm imkjehrm `f vmcsmcvm edurrf cm djfrrf `f cm bcetjs, ce dumc hcequfm trmksjterjmifktf fc pmsmgf rfspjrmterje, prevedmk`e uk muifkte pfcjbrese fk cm prfsjôk jktfrterídjdmmh`eijkmc y `jajductmk`e cm djrducmdjôk `f cm smkbrf. Cms dektrmddjekfs `fktre `f ukm `f fgfrdjdje, `fspuês `f ces fgfrdjdjes `fjseiêtrjdms têdkjdm, qufsfsffgfdutmk omdfk mctfrkm`es dek sfsjôk fgfrdjdjes `jkíijdes. Dumk`e sf mpcjdm fstf iête`e pmrm cms rmims `fc `fpertf fk quf prf`eijkm cm aertmcfzm-vfcedj`m` e cm vfcedj`m`, fs kfdfsmrje deihjkmr rmzekmhcfifktf cms dektrmddjekfs jseiêtrjdms dek ces fgfrdjdjes `jkíijdes `f vfcedj`m`, pmrm ke amverfdfr fc `fsmrrecce `f cm aertmcfzm cfktm. @fhf dekdf`frsf brmk mtfkdjôk m cm fcfddjôk `fc sfktj`e `f trmhmge y m cm pesjdjôk fk quf sf fkdufktrm fc sfbifkte jkvecudrm`e fk fc trmhmge jseiêtrjde, `f tmc imkfrm quf, fste derrfspek`m m cms kfdfsj`m`fs `f cm fgfdudjôk têdkjdm `f cm prufhm e `fc  predf`jijfkte têdkjde rfspfdtjve, y mc cubmr fk `ek`f cm aufrzm a ufrzm sf imkjajfstm iís `êhjcifktf fk cm trmyfdterjm `fc rfspfdtjve ievjijfkte. Cms dektrmddjekfs jseiêtrjdms myu`mk m cm derrfddjôk `f mcbukms amccms têdkjdms, amdjcjtmk`e cm ifierjzmdjôk djkfstêsjdm. Zm quf fc fktrfkmijfkte dek dektrmddjekfs jseiêtrjdms ke prevedm dmksmkdje suhgftjve `f cmrbm `urmdjôk, fxjstf aídjcifktf cm pesjhjcj`m` `f amccmr fk cm `esjajdmdjôk `fc fsaufrze, sehrffsjiucmk`e fc sjstfim kfrvjese dfktrmc y vfbftmtjve.

Fk cm prídtjdm, sf utjcjzmk, arfdufktfifktf, ukes iête`es `frjvm`es `fc iête`e jkjdjmc `f cms dektrmddjekfs jseiêtrjdms aukdjekmcfs, y êstms sek7   

Fc iête`e `f cms dektrmddjekfs jseiêtrjdms deihjkm`ms dek cms `jkíijdms. Fc iête`e `f cms dektrmddjekfs jktfrif`jms (dek ievjijfkte cfkte). Fc iête`e `f cms dektrmddjekfs jktfrif`jms deihjkm`ms dek cms jseiêtrjdms. Cm prjifrm `f fstms vmrjmktfs, tjfkf, tmihjêk, `es mspfdtes7 fc prjifre sf rfajfrf m cm

fgfdudjôk dektrmddjekfs, dek ievjijfkte cjijtm`e cjijtm`e sfkdjcce, deihjkm`e, mc dum`re jseiêtrjde,`fy mcbukms fc sfbuk`e, m cms dektrmddjekfs dek ievjijfkte

 

rfmcjzm`es, msjijsie, mc dum`re jseiêtrjde, dek m`jdjôk `f dmrbm supcfifktmrjm, fipugmk`e dektrm cm hmrrm quf cjijtm fc ievjijfkte. Fc iête`e `f cms dektrmddjekfs jktfrif`jms, deihjkm`ms dek cms jseiêtrjdms, sf pmrfdf mc iête`e `f cms dektrmddjekfs jktfrif`jms, sjfk`e ces ievjijfktes fgfdutm`es iuy cfktmifktf y deie m`jdjôk< sf omdfk 8-4 pmrm`ms fk fc trmksdurse `f cm fgfdudjôk.. Cm `urmdjôk `f fstms dektrmddjekfs fs imyer (mprexjim`mifktf 8> sfbuk`es, cm acfxjôk => y cm fxtfksjôk =>). Iudoes fspfdjmcjstms majrimk quf fstm aerim sfrém cm iís fajdjfktf pmrm fc `fsmrrecce `f cm aertmcfzm. Fc iête`e `f cms dektrmddjekfs jseiêtrjdms y sus vmrjmktfs sf utjcjzmk, sehrf te`e, fk fc cfvmktmijfkte `f pfsms, fk cmkzmijfktes, fk mtcftjsie, dmrrfrms `f vfcedj`m`, fktfr etre, fs `fdjr, fk ces `fpertfs dmrmdtfrjzm`es per cm aertmcfzm y aertmcfzm-vfcedj`m` (petfkdjm). Êstf sf puf`f utjcjzmr deie iête`e `f `fsmrrecce `f cm aertmcfzm fspfdéajdm y m÷k pmrm fc mprfk`jzmgf y fc pfrafddjekmijfkte `f cm têdkjdm, fk etrms rmims `f `fpertf, tmcf deie kmtmdjôk, fsbrjim, tjre, fktrf etres.  Fgfrdjdjess @jkíijdes (mktfs  Fgfrdjdje (mktfs Jsetôkjdes) Jsetôkjdes) 

Ces fgfrdjdjes quf jkvecudrmk dektrmddjekfs `jkíijdms sek deiukifktf fipcfm`es  pmrm fc `fsmrrecce `f cm aertmcfzm iusducmr fk `jafrfktfs `fpertfs. Ces fgfrdjdjes `jkíijdes jkvecudrmk dektrmddjekfs dekdêktrjdm y fddêktrjdms, rfcjzm`e fk aerim mctfrkm`m.  Fgfrdjdjess Fddêktrjdes  Fgfrdjdje Fddêktrjdes 

Xfprfsfktmk mqufcces tjpes `f fgfrdjdjes dek rfsjstfkdjms `ek`f fc i÷sduce sf mcmrbm ijfstrm sf fgfrdf têksjôk sehrf fc ijsie.  Fgfrdjdjess Jsedjkêtjdes  Fgfrdjdje Jsedjkêtjdes 

Cms dektrmdjekfs jsedjkêtjdms deiukifktf rfqujfrfk `f fqujpes fspfdjmcfs. @urmktf ukm dektrmddjôk jsedjkêtjdm, cm rfsjstfkdjm y vfcedj`m` fs dektmktf m trmvês `f te`e fc mrde `f ievjijfkte.  Fgfrdjdjess ^cjeiêtrjdes  Fgfrdjdje ^cjeiêtrjdes (Djdces `f Fstjrmijfkt Fstjrmijfkte-Mdertmijf e-Mdertmijfkte) kte) 

Fstes fgfrdjdjes sek fipcfm`es pmrtjducmrifktf pmrm `fsmrreccmr cm aertmcfzm fxpcesjvm. Deksjstf fk fgfrdjdjes `f kmturmcfzm hmcéstjdm `ek`f omy uk rípj`e dmihje fktrf cm dektrmddjôk fddêktrjdm y cm dekdêktrjdm. Ces fgfrdjdjes pcjeiêtrjdejs tmihjêk sf dekedfk deie iuctjsmctes , ym quf jkdcuyf smctmr vmccms, smctes rfhetmktfs, smctes preauk`es/`f mcturmfktrf etres. Ke ehstmktf, etres fgfrdjdjes quf ke sek smctes aerimk pmrtf `f fstf  prebrmim. Mcbukes fgfipces `f fstes fgfrdjdjes sek s ek mtrmpmr y `fvecvfr hecms if`jdjkmcfs, omdfr acfxjekfs rípj`ms `f hrmzes, fktrf etres.

Iête`e `f Fktrfkmijfkte Fxpcesjve  Fstf iête`e `f fktrfkmijfkte pfrsjbuf fc `fsmrrecce `f cms dumcj`m`fs aésjdms deihjkm`ms, aertmcfzm-vfcedj`m` y utjcjzm trfs brupes prjkdjpmcfs `f fgfrdjdjes, deie sek7

 



 

Fgfrdjdjes dek sehrfdmrbm, fspfdjmcifktf fgfrdjdjes dcísjdes `f cfvmktmijfkte `f  pfsms7 skmtdo, prfss y dcfmk mk` gfrl. Fgfrdjdjes dek hecms if`jdjkmcfs (hecms pfsm`ms). Fgfrdjdjes mdrehítjdes.

Ces fcfifktes `f prebrfsjôk sek7 =) muifkte `f cm dmrbm, 8) muifkte `fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs, y 4) muifkte `f cm vfcedj`m` `f fgfdudjôk. ^mrm fstf iête`e sf fstmhcfdfk ék`jdfs fxmdtes, deie puktes `f pmrtj`m fk cm  prfpmrmdjôk, msé deie drjtfrjes fxmdtes fk cm `esjajdmdjôk `fc fsaufrze. Fk prjkdjpje cm dmrbm sf fstmhcfdf sfb÷k cms pesjhjcj`m`fs iíxjims, `fsdektmk`e uk perdfktmgf derrfspekfcjfktf, `f tmc imkfrm quf fc `fpertjstm puf`m fafdtumr sfjs rfpftjdjekfs derrfdtms dek cm rfspfdtjvm dmrbm. M dektjkumdjôk, sf pfrsjbuf fc muifkte `f cm vfcedj`m` `f fgfdudjôk, y dumk`e cm vfcedj`m` ccfbm m sfr smtjsamdterjm sf muifktm fc k÷ifre `f cms rfpftjdjekfs `f. 1 m =8. Dumk`e fstms =8 rfpftjdjekfs ccfbmk m sfr fgfdutm`ms dek ukm vfcedj`m` derrfspek`jfktf (smtjsamdterjm), sf muifktm cm dmrbm, fipfzmk`e etrm vfz dek sfjs rfpftjdjekfs, fs `fdjr, ce ijsie quf mc prjkdjpje, secmifktf quf m uk kjvfc iís fcfvm`e. Fk rfcmdjôk dek cm imbkjtu` `f cm dmrbm, sf deer`jkm tmihjêk cm rfspjrmdjôk `fc `fpertjstm< dumk`e sf utjcjzmk pfsms omstm fc ?6 % `f cms pesjhjcj`m`fs, sf jkspjrm y fspjrm `urmktf cm fxtfksjôk y cm acfxjôk, rfspfdtjvmifktf< utjcjzmk`e dmrbms `f iís `fc ?6% `f cms  pesjhjcj`m`fs iíxjims, sf rfspjrm mktfs y `fspuês `fspu ês `f cm fgfdudjôk. Dumk`e ces ievjijfktes ke sf fgfdutmk derrfdtmifktf, sf jktfrruipjrí fc trmhmge. Fc rfpese fktrf cms `es sfrjfs fs `f 8-4 ijkutes dumk`e sf trmhmgm dek dmrbms omstm fc ?6% `f `jdoms pesjhjcj`m`fs y `f 4-6 ijkutes dumk`e sf rfhmsm fc ?6%. Vk prebrmim fstí aerim`e `f =8 fgfrdjdjes `jvj`j`es fk trfs brupes `f 0 fgfrdjdjes, quf sf sudf`fk msé7 uk fgfrdjdje dek cm hmrrm `f pfsms, uk fgfrdjdje dek cm pfcetm if`jdjkmc, uk fgfrdjdje dek pfsms, uk fgfrdjdje mdrehítjde, `fspuês `fc dumc sjbuf uk rfpese `f 8-4 ô 46 ijkutes. ^er sfimkm sf omrík trfs fktrfkmijfktes `f fstf bêkfre. Fk ces fgfrdjdjes dek cm hecm if`jdjkmc sf husdm cm fgfdudjôk dek cm iíxjim vfcedj`m`, sjfk`e fc fcfifkte `f cm prebrfsjôk `f ces fgfrdjdjes, cm `jstmkdjm fktrf ces fgfdutmktfs< sf muifktm e `jsijkuyf tmihjêk fc pfse `f cm hecm. Zm quf fc iête`e fkaedm, fspfdjmcifktf, cm dumcj`m` aertmcfzm-vfcedj`m`, sf mpcjdm sehrf te`e, fk deipcfgm ces `fpertfs dmrmdtfrjzm`ms per ysfcmkzmijfktes, fxpcesjvms, y cfvmktmijfkte pmrm cms prufhms imkjafstmdjôk `f ycmsprufhms dumcj`m`fs aésjdms7 smctes `f `f  pfsms, djdcjsie-vfcedj`m`, fsqué mcpjke, pecjmtcôk mtcêtjde, gufbes `fpertjves (`fpertfs (`fper tfs `f dekgukte), ftf. Pmihjêk sf puf`f utjcjzmr pmrm te`es ces kjvfcfs fk fc `fpertf, `fs`f ces kevmtes omstm ces iís mvmkzm`es. Ces if`jes fcfbj`es y cm prebrfsjôk `fhfk rfspftmr fstrjdtmifktf cm deihjkmdjôk `f imbkjtu` `f cms dumcj`m`fs mc rfspfdte, msé deie cm imkfrm fk quf êstms sf imkjajfstmk fk cm prufhm fcfbj`m. Fc iête`e tjfkf hufkms pesjhjcj`m`fs `f sfr hjfk erbmkjzm`e y `f imktfkfr aídjcifktf cm fvj`fkdjm `f cm prfpmrmdjôk jk`jvj`umc pmrm fc ifgermijfkte `f cm fxpcesjvj`m`.

Iête`e `fc ^fsjstm  Fs uke `f ces iís `jauk`j`es iête`es utjcjzm`es pmrm fc `fsmrrecce `f cm aertmcfzm y `f cm fxpcesjvj`m`. Fstf iête`e mprevfdom ces fgfrdjdjes dek pfsms, tfkjfk`e deie fcfifkte

 

 prjkdjpmc `f prebrfsjôk cm jktfksj`m` `fc fsaufrze, fsaufrz e, quf sf rfmcjzm if`jmktf fc muifkte `f cm dmrbm. Fk cm prídtjdm, sf utjcjzmk dumtre vmrjmktfs `fc iête`e, deie sjbuf7 

 



Muifkte dektjkue `f cm dmrbm (dmcducm`m fk rfcmdjôk dek cms pesjhjcj`m`fs iíxjims `fc `fpertjstm)7 2>%-26%-?>%-?6%. Muifkte `f cm dmrbm fk fsdmcfrm7 2>%-2>%-26%-26 %/-?>%-?>%. Muifkte y `jsijkudjôk dektjkum `f cms dmrbms7 2>%-26%-?> %--?6 %-?> %>-26 %-2> % . Muifkte fk ecfmgf `f cms dmrbms7 2>%-?>%-26%-?6%-?>%-:>%.

Fc k÷ifre `f fgfrdjdjes prmdtjdm`es fk ukm cfddjôk (sfsjôk) fs fk prjkdjpje `f 1-?, k÷ifre `f sfrjfs pmrm dm`m fgfrdjdje `f 0-1, y `f cms rfpftjdjekfs pmrm dm`m fgfrdjdje fk ukm sfrjf `f =-6, fk rfcm-djôk dek cm dmrbm. Petmcjzmk`e, sf ehtjfkfk mprexjim`mifktf `f =>> m 8>> rfpftjdjekfs per sfsjôk. Cm vfcedj`m` `f fgfdudjôk `f ces fgfrdjdjes vmrém fk rfcmdjôk dek cm imbkjtu` `f cm dmrbm dek quf sf trmhmgm, sjfk`e fc ievjijfkte iís cfkte fk fc trmhmge dek pfsms iíxjims y rfcmtjvmifktf rípj`e pmrm pfsms dojdms. @fspuês `f dm`m sfsjôk sf omdf uk rfpese `f 8-0 ijkutes. Fc iête`e `fc pfsjstm sf utjcjzm. sehrf te`e fk fc cfvmktmijfkte `f pfsms, fk mtcftjsie (pmrm cmkzm`erfs smctm`erfs)aésjdms. y fk cms rmims `f `fpertf quf tjfkfk imkjafstmdjekfs deipcfgms `f cms ydumcj`m`fs

Iête`e Ajsjducturjstm  Fstf iête`e `f fktrfkmijfkte pfrsjbuf prjifrmifktf fc `fsmrrecce `f ukm iusducmturm rfcfvmktf. Tu pfducjmrj`m` dmrmdtfréstjdm deksjstf fk fc fktrfkmijfkte mkmcétjde `f cm iusducmturm, fafdtuík`esf ces fgfrdjdjes sfpmrm`mifktf pmrm dm`m sfbifkte, utjcjzmk`e ces iís vmrjm`es pcmkfs `f mddjôk. Fc iête`e sf `fsmrreccm sfb÷k uk pcmk mkumc, tfkjfk`e êstf dumtre ftmpms quf sek7  prjifrm ftmpm `f 4 ifsfs fk `ek`f sf trmhmgm 4 vfdfs per sfimkm, =6 fgfrdjdjes per sfsjôk, fgfdutm`es fk 0-6 sfrjfs `f => rfpftjdjekfs. Fstes fgfrdjdjes fkaedmk cm imyerém `f ces brupes iusducmrfs. Cm dmrbm sf fstmhcfdf `f tmc imkfrm quf sf puf`mk fgfdutmr => rfpftjdjekfs fk uk rjtie cfkte. Tfbuk`m ftmpm, dek `u-rmdjôk `f 8-4 ifsfs, fk ces dumcfs sf imktjfkfk ces ijsies fgfr-djdjes, pfre muifktm uk pede cm dmrbm fk tmc aerim quf sf  puf`mk fgfdutmr 1-? rfpftjdjekfs per pe r dm`m sfrjf y sf muifktm cm vfcedj`m` `f fgfdudjôk, msé m sé deie fc k÷ifre `f fktrfkmijfktes per sfimkm quf puf`fk ccfbmr m djkde< tfrdfrm ftmpm (84 ifsfs), fk `ek`f sf utjcjzmk 1 brupes `f fgfrdjdjes (trmddjekfs, fgfrdjdjes `f fipugf, sfktm`jccms, acfxjekfs `f hrmzes, `eijkm`ms, cmbmrtjgms, fktrf etres), fgfdutm`es fk 1 vfdfs  per sfrjfs, ofdoe quf pfrijtf pfr ijtf fc muifkte `f cm dmrbm, fk deipmrmdjôk dek cm sfbuk`m ftmpm< dumrtm ftmpm dek `urmdjôk `f 0 ifsfs, tjfipe fk quf sf pfrsjbuf sehrf te`e fc `fsmrrece `f ces brupes iusducmrfs ifkes rfcfvmktfs. ^mrm fste omk `f fsdebfrsf dek iudoe gujdje ces fgfrdjdjes, ces sfktj`es `fc trmhmge, cm imbkjtu` `f cm dmrbm y cm vfcedj`m` `f fgfdudjôk pmrm  pe`fr fgfdutmr 4>-?> rfpftjdjekfs per sfrjf. Vkm sfsjôk `f ajsjducturjsie `urm 8-8 =/8 oerms. Fktrf cms sfrjfs sf teimk rfpeses `f 84 ijkutes. Ces fgfrdjdjes sf deihjkmk dek etrms if`j`ms quf muifktmk su fajdjfkdjm7 imsmgf, mcjifktmdjôk fk `ek`f prf`eijkfk cms pretfékms dekdfktrm`ms, fktrf etrms.

 

  Fc iête`e ajsducturjstm, utjcjzm`e fk fc pmsm`e dek fc ehgfte `f cebrmr hfccfzm aésjdm, oey fk `ém fstí fk pcfkm fvecudjôk y om pfkftrm`e `fktre `f ces iête`es ie`frkes `f fktrfkmijfkte `fpertjve, fkaedmk`e fc `fsmrrecce `f cm aertmcfzm. Fc iête`e fkdufktrm dm`m vfz iís mpcjdmdjôk fk te`ms cms rmims `f `fpertf y fk prufhms quf rfmcjzmk fsaufrzes `f aufrzm y aufrzm-vfcedj`m`, `mk`e cm pesjhjcj`m` `f trmhmgmr mkmcétjdmifktf y sfbifktmr ces brupes iusducmrfs quf kes jktfrfsmk. ^mrm derrfspek`fr m cms kfdfsj`m`fs fspfdéajdms, fs ifkfstfr quf fc iête`e sfm mpcjdm`e gukte dek etres iête`es deipfksmterjes, sehrf te`e  pmrm fc `fsmrrecce `f cm vfcedj`m`.

@FTMXXECCE @F CM DM^MDJ@M@ MFXÔHJDM   E PECFXMKDJM DMX@JEXFT^JXMPEXJM   Fc ifgermijfkte `f cm dmpmdj`m` dmr`je-vmsducmr y iusducmr fs uk prehcfim deipcfge quf `fimk`m uk tjfipe deksj`frmhcf. Fc `fsmrrecce y ifgermijfkte `f cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdmm fstí éktjimifktf vjkducm`e mc `fsmrrecce `f ces sjstfims djrducmterje y rfspjrmterje. Fc `fsmrrecce `f fstes sjstfims ke sôce tjfkf brmk jipertmkdjm pmrm =m tecfrfkdjm dmr`jerfspjrmterjm, sjke quf tmihjêk myu`m ketmhcfifktf m cms etrms dumcj`m`fs. ^mrm `fsmrreccmr y ifgermr cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm e dmr`je-rfspjrmterjm kes vmcfies `f dumcqujfr efsaufrze sestfkj`e deie cms dmrrfrms pf`fstrfs Hmcekimke, `f cmrbm `jstmkdjm, cm kmtmdjôk, `f `fpertfs `f dekgukte deie fc Hmcekdfste, A÷thec,djdcjsie, fktrf etres. Fc `fsmrrecce `f cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm om sj`e fstu`jm`e per kuifreses muterfs y fk iudoms `jsdjpcjkms sf omk fxpfrjifktm`e `jstjktms ifte`ecebéms, dcmsjajdmhcfs fk trfs brupes prjkdjpmcfs, m smhfr7 ces iête`es dektjkues (m rjtie ukjaerif, ie`frm`e e rípj`e), ces iête`es dektékues dek vmrjmdjekfs fk cms vfcedj`m`fs (Amrtcfl), ces iête`es m jktfrvmces y, ces iête`es `f cms rfpftjdjekfs. ^mrm `fsmrreccmr y ifgermr cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm ke `fhfies vmcfrkes `f uk sjstfim fxdcusjvmifktf sjke `f cm deihjkmdjôk `f te`es, ym quf dek fstm aerim ijxtm mcdmkzmies  hfkfajdjes quf ke ehtfk`rémies dek uke u ke sece, mpmrtf `f quf msé `mies vmrjf`m` mc trmhmge.

Fc Iête`e Dektékue   @fsdrjpdjôk  @fsdrjpd jôk Bfkfrmc  

Tf hmsm fk ukm sfrjf `f mddjekfs rfpftj`ms y imktfkj`ms/sestfkj`ms m vfcedj`m` ukjaerif/fstmhcf y sjk pmusm `urmktf uk pfrée`e cmrbe `f tjfipe. Fc iête`e dektékue deiprfk`f fgfrdjdjes (f.b., dmrrfrms pf`fstrfs, kmtmdjôk, fktrf etres) fgfdutm`es m vfcedj`m`/rétie dekstmktf/ukjaerif (sjk pmusm) m jktfksj`m` ie`frm`m omstm duipcjr dek uk `ftfrijkm`e tjfipe e ukm `jstmkdjm ajgm`m. Fstes tjpes `f fgfrdjdjes puf`fk jkdcujr vmrjmdjekfs `f rjtie y trmies m `jstjktm vfcedj`m`, e vmrjmdjekfs `f rjtie cjhrf fk rfderrj`es vmrjm`es (Amrtcfl). Tf sehrffktjfk`f quf uk `fpertjstm fktrfkm`e pe`rí duipcjr cm tmrfm msjbkm`m. Fc `fpertjstm jkjdjm cm dmrrfrm y ke sf `ftjfkf omstm duhrjr fc tjfipe e fc ljceiftrmgf. Tj ke fstí mdek`jdjekm`e pmrm cm tmrfm pe`rí jktfrruipjr fc fsaufrze dek dmijkmtms. Fstm aerim `f fktrfkmijfkte fs j`êktjdm mc fgfrdjdje `f tretf. Tf imktjfkf ukm dekstmktf vfcedj`m` m ce cmrbe `f te`m cm amsf `f fktrfkmijfkte. Fc rjtie `f cm dmrrfrm dektjkum fs

 

kmturmcifktf iís vjve fk ces derrf`erfs fktrfkm`es quf fk ces sjipcfs majdjekm`es mc tretf. Omy quf fvjtmr fc fipcfe `f uk rjtie `fimsjm`e aufrtf pmrm ke trmstedmr fc ijsie sfktj`e `f cm dmrrfrm dektjkum. Vkm vfcedj`m` fcfvm`m dekvjfrtf cm dmrrfrm dektjkum fk ukm «dmrrfrm `f rjtie¼, quf sôce puf`fk rfmcjzmr ces `fpertjstms `f deipftjdjôk. Deie rfbcm pmrm cm dmrrfrm dektjkum sjrvf7 Fc rjtie om `f `esjajdmrsf `f tmc sufrtf quf sf puf`m ccfvmr ukm dekvfrsmdjôk dek fc deipmýfre `urmktf cm dmrrfrm. @urmktf uk fktrfkmijfkte pure `f dmrrfrm dektjkum, cm arfdufkdjm if`jm `fc pucse `fhf sfr `f =4> pucsmdjekfs per ijkute. Dek fstm dmrbm fc derrf`er sf fktrfkm fk fc ccmim`e fstm`e fstmhcf, fs `fdjr, sfkdjccmifktf quf cm rfdfpdjôk y fc `fsbmstf `fc exébfke sf imktjfkfk fqujcjhrm`ms. Prítmsf, pufs, `f ukm dcmsf iís rmdjekmc `f derrfr. Tfb÷k fc brm`e `f cms dek`jdjekfs `f fktrfkmijfkte, fc derrf`er iís `êhjc tfk`rí quf fipcfmr uk rjtie iís cfkte pmrm imktfkfrsf fk fc fstm`e `f fqujcjhrje7 fstm`e fstmhcf. Vk mtcftm pcfkmifktf fktrfkm`e puf`f muifktmr deksj`frmhcfifktf cm vfcedj`m` `f cm dmrrfrm sjk quf per fcce dektrmjbm cm `fu`m `f exébfke. Fc trmkqujce fktrfkmijfkte `f tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm dek ukm `urmdjôk iékjim `f 6> ijkutes dekstjtuyf cm hmsf `f te`e fc prebrmim `f fktrfkmijfkte. @urmktf cm dmrrfrm dektjkum ccfvm`m fk fstm aerim, fc derrf`er `fsdmksm, sjk quf per fcce sf  pjfr`m su fajdmdjm. Tôce rmrms vfdfs puf`fk `mrsf cms sehrfdmrbms brmdjms mc pfrafdte hmcmkdf rfspjrmterje. Cm iusducmturm ke suarf cm ojpfrmdj`jajdmdjôk (mdj`esjs iftmhôcjdm). Fste qujfrf `fdjr quf ces rfsj`ues `fc iftmhecjsie (fc ídj`e cídtjde) sf imktjfkfk sôce fk  pfqufým dmktj`m` `fktre `fc erbmkjsie. Dmrmdtfréstjdms    





 

Tek `f `urmdjôk precekbm`m. Tf rfqufrf duipcjr dek uk tjfipe `m`e e rfderrfr ukm `jstmkdjm prf-ajgm`m. Tj fc mtcftm ke fstm mdek`jdjekm`e pmrm duhrjr per deipcfte fc tjfipe e ljceiftrmgf rfqufrj`e, pe`rí jktfrruipjr fc fsaufrze dek dmijkmtms. Tek jkjktfrrupj`es/dektékues (sjk pmusm). Fc rjtie/vfcedj`m` sjfiprf fs ukjaerif/dekstmktf y ie`frm`e (sjk muifkte `urmktf te`m cm `jstmkdjm). Tek auk`mifktmcfs fc rjtie, cm deer`jkmdjôk y cm rfcmgmdjôk. Cm rfcmgmdjôk `f te`e fc dufrpe fs jipertmktf pmrm ehtfkfr cm imyer fdekeiém `f fsaufrze. Fs jiprfksjk`jhcf imktfkfr cms iuýfdms y imk`éhucms sufctms, y ehsfrvmr hufkm têdkjdm `f dmrrfrm. Fc dermzôk trmhmgm m rjtie ukjaerif fktrf =4> y =1> pucsmdjekfs per ijkute. @urmktf fstf fktrfkmijfkte sf mcdmkzm ukm oeifestmsjm `jkíijdm (fstm`e fstmhcf e dekstmktf). `urmktf fcf stm`e fstmhcf fxjstf uk fqujcjhrje fktrf cms `fimk`ms `f exébfke y fc suijkjstre mdtumc `f êstm, fs `fdjr, cm fkfrbúm quf sf pre`udf y mpertm fc iftmhecjsie dfcucmr omdjm ces tfgj`es mdtjves fs suajdjfktf pmrm smtjsamdfr ces rfqufrjijfktes fkfrbêtjdes `fc fgfrdjdje. Pjpes/Qmrjmdjekfs `f ces Iête`es Dektékues 

Fc iête`e dektjkue trm`jdjekmc imktjfkf ukm vfcedj`m` dekstmktf m ce cmrbe `f te`m cm amsf `f fktrfkmijfkte. Deiukifktf sf trmtm `f fvjtmr fc rjtie `fimsjm`e aufrtf. Ke ehmtmktf, fk fc fktrfkmijfkte ie`frke sf omk drfm`e vmrjmktfs `fc iête`e dektékue dek fc ajk `f smtjsamdfr etres tjpes `f mtcftms y mipcjmr ces sjstfims fkfkfrbêtjdes hfkfajdjm`es. M

 

tmcfs fafdte, sf om vmrjm`e cm `urmdjôk f jktfksj`m`. ^uf`fk `jstjkbujrsf ces sjbujfktf tjpes `f dmrrfrms dektékums7 





Prmhmge dektjkue `f cmrbm c mrbm `urmdjôk `urm djôk, quf `urm ukm oerm per ce ifkes, dek uk rjtie

dmr`émde quf vmrém `f =8> m =6> sfb÷k ces ehgftjves `fc sugfte< fc `mte iís jipertmktf fs fc rjtie dmr`émde quf fs, tmc deie pestfrjerifktf om `fiestrm`e Dekdekj, ukm `f cms pedms aerims `f if`jdjôk `f cm dmrbm jktfrkm vícj`m pmrm `jstjktes jk`jvj`ues. Qfcedj`m`fs `jstjktms puf`fk dekstjtujr dmrbms mkícebms sj ces fgfrdjdjes sf ccfvmk m dmhe m rjtie dmr`émde sjijcmr, fk jk`jvj`ues `jstjktes. Fstms deipmrmdjekfs omk `f utjcjzmrsf dek pru`fkdjm< @mc Iektf, fafdtjvmifktf, om `fiestrm`e quf ukm dmrbm dek ces hrmzes tjfkf uk fafdte `jstjkte m etrm sepertm`m dek cms pjfrkms, tfkjfk`e mihms dmrbms jbumc `fsbmstf fkfrbêtjde. Fc iête`e cmrbe sf deksj`frm uk iête`e eptjimc pmrm fc iftmhecjsie mfrôhjde y `f ie`e pmrtjducmr  pmrm cm mdtjvmdjôk dmpjcmr y cm m`mptmdjôk `f cm iusducmturm< cms ifgerfs fspfdjajdj`m`fs sf ehtjfkfk fktrfkík`esf m kjvfc `f fsaufrze y `f`jdmdjôk hmstmktf sjijcmr m ces `f cm deipftjdjôk, pmrm ces fspfdjmcjstms `f cms prufhms mfrôhjdms.  Fc trmhmge if`je tjfkf ukm `urmdjôk `f mprexjim`mifktf 0>-1> iukuetes (:> ijkutes fk ces derrf`erfs `f Imrmtôk), dek uk rjtie dmr`émde supfrjer (=6>-=2>). Tj fc trmhmge `f cmrbm `urmdjôk fstí deksj`frm`e deipcftmifktf mfrôhjde, fstf sfbuk`e dektfipcm ukm pmrtjdjpmdjôk `fc predfse quf fstí dekstjtuj`e per imyer fgfrdjdjes `f jktfksj`m` prôxjimmkmfrôhjde, m ces kjvfcfspufste `f uihrmc mkmfrôhjde.  Fc iête`e hrfvf hrfvf (e rípj`e) rípj`e) `f 8>-4> ijkutes `f `urmdjôk tjfkf cubmr m uk rjtie dmr`émde `f =2> cmtj`es/ijk y sehrfpmsm, m ifku`e, fc céijtf `f uihrmc mkmfrôhjde,  hfkfajdjík`esf bfkfresmifktf `fc predfse predf se cmdteídj`e (dmpmdj`m` mkmfrôdjdm). Cms  prufhms iís hrfvfs sf deksj`frmk deks j`frmk eptjimcfs perquf rfqujfrfk ces `es ifdmkjsies, ifdmk jsies, mfrôhjde y mkmfrôhjde, quf sf vfrémk rfaerzm`es, amverfdjfk`e jkdcuse ukm ifger deer`jkmdjôk fktrf ces sjstfims erbíkjdes jipcjdm`es (dfktre-pfrjafrjm)< fcce sf  pre`udjrém perquf ces rjties iís jktfkses `f ievjijfkte trmksaerimk trmksae rimk y eptjijzmk cms deer`jkmdjekfs fk ces rfbéifkfs iís fcfvm`es< cm jktfksj`m`, per ÷ctjie, dekgubm `f cm ifger imkfrm cms fxjbfkdjms iftmhôcjdms dek cms `f tjpe têdkjdeieter y cms vecjtjvms. Etres tjpes sek7

  

Cfktes y m ie`frm`m jktfksj`m` (iête`e dektékue cfkte). Xípj`es y m ukm mctm jktfksj`m` (iête`e dektékue rípj`e). Qmrjmdjekfs fk cm vfcedj`m` (Amrtcfl)

 Jk`jdmdjekfs  Jk`jdmd jekfs 

Fs iuy rfdeifk`m`e pmrm te`m mdtjvj`m` iusducmr `f tjpe mfrôhjde. @jdoms ie`mcj`m`fs sf mpcjdmk fk vmrjms aerims fk cms `jstjktms `jstjktms `fpertfs quf rfqujfrfk ukm mctm dmpmdj`m` mfrôhjdm. Deiukifktf sf fipcfm fk ces fvfktes `f cmrbm `jstmkdjm fk mtcftjsie (=>l y imrmtôk). Ke ehstmktf, tmihjêk fstes fgfrdjdjes sf pekfk fk prídtjdm per mtcftms `f etrms `jsdjpcjkms `urmktf fc trmhmge prfpmrmterje.

 

 

Amdterfs `fc Fktrfkmijfkte quf Jktfrvjfkfk fk fc Iête`e Dektékue   



  



Jkt fksj`m Jktfks j`m` `7 ^er ce rfbucmr fs dekstmktf. ^uf`f acudtumr `f hmgm m if`jmkm (ie`frm`m e per `fhmgp `fc 2>% `f cm vfcedj`m` ixjim). Deiukifktf, fstes tjpes `f fgfrdjdjes ke sehrfpmsmk ces =4> cmtj`es/ijkute, mukquf puf`f ccfbmr omstm ces =1> pucsmdjekfs. Ke ehstmktf, mcbukes muterfs epjkmk quf, pmrm trmhmgmr cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm, fc mtcftm `fhf fgfrdjtmrsf m ukm jktfksj`m` fktrf =1> y =2> pucsmdjekfs per ijkute (iís e ifkes). Dek fstf sjstfim husdmies pmutms `f trmhmge fk cms quf sf vmym jkdrfifktmk`e cm dmpmdj`m` mfrôhjdm iíxjim, muifktmk`e ces kjvfcfs `fc fstm`e fstmhcf, `f `es aerims7 =) m hmsf `f muifktmr cm arfdufkdjm dmr`émdm (ke fs jipertmktf), 8) m hmsf `f muifktmr fc rjtie `f dmrrfrm (fc iís amdtjhcf). Xjtiee e vfce Xjti vfcedj`m dj`m` `7 Vkjaerif y ie`frm`e (fk fqujcjhrje `f exébfke pmrm amverfdfr cm vmsducmrjzmdjôk pfrjaêrjdm). @urmdjôk 7 Dmrrfrm dektékum (jkjktfrruppj`m) `f 8>,4> m =8> ijkutes. Qecuifk 7 Hmstmktf brmk`f. Tf fkamtjzm cm dmktj`m`. Erjfktmdjôk Erjfktm djôk ` `ff cms dm dmrbms rbms 7 Bfkfrmcifktf bfkêrjdms. Fspfdéajdms fk ces `fpertfs quf trmhmgmk sehrf cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm. Cm deer`jkmdjôk deer` jkmdjôk y cm rfcmg rfcmgmdjôk mdjôk 7 Xfcmgmdjôk `f te`e fc dufrpe pmrm ehtfkfr cm imyer fdekeiém `fc fsaufrze. Ces fcfifktes jipertmktfs sek =) imktfkfr cms

iuýfdms y imk`éhucms sufctms y 8) ehsfrvmr hufkm têdkjdm `f dmrrfrm.  ^mutm Bfkfrmc  Bfkfrmc   Tf trmtm `f msfburmr fc iíxjie mprevfdomijfkte `fc exébfke, m hmsf `f ievjijfktes y omhjcj`m`fs pede deipcfgms (deer`jkmdjôk fsdmsm y `f aídjc mprfk`jzmgf). Ces fcfifktes têdkjdes iuy deipcfges sek jkdeipmtjhcfs dek `jdoe sjstfim, pufste quf doedmrém fc kjvfc `f deer`jkmdjôk dek cm jktfksj`m` quf sf prftfk`f fk fc sjstfim (jktfrrupdjekfs). Ehgftjves  

Fc ehgftjve prjkdjpmc fs fc `fsmrecce y ifgermijfkte ôptjie `fc sjstfim `f trmkspertf `f exébfke e petfkdjm mfrôhjdm (dmr`jerfspjrmterjm), ce quf sf deksjbuf dek fc ifgermijfkte `f cm rfspjrmdjôk, cm djrducmdjôk y fc iftmhecjsie. Fk sfbuk`e cubmr, fsstf iête`e husdm =) fc rfcmgmijfkte< 8) fdekeiém iftmhôcjdm `fc fsaufrze, y 4) fc aertmcfzjijfkte `f ces i÷sduces fsqufcêtjdes ieterfs prjimrjes (dek sus tfk`ekfs y cjbmifktes mrtjducmrfs) y ces quf jktfrvjfkfk fk cm vfktjcmdjôk vfktjcmdjôk puciekmr. Pmihjêk sf prftfk`f trmhmgmr sehrf fc sjstfim `f mcjifktmdjôk y `f trmkspertf, dek uk mprevfdomijfkte `fc exébfke fk fc jktfrjer `f cm dêcucm.  Cubmr `f ^rídtjdm ^rídtjdm y ^frée`e ^frée`e `ek`f sf sf Jkdcuyf Jkdcuyf 

Fc cubmr j`fmc pmrm prmdtjdmrce fs fc hesquf, fc pcfke dmipe e fk cm pcmym/rée. Dumk`e fstf cubmr ke fs mddfsjhcf deie arfdufktfifktf sf ehsfrvm fk cms brmk`fs dju`m`fs, cm secudjôk puf`f fkdektrmrsf fk uk tfrrfre `f beca, uk pmrquf e fk fc prepje tfrrfke `fpertjve. Fc ieifkte j`fmc pmrm prmdtjdmrce fs fc pfrée`e prfpmrmterje y cm `urmdjôk `f ukm

 

dmrrfrm dektékum sufcf sfr `f 06 m =8> ijkutes. Cm imyer `urmdjôk sf fipcfm fk ces `fpertfs `ek`f cm rfsjstfkdjm gufbm uke `f ces pmpfcfs iís jipertmktfs.  M`mptmdjekfs  M`mptmdje kfs Drôkjdms-Ajsjecô Drôkjdms-Ajsjecôbjdms bjdms 

Cm dmrrfrm dektjkum `fsmrreccm y ifgerm auk`mifktmcifktf fc sjstfim `f trmkspertf `f exébfke e cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm (ifgerm fk fc deksuie `f exébfke iíxjie, QE 8iíx), `ek`f fc erbmkjsie rfmcjzm fc fsaufrze m fxpfksms `fc exébfke quf rfspjrm< fs `fdjr, trmhmgm fk fqujcjhrje `f exébfke (sf ifgerm fc iftmhecjsie mfrôhjde). Fk etrm pmcmhrms, sf `fsrreccm cm mptjtu`/dmpmdj`m` `fc iftmhecujsie mfrôhjde y `f cces es sjftims djrducmterje y rfspjrmterje. Fstf tjpe `f fktrfkmijfkte jk`udf ukm ojpfrtreajm (mbrmk`mijfkte/muifkte) fk cm dmvj`m`/vecuifk `fc vfktréduce jzqujfr`e fk fc ijedmr`je (fc dermzôk). Fc vfktréduce jzqujfr`e sf fkdmrbm `f fyfdtmr cm smkbrf omdjm ces tfgj`es derpermcfs. Deksfdufktfifktf, fste muifktm flc rfk`jijfkte e bmste dmr`=mde (cm dmktj`m` `f smkbrf quf fc vfktréduce jzqujfr`e puf`f rfdjhjr y fxpucsmr omdjm cms mrtfrjms derpermcfs per dm`m ijkute). Fstm tecfrmkdjm dmr`jerfspjrmterjm sf deksj`frm hísjdm y prfvjm pmrm cm ehtfkdjôk `f cm tecfrmkdjm iusducmr e fspfdéajdm. Etre fafdte aukdjekmc m cmrbe pcmze `fc sjstfim dektúkue jkdcuyf uk jkdrfifkte fk cm dmpjcmrjzmdjôk fk ces i÷sduces fsqufcêtjdes (vmsducmrjzmdjôk pfrjafrjdm), ce quf pfrijtf ukm imyer mipcjtu` `fc acuge smkbuékfe. Deie rfsuctm`e, sf precekbm fc dektmdte smkbrf-tfgj`e dek imyer dfsjôk `f exébfke mc tfgj`e y fcjijkmdjôk `f pre`udtes `f `fsdoe. M`fiís, fstf iête`e `f fktrfkmijfkte muifktm cm ofiebcehjkm `f ces bcehuces reges, ce quf pfrijtf dek`udjr imyer dmktj`m` `f exébfke y `f mkoé`rj`e dmrhôkjde. Fc sjstfim, tmihjês, amverfdf cm pêr`j`m `f pfse derpermc, fspfdjmcfifktf per fcjijkmdjôk `f tfgj`e brmse. @jdom m`mptmdjôk amdjcjtm fc surtjijfkte `f exsbfke y imtfrjms kutrjtjvms mc tfgj`e imbre. Cm dmrrfrm dektjkum ke sôce `fsmrreccm y ifgerm cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm sjke quf dekstjtuyf uk jkfstjimhcf if`je pmrm aertmcfdfr ces i÷sduces, tfk`ekfs y cjbmifktes `f cms  pjfrkms y `f ces quf jktfrvjfkfk fk cm rfspjrmdjôk. rfs pjrmdjôk. Prmhmge fk fqujcjhrje `f exébfke pmrm amverfdfr cm vmsducmrjzmdjôk pfrjaêrjdm. Fc fktrfkmijfkte fk fc sjstfim dektjkue mafdtm sehrf fstm mdtjvj`m` iusducmr mfrôhjdm,  pre`udjfk`e uk jkdrfifkte pesjtjve `f te`e ce `jdoe. Aerim `f Prmhmge  Tf fkamtjzm cm dmktj`m` (mcte vecuifk) `fc fktrfkmijfkte.

Fktrfkmijfkte Qmrjmhcf   @fsdrjpdjôk  @fsdrjpd jôk Bfkfrmc  

Fstf sjstfim aerim pmrtf `f ces iête`es quf fstík hmsm`es fk cm ie`jajdmdjôk `f cm jktfksj`m` deie fcfifkte prjkdjpmc `f cm prebrfsjôk. Fc fktrfkmijfkte vmrjmhcf utjcjzm fk cm ijsim sfsjôk `f trmhmge ukm mipcjm bmim `f jktfksj`m`fs. Fc mtcftm, fktekdfs, trmhmgm dek fsaufrzes vmrjm`es y rfspufstms vmrjm`ms. Dek fstm dcmsf `f fsaufrze sf mpcjdm iuy hjfk fc prjkdjpje `f m`mptmdjôk hjecôbjdm, sjfk`e êstm

 

tmihjêk iuctjcmtfrmc. Cmm vmrjmdjôk `f cm jktfksj`m` `fc fsaufrze sf puf`f rfmcjzmr ym sfm per cm vém quf utjcjzm cm vmrjmdjôk `f ces amdterfs fxtfrkes (vmrjmdjôk `fc pfrajc `fc tfrrfke, vmrjmdjôk `f cms dek`jdjekfs mtiesaêrjdms) e per cm vmrjmdjôk `f ces amdterfs jktfrkes (ces fsaufrzes fk dek`jdjekfs `fc if`je mihjfktf, rfcmtjvmifktf dekstmktf). Dmrmdtfréstjdms    

Qmrjmhjcj`m` fk cm jktfksj`m` `fc fgfrdjdje. Fc vecuifk vmrém, fk aukdjôk `f cm jktfksj`m`.

 Jk`jdmdjekfs  Jk`jdmd jekfs 

Fc fktrfkmijfkte vmrjmhcf fs kfdfsmrje fk mqufccms rmims y prufhms `f `fpertf fk ces dumcfs fc fsaufrze `fsmrreccm`e fk cm deipftfkdjm fstí dmrmdtfrjzm`e per brmk vmrjmdjôk `f jktfksj`m`fs, msé deie edurrf fk cms dmrrfrms `f djdcjsie `f dmrrftfrm, fk cms dmrrfrms `f aek`e fk mtcftjsie, fk cms prufhms `f aek`e fk dmketmgf, fk kmtmdjôk, fktrf etres. ^mrm cms rmims `f `fpertfs fk quf cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm sf imkjajfstm fk aerim fspfdéajdm, deie cm tecfrmkdjm `f rjtie ukjaerif, fc fktrfkmijfkte vmrjmhcf tjfkf uk dmrídtfr cjijtm`e, utjcjzík`esf sôce dek dek cms ehgfte ojbjêkjde-f`udmtjve. Msé fs fcydmse fk cms dek dmrrfrms `f vfcedj`m` fk mtcftjsie, prufhms `f vfcedj`m` fk dmketmgf kmtmdjôk, cms prufhms dektrm rfceg fk djdcjsie, fktrf etrms.  Cubmrfs `fc `fc Fktrfkmijfkte Fktrfkmijfkte 

Fk cm prídtjdm, fc iête`e sf rfmcjzm hmge cm aerim `f dmrrfrms `f `urmdjôk fk tfrrfke vmrjm`e, fk mtcftjsie, djdcjsie, e sf fgfdutmk fsaufrzes dektjkues `f brmk `urmdjôk, dek cm ie`jajdmdjôk rfpftj`m `f cm jktfksj`m` `f trmhmge, fk dmketmgf, rfie, kmtmdjôk, fktrf etres.  M`mptmdjekfs  M`mptmdje kfs Drôkjdms-Ajsecôbj Drôkjdms-Ajsecôbjdms dms 

Fstf iête`e `f fktrfkmijfkte tjfkf mipcjm `jausjôk fk cm iftô`jdm `fc `fsmrrecce `f cm tecfrmkdjm dmr`jerfspjrmterjm, sjfk`e prfafrj`e `fhj`e m su dmrídtfr `f séktfsjs.

Iête`e/Tjstfim Amrtcfl (Gufbe `f Qfcedj`m`fs)    @fsdrjpdjôk  @fsdrjpd jôk Bfkfrmc  

Xfprfsfktm ukm suhdcmsjajdmdjôk `fc fktrfkmijfkte vmrjmhcf. Fc Amrtcfl fs uk tjpe `f dmrrfrm dektjkum dek dmihjes arfdufktfs fk fc rjtie, j. f., vmrjmdjekfs `f rjtie cjhrf fk rfderrj`es vmrjm`es. Deksjstf fk ukm dmrrfrm jkjktfrruipj`m/dektékum dek dmihjes `f rjties tmk arfdufktfs deie sf puf`m, rfmcjzm`m fk dumcqujfr tjpe `f tfrrfke mukquf dek prfafrfkdjm fk ces ek`ucm`es y hesdeses. Fs uk gufbe `f vfcedj`m`, `f cmrbes pfrée`es `f fsaufrzes ie`frm`es, deie dmrrfrms `f cmrbm `jstmkdjm fktrf ifzdcm`m dek fsaufrzes iíxjies `f imkfrm jkaerimc. ^uf`fk utjcjzmrsf `es dmrrfrms fk ukm sfsjôk `f trmhmge dek uk `fsdmkse fktrf fccms.

 

  Fstf iête`e pj`f, deie fs keterjm, cm dektrjhudjôk `jrfdtm `fc `fpertjstm, êstf derrf dek vfcedj`m` ifker e imyer, omdf iudoms jktfksjajdmdjekfs `fc rjtie e jktfrpekf vmrjms vfdfs `jstmkdjms `f dmrrfrm sumvf sfb÷k qujfrm y sfb÷k sf sjfktm. Dumk`e ces `fpertjstms sek deksdjfktfs y prfstmk tetmc jktfrês fk cm prfpmrmdjôk, fc iête`e `m hufkes rfsuctm`es, mukquf tjfkf dmrídtfr suhgftjve. Fk cm pjstm fc rjtie fs vmrjm`e, dm`m 0>> iftres iís e ifkes, mctfrkmk`e dmrrfrms cfktms dek dmrrfrms rípj`ms sfb÷k fc `fsfe `fc sugfte e mtcftm fk fsf ieifkte. Fc derrf`er `fhf teimrsf mktf te`e mc pjf `f cm cftrm fc dekdfpte `fc gufbe. Fc dmihje `f cms dmrbms y cm jktfksj`m` ke `fhfk `mr mc trmstf dek fc dm`m 1-=> ijkutes `f rjtie jbumc, mcbe iís rípj`e quf `urmktf cm dmrrfrm `f => ijkutes `f «dmrrfrm `f dmcfktmijfkte¼ rfcmgm`m. Dmrrfrms dek muifkte `f rjtie `f =>> i. Deifkzmr iuy cfktmifktf y dmihjmr rípj`e `f rjtie. 4>0> i `f rjtie iuy rípj`e - 4> i dmrrfrm rfcmgm`m. Xfmcjzmr fstes muifktes `f rjtie `f 4 m 6 vfdfs. Tj mpmrfdf fc dmksmkdje, jktfrr÷ipjr fc fgfrdjdje f jktre`udjr 8 ijkutes `f imrdom. Ces hrmzes y cms pjfrkms rfcmgm`ms. Dmrmdtfréstjdms   





  

Qmrjmdjekfs fk ces cubmrfs `f fktrfkmijfkte (tfrrfke vmrjm`e). Mc jbumc quf dek cm Dmrrfrm Dektjkum, fc cubmrmcj`fmc pmrm prmdtjdmrce fc hesquffstf e pcfke dmipe. iís mbrm`mhcf fs fc Amrtcfl mjrf cjhrf. Fk dmse `ffskfdfsj`m` iête`e puf`fFc tmihjêk rfmcjzmrsf fk uk dmipe `fpertjve (`f ojfrhm), pfre fk tmc dmse sf pjfr`f cm imyer pmrtf `f su dmcfktmijfkte. Qmrjmdjekfs fk fc rjtie e vfcedj`m` (gufbe `f vfcedj`m`fs e `f dmrrfrms) . @fspuês `f cms amsfs dek uk rjtie fcfvm`e dekvjfkf jktre`udjr cms pmusms fk aerim `f imrdom omstm cm tetmc rfdupfrmdjôk. Fc derrf`er mprfk`f fk fstf gufbe `f dmrrfrms  pfrafdtmifktf ces céijtfs `f su dmpmdj`m` `f rfk`jijfkte. Fstm aerim earfdf e arfdf cm  pesjhjcj`m` `f sjktekjzmr fc fktrfkmijfkte fxmdtmifktf dek cms pesjhjcj`m`fs derpermcfs. Fc `fpertjstm ke pcmkjajdm fc tjfipe `f su fktrfkmijfkte, sjke quf sf fgfrdjtm sfb÷k sf sjfktf. ^uf`f utjcjzmrsf iís `f ukm dmrrfrm fk ukm sfsjôk `f trmhmge. Cm arfdufkdjm `f cms pucsmdjekfs vmr=m deksj`frmhcfifktf.  Kukdm sf prftfk`f ccfbmr mc mbetmijfkte fxtrfie kj m rjties `fimsjm`e aufrtfs. auf rtfs. Erjbfk 

Fc Amrtcfl auf drfm`e y `fsmrreccm`e per ces brmk`fs fktrfkm`erfs sufdes Bñstm Oecifb y Bñstm Ecmk`fr. Mpmrfdjô per ces mýes 4>, pfre sf fvj`fkdjô m rméz `f ces fspfdtmducmrfs trjukaes `f Mkkf Mk`frsek y Buk`fr Oàbb, ces brmk`fs derrf`erfs sufdes  pestfrjerfs m cm sfbuk`m Bufrrm Iuk`jmc. Iuk `jmc. Auf, fktekdfs, utjcjzm`e mc prjkdjpje per ces derrf`erfs `f aek`e jkbcfsfs y fsdmk`jkmves y cufbe fk etres pmésfs. Fstm dcmsf `f fktrfkmijfkte ccfbm `f Tufdjm (`f mccé su keihrf «Amrtcfl¼ ). @fsmrreccm`e ym fk fc mýe =:4>, fstf prebrmim ke om pfr`j`e.  Jk`jdmdjekfs  Jk`jdmd jekfs 

 

  ^mrm `fpertfs quf rfqujfrfk `fsmrreccmr uk mctm dmpmdj`m` e tecfrmkdjm dmr`jerfspjrmterjm. Fs j`fmc pmrm cms deipftfkdjms pf`rfstrfs `f dmipe trmvjfsm. Fc Amrtcfl fs utjcjzm`e fk cm prfpmrmdjôk `f ces derrf`erfs `f aek`e, msé deie fk etrms rmims y prufhms `f `fpertfs dmrmdtfrjzm`es per fsaufrzes `f `urmdjôk f jktfksj`m` vmrjmhcf. Fc Amrtcfl fs uk sjstfim `f fktrfkmijfkte mipcje y acfxjhcf. Pjfkf vmrjf`m` `f kfdfsj`m`fs y iête`es `f erbmkjzmdjôk. Fc ieifkte j`fmc pmrm utjcjzmr fc sjstfim `urmktf fc mýe fk fc pfrée`e `f imktfkjijfkte y fk fspfdjmc fk su ijtm` ajkmc perquf dek êc fs pesjhcf imktfkfr tmkte cm rfsjstfkdjm mfrôhjdm deie cm mkmfrôhjdm. Deie ofies `jdoe, fk fstf pfrée`e ke fs rfdeifk`mhcf pfrsfbujr bmkmkdjm fk tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm kj fk kjkbukm etrm dumcj`m`<  hmstmrí imktfkfr ce bmkm`e fk ces pfrée`es mktfrjerfs. Vk `ém per sfimkm `f`jdm`e mc trmhmge `f tecfrmkdjm dmr`jerfsjrmterjm per fstf sjstfim sfrí suajdjfktf pmrm imktfkfrcm. Vse Ie`frke 

Fc Amrtcfl fstí omdjfk`e ukm vfrsjôk y m cm vfz fs cm ccmvf `fc auture pmrm fc sjstfim `f fktrfkmijfkte. Omy quf omdfr e tfkfr uk pmse ajge mc derrfr, deie fk ces imrmtekfs. F= Amrtcfl ie`frke tjfkf uk brmk petfkdjmc deie fc sjstfim fdcêdtjde, fk fc dumc deihjkm ces ifgerfs mspfdtes `f etres sjstfims y `jsijkuyf cm `fhjcj`m`. Ehgftjves       

@fsmrrecce, ifgermijfkte y imktfkjifjkte `f cm tecfrmkdjm e dmpmdj`m` mfrôhjdm. Mdestuihrmr mc `fpertjstm m ces dmihjes `f rjties `f ces `fspcmzmijfktes. @fsmrreccmr ukm `fimk`m aésjdm `f `jstmkdjm. fsmrreccmr ukm `fimk`m aésjdm `f jktfksj`m`. Fs cm ifger aerim `fc `fsmrrecce y fajdmdjm. Amdterfs `f Prmhmge/Fktrfkmijfkite  

Ces amdterfs `f trmhmge m tfkfr fk dufktm mc mpcjdmr fc sjstfim sek7 





@urmdjôk 7 Vkm dmrrfrm jkjktfrruipj`m dek ukm `urmdjôkfktrf =6 y 1> ijkutes. Cm rfmcj`m` fs quf cm `urmdjôk `f cm dmrrfrm `fpfk`f `fc `fpertjstm. Fk Mtcftjsie, ces if`je aek`jtms y aek`jstms cm utjcjzmk fktrf 8> y 6> ijkutes. Tj fc `fpertjstm ke tjfkf suajdjfktf dmpmdj`m` puf`f armddjekmrsf fc tjfipe fk `es dek ukm pmusm `f rfdupfrmdjôk `f ? m =8 ijkutes. Xjties vmrjmhcfs vmr jmhcfs (g (gufbe ufbe `f vfcedj`m`) vfced j`m`) 7 @urmktf cm dmrrfrm sf mctfrkmk rjties. Ces rjties jrík `fs`f ukm dm`fkdjm/pmse sjijcmr m cm Dmrrfrm Dektjkum omstm dmrrfrms `f vfcedj`m` sestfkj`ms. Fc mtcftm pmsm m rjties aufrtfs dm`m vfz quf sf sjfktf arfsde y rfdupfrm`e. Jktfks Jkt fksj`m j`m` `7 ^er fstm mctfrkmkdjm `f rjties fc trmhmge puf`f deksj`frmrsf `f if`jm jktfksj`m` , e sfm, jktfrif`je fktrf cm Dmrrfrm Dektjkum y fc Jktfrvmce. Cm arfdufkdjm dmr`émdm puf`f acutumr fktrf =4>-=1> m =2>-=:> per ijkute. Cms `jafrfktfs dmrbms sf jipek`rík sôce m hmsf rjtie `f cm dmrrfrm. Prítmsf, deie su ijsie keihrf jk`jdm, `f uk gufbe dek`fc cm vfcedj`m`.

 



^re brfsjô ^rebrf sjôk k7 Cm prebrfsjôk sf cebrm muifktmk`e cm `urmdjôk `fc fsaufrze, e pmsmk`e `f `es dmrrfrms m ukm `f imyer `urmdjôk.

Qfktmgms  

 



 





@fsmrreccm `fpfk`fkdjm prepjm, ym quf fc mtcftm fs fc quf `fdj`f duík cfges y duík rípj`e vm m derrfr y duík`e puf`f vecvfr m derrfr. Fs ifktmcifktf vjberese y rfarfsdmktf. ^revff cm fstíijkm pmrm omdfr uk trmhmge iís rípj`e dumk`e fc fktrfkmijfkte ce rfqujfrf. Cm supfrajdjf sumvf myu`m fk brmk imkfrm mc rfcmgmijfkte `f ces i÷sduces. (Fvjtm `ecerfs fk cm fspmc`m hmgm) Amrtcfl fstjiucm m cm dmrrfrm fk brupe. Fste ce omdf iudoe iís `jvfrtj`e. Tf puf`f rfmcjzmr fk dumcqujfr cubmr dfrdm `f cm dmsm dek fc prepôsjte `f fdekeijzmr  tjfipe sjk tfkfr quf mdu`jr m ukms amdjcj`m`fs `fpertjvms. Fc sjstfim, `fs`f fc pukte `f vjstm ajsjecôbjde y prídtjde, fs fxdfcfktf ym quf per ces dmihjes `f rjties ccfvm mctfrkmtjvmifktf mc erbmkjsie `fc fstm`e `f fqujcjhrje mc `f `fu`m `f exébfke y vjdfvfrsm. ^séqujdmifktf amverfdf iudoe cm tfkmdj`m` `fc `fpertjstm ym quf tjfkf quf rfsjstjr ces dmihjes `fc fstm`e `f fqujcjhrje mc `f `fu`m `f exébfke y vjdfvfrsm.

 @fsvfktmgms  @fsvfktm gms  





Cm aufrzm quf rfqujfrf fc fktrfkmijfkte `fhf sfr rfcfvmktf m cms dek`jdjekfs `f cm deipftfkdjm. F= derrfr fk brupe tjfkf `fsvfktmgms y vfktmgms. Ces prjkdjpjmktfs y mquêcces dek ifkes tmcfkte tjfk`fk m sfr kfbcjbfktfs y rfmcjzmr uk trmhmge jkmprepjm`e. Cm dmrrfrm cjhrf fs uk trmhmge `jaédjc `f if`jr y `f vfr cm fafdtjvj`m` `fc ijsie. Vk fktrfkmijfkte `jmrje tjfk`f m iestrmr tjfipe y ijccmgf `f fktrfkmijfkte, ke iís. Deipmrmr cms dmrrfrms ke fs fxmdtmifktf if`jhcf. Cm prufhm `f prebrfse fs uk amdter jipertmktf fk dumcqujfr sjstfim `f fktrfkmijfkte.

 M`mptmdjekfs  M`mptmdje kfs Drôkjdms-Ajsecôb Drôkjdms-Ajsecôbjdms jdms 

Muifkte bfkfrmc fk fc sjstfim `f trmkspertf `f exébfke e tecfrmkdjm dmr`jerfspjrmterjm (iftmhecjsie mfrôhjde iís fajdjfktf). Fste jkdcuyf ukm ifgerm fk cm fajdjfkdjm `f heihfe `fc dermzôk.  ^cmkfs `f Prmhmge Prmhmge 

Fxjstfk `es pesjhjcj`m`fs `f fstrudturmr uk gufbe `f dmrrfrms7  

Vk dmihje dekstmktf `f cm vfcedj`m` `f ccmm dmrrfrm. Vk tfrrfke dek iektéduces fk fc quf fc dmihje `f cms dmrbms sf fstmhcfdf `f aerim kmturmc.

 

  Mc jbumc quf dek ces etres sjstfims, ces pcmkfs `f trmhmge omy quf aeriucmrces fk aukdjôk `f dm`m `fpertjstm perquf "ce quf fs pedjôk pmrm uke puf`f sfr vfkfke pmrm etre". @f dumcqujfr aerim of mqué mcbukms j`fms7 

^cmk = 7 e e e



^cmk 8 7 e e e



Amrtcfl 4> ijkutes. Fgfrdjdjes `f rfdupfrmdjôk7 => ijkutes. Amrtcfl 8> ijkutes.

^cmk 4 7 e e e



Amrtcfl 8> ijkutes. Fgfrdjdjes `f rfdupfrmdjôk7 => ijkutes. Amrtcfl 8> ijkutes.

Amrtcfl 8> ijkutes. Fgfrdjdjes `f rfdupfrmdjôk7 => ijkutes. Amrtcfl 4> ijkutes.

^cmk 0 7 e

Amrtcfl `f 0> m 1> ijkutes sfb÷k cm dmpmdj`m` jk`jvj`umc.

^mrm Hmcekimke sf muifktmrí fc trmhmge uk 8>% y pmrm A÷thec `f 4> m uk 0>. Mc jbumc quf dek cm Dmrrfrm Dektjkum, fstes pcmkfs puf`fk sfr utjcjzm`es fk cms dmtfberéms jkafrjerfs sj sek rf`udj`es fk fc vecuifk y m`mptm`es fk su jktfksj`m`. Xfdeifk`mies fstms rf`uddjekfs7  

Guvfkjcfs7 86%. Dm`ftfs f jkamktjcfs7 0> m 6>%. Vk fgfipce `f uk "Amrtcfl" fk dmipe ccmke puf`f sfr deie sjbuf7

 

 

  



=> ijkutes `f dmrrfrm `f dmcfktmijfkte rfcmgm`m 1-=> ijkutes `f rjtie jbumc, mcbe iís rípj`e quf `urmktf cm dmrrfrm `f dmcfktmijfkte. 8 ijkutes `f imrdom. Ces hmrzes y cms pjfrkms rfcmgm`ms. Dmrrfrms dek muifkte `f =>>i. Deifkzmr iuy cfktmifktf y mihjmr `f rjtie. 4>0> i `f rjtie rípj`e - 4> i dmrrfrm rfcmgm`m. fmcjzmr fstes muifktes `f rjtie `f 4 m 6 vfdfs. Tj mpmrfdf fc dmksmkdje, jktfrruipjr fc fgfrdjdje f jktre`udjr cms pmusms fk aerim `f imrdom. => ijkutes `f dmrrfrm rfcmgm`m. 6 ijkutes `f mdtjvj`m` cjvjmkm, dek rfcmgmdjôk. 8 ijkutes `f dmrrfrm dek rjtie aufrtf, pfre sjk mbetmijfkte/amtjbm fxtrfim. Pfrijkmr dek `fsdmkse. Dmrrfrm sumvf dek fpjse`jes `f vfcedj`m` detes y rípj`es, `f 0 m ? pmses. ^resfbujr dek cm dmrrfrm sumvf y rfcmgm`m omstm fc `fsdmkse. hmstm dek ?-=> sfrjfs `f smcj`ms aufrtfs. Tj sf prfsfktm jktfrruipjr f jktre`udjr pfrje`es `f rfdupfrmdjôk, utjcjmk`efccmdmksmkdje, dmijkmtm deie cm mddjôk.

 



 pmusms fk aerim `f imrdom omtm fc f c deipcfte `fsdmkse. dmrrfrm ajkmc sumvf.

Aerim `f Prmhmge 

Tf fkamtjzm cm dmktjtm` (imyer vecuifk) y dmcj`m` (imyer jktfksj`m`), j.f., fs ukm aerim `f trmhmge ijxtm.

Iête`e `f Fktrfkmijfkte dek Jktêrvmces (Iête`e Jktfrvícjde)    @fsdrjpdjôk  @fsdrjpd jôk Bfkfrmc  

Tf `fkeijkm msé per fc ofdoe `f quf fs ukm ukj`m` `f trmhmge quf sf `jvj`f fk pmrtfs, dek fc ajk `f mcdmkzmr uk rfk`jijfkteôptjie if`jmktf i÷ctjpcfs rfpftjdjekfs armbkifktm`ms  per pfrée`es `f rfpese e rfdupfrmdjôk r fdupfrmdjôk (pmusms). Fk mtcftjsie, fste sjbkjajdm s jbkjajdm rfmcjzmr dmrrfrms rfcmtjvmifktf dertms, dek ukm pmusm `f rfdupfrmdjôk fktrf fccms. Xfprfsfktm uk tjpe `f trmhmge e fktrfkmijfkte fk fc quf sf bfkfrm uk dmihje sjstfiítjde fktrf fc fsaufrze mc rfmcjzmr uk fsaufrzm, sfbuj`e `f su pmusm e rfdupfrmdjôk. Fk cm pmusm fs `ek`f rm`jdm cm fajdjfkdjm `f trmhmge. Fc iête`e `f jktfrvmces puf`f `fajkjrsf deie jktfksjve e fxtfksjve sfb÷k cm `urmdjôk `fc trmhmge.auk`mifktm`ms fk trmhmges dek jktfrvmces fk ces quf omy uk Deiprfk`f rfpftjdjekfs, tjfipe `f rfdupfrmdjôk quf pfrijtf ccfvmr `f kufve fc rjtie dmr`émde m =8>-=0>< cm `urmdjôk `fc tjfipe `f trmhmge sf erjfktm bfkfrmcifktf fk trfs brupes7 =6 sfbuk`es m 8 ijkutes, 8 ijkutes m ? ijkutes, ? ijkutes =6 ijkutes, dek rjtie mdfktum`e. F= fktrfkmijfkte jktfrijtfktf supekf uk fgfrdjdje pfsm`e `urmktf `ftfrijkm`m `jstmkdjm e tjfipe, mctfrkm`e dek uk fgfrdjdje iís cjbfre y uk pfrée`e `f rfdupfrmdjôk. Fstf  predf`jijfkte fs dédcjde. Tfb÷k ce vmym pfrijtjfk`e fc fgfrdjdje, cm rmpj`fz `f êstf e =m `jstmkdjm m duhrjr sf muifktm brm`umcifktf fk cms sudfsjvms prídtjdms. @jajfrf `f ces pcmkfs mktfrjerfs, prfsfktm`es pmrm fc dek`jdjekmijfkte dmr`jerfspjrmterje, perquf cms amsfs `f fgfrdjdje sf `fsfipfýmk iuy dfrdm `f ces céijtfs `f jktfksj`m`. Fk etrms pmcmhrms, fc rjtie dmr`émde y ces fgfrdjdjes `f fkfrbém sek imyerfs. Fstf tjpe `f fgfrdjdje supekf imyer `ecer aésjde, sehrf per ces fsaufrzes quf supekf su prídtjdm. Fk bfkfrmc, fc `ecer f jkdeie`j`m` `f fgfrdjtmdéôk `fhf m quf cjhfrm iís dmktj`m` `f ídj`e cídtjde (pre`udte iftmhôcjde `f tmc `fsfdoe), quf sfsfmduiucm fk ces i÷sduces. Cm ifgerém puf`f sfr tmk pesjtjvm deie fk dumcqujfr etre iête`e, prjkdjpmcifktf  perquf muifktm cm dmpmdj`m` mkmfrôhjdm mkmfrôh jdm `f fgfrdjdje. Tf mpcjdm fc prjkdjpjes `f cm sehrfdmrbm, quf sf rfbucmrí pmrm fsaerzmr fc dufrpe ce iís quf sf `fsff. Dm`m pmrtf `f cm  prídtjdm sf drekeiftrm y rfbucm jk`fpfk`jfktfifktf jk`fpfk` jfktfifktf y sf jktfrdmcm fktrf dm`m ftmpm `fc fgfrdjdje uk jktfrvmce `ftfrijkm`e `f mdtjvj`m` ie`frm`m (jktfrvmce `f rfpese e rfdupfrmdjôk). ^er ce bfkfrmc, derrfr fs cm aerim iís dei÷k `f fgfrdjtmdjôk m jktfrvmces. Cm sehrfdmrbm sf rfbucm per cm dm`fkdjm (vfcedj`m`) `f cms dmrrfrms, fc tjfipe utjcjzm`e pmrm fc jktfrvmce `f `fsdmkse y cm `jstmkdjm `f dm`m dmrrfrm, msé deie fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs. @f fsm imkfrm fs pesjhcf muifktmr cm sehrfdmrbm7 (=) muifktmk`e =m dm`fkdjm< (8) `jsijkuyfk`e fc jktfrvmce `f `fsdmkse< (4) muifktmk`e fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs< y (0) muifktmk`e cm `jstmkdjm `f dm`m dmrrfrm. Mc dmihjmr

 

dumcqujfrm `f fstes amdterfs `f rfbucmdjôk fs pesjhcf muifktmr cm dmrbm `fc fgfrdjdje Fstf iête`e om sj`e fstu`jm`e mipcjmifktf per cm fsdufcm `f Arjhurbe, y sf hmsm fk fc ofdoe `f quf cm rfdupfrmdjôk, fk bfkfrmc, `urm deie iíxjie 06 m :> sfbuk`es, pmrm quf fc kjvfc `f mdtjvmdjôk `f cms aukdjekfs ke `fdmjbm `fimsjm`e. Fk bfkfrmc, fc rjtie dmr`émde ke `fhfrém `fsdfk`fr per `fhmge `f =8>. Fk fstf iête`e, ccmim`e tmihjêk `f pmusm fktrfkm`erm, sfb÷k Xfjk`fcc-Xeslimkk-Bfrsdofcfr fk, m dmusm `f cms jipertmktfs vmrjmdjekfs `f cm prfsjôk iékjim, quf sf pre`udfk mc ajkmc `f cm dmrbm, muifktm fc vecuifk `f ccfkm`e `fc dermzôk, ce quf sf om deksj`frm`e deie ukm `f cms dmusms `fc muifkte `f cms dmvj`m`fs dmr`émdms, sfb÷k fstes muterfs omstm 88> di' fk mcbukms sfimkms. Cm `jafrfkdjm  prjkdjpmc `f fstf iête`e dek ces etres `f jktfrvmces jktfksjves deksjstf de ksjstf fk cm fspfdjajdj`m` `f tjpe mfrôhjde quf fc ijsie pesff. Fc fktrfkmijfkte dek jktfrvmces, mukquf omstm fc pmsm`e `fdfkje ke tuve suajdjfktf ietjvmdjôk djfktéajdm, om dektrjhuj`e fk mipcjm if`j`m pmrm hmtjr i÷ctjpcfs rêder`s iuk`jmcfs, omdjfk`e dêcfhrfs iuk`jmcifktf ces keihrfs `f ^jrdmcm, Omrhjb, Wmtepfl, Lut. @fspuês `f uk pfrée`e `f tjfipe, dumk`e mc fktrfkmijfkte dek jktfrvmces sf cf mtrjhuém iís `f ce quf pe`ém rfsecvfr fk fc `fsmrrecce `f cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm, oey fk `ém, fstf iête`e fs mprevfdom`e dek iís gujdje, sjfk`e deksj`frm`e, sehrf te`e, uk iête`e fajdjfktf pmrm fc fktrfkmijfkte `fc dermzôk, `f cm aukdjôk `fc mpmrmte dmr`jevmsducmr. Tece, fc iête`e `fc fktrfkmijfkte dek jktfrvmces, ke puf`f rfsecvfr deipcftmifktf fc `fsmrrecce `f cm rfsjstfkdjm fspfdéajdm kfdfsmrjm fk ukm djfrtm rmim `f `fpertf< per fse `fhf utjcjzmrsf fk deihjkmdjôk dek etres iête`es. Ie`jajdmk`e djfrtes mspfdtes `fc iête`e erjbjkmc, fc iête`e `fc fktrfkmijfkte dek jktfrvmces sf om `jauk`j`e fk ces ÷ctjies mýes m cm imyerém `f cms rmims `f `fpertf, pufste quf oey fk `ém cm kedjôk `f "jktfrvmce-trmjkjkb" `fajkf ukm mdtjvj`m` aésjdm jktfrruipj`m  per rfpeses rjburesmifktf `ftfrijkm`es, ` ftfrijkm`es, ccmim`es jktfrvmces. Fste sf mpcjdm tmkte pmrm fc `fsmrrecce `f cm rfsjstfkdjm, msé deie pmrm fc mprfk`jzmgf `f cm têdkjdm. Fc fktrfkmijfkte dek jktfrvmces kfdfsjtm teimr fk dufktm ces 6 sjbujfktfs amdterfs7 

  



Cm `jvjsjôk `f cm mdtjvj`m` quf `fhfrí `fsmrreccmrsf fk iudoes pf`mzes, perdjekfs e sfrjfs sfb÷k ce fspfdéajde `fc `fpertf. Fstmhcfdfr cm `urmdjôk `fc jktfrvmce -rfpese- `fspuês `fc dumc sf rfpftjrík cms sfrjfs. Fstmhcfdfr fc rjtie (cm jktfksj`m`) `f trmhmge pmrm fstms perdjekfs. Fstmhcfdfr fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs pmrm dm`m ukm `f cms perdjekfs `f trmhmge (pmrm dm`m sfrjf). Fstmhcfdfr fc dektfkj`e `f ces rfpeses `f rfdupfrmdjôk (ces jktfrvmces) fktrf sfrjfs (imrdom, fgfrdjdjes `f rfcmgmijfkte, rfpese deipcfte).

Tfb÷k cm jktfksj`m` `f trmhmge fk cms perdjekfs `f fsaufrze, tfk`rfies `es mspfdtes auk`mifktmcfs `f mpcjdmdjôk `fc fktrfkmijfkte dek jktfrvmces, y êstes sek7 

^mrm fc `fsmrrecce `f cm rfsjstfkdjm `f vfcedj`m`, cm utjcjzmdjôk `f ces fsaufrzes `f jktfksj`m` iíxjim, fafdtum`es fk tjfipe iuy derte y dek rfpeses brmk`fs pmrm rfdupfrmdjôk, fktrf `es fsaufrzes (per dmusm `f quf sf cebrm brmk `fu`m `f exébfke)<



^mrm fc `fsmrrecce rfsjstfkdjm cm utjcjzmdjôk fsaufrzes `f jktfksj`m` if`jm, `f cm brmk `urmdjôk`fy `urmdjôk, dek rfpeses dertes pmrm`f rfdupfrmdjôk.

 

  Cm mpcjdmdjôk `fc fktrfkmijfkte dek jktfrvmces fk gufbes `fpertjves ccfvô m mcbukms vmrjmktfs deie sek7 "fc iête`e `f ces 06 sfbuk`es", "fc iête`e `f ces fgfrdjdjes séktfsjs", "fc iête`e `f ces jktfrvmces jrrfbucmrfs", ftd. Cm secudjôk quf sf pfrsjbuf fkdektrmr per fc fktrfkmijfkte dek jktfrvmces fk gufbes `fpertjves deksjstf fk fktrfcmzmr fc `fsmrrecce `f cm vfcedj`m`, fk cm rfsjstfkdjm `f vfcedj`m` y `f cm rfsjstfkdjm `f `urmdjôk, fk ukm "ifzdcm" quf deihjkf cms kfdfsj`m`fs jipufstms per  fc dmrídtfr dekdrfte `f cm rfmcjzmdjôk `f cms mddjekfs `urmktf fc gufbe, dek ce fspfdéajde `f cms dumcj`m`fs aésjdms y su iête`e `f `fsmrrecce. Fstf fktrfkmijfkte jktfrfsm sôce m ces derrf`erfs dek mihjdjekfs deipftjtjvms. ^fre jkdcuse uk derrf`er `f dmrrfrms om `f `esjajdmrce duj`m`esmifktf pmrm ke suarjr rftrmses fk su pufstm m pukte. @fktre `f fstm aerim `f fktrfkmijfkte sf deihjkmk cms dmrrfrms dertms y rípj`ms `f 8>>-1>> i dek pmusms `f tretf y imrdom omstm quf fc pucse quf`f uk pede trmkqujcjzm`e. Cm j`fm prjkdjpmc `fc fktrfkmijfkte jktfrvícjde deksjstf fk amdjcjtmr uk fktrfkmijfkte dek rjtie `f deipftjdjôk y dek pmusms dertms `f `fsdmkse. Cm suim `f cms `jstmkdjms rfderrj`ms dek fstf rjtie `fhf sfr iís cmrbm quf cm `jstmkdjm quf sf rfderrf `urmktf cm deipftjdjôk. Tf drfém tmihjêk quf dek fstm aerim `f fktrfkmijfkte sf pe`ém mdestuihrmr fc.dufrpe m cm supfrmdj`fz iusducmr y m cms sjtumdjekfs `f `fu`m `f exébfke. M ajkmcfs `f ces mýes 6> y fk ces 1>, prídtjdmifktf te`m ukm bfkfrmdjôk `f ces derrf`erfs `f dmrrfrms sf fktrfkmhm `f mdufr`e dek fstf fsqufim. Tf rfderrémk `urmktf fc fktrfkmijfkte iudoms sfrjfs `f 8>> e 0>> i. ^rfdjsmifktf ces gôvfkfs derrf`erfs mcdmkzmhmk mc prjkdjpje cms rípj`ms ifgerms fk sus rfk`jijfktes. Tjk fihmrbe amctô. fc smke prjkdjpje `f uk fktrfkmijfkte `f tecfrmkdjm dmr`jerfspjrmterjm «cmrbe¼. Iudoes mtcftms dek tmcfkte quf`mrek iís tmr`f prídtjdmifktf «qufim`es¼ dek fstf fktrfkmijfkte jktfrvícjde  prmdtjdm`e dek fxdfse. Edurrf quf q uf m ce cmrbe `fc tjfipe sf `jvjsô ukm brmvf amctm `f fstf sjstfim7 fipcfmk`e cms pmusms, fc derrf`er sf drfém rfdupfrm`e, per ce quf vecvém m rfderrfr su sfrjf. Cms `jstmkdjms dertms `f 8>>-0>> i sf rfderrfk rfcmtjvmifktf prekte< per fste fc mtcftm puf`f fktrfbmrsf deie `urmktf cm deipftjdjôk. Tj sf rfpjtf fstm supfrfxjbfkdjm ke sf ehtjfkf ukm ifgerm `fc rfk`jijfkte bfkfrmc, sjke su fipfermijfkte. Fstes pfcjbres aufrek `fhj`mifktf rfdekedj`es y oey fk `ém sf prepmbm fc fktrfkmijfkte jktfrvícjde deie uk mprfdjmhcf dmpétuce `fc fktrfkmijfkte tetmc pmrm ces deipftj`erfs. @urmktf fc fktrfkmijfkte jktfrvícjde `fhfk duj`mrsf ces sjbujfktfs puktes7 Fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs `fhf fstmr sjtum`e fktrf => y =6. Tj omy ifkes `f => jktfrvmces dek fcfvm`e fstmies mktf cms dmrrfrms `f rjtie. ktfs rjtie `f cm sfbuk`m dmrrfrm, cm arfdufkdjm `f cms pucsmdjekfs om `f hmgmr omstm =8>-=4>. Tj sf rfderrfk vmrjms sfrjfs `f 1>> i, omhcmies `f cms dmrrfrms `f rfpftjdjôk. Fc rjtie `f fstms dmrrfrms om `f sfr dcmrmifktf jkafrjer mc rjtie `f cms deipftjdjekfs. @urmktf fc fktrfkmijfkte jktfrvícjde, cm `jstmkdjm rfderrj`m fk ukm ukj`m` `f fktrfkmijfkte puf`f sfr jbumc7 per fgfipce, =6 x 8>> i< e hjfk vmrjmr7 4 x 8>> i, 8 x x 0>> i, c x 1>> i,8 x 0>> i, 4 x 8>> i. Cm imrdm `f cms dmrrfrms rfmcjzm`ms fk rfcmdjôk dek cm ifger imrdm quf fc derrf`er  pesff fk 8>> ô 0>> i, tjfkf ukm fxtrmer`jkmrjm fxtrmer` jkmrjm jipertmkdjm7 Tfb÷k fc fstm`e `f fktrfkmijfkte, `fhf tfkfr cubmr uk muifkte `fc tjfipe fipcfm`e fk uk 86 m 44%. Vk fgfipce7 cm ifger imrdm fk 0>> i 9 1> sfbuk`es.

 

86% 9 =6 sfbuk`es. 44% 9 8> sfbuk`es. Dmrmdtfréstjdms   







Tf armddjekm uk trmhmge `f dmrrfrm (`f kmtmdjôk e `f djdcjsie) dektjkuô fk pmutms iís pfqufýms, dek jktfrvmces `f `fsdmkse. F= fsaufrze ke `fhf `urmr iís `f uk ijkute. Mc prjkdjpje fs rfdeifk`mhcf quf fc rjtie dmr`émde ke sehrfpmsf cms =8>  pucsmdjekfs. Iís tmr`f, `urmktf fc fsaufrze fc rjtie dmr`émde ke `fhf fxdf`fr `f =:>  pucsmdjekfs. Prms fc fsaufrze, sj sf sehrfpmsmk cms =:> pucsmdjekfs ssff mijkermrí fc rjtie `f dmrrfrm. ^er deksjbujfktf, fc jk`jvj`ue tfrijekm su tmrhmge m ukms =?>-=:>  pucsmdjekfs per ijkute, f jkjdjm fc trmhmge sjbujfktf m =8> pucsmdjekfs per ijkute. Ces jktfrvmces `f rfdupfrmdjôk sek jkdeipcftes, j.f., ke sf pfrijtf hmgmr `f =8> cmtj`es/ijkute. Cm pmusm `fhf pfrijtjr cm rfdupfrmdjôk fkfrbêtjdm pmrm rfmcjzmr cm sjbujfktf rfpftjdjôsk m cm ijsim jktfksj`m`. Cms `jstmkdjms sf rfderrfk dmsj m rjtie `f deipftjdjôk e jkdcuse iís rípj`e

Cm `fkeijkmdjôk `f fstf iête`e vjfkf `f " jktfrvmce", quf fs fc rfpese fktrf `es fsaufrzes. Cms pfducjmrj`m`fs dekstmk `f7 









Fc fsaufrze, fc rfpese `f rfdupfrmdjôk, y fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs e sehrfdmrbms, `fhfk sfr fstmhcfdj`es `f ukm imkfrm fxmdtm fk te`ms cms ftmpms, fk rfcmdjôk dek cm rfmddjôk `fc erbmkjsie fk fc rfspfdtjve ieifkte. Fc fsaufrze ôptjie fs deksj`frm`e mqufc quf `urm mcrf`f`er `f 06 sfbuk`es, sf `fsmrreccm dek 1>-?>% `f cm dmpmdj`m` iíxjim `f cm dmrrfrm y dek 6>-1>% `f pfse fk cfvmktmijfkte `f pfsms, y fc pucse suhf mprexjim`mifktf m =?> cmtj`es per ijkute. Dumk`e fc pucse rfhmsm fstm djarm, fc fsaufrze `fhf hmgmr y fipjfzm fc "jktfrvmce" `f `fsdmkse. Fstf jktfrvmce puf`f sfr utjcjzm`e ym sfm dektjkumk`e fc ievjijfkte, pfre dek jktfksj`m` iuy hmgm, e jktfrruipjfk`e deipcftmifktf dumcqujfr mdtjvj`m`, fs `fdjr sf omdf fc rfpese. Fc jktfrvmce `urm omstm quf fc pucse sf rfdupfrm m sus vmcerfs jkjdjmcfs `fc ieifkte `fc deijfkze `fc fsaufrze, mcrf`f`er `f =8> cmtj`es per ijkute. @f cms jkvfstjbmdjekfs ofdoms sf om fstmhcfdj`e quf cm rfdupfrmdjôk `fhf omdfrsf fk 06-:> sfbuk`es sj fc fsaufrze om sj`e hjfk `esjajdm`e. Tj cm rfdupfrmdjôk sf omdf iís rípj`m `f 06 sfbuk`es, sjbkjajdm quf fc fsaufrze om sj`e `fimsjm`e sumvf y `fhfies `jajductmrce muifktmk`e cm jktfksj`m` e fc vecuifk. Tj fc jktfrvmce kfdfsmrje m cm rfdupfrmdjôk fs imyer `f :> sfbuk`es, sjbkjajdm quf fc fsaufrze m quf auf seiftj`e fc erbmkjsie om sj`e `fimsjm`e aufrtf y `fhf `jsijkujr (fk vecuifk e jktfksj`m`). Fc rfpese `f `fsdmkse fs jkdeipcfte, fk fc sfktj`e `f quf fc erbmkjsie, `urmktf cm sfsjôk `fc fktrfkmijfkte fk jktfrvmces, ke fstí fk kjkb÷k ieifkte fk cm sjtumdjôk `f rfdupfrmrsf deipcftmifktf, fktrf `es fsaufrzes, mc kjvfc hjecôbjde mktfrjer `fc deijfkze `f cm sfsjôk. Cm jktfksj`m` `fc fsaufrze y fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs -cms sfrjfs-`fpfk`fk `fc brm`e `f fktrfkmijfkte y `fêstes cms pesjhjcj`m`fs bfkfrmcfs `f rfdupfrmdjôk erbmkjsie. Tf pfrsjbuf quf sfmk fk dumkte sfm pesjhcf iís brmk`fs.`fc Fc

 







fsaufrze ke muifktm sjfiprf `f ukm sfsjôk m etrm, sjke quf sf imktjfkf jbumc mcbukms cfddjekfs -uk djdce- omstm quf sf ketf quf cm `urmdjôk e cm jktfksj`m` fstmhcfdj`m deie ôptjim, m uk djfrte ieifkte, ym ke fs suajdjfktf pmrm cms kufvms  pesjhjcj`m`fs `fc erbmkjsie, quf omk ifgerm`e deie deksfdufkdjm deksf dufkdjm `f cm mpcjdmdjôk `fc fktrfkmijfkte dek jktfrvmces. Mc prjkdjpje, fc tjfipe `f fsaufrze, fc ieifkte `f cm jktfrrupdjôk `fc fsaufrze y cm `urmdjôk `fc jktfrvmce `f `fsdmkse sf `ftfrijkmk dektrecmk`e cm arfdufkdjm dmr`jmdm, dek fc drekôiftre. Fk cm prídtjdm, `fspuês `f mcb÷k tjfipe, ces `fpertjstms ccfbmk fcces ijsies m dekedfr sus rfmddjekfs dmr`jevmsducmrfs, y fc fktrfkm`er cebrm iís fxpfrjfkdjm, `f tmc imkfrm quf ym ke sek kfdfsmrjms te`ms cms `ftfrijkmdjekfs sjke secmifktf mcbukms vfrjajdmdjekfs `f sek`fe. Fc fcfifkte `f prebrfsjôk pmrm fc `fsmrrecce `f cm rfsjstfkdjm fs fc muifkte `fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs. Mktfs `f fipfzmr cm prjifrm sfrjf `f trmhmge, sf omdf uk dmcfktmijfkte fk quf fc fsaufrze fstí `esjajdm`e `f tmc imkfrm quf fc pucse suhf omstm =8> cmtj`es per ijkute. Fc fktrfkmijfkte jktfrvícjde sjbkjajdm7

   

Dmrrfrms`frípj`ms sehrf dertms `jstmkdjms (8>>-1>>`fc i).pucse (mprexjim`mifktf =8>). ^musms `fsdmkse omstm cm rfcmtjvm trmkqujcj`m` =>-=6 jktfrvmces `f rfpftjdjôk. Tfbujr derrjfk`e per ce ifkes =6-8> ijkutes `fspuês `f dm`m fktrfkmijfkte.  ^rfijsms Hísjdms Hísjdms 

  

Fc Tjstfim m Jktfrvmces sf hmsm ojpetêtjdmifktf fk fc fafdte `f cm pmusm. Tupekfk ojpôtfsjs fc muifkte `f cms pesjhcj`m``fs mkmfrôhjdms `fc etrbmkjsie. Cm tecfrmdjm sf mcdmkzm dek cm rfpftjdjôk `f uk k÷ifre fcfvm`e `f trmyfdtes dertes, m  hmsf `f uk fsaufrze fsdmcekm`e-armddjekm`e fsdmcekm`e -armddjekm`e dek pmusms ddertms ertms quf ke pftijtfk ukm tetmc rfdupfrmdjôk.



@fspuês `fkjrfmcjzmr sfsjôk m Fk jktfrvmces fafdtumrí kjkb÷k tjpe`f `fcmtrmhmge m jktfrvmces `f brmkukm jktfksj`m`. dmse `fke qufsfuk ÷kjde deipekfktf pcmktjccm sehrfpmsf cms =:> pucsmdjekfs, sf `fhfrí seiftfr fc mtcftm m fxmifk iê`jde. Erjbfk 

Fc sjstfim m jktfrvmces auf drfm`e fk fc =:41 per fc mcfiík Rec`fimr Bfrsdocfr sehrf j`fms erjbjkmcfs `fc ajkês ^mmve Kurij. Fk cm `êdm`m =:8>-4>, fc drfm`er `fc sjstfim, Rec`fimr Bfrsdocfr, sf ukjô mc dmr`jôcebe Xfjk`fcc pmrm `f`jdmr iudoes `f sus ifgerfs mýes mc rmzekmijfkte djfktéajde `fc trmhmge m jktfrvmces y guktes deifkzmrek m puhcjdmr mrtéduces `mk`e m dekedfr sus jkvfstjbmdjekfs y fxpfrjfkdjms quf iudoe omk myu`m`e mc dekedjijfkte y ifger mpcjdmdjôk `fc sjstfim. @f fktrf sus dekdcusjekfs `fstmdmk cms dekedj`ms dek fc keihrf `f " Cfy `f Bfrsdocfr-Xfjk` Bfrsdocfr-Xfjk`fcc fcc Mpcjdm`m Mpcjdm`m mc Fktrfkmijfkte Fktrfkmijfkte". Tus prjifrms dekdcusjekfs cms fxpuse fk =:84 dek fc keihrf `f "Cfy `f BfrsojfrXfjk`fcc".

 

 

 Jk`jdmdjekfs  Jk`jdmd jekfs 

. Fc fktrfkmijfkte dek jktfrvmces dekstjtuyf uke `f ces iête`es deiukfs fipcfm`es  pmrm `fsmrreccmr cm tecfrmdjm mfrôhjdm e dmr`jerfspjrmterjm. d mr`jerfspjrmterjm. Vtjcjzm`e fk mtcftjsie y fk etres `fpertfs (f.b., hmcekpjf, djdcjsie, kmtmdjôk, fktrf etres). Fc ieifkte j`fmc `fc mýe pmrm prmdtjdmrce fs `urmktf fc fktrfkmijfkte trmksjterje, y tmihjêk fc `f imktfkjijfkte, ym quf fgfrdf ukm imrdm`m jkacufkdjm sehrf cm rfsjstfkdjm mkmfrôhjdm< m`fiís `f aertmcfdfr iusduces, tfk`ekfs y cjbmifktes `f cms pjfrkms. ^er ce tmkte, `m`ms sus dmrmdtfréstjdms y ces fafdtes quf pre`udf fk fc erbmkjsie, su cubmr fstí fk fc pfrée`e trmksjterje, fs `fdjr, `fspuês quf fc erbmkjsie om mcdmkzm`e ukm  hufkm dek`jdjôk `f hmsf fk fc prfpmrmterje prfp mrmterje if`jmktf cm Dmrrfrm Dektjkum mctfrkm`m dek fc trmhmge iusducmr-mrtjducmr, quf ofies rfdeifk`m`e. Fk fc pfrée`e `f imktfkjijfkte puf`f utjcjzmrsf, sehrf te`e mc deijfkze, pfre `fgmrí pmse, prebrfsjvmifktf, mc Amrtcfl. Fstf sjstfim tmihjêk jk`jdmtjev pmrm mqufcces mtcftms `ek`f su sjstfim fkfrbêtjde  prf`eijkmtfs fs fc mkmfrôhjde.  Cubmr `f Fktrfkmijfkt Fktrfkmijfkte e 

Fc Tjstfim m Jktfrvmces puf`f prmdtjdmrsf fk dumcqujfr sjtje7 hesquf, dmipe, pmrquf, fstm`je (pjstm, bjikmsje, ijsie fk tfrrfke ccmke quf suhjfk`e fsdmcekfs. Fs uk fxdfcfktf fgfrdjdjeftd., pmrmcemdestuihrmr fc erbmkjsie m trmhmgmr fk dufstms `fu`m `fy exébfke. Qfktmgms  



@f ces trfs sjstfims `f dmrrfrms fs fc iís fafdtjve pmrm myu`mr m deksfbujr cm aerim `fpertjvm quf fs fc ehgftjve prjkdjpmc `fc pfrée`e. F= fgfrdjdje m jktfrvmces y m ifku`e moerrm tjfipe. Ehgftjves  

Fc sjstfim `f jktfrvmces puf`f tfkfr vmrjes ehgftjves, `fpfk`jfk`e `fc sjstfim fkfrbêtjde quf `fsff cf mtcftm `fsmrreccmr. Tf fkaedm, `f fstm imkfrm, `jstjktes kjvfcfs, sfb÷k fc tjfipe `f trmhmge7 

 

@fsmrrecce y ifgermijfkte ifgermijfkte `f cm dmpmdj`m` mkmfrôhjdm, ce quf sf deksjbuf auk`mifktmcifktf per fc ifgermijfkte `fc sjstfim `f aesaíbfke (MP^-^D) y `f ces predfses iftmhôcjdes bcudecétjdes fk musfkdjm `f exébfke (bcudôcjsjs mkmfrôhjdm). @fsmrrecce y ifgermijfkte `fc rjtie `f dmrrfrm y `f cm vfcedj`m`. Etre fkaequf fc fc `fsmrrecce7 Ijxte `f cms dmpmdj`m`fs mfrôhjdms-mkmfrôhjdms e Pecfrmkdjm dmr`jerfspjrmterjm e mfrôhjdm e Arfdufkdjm  

 

  Vk sôce `ém per sfimkm sfrí suajdjfktf pmrm fc trmhmge `f tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm `fhj`e m quf ces rfstmktfs `fhfk utjcjzmrsf fk fc fktrfkmijfkte têdkjde, y `f sfr pesjhcf, fk etres mspfdtes `f cm prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm.  M`mptmdjekfs  M`mptmdje kfs Drôkjdms-Ajsecôb Drôkjdms-Ajsecôbjdms jdms 

Tf ehsfrvmk fk fspfdjmc ces sjbujfktfs7 







@fsmrrecce y ifgermijfkte fk aerim jk`jrfdtm `fc sjstfim `f trmkspertf `f exébfke. Cm suim `f te`e fc trmhmge supekf uk jkdrfifkte `f cm dmpmdj`m` mfrôhjdm iíxjim `fc jk`jvj`ue Fk ces fktrfkmijfktes m jktfrvmces dertes, ifgerm cm dmpmdj`m` mkmfrôhjdm if`jmktf dmihjes fkzjiítjdes m kjvfc `f cms ajhrms iusducmrfs. M`mptmdjôk jketrôajdm pesjtjvm, j.f., muifkte fk cm dektrmdtjcj`m` `fc ijedmr`je (i÷sduce `fc dermzôk). ^ehmhcfifktf fste rfspek`m m ukm ojpfrtreajm vfktrjducmr jzqujfr`m (fkbrufsmijfkte `f cm pmrf` dmr`émdm e ijedmr`je), ce dumc muifktm fc vecuifk `f fyfddjôk sjstôcjdm (j. f., ifgerm cm amductm` mc dermzôk pmrm jipucsmr iís smkbrf fk dm`m séstecf e cmtj`e dmr`émde). Ifgerm cm fafdtjvj`m` `fc erbmkjsie pmrm imktfkfr fc ^O `f cm smkbrf fk sus céijtfs kerimcfs y msé kfutrmcjzmr ces ídj`es pre`udj`es per fcfkiftmhecjsie, y quf fk fstf`f tjpe `f trmhmge sek mhuk`mktfs. Ojpfrtreajm iusducmr cms pjfrkms dek muifkte aertmcfzm iusducmr. Qmrjmhcfs `f Prmhmge 

Fc sjstfim utjcjzm djkde amdterfs éktjimifktf rfcmdjekm`es fktrf sj7 `jstmkdjm, rfpftjdjekfs, tjfipe, jktfrvmce y mddjôk (@JPXM). Ke puf`f fxdcujrsf uke perquf fk fc mdte fc sjstfim `êgm `f aukdjekmr. ^mrm deiprfk`fr ifger fc sjstfim mkmcjdfies hrfvfifktf sus amdterfs per sfpmrm`e. @JTPMKDJM (`fc Jktfrvmce `f Prmhmge)7 Xfprfsfitm fc trmyfdte quf `fhf fafdtumr/rfderrfr fc `fpertjstm m ce cmrbe `fc fgfrdjdje. Fstms muifktmk cm tecfrmkdjm iusducmr y prevedmk uk aertmcfdj-ijfkte deksj`frmhcf `f cms mrtjducmdjekfs y `f ces i÷sduces. Fk dumkte m cms dmrrfrms `f if`jm y cmrbm `jstmkdjm, sjrvfk  pmrm rfmcjzmr uk trmhmge `f imktfkjijfkte `fc rjtie y pmrm ifgermr cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm. Tf puf`fk deksj`frmr vmrjes tjpes `f `jstmdjm, m smhfr cms dertms. if`jms y cmrbms. Cms `jstmkdjms dertms sf sjt÷mk omstm ces 0>> i., cms if`jms `fs`f ces 0>> omstm ces 1>> i. e iís. y cmss cmrbms `fs`f ces 1>> omstm ces 4,>>> i. e iís7   

Tek dertms7 6>, =>>, 8>>, 4>> y 0>> iftres. Tek if`jms7 4>>, 0>>, 6>> y 1>> iftres. Tek cmrbms7 ?>>, =.>>>, =.8>>, =.1>> y 8.>>>. Fvfktumcifktf 4.>>> iftres.

`jstmkdjms dertmsces seki÷sduces rfderrj`msy mmrtjducmdjekfs rjtie rípj`e `f ce quf amverfdfFste cm rfsjstfkdjm iusducmr. Cms Mséijsie aertmcfdf cms pjfrkms. sf

 

deksj`frm uk trmhmge rfsjstfkdjm-vfcedj`m` fk `fu`m `f exébfke. Cms `jstmkdjms if`jms y cmrbms sek rfderrj`ms m rjtie ifker. Fste sf deksj`frm uk trmhmge tecfrmkdjm-rjtie. Cm `jstmkdjm puf`f pfrimkfdfr jkvmrjmhcf fk ukm sfsjôk, e puf`fk utjcjzmrsf vmrjms `mk`e cubmr m trmhmges fk fsdmcfrm, mrrjhm, mhmge, e mihms. Fgfipces7 =>>, 8>>, 0>> y ?>> iftres< u ?>>, 1>>, 0>>, 8>> y =>> iftres. ^mrm uk `fpertjstm ke mtcftm sf rfdeijfk`m rf`udjr cm `jstmkdjm (s) mprexjim`mifktf m cm ijtm` e ifkes. TFXJFT Deksjstf fk uk dekgukte/dmktj`m` fspfdéajdm `f ces jktfrvmces `f trmhmge (rfpftjdjekfs) y `f rfpese (tjfipe). ^er fgfipce, ukm dmrrfrm `f 8>> i dek uk k÷ifre prf-pcmkjajdm`e `f rfpftjdjekfs y `f jktfrvmces `f rfpese XF^FPJDJEKFT (`fc Jktfrvmce `f Prmhmge)7 Xfprfsfktmk fc k÷ifre `f jktfrvmces `f trmhmge `fktre `f ukm sfrjf. ^er fgfipce, ukm sfrjf `f dmrrfrms `f 8>> i dek sfjs rfpftjdjekfs `f trmhmge. @fpfk`fk `f cm `jstmkdjm e `jstmkdjms y `fc rjtie rjtfkiefkmvmrjms utjcjzmr. Fk bfkfrmc, cm `jstmkdjm rfderrj`m dertm, sf ^er `fhfrí rfpftjr cm dmrrfrm emdmsjekfs, j.f.,sj cms rfpftjdjekfs sfrík fs kuifresms. fc dektrmrje, fk dmse `f rfmcjzmr ukm dmrrfrm cmrbm, `fhfrí rf`udjrsf deksj`frmhcfifktf fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs. Pmihjêk omy etrm mctfrkmtjvm quf `fpfk`f fxdcusjvmifktf `fc rjtie< dumk`e fstf fs aufrtf cms rfpftjdjekfs ke puf`fk sfr iudoms kj cms `jstmkdjms cmrbms. ^e`fies rfsuijr cms rfpftjdjekfs fk trfs pesjhjcj`m`fs7 kuifresms iís `f 4>< if`jmkms fktrf => y 4>< y pedms fktrf 4 y =>. ^mrm uk `fpertjstm ke mtcftm sf sfbujrí fc  predf`jijfkte `f rf`udjr m cm ijtm` mprexjim`mifktf. PJFI^E (`fc Jktfrvmce `f Prmhmge)7 Tf `fajkf cm `jmtmkdjm rfderrj`m `urmktf fc jktfrvmce `f trmhmge. Fs cm `urmdjôk quf sf fipcfm fk duhrjr cm `jstmkdjm, e sfm cm jktfksj`m` `fc fsaufrze. ^er fgfipce, 8>> i. Fc tjfipe `ftfrijkm fc rjtie `f cms dmrrfrms. If`jmktf fc rfbjstre tjfipe fipcfm`e per fc `fpertjstm, pe`rfies dekedfr cm jktfksj`m` `fc fsaufrze quf om`fc rfmcjzm`e. 





Cms rfpftjdjekfs rfmcjzm`ms fk uk tjfipe mcbe supfrjer mc `fc rjtie `f dmrrfrm kerimc, sf deksj`frmk deie jktfksj`m` suhimxjimc. Tj cms rfpftjdjekfs sf omdfk fk fc ijsie tjfipe quf fc rjtie `f dmrrfrm kerimc, sf deksj`frmk deie jktfksj`m` aufrtf. Fk dmse `f quf fk cms rfpftjdjekfs fc tjfipe fipcfm`e aufsf jktfrjer mc `fc rjtie kerimc `f dmrrfrm, sf deksj`frmrí deie jktfksj`m` imxjimc, fs `fdjr, iuy aufrtf. Fs mdeksfgmhcf rfmcjzmrce fk dektm`ms edmsjekfs pufste quf sufcfk pre`udjr uk sehrffktrfkmijfkte.

Dek `jstmkdjms cmrbms e dek iudoms rfpftjdjekfs fc tjfipe sfrí imyer, fste fs, per `fhmge `fc rjtie `f dmrrfrm. Dek cms dertms y pedms rfpftjdjekfs pe`rí sfr ifker e iís

 

fxjbfktf. Xfpftjdjekfs dek tjfipe per fkdjim `fc rjtie `f dmrrfrm pfre prôxjie m êc puf`f deksj`frmrsf ukm jktfksj`m` suhimxjimc. Xfpftjdjekfs mc rjtie `f dmrrfrm fspfrm`e sfrí ukm jktfksj`m` aufrtf. Z cms rfmcjzm`ms dek rjtie iís aufrtf mc `f dmrrfrm `fhfk fktfk`frsf deie `f jktfksj`m` iuy aufrtf (imxjimc) y fipcfmrsf iuy pedms vfdfs perquf sufcfk sehrffktrfkmr. @f dumcqujfr aerim fc tjfipe-rjtie `f fstf sjstfim sfrí sjfiprf aufrtf ym quf fste fs ukm `f sus dmrmdtfréstjdms. @f mqué fc cfim `fc sjstfim7 "M cm rfsjstfkdjm per cm vfcedj`m`". Fc tjfipe sf guzbm y `ftfrijkm per cm arfdufkdjm dmr`émdm `urmktf fc fsaufrze fk su  pukte iíxjie, quf `fhf sfr `f =2>-=?> =2>-=? > per ijkute. JKPFXQMCE (`f Xfdupfrmdjôk/Xfpese e ^musm)7 Fs fc tjfipe quf trmksdurrf fktrf cms rfpftj rfpftjdjekfs djekfs pmrm quf fc `fpertjstm sf rfdupfrf  pmrdjmcifktf, j.f., fc rfpese fktrf `es jktfrvmces `f trmhmge, trmhm ge, y fktrf `es sfrjfs. If`jmktf fstf fspmdje `f tjfipe cm arfdufkdjm dmr`émdm fcfvm`m m =2>-=:> dmf m =8>. Fste sjbkjajdm quf dm`m kufvm rfpftjdjôk sf jkjdjm dek fc dermzôk pucsmk`e m =8>. (^mrm prjkdjpjmktfs ifger. ==>-=8>). Fk etrms pmcmhrms, fc jktfrvmce fs fc tjfipe quf kfdfsjtf fc gubm`er pmrm quf sus  pucsmdjekfs hmgfk m =8>. ^mrm ajgmr fc tjfipe `f`fc `fsdmkse fktrfFk dm`m fgfrdjdje sf sf `fhf `fhf predurmr tfkfr prfsfktf dmpmdj`m` `f rfdupfrmdjôk `fpertjstm. fc jktfrvmce `mr fc cmtjfipe kfdfsmrje, pmrm quf fc rjtie dmr`émde `fsdjfk`m m cms =8> pucsmdjekfs per ijkute. Fstf tjfipe sufcf esdjcmr fktrf uk ijkute y uk ijkute y if`je fk dmse `f quf sfmk `jstmkdjms dertms. Fk cms `jstmkdjms if`jms y cmrbms muifktmrí fstf pfrée`e `f `fsdmkse, m ajk `f quf fc dermzôk tfkbm tjfipe `f rf`udjr sus pucsmdjekfs. Fs fk fstm deihjkmdjôk =8>-=:> `ek`f sf pre`udf cm bmkmkdjm fk tecfrmkdjm dmr`jerfspjrmterjm. Vsumcifktf fc tjfipe pmrm rfdupfrmdjôk, fk uk `fpertjstm fktrfkm`e y pmrm `jstmkdjms dertms, fs `f 06 m :> sfbuk`es, pfre fk cms `jstmkdjms if`jms y cmrbms omy quf muifktmrce e `f ce dektrmrje cm arfdufkdjm dmr`émdm ke dmf m =8> `fktre `fc tjfipe `fstjkm`e pmrm cm rfdupfrmdjmôk. Fs dekvfkjfktf smhfr quf cm rfdupfrmdjôk prjkdjpmc tjfkf cubmr fk ces prjifres ieifktes `f tfrijkmrsf fc fsaufrze, quf rfdjhf cm `fkeijkmdjôk `f "tfrdje rfktmhcf". MDDJÔK7 Cm mddjôk rfprfsfktm cm aerim `f deipertmrsf fc `fpertjstm `urmktf fc jktfrvmce `f rfdupfrmdjôk. Fs ce quf `fhf omdfr fc `fpertjstm `urmktf fc jktfrvmce `f `fsdmkse. Omy trfs aerims7 dmijkmr, dmijkmr y tretmr, y tretmr. ^mrm ces prjkdjpjmktfs e pede fktrfkm`es (pehrf dek`jôk aésjdm) cm mddjôk mdeksfgmhcf sfrí dmijkmr< iís m`fcmktf dmijkmrík y trmtmrík mctfrkmtjvmifktf, y, sfb÷k mvmkdfk fk dek`jdjôk aésjdm, jrmk mc tretf, cm dumc fs cm aerim iís `fsfmhcf. Mc ajkmcjzmr uk jktfrvmce `f trmhmge e rfpftjdjôk, sj fc mtcftm sf `ftjfkf hrsdmifktf, sf fstmkdmk ces iftmhecjtes (f.b., ídj`e cmdtjde) fk fc terrfktf smkbuékfe `f ces iusduces fsqufcêtjdes mdtjves. ^er fcce fs j`fmc ukm rfdupfrmdjôk mdtjvm. Fstf aerim `f rfdupfrmdjôk myuj`m m rfmhsehrfr fc ídj`e cídtjde jktrmiuducmr omdjm fc terrfktf smkbuôkfe, `f imkfrm quf cfbuf mc oébm`e y `f moé sf fcjijkf< deksfdufktfifktf, sf prjSepiufvf ukm

 

rfdupfrmdjík iím fafdtjvm y rípj`m. M`ffiís, sf ievjecjsmk cms imsms iusducmrfs m uk kjvfc iuy hmge, pmrm quf mdt÷fk deie ukm heihm `f rfteprke. Msé sf amdjcjtm cm rfdupfrmdjôk `fc mtcftm. AXFDVFKDJM Xfprfsfktm fc k÷ifre `f sfsjekfs `f fktrfkmijfkte fk jktêrvmces rfmcjzm`es f ukm sfimkm. ^XFTDXJ^DJÔK @FC FKPXFKIJFKPE FK JKPFXQMCE Tf trmtm `f `f cm aeriucmdjôk fsdrjtm `f ukm sfsjôk `f fktrfkmijfkte jktfrvícjde. Fstm `fhf jkdcujer fc fc k÷ifre `f sfrjfs, fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs, cm `jstmkdjm e tjfipe `f fgfdudjôk `flc jktfrvmce `f trmhmge, cm `urmdjôk `fc jkftrvmce `f fktrfkmijfkte y fc tjfipe `fc jkftfrvmce `f rfpese. Vk fgfipce `f stm prfsdrjpdjôk puf`f sfr cm sjbujfktf7 Tfrjf = 8 x 0>> m =78> (870>) `ek`f7 8 9 K÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs 0>> 9 cm `jstmkdjm `f ces jktfrvmces, if`j`e fk iftres =78> 9 Pjfipe `f jktfrvmce `f trmhmge, fk ijkutes y sfbuk`es (870>) 9 Pjfipe `f jktfrvmce `f rfpese fk ijkutes y sfbuk`es Amdterfs `f Prmhmge/Fktrfkmijfkite  



Jkt fksj`m Jktfks j`m` `7 Mctm. Cm jktfksj`m` sufcf sufcf sjtumrsf fktrf 2> y :6 % `f cm cm dmpmdj`m` iíxjim. Dumkte iís hmgm sfm, ifker sfrí fc rfqujsjte fkfrbêtjde y, per tmkte, ifker sfrí fc jktfrvmce `f rfdupfrmdjôk. Fste jipcjdm quf cm `urmdjôk `fc jktfrvmce `f rfdupfrmdôk `ftfrijkm cm jktfksj`m` `fc fgfrdjdje. Qecuifk `f trmhmge trmhmg e (dmktj`m` `f rfpftjdjekfs y sfrjfs)7 Deiukifktf hmge< pfre  puf`f vmrjmr, `fpfk`jfk`e `fc ehfgftjve `fc mtcftm. Tj muifktmies fc vecuifk, `jsijkujies cm jktfksj`m` y fc tjfipe `fc jktfrvmce `f rfpese (ifker deste fkfrbêtjde), per ce quf sfrí iís aídjc trmhmgmr dek `jstjktms aerims `f jktfrvícjde. @fc `êajdjt `f exébfke sf `f`udf fc vecuifk `f trmhmge (fc prjifre pfrijtf iís rfpftjdjekfs y fc sfbuk`e iudoms ifkes).

 Cfy Bfrsocfr-Xfjk`fc Bfrsocfr-Xfjk`fcc  c  

Tfbuk fstm cfy, ces fsktrfkmijfkte fipcfmk`e jktyfrvmces dertes `fhfk sfbujr ces sjbujfktfs `fcjkfmijfkte7 

Cm `urmdjôk `fc fsaufrze (@) ke `fhf supfrmr ces 1> sfbuk`es.



M= fipfzmr per uk trmhmge jktfrvmces fc dermzôk `fhf ehsfrvmr rjtiem`f =8>  pucsmdjekfs ijkute.m^mrm mcdmkzmrce fs jk`jspfksmhcf jk`jspfks mhcf ukmfcpufstm pukte

 













 prebrfsjvm `fc `fpertjstm if`jmktf dmrrfrms mc mjrf cjhrf, smcte m cm deihm y fgfrdjdjes `f smcôk. Fk pcfke trmhmge m jktfrvmces (@.J.P.X.M.) fc k÷ifre `f pucsmdjekfs per ijkute ke `fhf sfr supfrjer m =?>-=:>. @fspuês `f fafdtum`e fc fsaufrze (@), fc dermzôk `jspekf `f 06 m :> sfbuk`es pmrm vecvfr m =8> pucsmdjekfs per ijkute. Tj fk fc jktfrvmce (J).fc k÷ifre `f pucsmdjekfs per ijkute teim`ms jkif`jmtmifktf `fspuês `f tfrijkm`e fc fsaufrze `urmktf 1 sfbuk`es (=> deie iíxjie), fs supfrjer m =?>-=:> fs quf cm vfcedj`m` fipcfm`m fk derrfr cm `jstmkdjm fs fxdfsjvm. Duipcj`m ukm gerkm`m `f fktrfkmijfkte m jktfrvmces om `f erbmkjzmrsf cm sjbujfktf `f ie`e quf deiprfk`m mdtjvj`m`fs `f dmrídtfr cjbfre y sjk prídtjdm mcbukm `f trmhmge m jktfrvmces. Dumk`e cm arfdufkdjm dmr`émdm `f uk fktrfkm`e sf imktjfkf iuy fcfvm`m `urmktf iudoe tjfipe `fspuês `f omhfr tfrijkm`e fc fktrfkmijfkte, dekvjfkf quf fc jktfrfsm`e sfm seiftj`e m cm ehsfrvmdjôk `jrfdtm `fc fktrfkm`er y `fc iê`jde. ^mrm ces mtcftms fxpfrjifktm`es ces `mtes jkjdjmcfs (P.X.J.) `f ces fktrfkmijfktes `fhfk pmsmr mkumcifktf mc cmhermterje fspfdjmcjzm`e. Fstf predf`jijfkte dekstjtuyf uk muxjcje ketmhcf pmrm fc fktrfkm`er, pufste quf brmdjms m êc puf`f dekarektmr `jdoes jkaerifs dek sus ehsfrvmdjekfs pfrsekmcfs.

 ^cmkfs `f Prmhmge Prmhmge 

^mrm aeriucmr pcmkfs `f trmhmge per fc Tjstfim m Jktfrvmces fs kfdfsmrje fstu`jmr m dm`m `fpertjstm y m`mptmrcf dm`m uke `f ces amdterfs `f trmhmge. Fc sjbujfktf fsqufim puf`f myu`mr fk fste. Pmhcm 8

Amdter @jmt @jmtmk mkdj djmm

^rjkdjpmcfs Dmrmdtfréstjdms Jk`jvj`umcfs m Deksj`frmr  @urm @urmdj djôk ôk `fc `fc ``fp fper erttf. D Dmp mpmd mdj` j`m` m` `fc `fc `f `fpe pert rtjjst stm. m. Qfc Qfced edjj`m `m`` pmrm pmrm duh duhrj rjrc rcm. m. Ieifkte `f cm prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm. Xfsuctm`es prfvjes (prufhms pmrm

Pjfipe

 prjkdjpjmktfs). Vkm preperdjôk puf`fysfr7 2>% rfstmktf `fc trmhmge dekm rjtie per `fhmge `f hufkm cm dmpmdj`m` jk`jvj`umc fc 4>% jbumc `jdom dmpmdj`m`. Pjfipe `jspekjhcf pmrm fc fktrfkmijfkte. Dmpmdj`m` jk`jvj`umc `f trmhmge y `f rfdupfrmdjôk. Ietjvmdjôk. Dmé`m `fc pucse m =8>. Ieifkte `f cm prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm. Pfipfrmturm mihjfktf. Dmpmdj`m` `f rfdupfrmdjôk.

Xfpftjdjekfs Jktfrvmce Mddjôk

KEPM.  Xfpre`udj`e `f7 ^rfpmrmdjôk Aésjdm Aésjdm. 6tm. f`.< (Peie.. ,pp. 0=-08), per M. ^. Pfcfým, =:?8, Im`rj`, Fspmým7 F`jterjmc Mubuste F. ^jcm Pfcfým. Depyrjbot per7 Mubuste F. ^jcm Pfcfým.  

Fk te`es ces dmses sf tfk`rík fk dufktm cm f`m`, fc sfxe y cm iftm `fsfm`m. Vkm vfz deksj`frm`ms fstms dmrmdtfréstjdms sf mher`m cm dekafddjôk `f. ces pcmkfs `f trmhmge `fc mýe,  pmrtjfk`e `f aôriucms deie cms sjbujfktfs7

 

Pmhcm 4 Aôriucm = 8 4 0

@jstmkdjm Vkm sôcm ajgm Vkm sôcm ajgm Vkm sôcm ajgm Qmrjms

Pjfipe Ifgerm Dekstmktf Dekstmktf Dekstmktf

Xfpftjdjekfs Dekstmktfs Muifktmk Dekstmktf Dekstmktfs

Jktfrvmce Dekstmktf Dekstmktf @jsijkuyf Dekstmktf

Mddjôk Dmijkmr y tretmr   Dmijkmr y tretmr   Pretmr   Pretmr  

KEPM.  Xfpre`udj`e `f7 ^rfpmrmdjôk Aésjdm Aésjdm. 6tm. f`.< (Peie.. ,p. 08), per M. ^. Pfcfým, =:?8, Im Im`rj`, `rj`, Fspmým7 F`jterjmc Mubuste F. ^jcm Pfcfým. Depyrjbot per7 Mubuste F. ^jcm Pfcfým.  

Fk fstms aôriucms sf ehsfrvm quf ke sf trmhmgmk `es amdterfs mc ijsie tjfipe, quf fs ce rfdeifk`mhcf. Aerim `f Prmhmge 

Tf fkamtjzm cm dmcj`m` `fc fktrfkmijfkte.  ^cmk `f Fktrfkmijkte Fktrfkmijkte pmrm pmrm fc Iête`e Iête`e `f Jktfrvmces Jktfrvmces 

Ces puktes jipertmktfs m tfkfr fk dufktm pmrm cm fstrudturmdjôk `f ukm sfsjôk `f jktfrvmces sek7     

Cms `jstmkdjms y/e cm jktfksj`m` `fc trmhmge. Fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs y `f jktfrvmces Cm `urmdjôk `fc jktfrvmce `f rfpese. Cms dek`jdjekfs `f mdtjvj`m` `urmktf fc jktfrvmce `f rfpese. Cm arfdufkdjm `f cms sfsjekfs `f fktrfkmijfkte m ce cmrbe `f cm sfimkm.

^mrm `jsfýmr uk pcmk `f fgfrdjdjes m jktfrvmces sf fi\pcfmrí cm dmrrfrm deie uk fgfipce `f fgfrdjdje. cm dmrbm sf `ftfrijkmrí per fc mdtumc kjvfc `f dek`jdjekmijfkte y per cm dmpmdj`m` `f rfdupfrmdjôk `fspuês `f dm`m dmrrfrm. Fk bfkfrmc, pmrm ces prjkdjpjmktfs ce ifger fs uk prebrmim `f jktrfrvmces, hmsm`e fk rfpftjdjekfs e fk `jstmkdjms, iím quf fk rjtie (vfcedj`m`). Tjk fihmrbe, pmrm derrf`erfs fxpfrjifktm`es e pmrm qujfkfs `fsffk ifgermr su tjfipe `f dmrrfrm (fc tjfipe pmrm rfderrfr uk ljcôiftre), te`m ifgerém rfqujfrf uk dektrec rébj`e `f cms vfcedje`m`fs `f cms dmrrfrms y `f ces jktfrvmces `f `fsdmkse. ^mrm uk fgfrdjdje `f fstf tjpe fs kfdfsmrje uk derrf`er ietjvm`e quf sf seiftm mc drekôiftre y fstê `jspufste m tecfrmr jkdeie`j`m`fs aésjdms Ces fgfrdjdjes `f jktfrvmces deksjstfk fk ukm sfrjf `f fpjse`jes `f fgfrdjedjes m ukm jktfksj`m` iuy fcfvm`m, mctfrkm`es dek etres fpjse`jes `f fgfrdjdje iís cjbfre. Fk bfkfrmc, cm jktfksjs`m` `f ces fpjse`jes `f fgfrdjdje puf`f pre`udjr pucsmdjekfs iuy m ô =8> cmtj`es  per ijkute, mktfs `f rfpftjr fc fpjse`je. Fstf predf`jijfkte muifktm deksj`frmhcfifktf de ksj`frmhcfifktf cm dmpmdj`m` mfrôhjdm Fc cm Pmhcm 0 m dektjkumdjôk sf prfsfktm ukm sehrfdmrbm prebrmsjvm pmrm fc pcmk `f dmrrfrm `f jktfrvmces, m hmsf `fc tjfipe kfdfsmrje pmrm rfderrfr ukm ijccm. Fc< fipcfe sf fsm

 

tmhcm cf pfrijtjrí ifgermr cm dmpmdj`m` `f dmrrfrm fktrf ukm y `es ijccms. cm `jstmkdjm `f dm`m dmrrfrm y fc tjfipe `f jktfrvmce `f `fsdmkse fktrf cms dmrrfrms `fhf imktfkfrsf dekstmktf. M`fiís, pmrm bmrmktjzmr ukm mduiucmdjôk brm`umc `f cm amtjbm, dm`m rfpftjdjôk `fhf derfrsf m uk pmse cjbfrmifktf iís rípj`e quf fc quf sf puf`m imktfkfr `urmktf fc rfderrj`e `f cm ijccm. Fk cm Pmhcm 0 sf cf `mk ces tjfipes rfdeifk`m`es fk cms dmrrfrms `f 8>> y 0>> iftres. Cm dm`fkdjm `f fstms `jstmkdjms fs cjbfrmifktf iís rípj`m quf fk fc dmse `f cm ijccm y fc `feprtjstm `fhf fsaerzmrsf per imktfkfr fsm vfcedj`m` `urmktf te`ms cms sfrjfs quf vmym rfpjtjfk`e. Derrfr ukm sfrjf `f rfpftjdjekfs m ukm vfcedj`m` dekstmktf fs jk`jspfksmhcf pmrm sehrfdmrbmr fc sjstfim dmr`jerfspjrmterje dmsj mc iíxjie. Ce quf mqué sf supekf fs quf fc pucse sf mdfrdm mc iíxjie mlc ajkmc `f dm`m dmrrfrm, `f imkfrm fspfdjmc fk cm tfrdfrm, rfpftjdjôk, ijfktrms quf su tmsm `f rfdupfrmdjôk omhrí `jsijkué`e m =0> ô =8> cmtj`es, mktfs `f fipfzmr fc sjbujfktf fpjse`je `f dmrfrm. Cm Pmhcm 0 dekstjtuyf sôce uk  pukte `f pmrtj`m pufste quf cms `jafrfkdujms jk`jvj`umcfs ehcjbmrík m fafdtumr ie`jajdmdjekfs, deie puf`fk sfr jktfrvmces `f `fsdmkse ifkerfs e imyerfs, e uk imyer k÷sifre `f rfpftjdujekfs. Fs pesjhcf mpcjdmr fstf ijsie prjkdjpje pmrmhrfbucmr ces fpjse`jes `f fgfrdjtmdjôk mvmkzm`m fk fc dmse `fc djdcjesie e cm kmtmdjôk< mk`mr fk hjdjdcftm e km`mr m uk rjtie cjbfrmifktf supfrjer mc quf sf imktjfkf m ukm `jstmkdjm imyer. ^er fgfipce, sj su ifger tjfipe pmrm uk rfderrj`e `f 6 ijccms (? li) fk hjdjdcftm fs `f 86 ijkutes, prehmhcfifktf `fhfrí uk rjtiesjsupfrjer m ukm ijccm 6 ijkutes7 per fgfipce, if`je. imktfkfr @f jbumc imkfrm, km`m 4>> iftres fkdm`m => ijkutes, `fhfrí fgfrdjtmrsf0 mijkutes uk pmsey supfrjr m ces 4> iftres per ijkute. Msé, 86 iftres per ijkute, dek uk `fsdmkse `f 4> m 1> sfbuk`es fs uk tjfipe rmzekmhcf pmrm fipfzmr uk pcmk jktfrijtfktf. @f jbumc imkfrm, per cms `jafrfkdjms jk`jvj`umcfs ke fs pru`fktf seiftfrsf m prebrmims tjpe "rfdftmrje `f dedjkm", quf sfmk mpcjdmhcfs m te`e fc iuk`e. Ce iís prídtjde, per fc dektrmrje, fs sfbujr ces `fcjkfmijfktes pmrm cm sehrfdmrbm, sfb÷k sf omk prfsfktm`e mqué Pmhcm 0 Pmhcm `f ces Fgfrdjdjes `f Jktfrvmces

  QFCE QFCEDJ DJ@M @M@ @X XFD FDE EIF IFK@ K@M@ M@M M - 88>> >>I I

QFCED FCEDJ@ J@M@ M@ XFD XFDEI EIFK FK@M @M@ @M - 0> 0>>I >I

0706 - 67>> 67>= - 67=6 67=1 - 674> 674= - 6706 6701 - 17>> 17>= - 17=6

@esdjfktes Iftres  (Tfbuk`es) 4> - 48 44 - 40 46 - 41 42 - 4? 4: - 0> 0= - 08

Dumtredjfktes Iftres  (Tfbuk`eT) 16 - 1: 2> - 24 20 - 22 2? - ?= ?8 - ?6 ?1 - ?:

17=1 - 174>

04 - 00

:> - :4

Pjfipe per Ijccm

 

174= - 1706 1701 - 27>> 27>= - 27=6 27=1 - 274> 274= - 2706 ?277>0=1 -- ??77=>6> ?7=1 - ?74> ?74= - ?706 ?701 - :7>> :7>= - :7=6 :7=1 - :74> :74= - :706 :701 - =>7>> Imyer quf =>7>= @esjajdmdjôk7  



06 - 01 02 - 0? 0: - 6> 6= - 68 64 - 60

:0 - :2 :? - =>= =>8 - =>6 =>1 - =>: ==> - ==4

6626 -- 66?1 6: - 1> 1= - 18 14 - 10 16 - 11 12 - 1? 1: - 2> 2= - 28 24+

====?0 -- ==8==2 =88 - =86 =81 - =8: =4> - =44 =40 - =42 =4? - =0= =08 - =06 =01 - =0: =6>+

jktfrvmces `f `fsdmkse `f 4> m 06 sfbuk`es fktrf Dmrrfrms `f 8>> i7 @f ? m =1 rfpftjdjekfs, dek jktfrvmces dm`m sfrjf.*  jktfrvmces `f `fsdmkse `f 06 m 1> sfbuk`es fktrf Dmrrfrms `f 0>> i7 @f 0 m ? rfpftjdjekfs, dek jktfrvmces dm`m sfrjf.* 

* Fc tjfipe `f jktfrvmce `f `fsdmkse `fpfk`frí `f cm tmsm `f rfdupfrmdjôk `fc pucse.   Cm Dmrrfrm m Jktfrvmces Jktfrvmces 

F= trmhmge m jktfrvmces deksjstf fk `jvj`jr fk pmrtfs cm prfpmrmdjôk `fc `fpertjstm7 fs `fdjr, fc `fpertjstm rfmcjzm dmrrfrms dertms dek uk jktfrvmce `f `fsdmkse fktrf dm`m ukm `f fccms. Dek fstf sjstfim `fsffktrfkmijfkte husdm, `f prjkdjpmcifktf, ifgerm `f tecfrmkdjm iusducmr quf rfmcjzmrí dek sf dmrfkdjm exébfke fk fc ukm erbmkjsie. Fc cm sjbujfktf ehgftjve deksjstf fk uk deksj`frmhcf muifkte `f cm vfcedj`m` y `fc rjtie `f dmrrfrms.  Ie`fce `f Fktrfkmijfkte Fktrfkmijfkte m Jktêvmces Jktêvmces Dertes 

Vk fgfipce sf `fsdrjhf m dektjkumdjôk7  



@js tmkd @jstm kdjm jm7 =>> i. Pjfipe 7 =2 sfbuk`es. Fstf tjfipe fs fc m`fdum`e pmrm quf, mc ajkmcjzmr cm dmrrfrm, cms pucsmdjekfs `fc `fpertjstm ke fxdf`mk `f =?>. K÷ifre `f rf rfpftjdje pftjdjekfs kfs 7 fktrf =6 y 4>, mukquf `fpfk`f `fc `fpertf quf sf  prmdtjquf. Vk authecjstm ce omrí iís vfdfs quf uk gubm`er `f hmcekdfste pufste quf sf rfqujfrf imyer prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm.

 

 

Jkt frvmce Jktfrv mce 7 fktrf 06 y :> sfbuk`es. Mddjôk 7 `fhfrí dmijkmr y tretmr.

Fc sjstfim m jktfrvmces `fhfrí fipcfmrsf `fspuês `f quf fc `fpertjstm omym mcdmkzm`e uk djfrte kjvfc `f aerim aésjdm, brmdjms m cm dmrrfrm dektjkum y fc trmhmge iusducmr. Pmhcm 6 Fsqufim `f Fktrfkmijfkte m Jktfrvmces Tubfrj`es pmrm Ifgermr cm Dmpmdj`m` Mkmfrôhjdm y cm Pecfrmkdjm @jkíijdm Cedmc Iusducmr   

@urmdjôk7  Jktfrvmce `f Prmhmge

Jktfksj`m`7  Jktfrvmce `f Prmhmge 

(%) => sfbuk`es =>> % 8> sfbuk`es =>> % 4> sfbuk`es =>> % = ijkute :6 - =>> % 8 ijkutes :> - =>> %

@urmdjôk7 

#Xfpftjdjekfs7  Arfdufkdjm 

Jktfrvmce `f Xfdupfrmdjôk

Jktfrvmce `f Prmhmge per  Tfsjôk

(Tfsjekfs/Tfimkm)

=> sfbuk`es =6 sfbuk`es = - 8 ijkutes 4 - 6 ijkutes 6 - =6 ijkutes

8> - 4> => - 8> ? - =? 6 - =6 0 - =>

4-0 4-0 4-0 4-0 4-0

Tjstfim `f Xfpftjdjekfs   @fsdrjpdjôk  @fsdrjpd jôk Bfkfrmc  

Xfprfsfktm fc dekgukte `f iête`es hmsm`es fk cm deipcftm rfdupfrmdjôk< cms jktfksj`m`fs sek fcfvm`ms y fc k÷ifre `f cms rfpftjdjekfs fs rf`udj`e, fspfdjmcifktf fk cms quf mdtjvmk fc ifdmkjsie ^erfsdeksjbujfktf, sf fktfk`jfk`e `jafrfkdjm `fcper sjstfim jktfrvícjde perquf mkmfrôhjde cm pmusm `fcmdteídj`e. rfdupfrmdjôk dmsj deipcftm, deipcftm mqufccm quf sf `m m pmrtjr `fc :6% `f cm rfdupfrmdjôk. Fk fstm ie`mcj`m` sf trmhmgm sehrf te`e cms `jstmkdjms hrfvfs m brmk jktfksj`m` dek rfdupfrmdjôk deipcftm, quf fipcfmk m aek`e cms ajhrms iusdcmrfs `f dektrmddjôk rípj`m (DX)< fk fstf iête`e sf `m ukm utjcjzmdjôk iís mriekjesm `f cms aukdjekfs quf mdt÷mk fk cm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm, fk ukm kufvm aerim `f rfbucmdjôk m`fdum`m pmrm fspfdjmcjstms quf  prmdtjdmk `jsdjpcjkms mcrf`f`er `fc ijkute `f `urmdjôk (if`jeaek`e, (if`jeaek `e, prjifr ljcôiftre `fs`f cm pesjdjôk jkjdjmc `f pmrm`e fk fc djdcjsie, =>> iftres `f kmtmdjôk fk ces `jstjktes fstjces).  Jk`jdmdjekfs  Jk`jdmd jekfs 

pmrm `fsmrreccmrcm tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm, tecfrmkdjem mcídtjdm, aufrzm rípj`mTfypuf`f aufrzmutjcjzmr iíxjim.

 

  Fs fc sjstfim fxdcusjve pmrm fc fktrfkmijfkte `f vfcedj`m`, `f aufrzm iíxjim y `f aufrzm fxpcesjvm (Rjkt iíxjie e dfrdmke mc céijtf). Fstf iête`e `f fktrfkmijfkte sf utjcjzm fk mtcftjsie, djdcjsie, kmtmdjôk, gufbes `fpertjves, ftd.., pmrm `fsmrreccmr cm vfcedj`m` y cm "`ftfktm" (aufrzm-vfcedj`m`) y fk cfvmktmijfkte `f pfsms pmrm `fsmrreccmr cm aufrzm. Fc sjstfim `f rfpftjdjekfs `fsfipfým uk jipertmktf pmpfc fk fc muifkte `f cms rfsfrvms fkfrbêtjdms. Tfb÷k Tmcték (=:..) 6-1 dmrrfrms `f 6>-1> sfbuk`es mbetmk fc bcjdôbfke dektfkj`e fk cms ajhrms DX, ofdoe quf fk cms `f dektrmddjôk cfktm (DC) sudf`f mc dmhe `f 8-4 oerms `f dmrrfrm mc 1>-2>% `fc QE8 iíx. ]uf`m dekajrim`m ukm vfz iís cm kfdfsj`m` `f ukm prfpmrmdjôk fspfdéajdm, fk dumkte sfcfddjekm cms aukdjekfs `f imkfrm `jstjktm. Fk séktfsjs, fk ces trmhmges iís jktfkses cm bcjdecjsjs (petfkdjm cmdteídj`m) `fsfipfým uk jipertmktf pmpfc< sj sf muifktm cm dmktj`m`, sf fktrfkm cm dmpmdj`m` `f sepertmr `fc ídj`e cídtjde (dmpmdj`m` cmdteídj`m), fk pmrtjducmr sj cms prufhms sf omdfk ifkes jktfksms pfre dek rfdupfrmdjôk ke tetmc, y dek vmrjms rfpftjdjekfs. Dmrmdtfréstjdms   



Prmhmge `f aufrzm fxpcesjvm per fc iête`e `f pjríij`f (sjipcf f jkvfrtj`m). Jimbjkfies quf trmhmgmies ukm pjríij`f fk fc tjpe `f mdtjvj`m` jk`jdm`e. Cm utjcjzmdjôk `fc sjstfim `f rfpftjdjekfs sf omdf fvj`fktf7quf om `f msfburmrsf qufjipcjdm cm rfpftjdjôk sjbujfktf sf ombm fk cms ijsims dek`jdjekfs cm prjifrm. Fste quf sf utjcjzm fk pfrée`e deipftjtjve e fk pfrée`e `f trmhmge fspfdéajde. Prmhmge `f tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm7 6 x => ijkutes, mc Rjkt9>.?6. ^musm deipcftm fktrf rfpftjdjekfs. Fste supekf ukm brmk vfktmgm sehrf fc sjstfim dektjkue7 dek fc sjstfim `f rfpftjdjekfs sf puf`f trmhmgmr cm rfsjstfkdjm dek iís jktfksj`m` (iís vfcedj`m` sfbifktmrjm). Fk dumkte mc vecuifk, vmrjmrí fk aukdjôk `fc sjstfim fkfrbêtjde quf qufrmies utjcjzmr, y tmihjêk fk aukdjôk `fc pfrée`e `f fktrfkmijfkte (sjfiprf omy quf tfkfr fk dufktm quf fc vecuifk fs jkvfrse m cm jktfksj`m`). Fc fktrfkmijfkte `f dmrrfrms `f rjtie sjbkjajdm

 

 

Vkms dmrrfrms iís rípj`ms quf fc fktrfkmijfkte jktfrvícjde (rjtie `f deipftjdjôk). Cms cmrbms pmusms `f `fsdmkse. Tf rfderrfk `f 0 m 1 sfrjfs. ^resfbujr derrjfk`e per ce ifkes =6-8> ijkutes `fspuês `f dm`m fktrfkmijfkte.

 ^rjkdjpjess   ^rjkdjpje 





Cm vfcedj`m` fs ukm dumcj`m` kmturmc (jkkmtm) quf sf puf`f ifgermr muifktmk`e cm arfdufkdjm dek cm dumc cm fxdjtmdjôk mddjekm fk ukj`m` `f tjfipe. Cm vfcedj`m` `f derrfr ifgerm fspfdjmcifktf dek ces fgfr-djdjes `f vfcedj`m`, deipcftm`es dek fgfrdjdjes `f aufrzm-vfcedj`m` y rfsjstfkdjm `f vfcedj`m`. Fc fktrfkmijfkte fspfdéajde `fhf sfr prfdf`j`e per uk fk-trfkmijfkte bfkfrmc vmrjm`e. Dek uk fktrfkmijfkte fspfdéajde, cm vfcedj`m` `f dmrrfrm per =>> i, puf`f ifgermr dek =-6.6 sfbuk`es y per fse fc fktrfkmijfkte fspfdéajde `f vfcedj`m` `fhf

 







fipfzmr dumk`e fc `fpertjstm ym om rfmcjzm`e ==-==.6 sfbuk`es, deie deksfdufkdjm `fc fktrfkmijfkte bfkfrmc. Fc trmhmge `f vfcedj`m` ke sf puf`f fgfdutmr sjke secmifktf fk hrfvfs jkstmktfs, ym quf sf trmtm `f uk fsaufrze `f jktfksj`m` iíxjim, rfmcjzm`e fk dek`jdjekfs mkmfrehjms, dektrmtík`esf ukm aufrtf `fu`m `f exébfke. ^mrm rfdupfrmdjôk, ces jktfrvmces `f tjfipe fktrf `es fsaufrzes `f vfcedj`m` sfrík brmk`fs, =>-06 ijkutes. Fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs fgfdutm`ms dek fsaufrze `f jktfksj`m` iíxjim fs pfqufýe, omstm 4 vfdfs, perquf `fspuês `f fstms rfpftjdjekfs cm vfcedj`m` fipjfzm m hmgmr. ^mrm rfhmsmr fc céijtf `f arfdufkdjm `f ces fgfrdjdjes per ukj`m` `f tjfipe, sf utjcjzm cm vmrjmktf `fc fktrfkmijfkte dek rfpftjdjekfs fk dek`jdjekfs iís aídjcfs. Msé, sf rf`udf cm mipcjtu` `f ces ievjijfktes pmrm pe`fr fgfdutmr iís fk cm ijsim ukj`m` `f tjfipe, e sf utjcjzmk aufrzms fxtfksms pmrm amdjcjtmr cm fgfdudjôk (derrfr `f hmgm`m)  pmrm mduiucmr uk fxdf`fktf `f vfcedj`m`, derrfr de rrfr fk hjdjdcftm mtrís `f uk dmrre utjcjzmk`e pmses iuy pfqufýes, ftd..

Fk fc fktrfkmijfkte dek rfpftjdjekfs fk quf sf utjcjzmk fgfrdjdjes `f aufrzm, sf mprevfdomk dmrbms `f uk :>% `f cm dmpmdj`m` iíxjim y iuy rmrm vfz `f =>>% (ukm vfz  per sfimkm e dm`m => `éms). Fk ces fgfrdjdjes `f aufrzm fc rfpese fktrf rfpftjdjekfs fs  pfqufýe, `f 4-0 ijkutes fc k÷ifre s frjf, fafdtuík`esf 8>-4> sfrjfsyper sfsjôk. `f rfpftjdjekfs fs brmk`f, omstm 6 per sfrjf, ^mrm amverfdfr uk trmhmge jktfksjve mcbukes djfktéajdes y fktrfkm`erfs rfdeijfk`mk mprevfdomr ces fxdjtmktfs fxtfrkes, sekeres e vjsumcfs quf myu`fk m rfmcjzmr uk rjtie iís rípj`e, deipcftmk`e msé fc fstéiuce jktfrke quf fs cm vecuktm`. Amdterfs `f Prmhmge/Fktrfkmijfkite (Ces Deipekfktfs `f cm Dmrbm)    



Rjkt 7 Dekstmktf `urmktf fc trmhmge. Qecuifk 7 Qmrém fk aukdjôk `f cm dumcj`m` m `fsmrreccmr. ^rebrfsjôk (vícj`e ( vícj`e pmrm ces `fiís sjstfims)7 Dumk`e fc sugfte sf m`mptm m cms dmrbms, prjifre sf muifktm fc vecuifk y `fspuês cm jktfksj`m`. Erjfktmdjôk Erjfktm djôk ` `ff cms Dm Dmrbms rbms 7 Mpcjdmdjôk tmkte bfkêrjdm deie fspfdéajdm, sfb÷k fc ieifkte.

Etres tjpes `f Fktrfkmijfkte  Fxjstfk ukm `jvfrsj`m` `f vmrjmdjekfs `f ces sjstfim `f fktrfkmijfkte prfvjmifktf `jsdutj`es. M`fiís, sf omk `jsfým`e etres tjpes `f fktrfkmijfkte quf supcfifktmk fc iêt`e auk`mifktrmc `f mdek`jdjekmifjkte. M dektjkumdjôk ukm hrfvf `fsdrjhkdjôk `f dm`m uke.  Tjstfim `f Erfbek Erfbek 

Fstf iête`e `f fktrfkmijfkte auf drfm`e per`f Rjccjmi G. "Hjcc" Hewfrimk. Fc sjstfim `f Erfbek sf fspfdjmcjzm fk cms dmrrfrms pf`fstrfs cmrbm `jstmkdjm. Tu fktrfkmijfkte fs

 

 hísjdmifktf fc Amrtcfl. Ces `jms `f fktrfkmijfkte `f trmhmge aufrtf sek fxtrfifzdcmses dek `éms `f trmhmge deipmrmtjvmifktf sumvfs. Ces `fafkserfs `f êstf sjstfim fk fc iuk`e `f cm kmtmdjôk, per fgfipce, `fimk`mk quf fste fs ukm imkfrm fafdtjvm `f msfburmr cm prebrfsjôk sfimkm per sfimkm, perquf sf rf`udf fc pfcjbre `f uk sehrffktrfkmijfkte, m pfsmr `fc ofdoe `f quf ces `éms aufrtfs `f trmhmge puf`fk sfr fk vfr`m` aufrtfs.  Fktrfkmijfkte  Fktrfkmij fkte fk Dufstms Dufstms 

@fshf rfmcjzmrsf fktrf 8> m 1> ijkutes, sfb÷k sfm cm f`m` y fstm`e aésjde. Fs iuy jipertmktf `f dmcfktmr mktfs `f dm`m fcfrdjdje e dmrrfrm omdjm cm duftm. Fc dmcfktmkijfkte  puf`f jkdcujr tretmr cfktmifktf. Tjijcmrifktf, sf `fhf fkarjmr dek tretf suvf ukm vfz sf suhm y hmgf cm dufstm. Fc prjifr pmse fs derrfr ukm duftm dek secturm omstm qu?fk su dufrpe `ftfrijkf quf fs suajdjfktf. Cufbe, Arfhtf m etrm dufstm `f ifker mcturm, e cm ijsim sjk quf sf rfderrm fk su tetmcj`m`, derrm cm dufstm, cfvmktmk`e ces tehjcces fk aerim fcístjdm. Cm  príxjim vfz, cm dufstm `fhf suhjrsf dek pmses cmrbes, fcfvmk`e deksj`frmhfcikftf cms re`jccms y hrmzfe aufrtf. Pretf mc ccfbmr m cm djim y derrm rípj`mifktf dufstm mhmge dek  pmses cmrbes. Xfpjtm fc fgfrdjdje sfjs vfdfs. Tf puf`f rfmcjzmr stes fgfrdjdjes fk aerim jktfrvícjdm, `ek`f fc jktfrvmce `f trmhmge sf fgfdutm mc suhjr cm dufstm y fc `f rfdupfrmdjôk mc hmgmrcm.  Fc Iête`e Deipftjtjve Deipftjtjve  Fstf iête`e, duyes cjk`fs fs `jaédjc `fcjijtmr, tjfkf su cubmr sehrf te`e fk cm  prfpmrmdjôk `f ces mtcftms `f mctm deipftjdjôk, y iuy fspfdjmcifktf `urmktf `ur mktf fc pfrée`e quf  prfdf`f m cm prepjm deipftjdjôk. Tf hmsm fk cm rfmcjzmdjôk `f cms ijsims prufhms quf `fhfrí supfrmr fk cm deipftjdjôk eajdjmc, pfre tmihjêk y sehrf te`e fk prufhms duym `urmdjôk sfm cjbfrmifktf jkafrjer e supfrjer m cms `f cm deipftjdjôk e hjfk fgfrdjtmdjôk fk trfdoes m rjtie sjijcmr.  Iête`e Imrmtôk Imrmtôk 

Fc iête`e imrmtôk, oey fk `ém, sf utjcjzm iudoe pmrm fc fktrfkmijfkte `f tecfrmkdjm mfrôhjdm `f ces derrf`erfs pf`fstrfs. Fstf iête`e sf dmrmdtfrjzm per brmk dmktj`m` `f trmhmge. ^er uk vecuifk bjbmktf `f trmhmge `jmrje, fk dumcqujfr dcjim, `urmktf vmrjes mýes, sf cebrmk trmksaerimdjekfs aukdjekmcfs `fc erbmkjsie, quf dmrmdtfrjzmk fc fsaufrze `f rfsjstfkdjm y f`udmdjôk `f cms dumcj`m`fs vecjtjvms m uk kjvfc supfrjer. @fc fstu`je `f cm cjtfrmturm `f fspfdjmcj`m` rfsuctm quf fc iête`e sf mpcjdm tmkte pmrm ces derrf`erfs `f `jstmkdjms brmk`fs (6>>-imrmtôk) deie pmrm ces `f `jstmkdjms if`jmkms (?>>=6>>). Fc pcmk `f fktrfkmijfkte `f fstf iête`e prfvê mc prjkdjpje cm prfpmrmdjôk `f hmsf (hísjdm) `fc erbmkjsie, if`jmktf uk brmk vecuifk `f dmrrfrm (jbumc pmrm ces derrf`erfs `f ?>> i y `f imrmtôk) mprevfdomk`e pcfkmifktf cms dmrrfrms m dmipe trmvjfsm (pfre tmihjêk cms dmrrfrms `f pjstm), dek ukm fxmdtm rfpmrtjdjôk `f cm jktfk-sj`m` `fc fsaufrze. ^mrm ehtfkfr  cm aerim `fpertjvm, fc trmhmge mhmrdm uk tjfipe `f ? ifsfs `jvj`j`e fk 4 pfrée`es. Cms `jafrfkdjms fktrf cms fspfdjmcjzmdjekfs pmrm `jstjktms `jstmkdjms sf ketmk vjsjhcfifktf mpfkms

 

fk fc ÷ctjie pfrée`e, dumk`e ces derrf`erfs sf mbrupmk `f fstm imkfrm7 fc brupe `f ces `f ?>> i< fc brupe `f ces =,6>>, 6,>>>, =>,>>> y fc brupe `f imrmtôk. Fk fc prjifr pfrée`e sf rfderrfk =1 li sfimkmcifktf, jk`jaf-rfktfifktf `f cm prufhm, trmhmgmk`e `jmrjmifktf. @f ces 2 fktrfkm-ijfktes sfimkmcfs, 8 sek dek fsaufrze vmrjm`e y 6 dek dmrrfrms fk rêbjifk `f vfcedj`m` ukjaerif. Fk fc sfbuk`e pfrée`e, te`es ces `fpertjstms rfderrfk 0 vfdfs uk djrdujte aerim`e per ukm perdjôk pcmkm, ?>> i fk suhj`m y ?>> i fk hmgm`m, tetmcjzmk`e `jmrjmifktf =4 li. Mukquf sf utjcjzm deie ÷kjde if`je `f prfpmrmdjôk cm dmrrfrm, fstf iête`e fs sjk fihmrbe deipcfge, ym quf utjcjzm te`m cm bmim `f jktfksj`m`fs `f fsaufrze `fs`f = / = omstm =/0, msé deie te`ms cms vmrjmktfs `f dmrrfrm fk tfrrfke pcmke, fk pjstm y dmipe trmvjfsm dek suhj`ms y hmgm`ms. Fstf iête`e prufhm cm kfdfsj`m` `f fafdtumr ukm brmk dmktj`m` `f trmhmge pmrm ces `fpertfs `f rfsjstfkdjm e dek imkjafstmdjôk dei-pcfgm `f cms dumcj`m`fs aésjdms, `jafrfkdjm`ms sfb÷k ce fspfdéajde `f cm prufhm e rmim `fpertjvm.  Fktrfkmijfkte  Fktrfkmijf kte pmrm Pecfrmkdjm Pecfrmkdjm Mfrôhjdm Mfrôhjdm Fipcfmk`e Fipcfmk`e Xfsjstfkdjms Xfsjstfkdjms Fxtfrkms Fxtfrkms 

Tf `fhf tfkfr iudoe duj`m`e quf fk fstes iêt`es ke sf mctfrf cm têdkjdm `f cm `fstrfzm. Ces tjpes `f fktrfkmijfkte mctfrm`es dek rfsjstfkdjm fxtfrkms deiukifktf jkdcuyfk ces sjbujfktfs7 Mrrmstrmr rfsjstfkdjms, tmcfs deie pmrmdmé`ms, kfuiítjdes, fktrf etres. Fk kmtmdjôk, sf utjcjzm uk sjstfim `f mrkfdfs `ek`f fc km`m`er mrrmstrm ukes pfses fk su etre fxtrfie. Dmrrfrms suhjfk`e dufstms. Cm rfsjstfkdjm fs cm aufrzm `f brmvf`m`. Dmrrfrms pf`fstrfs dektrm fc vjfkte. Fktrfkmijfkte m km`e dektrm cm derrjfktf Muifkte `f cms rfsjstfkdjm. ^er fgfipce, fk kmtmdjôk fc use `f imkepcms. Djdcjsie dek pjýekfs iís brm`f `f ce kerimc. 



  



Fktrfkmijfkte fk Mcturms  Deksjstfk fk fktrfkmr fk cubmrfs mctes puf`fk myu`mr mc rfk`jijfkte `fprtjve `f mtcftms quf rfqujfrfk uk mcte `fsrrecce `f su sjstfim `f trmkspertf `f exébfke. Fste fs  pmrtjducmrifktf dufrte. sj sf deihjkmk ces fktrfkmijfktes m kjvfc `fc imr dek ces `f mcturm. Tf om subfrj`e quf fc fktrfkmijfkte sf ccfvf m dmhe m ukm mcturm ie`frm`m, j.f., `f 8, >>> m 8, 0>> iftres (Hewfrs & Aex, =::8, p. 828-820). Cm imyer pmrtf `fc fktrfkmijfkte sf `fhf pmsmr fk cm mcturm ie`frm`m, dek hrfvfs fxpesjdjekfs `f imyerfs mcturms. Tf `fhf fkamtjzmr fc imtfkjijfkte `f cm petfkdjm iusducmr. Fc fktrfkmijfkte fk mcturms deiukifktf myu`m m `fsmrrecmr fc sjstfim `f trmkspertf `f exébfke. @fhj`e m cm hmgm `fksj`m` `fc mjrf y rf`udj`e prfsjôk pmrdjmc `fc exébfke (^E8), fstf sjstfim jk`udf m`mpmtmdjekfs, tmcfs deie (Bmrdém, Kmvmrre & Xujz, =::1, p. 41=< Imkke, =::=, p. =?8).

 





Jkdrfifkte fk cm pre`uddjôk `f frjtrepejftjkm, fspfdjmcifktf `urmktf cms `es  prjifrms sfimkms y fk sugftes ke fktrfkm`e, fktrfkm` e, ce quf ccfvm mc muifkte `f uk 86% `f ces frjtredjtes (bcehuces reges) y `f cm ofiebcehjkm (6>%). Mkjvfc `f ces i÷sduces fsqufcêtjdes mdtjvm`es `urmktf fstf tjpe `f fktrfkmijfktes, sf om fkdektrm`e uk muifkte fk fc k÷ifre `f dmpjcmrfs, `f cms fkzjims exj`mtjvms y fk cm dmktj`m` `f ijtedek`rjms.



Muifkte fk cms rfsfrvms `f ijebcehjkm.  Ifte`ecebém  Ifte`eceb ém fk fc Fktrfkmijfkt Fktrfkmijfkte e fk Mcturm 

Tf `fhf jkjdjmr fc fktrfkmijfkte dek uk pfrje`e `f mdcjimtmdjôk, `f mprexjim`m ifktf 4 m 6 `éms (e omstm ukm sfimkm). Cm amsf `f mdcjimtmdjôk deksjstf hísjdmifktf fk fgfrdjdjes `f tjpe mfrôhjde y precekbm`es, ` hmgm jktfksj``m, vecuifk rf`udj`e y hmge brm`e `f `jajdumctm` têdkjdm. Cm sfbuk`mvamsf sf jkjdjm dek uk imyer k÷ifre `f fktrfkmijfkte `f kmturmlfzm mkmfrôhjdm. @urmktf fstf pfrje`es sf fcfvm cm jktfksj`m` y fc vecuifk `f trmhmge. Zm cm ÷ctmim amsf, quf iuy hjfk pe`rém sfr cm tfrdfrm sfimkm,sf pfrijtfk trmhmges dek dmrbms fcfvm`ms.

Fktrfkmijfkte Druzm`e  Deksjstf fk fipcfmr ces hfkfajdjes ajsjecôbujdes `fc fktrfkmijkte `f uk tjpe `f fgfrdjdje/`fpertf pmrm fgfrdutmr dek fafdtjvj`m` etrm ie`mcj`m`. Deiukifktf sf utjcjzm quf mqufcces quf prmdtjdmk deipftfkdjms `f trémces, `ek`f sf fktrfkm fk kmtmdjôk, djdcjsie y dmrrfrms pf`fstrfs `f cmrbm `jstmkdjm.

Fktrfkmijfkte fk Djrdujte  Cm imyerém `f ces fqujpes `fpertjves, fspfdjmcifktf ces ie`fstes, ke puf`fk `f`jdmr fc tjfipe kfdfsmrje quf fxjbf cm `fhj`m prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm `f sus `fpertjstms. Deie deksfdufkdjm, cms `es, trfs e dumtre sfsjekfs sfimkmcfs `f`jdm`ms mc fktrfkmijfkte sf fipcfmk fk ces auk`mifktes y tídtjdms têdkjdes, `fsfdoík`esf te`m pesjhjcj`m` `f  prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm dek fgfrdjdjes mgfkes m cm fspfdjmcj`m` `fpertjvm, deie ces `f cm bjikmsjm (jkdcuyfk`e cms pfsms), cm dmrrfrm fk sus `jstjktms ie`mcj`m`fs y pesjhjcj`m`fs, ftd., mukquf te`es smhfies cm jipertmkdjm quf tjfkfk. Drffies quf fstm sjtumdjôk puf`f sfr supfrm`m sj `es `f cms sfsjekfs `fc djdce sfimkmc sf rfmcjzmk fk aerim ijxtm< fs `fdjr, deihjkmk`e fc fktrfkmijfkte têdkjde (quf fs ce quf `fhf rfdjhjr cm imyer mtfkdjôk) dek uk djrdujte hrfvf `f prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm. Ce quf sjbuf sf  prepekf myu`mr m rfsecvfr rfse cvfr fstm prehcfiítjdm.  @fsdrjpdjôk  @fsdrjpd jôk Bfkrfrmc  Bfkrfrmc  

Fstf iête`e deipcfge `f fktrfkmijfkte fs ukm vmrjmktf ie`frkm `fc trmhmge per tmccfrfs. Fk fstf bêkfre `f fktrfkmijfkte sf puf`f mdtumr sehrf fc `fsmrrecce y fc  pfrafddjekmijfkte `f cm aufrzm, vfcedj`m`, rfsjstfkdjm y `fstrfzm, msé deie cms dumcj`m`fs aésjdms deihjkm`ms7 rfsjstfkdjm `ffkaufrzm y rfsjstfkdjm `f vfcedj`m`. Cms prjkdjpmcfs dmtmdtfréstjdms `fc fktrfkmijfkte djrdujte sek7

 











Fc erbmkjsie fs secjdjtm`e prebrfsjvmifktf, fc fsaufrze fs jk`jvj`umcjzm`e y sf fvjtm cm sehrfsecjdjtmdjôk. Fk mdtjvj`m` sf puf`fk mhmrdmr sjiuctíkfmifktf uk brmk k÷ifre `f `fpertjstms, ofdoe quf amdjcjtm cm erbmkjzmdjôk y cm fcjijkmdjôk `fc tjfipe ke pre`udtjve. Tf puf`fk `fsmrreccmr te`ms cms dumcj`m`fs y sf puf`fk omdfr m`mptmdjekfs `fc dektfkj`e `fc djrdujte sfb÷k cms kfdfsj`m`fs fspfdéajdms `f dm`m rmim `f `fpertf. Fc fsaufrze sf puf`f mrrfbcmr`ffxmdtmifktf, sf puf`fy sf mctfrkmr fsaufrze `f ces `jstjktes brupes iusducmrfs cm imkfrm jk`jdm`m puf`ffcmctfrkmr rmzekmhcfifktf fc fsaufrze y fc `fsdmkse. Cm mdtjvj`m` sf `fsmrreccm fk uk djrdujte, pmsmk`e ces `fpertjstms `f uk mpmrmte e fgfrdjdje m etre y cm decedmdjôk `f ces mpmrmtes sf omdf fk rfcmdjôk dek fc fspmdje fxjstfktf, ym sfm fk aerim `f dérduce (`f `ek`f kmdf fc keihrf) e fk rfdtíkbuce e  pecébeke. Vk djrdujte deiprfk`f fktrf 1-=8 fgfrdjdjes, y sf s f rfpjtf -drekeiftrmk`emprexjim`mifktf 4 vfdfs, sjfk`e cm `urmdjôk `f uk djrdujte `f =>-4> ijkutes. Fc k÷ifre `f fgfrdjdjes, fc k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs y cm imbkjtu` `f cm dmrbm sf fstmhcfdfk jk`jvj`umcifktf m cm ijtm` `fc iíxjie quf puf`f fafdtumr dm`m `fpertjstm. Cm `esjajdmdjôk y cm imbkjtu` `f cms dmrbms sf fstmhcfdfk `f tmc imkfrm quf dm`m

fgfrdjdje sfm fgfdutm`e mprexjim`mifktf => vfdfs dumk`e sf pfrsjbuf fc `fsmrrecce `f cm aufrzm y `f =>-4> vfdfs dumk`e sf trmhmgm pmrm fc `fsmrrecce `f cm rfsjstfkdjm. Fc fktrfkmijfkte fk djrdujte tjfkf vmrjms vmrjmktfs `f mpcjdmdjôk. Msé fs quf omy uk djrdujte derte `f 1 fgfrdjdjes per sfrjf, uk djrdujte kerimc aídjc dek : fgfrdjdjes, uk djrdujte kerimc `jaédjc dek : fgfrdjdjes y uk djrdujte cmrbe dek =8 fgfrdjdjes. Fc iête`e sf mpcjdm sehrf te`e fk ces `fpertfs dek fsaufrzes deipcfges fk ce rfafrfktf m cms dumcj`m`fs aésjdms y deie iête`e muxjcjmr pmrm ces `fiís `fpertfs. Dekdfrkjfktf mc `fsmrrecce `f cm mdtjvj`m` `urmktf fc fktrfkmijfkte fk djrdujte, fxjstfk tmihjêk iís vmrjmktfs7   

Fgfrdjtmr sjk rfpese y sjk kerim `f tjfipe uke e iís djrdujtes. Fgfrdjtmr sjk rfpese, pfre dek kerim `f tjfipe ces 4 djrdujtes. Fgfrdjtmr sjk rfpese, dek tjfipe `f trmhmge ajge y k÷ifre vmrjm`e `f djrdujtes.

Fc fktrfkmijfkte fk djrdujte sf puf`f deihjkmr dek fc fktrfkmijfktes dek jktfrvmces, trmhmgmk`e, per fgfipce, fk dm`m tmccfr sfbuk`es y cufbe uk rfpese `f 06 sfbuk`es, e 4> sfbuk`es `f trmhmge y =6 sfbuk`es `f rfpese, e 4> sfbuk`es `f trmhmge y 4> `f `fsdmkse, ftd.. Deie fcfifkte `f prebrfsjôk ifkdjekmies fk prjifr cubmr fc mdertmijfkte (rf`uddjôk) `fc tjfipe fk quf sf fafdt÷m uk djrdujte, bumr`mk`e fc ijsie k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs y cm ijsim dmrbm< msjijsie, muifktmr cm dmrbm e mprevfdomr sjiuctíkfmifktf m ces `es deie amdterfs `f prebrfsjôk. Fk ukm sfimkm, rfdeifk`mies omdfr deie iíxjie 4 fktrfkmijfktes fk djrdujtes kerimc e cmrbe y dm`m `ém, fc djrdujte derte, `mk`e =-8 `éms `f `fsdmkse per sfimkm. Ces fgfrdjdjes per sé seces ke hmstmk. ^mrm quf surtmk ces fafdtes `fsfm`es fs kfdfsmrje mbrupmrces y dekstjtujr pcmkfs Vk pcmk sufcf `urmr fktrf`f 1 yprfpmrmdjôk =8 sfimkmsaésjdm. (ifger ? ô =>) y puf`f mpcjdmrsf `f `jstjktms

 

aerims. Fc djrdujte fs ukm `f cms aerims quf ifger fkdmgmk dumk`e fc tjfipe pmrm fktrfkmr fstí cjijtm`e. Ehgftjves  

Vk prebrmim `f fktrfkmijfkte fk djrdujte deiukifktf husdm ce sjbujfktf7 







Ifgermr cms aukdjekfs au kdjekfs iusducmrfs y dérduce-rfspjrmterjms 7 Dek fc deksjbujfktf `fsmrrecce y ifgermijfkte fspfdéajde `f cm deer`jkmdjôk, cm aufrzm, cm mbjcj`m`, cm vfcedj`m` y cm rfsjstfkdjm. Earfdfr m ces mtcftms jk`fpfk`fkdjm `f trmhmge7 @fsmrreccmr jk`fpfk`fkdjm jk`fpfk` fkdjm `f trmhmge mc ijsie tjfipe quf fc `fsfe per cm dmpmdj`m` `f rfk`jijfkte. @mr dmrídtfr deipftjtjve m cms sfsjekfs `f prfpmrmdjôk pr fpmrmdjôk aésjdm7 ^revffr cms sfsjôkfs s fsjôkfs `f fktrfkmijfkte uk sfktj`e `f deipftfkdjm. Fvmcumr fc prebrfse `f ` f ces `fpertjstms 7 ^e`fr `ftfrijkmr cm prebrfsjôk `f cm dek`jdjôk aésjdm `f ces mtcftms Dmrmdtfrésjdms  

Ces djrdujtes, sfmk m imkes cjhrfs, dek hmcekfs if`jdjkmcfs, mpmrmtes, e jkdcuyfk`e cms  pfsms, `fhfk rfspftmr djfrtms dmrmdtfréstjdms fktrf cms quf tfkfies7 







 







 

Vtjcjzmk fc prjkdjpje `f dmrbms prebrfsjvms prebr fsjvms7 Fs `fdjr, cm rfsjstfkdjm `f ces fgfrdjdjes sf jrí muifktmk`e sfb÷k ifgerf cm dmpmdj`m` aésjdm `fc gubm`er. Jkdcuyfk fgfrdjdjes `f aídjc fgfdudjôk . Fstes, fktekdfs fcjimkm fc uses `f mdtjvj`m`fs ieterms `f cms `fstrfzms `fpertjvms. Tf fxdcuyfk fgfrdjdjes `f `fstrfzm, rmzôk per cm dumc sf fcjijkmk ces per pmrfgm y ces `f tjpe c÷`jde. Tj sf utjcjzmk pfsms u etres jipcfifktes sjijcmrfs, fstmrík decedm`ms dôie`mifktf  pmrm sfr usm`ms dek amdjcj`m` y sfburj`m`. s fburj`m`. Vtjcjzmr uk dektrec fsdrjte `fc trmhmge quf rfmcjzm dm`m mtcftm Ces fgfrdjdjes sf m jktfksj`m`fs Tf fipcfmk jktfksj`m`fs suhimxjimcfs dekfgfdutmk `fsdmkses iuy dertes,suhiíxims dek ce quf .ifgermk cms rfsfrvms mcdmcjkms. Ces fgfrdjdjes sf fsdebfk y er`fkmk `f tmc aerim quf if`jmktf su fgfdudjôk sf cebrf uk prebrfse bcehmc fk cm mptjtu` aésjdm, y fspfdjmcifktf fk ce quf sf rfajfrf m cms dumcj`m`fs `f aufrzm y rfsjstfkdjm bfkfrmc. Qmrjes gubm`erfs mtcftms puf`fk trmhmgmr sjiuctíkfmifktf f jk`jvj`umcifktf hmge rfspeksmhjcj`m` prepjm. Fc trmhmge, per sfr jk`jvj`umc, quf`m m`fdum`e m cms pesjhjcj`m`fs `f dm`m uke. Dm`m dumc puf`f dekstmtmr su prebrfse Fs deipftjtjve. ^frijtf cjhfrtm` `f mddjôk, sjfiprf `fsfm`m per ces gubm`erfs. Dcmsfs/Pjpes  

 



Iête`e M7 Qmk fk muifkte cms rfpftjdjekfs `fktre `f uk tjfipe `m`e. e

Pjfipe pmrm rfmcjzmr dm`m fgfrdjdjdje 7 `f =6 m 4> sfbuk`es. Dm`m fgfrdjdje sf rfpjtf tmktms vfdfs deie sf puf`m `fktre `fc tjfipe sfýmcm`e. Fk kjvfcfs jkafrjerfs y mc prjkdjpje =6 sfbuk`es, muifktík`esf brm`umcifktf omstm ccfbmr m 4>.

e

e e

e

e



Xfdupfrmdjôk 7 `fMc1>prjkdjpje m 4> sfbuk`es. fstmhcfdf ukm rfhmgík`esf pmusm `f ` f rfdupfrmdjôk fktrf fgfrdjdjes. fktrf 06Tfy fs 1>tmhcfdf sfbuk`es, brm`umcifktf sfb÷k ifgerf cm dek`jdjôk aésjdm omstm 4> sfbuk`es f jkdcusjvf ifkes. Fc fktrfkm`er e fc muxjcjmr er`fkm fc deijfkze y ajkmc `f ces fgfrdjdjes. Fc gubm`er dufktm uk pukte per dm`m rfpftjdjôk rfmcjzm`m `fktre `fc tjfipe. Dumk`e sf fipcfmk fgfrdjdjes `f trfpms y `f cedeiedjôk sf `mrí uk pukte  per dm`m 6 iftres mvmkzm`es. Cm dmcjajdmdjôk fs fc tetmc `f puktes mcdmkzm`es fk te`es ces fgfrdjdjes. Fc  gubm`er mketm fk uk pmpfc ces puktes quf vm v m mcdmkzmk`e fk dm`m fgfrdjdje y mc dekdcujrces tetmcjzm. ^rebrfsjôk7 @fspuês `f 6 sfimkms rf`udjr cm rfdupfrmdjôk. @fspuês `f etrms 6 sfimkms, muifktmr fc tjfipe `f rfmcjzmdjôk pmrm ces fgfrdjdje. Cm  prebrfsjôk sf cebrm muifktmk`e cms rfpftjdjekfs rfp ftjdjekfs `f dm`m fgfrdjdje.

Iête`e H7 Xfpftjdjekfs ajgms sjk rfdupfrmdjôk. Tf ajgm uk k÷ifre `f rfpftjdjekfs fk dm`m fgfrdjdje. Cm dmcjajdmdjôk fs fc tjfipe fipcfm`e fk deipcftmr deipcftmr fc djrdujte. e e e

Pjfipe7 fc kfdfsmrje pmrm rfmcjzmr cms rfpftjdjekfs ajgm`ms Xfdupfrmdjôk7 Ke fx fxjstf.Ke jstf.Ke omy pmusm fktrf fgfrdjdjes. ^rebrfsjôk7 Xf`udjr fc tjfipe tetmc `fc djrdujte. Cm prebrfsjôk sf cebrm rfmcjzmk`e iís rípj`mifktf fc djrdujte.

 Jipcfifktmdjôk  Jipcfifkt mdjôk `fc ^rebrmim ^rebrmim     

@urmdjôk `f uk djrdujte7 `f ? m => @es e trfs vfdfs per sfimkm. @es e trfs vfdfs per sfsjôk. Aerim `f mpcjdmrce7 Pe`es cs fgfrdjdjes deijfkzmk sjiuctíkfmifktf y sf retm m cm sjbujfktf e fstmdjôk. Tf deijfkzm per cm prjifrm fstmdjôk y sf mvmkzm per er`fk omstm dekdcujr fc e djrdujte. Fstm aerim fs cm quf sf utjcjzm fk fc iête`e H. Dekstruddjôk `f uk Djrdujte  



Tf sfýmcmk ces ehgftjves. Tf sfcfddjekmk ces fgfrdjdjes y su er`fk `f rfmcjzmdjôk. Fs dekvfkjfktf quffgfrdjdjes fxjstm ukm mctfrkmkdjm fktrf ces fgfrdjdjes. Tf rfdeijfk`m quf sjfiprf omymk pmrm7

 

e e e e e





Ces hrmzes. Cm rfbjôk mh`eijke-cuihmr. Cms pjfrkms y djkturôk dexe-afiermc. Mdek`jdjekmijfkte bfkfrmc. @fsmrrecce `f cm vfcedj`m`, mbjcj`m` y acfxjhjcj`m`.

Tf jkdcuyf deie trmhmgefc`f tecfrmkdjm fk ces ftd. `fpertfs quf ke rfqujfrfk `fspcmzmijfktes sestfkj`es Qecfjhec, Hfjshec, y fk mqufcces fk quf omy quf ifgermr `jdom dumcj`m`. Fc k÷ifre `f fgfrdjdjes `f uk djrdujte fstmrí fktrf 1 y => sfb÷k cm dmpmdj`m` aésjdm `f ces gubm`erfs quf bfkfrmcifktf sf rfcmdjekm dek cm f`m`.

 Mpcjdmdjôk  Mpcjdmdjô k `f uk Djrdujte Djrdujte  



 





Ces djrdujtes (dumcfsqujfrm quf sfmk) sf mpcjdmk prjkdjpmcifktf m pmrtjr `f ces =6 mýes dumk`e ces gubm`erfs tjfkfk vfr`m`fre jktfrês fk su dek`jdjôk aésjdm. Ke ehstmktf puf`fk mpcjdmrsf m pmrtjr `f ces =4-=0 mýes sj sek ifktmcjzm`es y omy dektrec `jsdjpcjkmrje. Vk djrdujte sf mpcjdm `f `es m trfs vfdfs fk ukm sfsjôk. Cm pmusm `f rfdupfrmdjôk fktrf djrdujtes fs `f 6-2 ijkutes. Tf erbmkjzmk ces pmrtjdjpmktfs per brupes. Dm`m `feprtjstm rfmcjzm y dufktm oekfstmifktf cms rfpftjdjekfs, pfre fc fktrfkm`er ehsfrvm fk sfktj`e bfkfrmc. Vk djrdujte `f prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm puf`f deipcftmrcm sfsjôk têdkjdm `f cm sjbujfktf aerim (tetmc fs `f ?> m =>> ijkutes)77 Dmcfktmijfkte7 6- : ijkutes e Fktrfkmijfkte têdkjde derrfspek`jfktf. (Fc fktrfkmijfkte têdkjde fs `f vjtmc e jipertmkdjm fk cm prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm bfkfrmc `m`e quf fs fc prjkdjpmc if`je  pmrm mcdmkzmr cm aerim `fpertjvm) e Djrdujte `f prfpmrmdjôk aésjdm7 86-4= ijkutes. Cm mpcjdmdjôk `f uk djrdujte puf`f rfmcjzmrsf `f `es aerims7 e Tf `fsjbkmk ces brupes m cms `jstjktms fstmdjekfs pmrm quf te`es ces gubm`erfs deijfkdfk m rfmcjzmr ces fgfrdjdjes sjiuctíkfmifktf. M= dekdcujr fc fgfrdjdje `f ukm fstmdjôk retmk m cm sjbujfktf. Tf fxdcuyf (dumk`e ce omy) fc (cf rfsjstfkdjm quf sfrí rfmcjzm`e deie ÷ctjie per te`es ces gubm`erfs sjiuctíkfmifktf. Tf fstmhcfdf uk er`fk pmrm ces brupes y sfb÷k êstf fktrmk fk fc djrdujte per e fc prjifr fgfrdjdje y vmk pmsmk`e `f fstmdjôk fk fstmdjôk omstm tfrijkmr. Fc `f tecfrmkdjm dmr`jerfspjrmterjm (sj ce omy) sf rfmcjzm `f ÷ctjie.

 ^rebrfsjôk  ^rebrfsjô k Bfkfrmc  

Iête`e M7

 

  M cms 6 sfimkms sf rf`udf cm rfdupfrmdjôk m 4>". @fspuês `f etrms 6 sf muifktm fc tjfipe `f rfmcjzmdjôk `f dm`m fgfrdjdje. Fk ce m`fcmktf sf sjbuf  predf`jfk`e msé.

Iête`e H7 Deksjstf fk hmgmr fc tjfipe `f rfmcjzmdjôk.

@FTMXECCE @F CM AEXPMCFWM ACF_JHJCJ@M@

  Tjbujfk`e ces prjkdjpjes `f fktrfkmijfkte, fc fktrfkmijfkte pmrm fc `fsmrrecce `f cm afxjhjcj`m` `fhf sfbujr7 





 Fspfdjajdj`m`   Fspfdjaj dj`m` 7 Dekdfktrmrsf fk ukm mddjôk mrtujducmr pmrtjducmr rfqufrj`m fk fc

`fpertf. Dmrbm7 Fk fgfrdjdjes `f acfxjhjcj`m` fstítjdes, imktfkfr per => m =6 sfbuk`es cm  pesjdjôk ajkmc `f fstjrmijkte.  Xfvfrsjhjcj`m`   Xfvfrsjh jcj`m` 7 Tf pjfrf`f brm`umcifktf fc kjvfc `f acfxjhjcj`m`m dumk`e fc mtcftm mhmk`e`m fstf tjpe `f fktrfkmijfkte

Fstrudturmdjôk `fc ^rebrmim `f Acfxjhjcj`m`  Ces fgfrdjdjesi`f acfxjhjcj`m` `fhfk `f fgfdutmrsf sjfiprf mktfs `f dufmcqujfr etre rtjpe `f fktrfkmijfkte y kukdm `fhfk `f prmdtjdmrsf dumk`e fc erbmkjsie sf fkdjfktrm fk ukm fstm`e `f amtjbm. Ces fgfrdjdjes `f acfxjhjcj`m` sf puf`f ccfvmr m dmhe fk aerim pmsjvm e mdtjvm. Fc iête`e pmsjve deksjstf fk ievjijfkte pre`udj`es per ukm aufrzm fxtfrkm, ijfktrms quf ces mdtjves sf rfmcjzmk per cm mddjôk `f ukm dektrmddjôk vecuktmrjm. ces fgfrdjdjes `f acfxjhjcj`m` mdtjves puf`f sfr `f tjpe cjhrfs, msjstj`es, rfsjstj`es e ukm deihjkmdjôk `f fstes. Vkm tfk`fkdjm mdtumc fs `f fipcfmr fgfrdjdjes `f  amdjcjtmd  amdjcjtmdjôk jôk kfureiusducmr kfureiusducmr  prepjedfptjvm  prepjedf ptjvm (^K^). Fstf iête`e deksjstf ukm dektrmdjôk jseiêtrjdm quf prfdf`f m uk fstjrmijfkte fstítjde. Fstms mddjekfs sek rfpftj`ms trfs m sfjs vfdfs per fgfdudjôk. Fk tferém, sf fkbmýmk ces prerjerfdfpterfs, `f imkfrm quf cufbe `f dm`m dektrmddjôk iusducmr sf  puf`m jkdrfifktmr fc fstjrmijfkte `fc i÷sduce, `fhj`e m uk rfacfge r facfge ijetítjde `f rfcmgmdjôk.

XFAFXFKDJMT s Hewfrs, X. R., R., & Aex, F. C., (=::8). Tperts ^oysjeceby ^oysjeceby. (4r` f`., pp. 886-82?). Rjsdeksjk7 RDH Hrewk & Hfkdoimrl ^uhcjsofrs.

 

 

@mkjfcs, G. & Tdmr`jkm, K. (=:?0). Jktfrvmc trmjkjkb mk` pfraerimkdf.  Tperts  If`jdjkf, =, 482-440. @f Qrjfs, O. M., & Oeuso, P. G. (=::0).  ^oysjeceb  ^oysjecebyy ea Fxfrdjsf7 Fxfrdjsf7 aer ^oysjdmc ^oysjdmc  F`udmtjek,,   F`udmtjek  Mtocftjds mk` mk` Fxfrdjsf Tdjfkdf. (6to f`., pp. 062-010, 6>4-6>2). @uhuquf, Jewm7 Ri. D. Hrewk ^uhcjsofrs. @jdl, A. R. (=::4). ^rjkdjpje  ^rjkdjpjess `f Fktrfkmijfkte Fktrfkmijfkte @fpertjve. @fpertjve. (pp. 810-8:6, 8::-4=2, 486-48?). Hmrdfcekm, Fspmým7 F`jterjmc ^mj`etrehe, T.M. @eofrty, L. (=:2=). Prmdl mk` Ajfc` Eikjheel . (pp. 420-42?). Fvmks, I. (=::2). Fk`urmkdf Mtocftf's Mtocftf's F`bf. (pp.6>-66, 2:-?4, =>8-=>:). Domipmjbk, JC7 Ouimk Ljkftjds. Ajsofr, M. B. & Gfksfk, D. X. (=::>).  Tdjfktjaj  (4rm.  Tdjfktjajdd Hmsjs ea Mtocftjd Mtocftjd Dek`jekjkb  Dek`jekjkb  (4rm. f`., pp.=0=-=6>, =10-=1?). ^ojcm`fcpojm7 Cfm & Afhjbfr. Aex's ^oysjecebjdmc Hmsjs aer Fxfrdjsf mk` Aess, C.pp. & Lftfyjmk, G. (=::?).  Tpert  . (1toI. f`., 8?>-4>?). T. Hestek7 RDH/IdBrmw-Ojcc Deipmky, Jkd..

Bmrdém Imkse, G. I., Kmvmrre Qmc`jvjfcse, I., & Xujz Dmhmccfre, G. M. (=::1).  Hmsfs Pfôrjdms `fc Fktrfkmijfkte @fpertjve (^rjkdjpjes y Mpcjdmdjekfs)  (pp. 844-411, 0>80=:). Im`rj`, Fspmým7 Byikes, F`jterjmc @fpertjvm, T. C. Imd@eubmcc, @. & Tmcf, @. (=:?=). Dektjkeus vs. jktfrvmc trmjkjkb7 M rfvjfw aer tof mtocftf mk` tof demdo. Dmkm`jmk Geurkmc ea Mppcjf` Tperts Tdjfkdf, 1 (8), (8), :4-:2. Imlsu`, I. B. (=:?:) Dek`jtjekjkb aer sperts. Fk7 M. G. Xymk, & A. C. Mccimk, Mccimk, Gr. (F`s.). Tperts If`jdjkf If`jdjkf. (8k`. f`., pp. ?6-==8). KfwZerl7 Mdm`fijd ^rfss, Jkd. . Imkke, X. (=::=). Auk`mifktes `fc Fktrfkmijfkte @fpertjve. (pp. =28-=?8, =:4=:1, 8>0-8>?). Hmrdfcekm, Fspmým7 F`jterjmc ^mj`etrjhe, T.M. IdMr`cf, R. @., Lmtdo, A. J., & Lmtdo, Q. C. (=::1).  Fxfrdjsf ^oysjeceby ^oysjeceby77 Fkfrby,  Kutrjtjek,, mk` Ouimk ^fraerimkdf  Kutrjtjek ^fraerimkdf. (0to f`., pp. 0>?-0=8, 002-00?). Hmctjierf, Imrycmk`7 Rjccjmis & Rjcljks. Ierfoeusf, C. F., & Ijccfr, M. P., Gr. (=:?0). Ajsjecebém `fc Fgfrdjdje. (?vm f`., p. 846). Hufkes Mjrfs7 Cjhrfrém "Fc Mtfkfe" F`jterjmc.  Kmvmrre Qmc`jvjfse, A. (=::?).  Cm Xfsjstfkdjm Xfsjstfkdjm  (pp. =>=-=2=, 81:). Im`rj`, Fspmým7 Byikes F`jterjmc @fpertjvm. T. C.

 

  ^jcm Pfcfým, M. (=:?4). ^rfpmrmdj  ^rfpmrmdjôk ôk Aésjdm. (Peies =-4, 6tm f`., pp.44-64). Im`rj`, Fspmým7 F`jterjmc Mubuste F. ^jcm Pfcfým. ^ewfrs, T. L., & Oewcfy, F P. (=::1).  Fxfrdjsf ^oysjeceby7 ^oysjeceby7 Pofery Pofery mk`  Mppcjdmtjeks  Mppcjdmtj eks te ^fraerimkvf ^fraerimkvf. (4r` f`., pp. 4:0-0>>, 0>8). Hestek7 RDI/IdBrmw-Ojcc Deipmkjfs. Rjcierf, G. O., & Destjcc, @. C. (=:??). Prmjkjkb aer Tpert mk` Mdtjvjty. (4r` f`., pp. =1-=?). Im`jsek, RJ7 Ri. D. Hrewk ^uhcjsofrs. Rñcczfkióccfr, A. Gebbjkb. (pp. ??-:8). F`jterjmc Dmktmhrjdm, T. M.

Xfbrfsmr Mrrjhm  Xfbrfsmr m Fktrfkmijfkte  Xfbrfsmr m Ajsjecebém `fc Fgfrdjdje  Xfbrfsmr ^íbjkm ^rjkdjpmc 

f`bmrcNmsfi.kft  fcepmtfbNdequj.kf t 

fcepmtfbujNoetimjc.de i  fcepmtfbNcydes.dei 

Depyrjbot © 8>>> F`bmr Cepmtfbuj Cepmtfbuj Ders Dersjke jke

 

fcepmtfbNjktfr.f` u  Xfv.86/afhrfre/8>>=