Sistemas de Refrigeración Por Compresion de Vapor.

 

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Y@Y[HJDY KH QHFQ@NHQDI@ÙO ULQ ILJUQHY@ÙO KH VDULQ  (Y@JUBH, IDYIDKD, IÄJDQD FBDYM, YLAQHIDBHO[DJ@HO[L  P YXAHOFQ@DJ@HO[L) DY@NOD[XQD7 BDALQD[LQ@L KLIHO[H7  @ON. YL[L

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IXHBBDQ O@ILBH CD[MHQ@OH -HYUDKD J@QDOKD KXVDO QDJ@QL

 

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-QLGDY DONHB@ID G@JHOHW

 

-YDBDWDQ BX@WDND DBHGDOKQD OD[DBP (NQXUL 1)

 

-Y@JLO VHPWDND NQHNLQP MHI[LQ

 

ILIMDADJAD ’ ALB@V@D

 

4. @O @O[Q [QLK LKXI XII@ I@ÙO ÙO.. Xod Xo d kh bds bds pr`o pr`oi` i`pd pdbh bhs s ärhd ärhds s kh dp dpb` b`id idi` i`ùo ùo kh bd th thrj rjlk lk`o `oäj äj`i `id d hs bd rhfr`nhrdi`ùo, quh hs bd trdosfhrhoi`d kh idblr kh uod rhn`ùo kh thjphrdturd `ofhr`l `of hr`lrr mdi mdi`d `d uod thj thjphr phrdtu dturd rd sup suphr` hr`lr. lr. Bls k`s k`spls pls`t`v `t`vls ls quh prl prlkui kuiho ho bd rhfr`n rhf r`nhrd hrdi`ù i`ùo o sh bbdjdo bbdjdo rhf rhfr`n r`nhrd hrdkl klrhs rhs,, y bls i`ibl i`ibls s ho bls quh lphrd lphrdo o sh khol kh olj` j`od odo o i` i`ib ibls ls kh rhfr` rhfr`nh nhrd rdi` i`ùo ùo pl plrr il iljp jprh rhs` s`ùo ùo kh vd vdpl plr, r, klok klokh h hb rhfr`nhrdoth sh hvdplrd y ilokhosd dbthrodkdjhoth, pdrd buhnl iljpr`j`rsh ho bd fdsh kh vdplr. Bd rh rhfr fr`n `nhr hrdi di`ù `ùo o sh su suhb hbh h ds dsli li`d `drr d bd il ilos oshr hrvd vdi` i`ùo ùo kh db db`j `jho hotl tls s y db dilok di lok`i` `i`lo lodj` dj`hot hotl l kh d`r d`rh h kh bls hk` hk`f`i f`i`ls `ls.. Y`o hja hjadrn drnl, l, bds tài tàio`i o`ids ds kh rhfr`n rhf r`nhrd hrdi`ù i`ùo o `ot `othrv hrv`ho `hoho ho ho ju juiml imls s ltr ltrls ls prl prlihs ihsls ls y sup suploh loho o uo dbt dbtl l plrihotdgh khb ilosujl hohrnàt`il. Kh dmê hb nrdo `othràs kh bls nrupls kh `ovhst`ndi`ùo jäs `jplrtdoths ho hstd ärhd ho jhglrdr bd hf`i`hoi`d hohrnàt`id y rhkui`r hb `jpditl dja`hotdb kh bls b ls s`sthjds ditudbhs kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo. Hb s`sthj s`sthjd d kh ilj iljpr prhs hs`ù `ùo o kh vdp vdplr lr,, hs hb jà jàtl tlkl kl jäs ut ut`b `b`z `zdk dkl l pd pdrd rd bd nhohrd nho hrdi`ù i`ùo o kh frê frêl, l, yd shd pdr pdrd d dpb dpb`id `idi`l i`lohs ohs ho rhf rhfr`n r`nhrd hrdi`ù i`ùo o klj kljàst àst`id `id,, iljhri`db, `okustr`db l ib`jdt`zdi`ùo. Jhk`doth bd rhi`riubdi`ùo flrzdkd kh uo rhfr`nhrdoth d trdvàs kh uo i`riu`tl ihrrdkl ho hb quh `othrv`hoho db jhols iudtrl iljplohoths (uo iljprhslr, uo ilokhosdklr, uod väbvubd kh hxpdos`ùo y uo hvdplrdklr) hs pls`abh hxtrdhr uo fbugl kh idblr kh uo flil frêl (quh hstdrä d uod thjphrdturd [B) y hotrhndrbl d uo flil idb`hoth (quh hstdrä d uod thjphrdturd [M juiml jdylr quh [B).

 

1. LAGH AGH[@VL @VLY.  

 Dodb`zdr hb iljplrtdj`hotl kh bls i`ibls thrjlk`oäj`ils kh s`sthjds kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo plr iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr.

 

Khsir`a`r bls k`fhrhoths k`spls`t`vls thrjlk`oäj`ils quh iljploho d bls i`ibls kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo.

 

Hstuk`dr bls i`ibls kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo plr iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr s`jpbh y sus jlk`f`idi`lohs.

9. FXOK FXOKDJ DJHO HO[L [L [HÙ [HÙQ@ Q@IL IL.. Kh bd präit`id ilt`k`dod hb idblr fbuyh khskh uod zlod kh dbtd thjphrdturd d uod kh adgd thjphrdturd s`o ohihs`kdk kh dbn÷o k`spls`t`vl. Hb prlihsl `ovhrsl ol suihkh plr s` slbl (pr`oi`p`l kh bd shnuokd bhy kh bd thrjlk`oäj`id), pdrd blnrdr trdosfhr`r idblr khskh uod zlod kh adgd thjphrdturd d uod kh dbtd s`o v`lbdrr bd shnu v`lbd shnuokd okd bhy sh rhqu rhqu`hrh `hrh kh k`spl k`spls`t`v s`t`vls ls hsph hsphi`dbh i`dbhs s ilol iloli`kl i`kls s iljl rhfr`nhrdklrhs. Hb usl hf`i`hoth kh bls s`sthjds kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo hs pls`abh, iljl ho iudbqu`hr  prlihsl iljpbhgl, s` sh t`hoh uo auho iloli`j`hotl khb prlihsl y kh su rdonl kh lphrdi`ùo. Bls

kho hol lj`odk `odkl ls

s`sth `sthjd jds s

fr fr`n `nl lrê rêf` f`i ils

l

s`sth `sthjd jds s

kh

rh rhfr fr`n `nh hrd rdi` i`ù ùo

ilrrhsplokho d drrhnbls jhiäo`ils quh ut`b`zdo prlp`hkdkhs thrjlk`oäj`ids kh bd jdthr`d pdrd trdsbdkdr hohrnêd tàrj`id ho flrjd kh idblr hotrh kls l jäs flils, iloflrjh sh rhqu`hrd. Hstäo k`shôdkls pr`jlrk`dbjhoth pdrd k`sj`ou`r bd thjphrdturd khb prlkuitl dbjdihodkl ho iäjdrds fr`nlrêf`ids l iäjdrds kh rh rhfr fr`n `nhr hrdi di`ù `ùo o bds bds iu iudb dbhs hs pu puhk hkho ho il ilot otho hohr hr uo uod d vd vdr` r`hk hkdk dk kh db db`j `jho hotl tls s l iljpuhstls quêj`ils, iloflrjh d hsphi`f`idi`loh hsphi`f`idi`lohs. s. Hb i`ibl kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo plr iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr sh ilost`tuyh plr iudtrl hbhjho hbh jhotls tls aäs aäs`il `ils7 s7 ilj iljprh prhslr slr,, il ilokh okhosd osdklr klr,, hbh hbhjho jhotls tls kh hx hxpdo pdos`ù s`ùo o y hvdplrdklr. Hstls, d su vhz, k`v`kho hb s`sthjd ho kls prlihsls7 dbtd prhs`ùo (bêohd kh bêqu`kl), adgd prhs`ùo (bêohd kh vdplr).

Hstls prlihsls puhkho dodb`zdrsh dodb`zdrsh ho hb k`dnrdjd kh Jlbb`hr, quh hs ÷o`il pdrd idkd id kd sus sustdo tdoi`d i`d.. Ho hb d`r d`rh h di dilok lok`i` `i`lod lodkl kl hb usl usl khb k`d k`dnrd nrdjd jd ols pu puhkh hkh

 

dyukdr d hvdbudr bds ilok`i`lohs rhdbhs kh lphrdi`ùo kh uo s`sthjd, dsê iljl hvdbudr s` sùbl bbhnd bêqu`kl db hbhjhotl kh hxpdos`ùo (suahofr`dj`hotl) y sùbl vdplr db iljprhslr (slarhidbhotdj`hotl). Bd `jplrtdoi`d khb suahofr`dj`hotl y slarhidbhotdj`hotl tljdo rhbhvdoi`d db shrr pd sh pdrä räjh jhtr trls ls qu quh h ds dshn hnur urdo do hb ùp ùpt`j t`jl l fu fuoi oi`l `lod odj` j`ho hotl tl kh khbb s`st s`sthj hjd. d. Hb suahofr`dj`hotl dshnurd quh ol mdarä hsidrimd ho bd bêohd kh dbtd prhs`ùo ù quh ol hx`st`rä hxpdos`ùo prhjdturd, dsê iljl tdja`ào dyukdrä d quh hb hfhitl rhfr`nhrdoth shd jäs djpb`l. Hb slarhidbhotdj`hotl hs kh sujd `jplrtdoi`d yd quh dshnurdrä quh ol rhnrhsh bêqu`kl db iljprhslr. Xo nlbph kh bêqu`kl hs idpd id pdz z kh rl rljp jphr hr,, ho dbnu dbnuol ols s id idsl sls, s, bl bls s il iljp jplo loho hoth ths s jh jhiä iäo` o`il ils s kh khbb iljprh ilj prhslr slr y/ù prl prlvli vlidr dr qu quh h hb jlt jltlr lr sh ‒dj ‒djdrrh drrh‚‚ y/ù khs khsprh prhokh okhrr pdr pdrtêi têiubd ubds s jhtäb`ids mdi`d hb `othr`lr khb i`riu`tl y/ù ilotdj`odr hb rhfr`nhrdoth y/ù ablquhdr  bls bls k`sp k`spls ls`t `t`v `vls ls kh hx hxpd pdos os`ù `ùo o y/ y/ù ù il ilot otdj dj`o `odr dr hb di dih` h`th th y/ù y/ù kh khnr nrdk dkdr dr hb rhfr`nhrdoth.

Iljl sh puhkh lashrvdr ho hb k`dnrdjd kh Jlbb`hr sh nrdf`ido kdtls kh iljplrtdj`hotl khb nds rhfr`nhrdoth khotrl khb s`sthjd kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo. Bls kdtls quh plkhjls khthrj`odr ilo dpdrdtls kh jhk`i`ùo iljuohs pdrd bls

 

tàio`ils kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo slo bds prhs`lohs kh adgd y dbtd ilo hb jdo`flbk, y hb suah su ahof ofr` r`dj dj`h `hot otl l

y

sl slar arhi hidb dbho hotd tdj` j`ho hotl tl

il ilo o

uo

th thrj rjùj ùjht htrl rl

tl tljd jdok okl l

thjphrdturds slarh bd bêohd kh ilokhosdkl y kh suii`ùo rhsphit`vdjhoth r hsphit`vdjhoth.. Udrd khspuàs iljpdrdrbds ilotrd bds thjphrdturds kh sdturdi`ùo khb rhfr`nhrdoth shn÷o su tdabd kh kdtls.

Yuahofr`dj`hotl y slarhidbhotdj`hotl ho bls s`sthjds kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo. Hb Yuahofr`dj`hotl hs bd thjphrdturd quh t`hoh uo rhfr`nhrdoth bêqu`kl iudokl hstä plr khadgl kh su thjphrdturd kh sdturdi`ùo (jhzibd kh bêqu`kl / vdplr) d uod prhs`ùo kdkd. Y` sh j`kh hotrh hb ilokhosdklr y hb k`spls`t`vl kh hxpdos`ùo, ols `ok`id s` bd bêohd kh bêqu`kl hstä bbhod l ol, tdja`ào ols kd `ok`idi`lohs kh bd idrnd kh rhfr`nhrdoth y kh bd hf`i`hoi`d khb ilokhosdklr. Hb suahofr` suahofr`dj`ho dj`hotl tl kha khah h hstd hstdrr hotrh bbls, ls, 45 µµF F y bls 4 48 8 µF ho bd sd sdb`kd b`kd kh khbb ilok il okho hosd sdkl klr. r. Hs Hstd td jà jàtr tr`i `id d hs uo uol l kh bls bls fd fdit itlr lrhs hs qu quh h sh il ilos os`k `khr hrdo do db hstdabhihr uod idrnd kh nds rhfr`nhrdoth, phrl pr`jhrl khahjls dshnurdrols kh quh hb hvdplrdklr ilrrhsplokh dkhiudkdjhoth db tdjdôl (idpdi`kdk) kh bd väbvubd kh hxpdos`ùo. Udrd dshnurdr quh hstdjls j`k`hokl a`ho, thohjls quh vhr`f`idr7 4. Tu Tuh h hb bund bundrr kh `ost `ostdb dbdi di`ù `ùo o kh bd uo uo`k `kdk dk il ilok okho hosd sdkl klrd rd hstà hstà a` a`ho ho vhot`bdkl. 1. Hb il ilokhos okhosdklr dklr y hb hvd hvdplrdk plrdklr lr kha khaho ho hs hstdr tdr b`j b`jp`ls. p`ls. 9. Iud Iudokl okl sh dnrh dnrhnuh nuh l sh rhi rhiuph uphrh rh rhfr rhfr`nh `nhrdo rdoth th pdrd o`v o`vhbd hbdrr bd idr idrnd nd sh khah kh ah kh us usdr dr uo uod d aä aäsi siub ubd d pd pdrd rd pl plkh khrr il ilot otrl rlbd bdrr hb vl vlbu bujh jho o kh khbb rhfr`nhrdoth khotrl khb s`sthjd. 

Yuahofr`dj`hotl `nudb d ihrl Y`no`f`id quh hb rhfr`nhrdoth ho bd bêohd kh bêqu`kl hs uod jhzibd kh bêqu`kl y vdplr. Hb suahofr`dj`hotl ohndt`vl hx`sth s` bd thjphrdturd y bd prhs`ùo kh bd bêohd kh bêqu`kl sh tljdo ho hb j`sjl puotl. Uuhkh jhk`rsh l dpdrhihr 

 

iudokl sh t`hoh uod jdbd idb`ardi`ùo kh bds mhrrdj`hotds quh mdiho quh uo suahofr`dj`hotl ihrl pdrhzid uo suahofr`dj`hotl ohndt`vl.

Yuahofr`dj`hotl jholr d bls 45 µF  Hs bd `ok` `ok`id idi` i`ùo ùo kh qu quh h ol md mdy y su suf`i f`i`h `hot oth h rh rhfr` fr`nh nhrd rdot oth h il ilot otho ho`k `kl l ho hb ilok il okho hosd sdkl klr. r. Hs Hstl tl pu puhk hkh h kh khah ahrs rsh h d uo uod d id idrn rnd d `o `osu suf` f`i` i`ho hoth th,, d uo uod d jd jdbd bd iljprhs`ùo, d uod väbvubd kh hxpdos`ùo khjds`dkl nrdokh.

Yuahofr`dj`hotl jdylr d bls 48 µF   Hstl puhkh shr idusdkl plr slarhidrnd kh rhfr`nhrdoth, rhstr`ii`ùo (iljl uo khsm`krdtdklr kh ilotdj`odkl l uod bêohd kh bêqu`kl tlri`kd l klabdkd), l uod väbvubd kh hxpdos`ùo ihrrdkd l kh tdjdôl `osuf`i`hoth (ilrtd), uod väbvubd kdôdkd (khsidb`ardkd). Hb

slarhidbhotdj`hotl  hs bd ilok`i`ùo ho bd iudb hb rhfr`nhrdoth

iljp il jpbh bhtd tdjh jhot oth h

hv hvdp dplr lrdk dkl l

(v (vdp dplr lr sd sdtu turd rdkl kl))

da dasl slra rah h

jä jäs s

id idbl blrr

md mdst std d

ilovhrt`rsh ho uo vdplr slarhsdturdkl Hb hvdplrdklr, hb iljprhslr y bd väbvubd kh hxpdos`ùo thrjlstät`id, db flrjdr  pdrth kh uo s`sthjd kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo, khaho fuoi`lodr ilrrhitdjhoth pdrd ol dfhitdr bds ilok`i`lohs kh lphrdi`ùo kh k`shôl khb s`sthjd. Urlthnhr hb iljprhslr khb rhnrhsl kh bêqu`kl khb hvdplrdklr, iu`kdokl quh hb rh rhfr fr`n `nhr hrdo doth th qu quh h pd pdsd sd pl plrr àb sh vd vdpl plr`i r`ih h il iljp jpbh bhtd tdjh jhot oth, h, hs uo uod d kh bd bds s prhj`sds aäs`ids pdrd jdothohr hb s`sthjd lphrdokl ilrrhitdjhoth. Hs `jplrtdoth sdahr quh hstl hs pls`abh ilo uo ilrrhitl dgusth kh bd väbvubd kh hxpdos`ùo thrjlstät`id, quh sh khr`vd khb iäbiubl khb slarhidbhotdj`hotl. Bd jdylrêd kh bds sustdoi`ds puhkh hx`st`r ho hstdkl sùb`kl, bêqu`kl l ndshlsl, khphok`hokl kh su thjphrdturd y kh bd prhs`ùo quh sh jdohgh ho hb s`sthjd. Mdabdokl kh bls idja`ls kh hstdkl kh uo rhfr`nhrdoth ho hb trdyhitl kh uo s`sthjd kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo, hs `jplrtdoth sdahr quh plkhjls dyukdr d quh hb

 

fbu`kl rhfr`nhrdoth iujpbd ilo bds ilok`i`lohs kh lphrdi`ùo quh rhqu`hrho bls hqu`pls y hb s`sthjd, plr jhk`l khb dgusth kh bls hbhjhotls kh ilotrlb. Y` sh k`sj`ouyh bd prhs`ùo khb fbu`kl ho bd hotrdkd khb hvdplrdklr, jhk`doth uo dgusth ho bd väbvubd kh hxpdos`ùo thrjlstät`id (iuyd fuoi`ùo pr`oi`pdb ol hs ilotrlbdr hb fbugl khb rhfr`nhrdoth ho bd hotrdkd khb hvdplrdklr, s`ol rhkui`r, plr  jhk`l kh uo phquhôl lr`f`i`l, bd prhs`ùo kh àsth), tdja`ào k`sj`ou`rä hb puotl kh sdturdi`ùo y bd thjphrdturd khb rhfr`nhrdoth sh hoilotrdrä plr hoi`jd kh su puotl kh haubb`i`ùo, bl quh prlvlidrä su hvdplrdi`ùo tltdb. Udrd Ud rd uo au auho ho fuoi fuoi`l `lod odj` j`ho hotl tl kh khbb s`st s`sthj hjd, d, hs oh ohih ihsd sdr` r`l l il ilol olih ihrr qu quh h hb slarhidbhotdj`hotl hs bd k`fhrhoi`d kh bd thjphrdturd jhk`kd ho bd sdb`kd khb hvdplrdklr y bd latho`kd kh bd tdabd kh Urhs`ùo/[hjphrdturd kh bls ndshs, quh idja`d shn÷o hb fdar`idoth. Hstd k`fhrhoi`d (Λ[) hs bd ilok`i`ùo plr bd iudb hb rhfr`nhrdoth iljpbhtdjhoth hvdplrdkl (vdplr sdturdkl) daslrah jäs idblr y ol hx`sth jäs bêqu`kl quh sh hvdplrh (vdplr slarhidbhotdkl).

¼Iùjl `jpditd hb slarhidbhotdj`hotl db s`sthjd kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo< 

Xo sl slar arhi hidb dbho hotd tdj` j`ho hotl tl `ofh `ofhr` r`lr lr ho hb hv hvdp dplr lrdk dklr lr ol ds dshn hnur urd d bd hvdplrdi`ùo tltdb khb fbu`kl, hstl `ok`id quh bd trdosfhrhoi`d kh idblr  hotrh hb fbu`kl y hb jhk`l, d bl bdrnl khb hvdplrdklr, ol hs bd suf`i`hoth pdrd hvdplrdr iljpbhtdjhoth hb rhfr`nhrdoth, bl quh prlvlid prlabhjds plr hb rhnrhsl khb bêqu`kl db iljprhslr 



Xo sl slar arhi hidb dbho hotd tdj` j`ho hotl tl

su suph phr` r`lr lr pr prlk lkui uih h

il iljl jl il ilos oshi hiuh uhoi oi`d `d bd

ut`b`zdi`ùo `oiljpbhtd kh bd suphrf`i`h khb hvdplrdklr y, plr tdotl, uod k`sj`oui`ùo kh su idpdi`kdk 

Xo

sla larh rhid idbbho hotd tdj` j`h hotl otl

il ilrr rrhi hitl tl

bl blnr nrdr drä ä

qu quh h

hb

hqu qu`p `pl l

lph phrh rh

hf`i`hothjhoth3 dkhjäs, ol hx`st`rä hb r`hsnl kh quh rhnrhsh bêqu`kl db iljprhslr, yd quh tlkl hb nds quh rhnrhsh d àb hstdrä ho fdsh vdplr 

Udräjhtrls kh k`shôl Hb k`shôl kh hstls s`sthjds fr`nlrêf`ils fr `nlrêf`ils sh khf`oh, pr`oi`pdbjhoth, ho fuoi`ùo kh bls s`nu`hoths pdräjhtrls7 • [hjphrdturds kh lphrdi`ùo7 ([hjphrdturds kh hvdplrdi`ùo y ilokhosdi`ùo)

 

• Idpdi`kdk khb s`sthjd, nhohrdbjhoth kholj`odkd ho C^ khf`o`kd ho fuoi`ùo kh bd idrnd tàrj`id. • Qhfr`nhrdoths dj`ndabhs dja`hotdbjhoth y kh djpb`l hfhitl rhfr`nhrdoth. • Ilstls lphrdt`vls khb s`sthjd.

Ur`oi`p`l kh fuoi`lodj`hotl kh bls pr`oi`pdbhs k`spls`t`vls khb s`sthjd kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo. Hvdplrdklr7  Yh trdosf`hrh idblr (daslrah) kh bd rhn`ùo frêd db rhfr`nhrdoth quh hxph hx phr` r`jh jhot otd d uo id idja ja`l `l kh fd fdsh sh d thjp thjphr hrdt dtur urd d il ilos ostd tdot oth. h. Ud Udrd rd qu quh h bd tr trdo dosf sfhr hrho hoi` i`d d kh id idbl blrr sh shd d hf hfhi hit` t`vd vd,, bd th thjp jphr hrdt dtur urd d kh sd sdtu turd rdi` i`ùo ùo kh khbb rhfr`nhrdoth khah shr jholr quh bd thjphrdturd kh bd rhn`ùo frêd.

Ilokhosdklr7   Hb rhf rhfr`n r`nhrd hrdoth oth sh il ilokh okhosd osd db ihk ihkhr hr idb idblr lr d uod ilrr` ilrr`hot hoth h hxthrod db i`ibl. Hb dnud y hb d`rh dtjlsfàr`il slo bds sustdoi`ds mda`tudbhs ut`b`zdkds pdrd hxtrdhr idblr khb ilokhosdklr. Udrd iloshnu`r quh sh trdosf`hrd idblr, bd thjphrdturd kh sdturdi`ùo khb rhfr`nhrdoth khah shr jdylr quh bds thjphrdturds kh bds ilrr`hoths dtjlsfàr`ids. Udrd d dbi dbidoz dozdr dr bds il ilok` ok`i`l i`lohs ohs rhq rhquhr uhr`kd `kds s ho hb il ilokh okhos osdkl dklr  r  Iljprhslr7   Udr blnrdokl bd b`ahrdi`ùo khb idblr khskh hb s`sthjd db dja`hoth, hs ohihsdr`l iljpr`j`r hb rhfr`nhrdoth kh jdohrd kh dujhotdr su prhs`ùo y ho iloshiuhoi`d su thj thjphr phrdtu dturd rd (nh (nhoh ohrdbj rdbjhot hoth h thj thjphr phrdtu dturds rds kh sl slarh arhid idbho bhotdj tdj`ho `hotl) tl),, bls rhquhr rhq uhr`j` `j`hot hotls ls kh plt plthoi hoi`d `d kh hot hotrdk rdkd d khp khphok hokho ho kh bds ohi ohihs` hs`kdk kdkhs hs kh hofr`dj`hotl. B`ahrd rdkl kl hb id idbl blrr ho hb il ilok okho hos sdk dklr lr hs Väbvubd Väbvu bd kh hstrdonub hstrdonubdj`ho dj`hotl7 tl7  B`ah ohihsdr`l ohihsd r`l rhv rhvhrt hrt`r `r hb prl prlihs ihsl l khb ilj iljprh prhsl slrr kh jdo jdohrd hrd kh lat lathoh hohrr adg adgds ds thjphr thj phrdtu dturd rd db k`s k`sj`o j`ou`r u`r bd prh prhs`ù s`ùo o (hs (hstrd trdonu onubdr bdr), ), bln blnrdo rdokl kl bds ilo ilok`i k`i`lo `lohs hs rhquhr`kds ho hb hvdplrdklr.

[@ULY KH ILJUQHY@ÙO Ulr su pdrth, bls s`sthjds kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo plr iljprhs`ùo sh k`fhrhoi`do l shpdrdo ho kls nrdokhs t`pls7  

Y`sthjds kh iljprhs`ùo s`jpbh

Hbhvd bd prhs`ùo khb s`sthjd jhk`doth uod slbd idrrhrd kh iljprhs`ùo. Hs hb jäs jä s il ilj÷ j÷o o kh bls bls s`st s`sthj hjds ds kh rhfr rhfr`n `nhr hrdi di`ù `ùo o dj djpb pb`d `djh jhot oth h ut ut`b` `b`zd zdkl kl ho rhfr`nhrdklrhs y hqu`pls kh d`rh dilok`i`lodkl dilok`i`lodkl..

 

 

Y`sthjds kh iljprhs`ùo j÷bt`pbh

Ylbui` Ylb ui`ùo ùo kh ilj iljprh prhs`ù s`ùo o `kh `khdb db pd pdrd rd adg adgds ds thj thjphr phrdtu dturds rds kha kha`kl `kl d bds dbt dbtds ds rhbdi`lohs kh iljprhs`ùo quh hstls s`sthjds suphrdo.

Qhfr`nhrdoths. Hb rhfr`nhrdoth hs uod sustdoi`d quh daslrah idblr khb hspdi`l d hofr`dr y bl trdosplrtd pdrd su hb`j`odi`ùo. Urlp`djhoth ol hx`sth uo rhfr`nhrdoth ‒@khdb‚ plr k`fhrhoi`ds ho bds ilok`i`lohs y ohi ohihs` hs`kdk kdkhs hs kh bds k`v k`vhrs hrsds ds dp dpb`i b`idi` di`loh lohs s tdj tdjpli plil l mdy uo rhf rhfr`n r`nhrd hrdoth oth uo`vhrsdb dkdptdabh d tlkds bds dpb`idi`lohs. Bds

prl prlp`h p`hkdk kdkhs hs qu quh hk khah hah rhu rhuo`r o`r u uo o rh rhfr`n fr`nhrd hrdoth oth ‒`k ‒`khd hdb‚ b‚ sl slo o bd bds ss s`nu `nu`ho `hoths ths77

-Urhs`lohs ilovho`hoths kh hvdplrdi`ùo y ilokhosdi`ù ilokhosdi`ùo. o. -Dbtd thjphrdturd irêt`id y adgd thjphrdturd kh ilonhbdj`hotl. -Dbtl idblr bdthoth kh hvdplrdi`ùo y dbtl idblr hsphiêf`il khb vdplr. -Adgd v`sils`kdk y dbtd ilokuit`v`kdk tàrj`id kh bd phbêiubd. -Adgl ilstl. -Tuêj`idjhoth `ohrth adgl bds ilok`i`lohs kh lphrdi`ùo. -Tuêj`idjhoth `ohrth ilo bls jdthr`dbhs ilo quh hstà ilostru`kl hb s`sthjd kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo. -Adgl r`hsnl kh hxpbls`ùo slbl l db ilotditl ilo hb d`rh. -Adgd tlx`i`kdk y plthoi`db kh prlvlidr `rr`tdi`ùo. -Khah shr iljpdt`abh y pdri`dbjhoth j`si`abh ilo hb dih`th ut`b`zdkl ho hb s`sthjd. -Bds funds khaho shr khthitdkds fäi`bjhoth. -Ol khah dtdidr hb jhk`l dja`hoth o` ditudr iljl dnhoth idtdb`zdklr quh khthr`lrh hb hqu`b`ar`l hilbùn`il.

I` I`ib ibl ls kh rhfr rh fr`n `nhr hrdi di`ù `ùo o

 

Iljl `otrlkuii`ùo db thjd kh i`ibls kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo plr iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr, hs ohihsdr`l thohr prhshoths k`st`otls dsphitls rhbdi`lodkls ilo hb i`ibl kh Idrolt `ovhrsl kha`kl d su ut`b`zdi`ùo iljl i`ibl kh rhfhrhoi`d pdrd hvdbudr hb khsh kh shjp jphô hôl l kh ltrl ltrls s i`ib i`ibls ls y ho pd pdrt rt`i `iub ubdr dr db i`ib i`ibl l kh rh rhfr` fr`nh nhrd rdi` i`ùo ùo pl plr  r  iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr, mdi`hokl bds iljpdrdi`lohs ilrrhsplok`hoths pdrd dsê blnrdr idrdithr`zdr hb fuoi`lodj`hotl kh bls s`sthjds kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo adgl hb hsquhjd kh bls i`ibls thrjlk`oäj`ils. Hb i`i i`ibl bl kh Idr Idrolt olt `ovhr `ovhrt`k t`kl l ol hs prä präit` it`il il pdr pdrd d iljpdr iljpdrdr dr hb i`i i`ibl bl rhd rhdbb kh rhfr`n rhf r`nhrd hrdi`ù i`ùo. o. Y`o hja hjadrn drnl l hs il ilovh ovho`h o`hoth oth quh sh puk puk`hrd `hrdo o dpr dprlx lx`jd `jdrr bls prlihsls kh suj`o`strl y k`s`pdi`ùo kh idblr d thjphrdturd ilostdoth pdrd dbidozdr hb jdylr vdblr pls`abh khb ilhf`i`hoth kh rhok`j`hotl. Hstl sh blnrd db lphrdr uod jäqu`od fr`nlrêf`id ilo uo i`ibl kh iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr. Ho bd F`nurd 4. sh juhstrd hb hsquhjd khb hqu`pl pdrd tdb i`ibl, guotl ilo k`dnrdjds [s y Um kh khbb i`ib i`ibl l `khd `khdb. b. Hb vd vdpl plrr sd sdtu turd rdkl kl ho hb hs hstd tdkl kl 4 sh il iljp jpr` r`jh jh `slhotrùp`idjhoth d vdplr slarhidbhotdkl ho hb hstdkl 1. Hb vdplr rhfr`nhrdoth hotrd d uo ilokhosdklr, kh klokh sh hxtrdh idblr d prhs`ùo ilostdoth mdstd quh hb fbu`kl sh ilov`hrth ho bêqu`kl sdturdkl ho hb hstdkl 9. Udrd quh hb fbu`kl rhnrhsh d prhs`ùo jds adgd, sh hxpdokh dk`daät`idjhoth ho uod väbvubd l uo tual idp`bdr mdstd hb hstdkl ;. Hb prlihsl 9-; hs uod hstrdonubdi`ùo y m 9:m;. Ho hb hstdkl ;, hb rhfr`nhrdoth hs uod jhzibd m÷jhkd kh adgd idb`kdk. F`odbjhoth, pdsd plr hb hvdplrdklr d prhs`ùo ilostdoth. Kh bd fuhoth kh adgd thjphrdturd hotr ho trd d id idbl blrr db hv hvdp dplr lrdk dklr lr,, il ilov ov`rt `rt`h `hok okl l hb fb fbu` u`kl kl ho vd vdpl plrr sd sdtu turd rdkl kl y sh iljpbhtd hb i`ibl. Lashrvh quh tlkl hb prlihsl ;-4 y uod nrdo pdrth khb prlihsl 1-9 liurrho d thjphrdturd ilostdoth. F@NXQD 4

 

Hb ilhf`i`hoth kh rhok`j`hotl kh uo rhfr`nhrdklr sh hxprhsd iljl7

Hb ilhf`i`hoth kh rhok`j`hotl kh uod aljad kh idblr sh hxprhsd iljl7  

Y`sthjds plr iljprhs`lo i ljprhs`lo kh vdpl vdplrr ho idsidkd y kh htdpds j÷bt`pb j÷bt`pbhs hs . Hs ohihsdr`l hxdj`odr kls vdr`di`lohs khb i`ibl kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo aäs`il plr  iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr. Bd pr`jhrd hs hb i`ibl ho idsidkd, quh phrj`th usdr uo i`ibl plr iljprhs`ùo kh uo vdplr iudokl bd k`fhrhoi`d kh thjphrdturd hotrh hb hvdpl hv dplrdk rdklr lr y hb ilo ilokho khosdk sdklr lr hs juy nrdok nrdokh. h. Ho bd shn shnuok uokd d vdr vdr`di `di`ùo `ùo sh hjpbhd hb usl kh iljprhs`ùo ho htdpds j÷bt`pbhs ilo hofr`dj`hotl `othrjhk`l, bd iudb rhkuih bd hotrdkd ohihsdr`d kh trdadgl.

 

I`ibl I`ib l ho idsi idsidkd dkd . Ho

dbnu bnuod ods s

dpb`i pb`idi di`l `lo ohs

`ok `okus ustr tr`d `dbh bhs s

sl slo o

ohi hih hsd sdr` r`ds ds

th thjp jphr hrdt dtur urds ds

jlkh jl khrd rdkd kdjh jhot oth h ad adgd gds, s, y hb `oth `othrv rvdb dbl l kh th thjp jphr hrdt dtur urd d qu quh h `j `jpb pb`i `ido do hs khjds`dkl nrdokh pdrd quh uo i`ibl s`jpbh kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo plr iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr rhsubth präit`il. Xo nrdo `othrvdbl kh thjphrdturd s`no`f`id tdja`ào uo nrdo o`vhb kh prhs`ùo ho hb i`ibl y uo plarh rhok`j`hotl ho uo iljprhslr  rhi`prlidoth. Xod jdohrd kh hofrhotdr hsds s`tudi`lohs hs hfhitudr Hb i`ibl ho idsidkd quh hs uo iloguotl kh i`ibls kh iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr s`jp s`jpbh bh ho shr`h, kh jdohrd quh hb ilokhosdklr kh uo i`ibl kh thjphrdturd `ofhr`lr, prlplri`lod idblr db hvdplrdklr kh uo i`ibl kh thjphrdturd jdylr. Hb rhfr`nhrdoth plr bl nhohrdb ho idkd i`riu`tl hs k`fhrhoth ilo hb laghtl kh dgustdr bls `othrvdbls kh thjphrdturd y prhs`ùo.

Ilos`khrdi`lohs Ilos`khrdi`l ohs pdrd hb doäb`s`s kh bls s`sthjds ho idsidkd7 • Bls fbugls jäs`ils kh bls rhfr`nhrdoths ho bls k`fhrhoths i`ibls, nhohrdbjhoth t`hoho idot`kdkhs k`st`otds, `okhphok`hothjhoth khb t`pl kh rhfr`nhrdoths. • Hb fbugl jäs`il hstä khthrj`odkl plr bd idpdi`kdk kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo ohihsdr`d ho hb hvdplrdklr khb i`ibl A. • Hb fbugl kh idblr trdosfhr`kl plr hb ilokhosdklr A khah shr `nudb db fbugl kh idblr trdosfhr`kl mdi`d hb hvdplrdklr khb i`ibl D, iudokl hb `othridja`dklr kh idblr nbladb hstä a`ho d`sbdkl. Khsprhi`dokl bds vdr`di`lohs kh hohrnêd i`oàt`id

 

y plthoi`db ho ràn`jho hstdi`lodr`l y ilos`khrdokl hb `othridja`dklr kh idblr  (ilokhosdklr-hvdplrdklr) (ilokhosdklr-hv dplrdklr) dk`daät`il, hb adbdoih kh hohrnêd sh pbdothd7

  Yust`tuyhokl bls tàrj`ols ilrrhsplok`hoths sh t`hoh7

  Hb rhok`j`hotl kh hstls k`spls`t`vls, ho idsidkd sh pbdothd iljl7

I`ibl kh iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr ho htdpds j÷bt`pbhs (Iäjdrd Fbdsm) Ltrd jlk`f`idi`ùo khb i`ibl kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo plr iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr ilos`sth ho bd il iljp jprh rhs` s`ùo ùo ho htdp htdpds ds j÷ j÷bt bt`p `pbh bhs s il ilo o ho hofr` fr`dj dj`h `hot otl l `o `oth thrj rjhk hk`l `l pd pdrd rd k`sj`ou`r bd hotrdkd kh trdadgl. Iudokl hb fbu`kl kh trdadgl ut`b`zdkl ho hb s`sthjd kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo ho idsidkd hs hb j`sjl, hb `othridja`dklr kh idblr hotrh bds htdpds puhkh sust`tu`rsh plr  uo `ot `othri hridja dja`dk `dklr lr kh id idblr blr rhn rhnhoh hohrdt rdt`vl `vl,, yd quh àst àsth h iuh iuhotd otd ilo jhg jhglrh lrhs s idrdithrêst`ids kh trdosfhrhoi`d kh idblr.

 

Hsqu Hs quhj hjd d pd pdrd rd hb i` i`ib ibl l kh il iljp jprh rhs` s`ùo ùo ho kl kls s ht htdp dpds ds il ilo o ho hofr fr`d `dj` j`ho hotl tl `othrjhk`l rhnhohrdt`vl. Hb bêqu`kl quh sdbh khb ilokhosdklr sh hstrdonubd (prlihsl 8-6) db hotrdr d uod iäjdrd kh hxpdos`ùo jdotho`kd d prhs`ùo `othrjhk`d hotrh bds prhs`lohs khb hvdplrdklr y hb ilokhosdklr. [lkl hb vdplr quh sh shpdrd khb bêqu`kl ho bd iäjdrd kh hxp iäjdrd hxpdos dos`ùo `ùo sh trd trdosf osf`hr `hrh h d uod iäjdr iäjdrd d kh jhz jhzibd ibdkl, kl, kl klokh okh sh jhzibd ilo hb vdplr quh sdbh khb iljprhslr kh adgd prhs`ùo ho hb hstdkl 1. Bd iäjdrd kh jhzibdkl dit÷d iljl uo hofr`dklr `othrjhk`l rhnhohrdt`vl, puhs hofrêd hb vdplr quh sdbh khb iljprhslr kh adgd prhs`ùo doths quh tlkd bd jhzibd hotrh bd htdpd kh dbtd prhs`ùo khb iljprhslr ho hb hstdkl 9. Hb bêqu`kl sdturdkl kh bd iäjdrd kh hxpdos`ùo sh hstrdonubd db pdsdr d bd prhs`ùo khb hvdplrdklr ho hb hstdkl 0. Hb pr prli lihs hsl l kh il iljp jprh rhs` s`ùo ùo kh kl kls s htdp htdpds ds il ilo o ho hofr fr`d `dj` j`ho hotl tl `o `oth thrj rjhk hk`l `l rh rhnh nhoh ohrd rdt` t`vl vl sh ju juhs hstr trd d ho uo k`dn k`dnrd rdjd jd [s [s,, ho bd iu iudb db sh md su supu puhs hstl tl iljprhs`ù iljprh s`ùo o `sl `slhot hotrùp rùp`id `id.. Duo Duoqu quh h hb j`s j`sjl jl rhf rhfr`n r`nhrd hrdoth oth i`ri i`riubd ubd ho dja djals ls i`riu`tls kh tlkl hb s`sthjd, bls fbugls ho idkd i`riu`tl ol slo `nudbhs Hb ILU khb i`ibl kh iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr kh kls htdpds, ilo rhfr`nhrdi`ùo `othrjhk`d rhnhohrdt`vl, sh s`nuh khf`o`hokl iljl7

 Hsquhjd kh bd jdqu`odr`d y k`dnrdjd [s kh uo i`ibl kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo plr  iljprhs`ùo kh vdplr kh kls htdpds ilo hofr`dj`hotl `othrjhk`l rhnhohrdt`vl. F@NXQD 9

 

Bd F`nurd 9 juhstrd uo hsquhjd pdrd hb i`ibl kh iljprhs`ùo ho kls htdpds ilo hofr`dj`hotl `othrjhk`l rhnhohrdt`vl. Hb bêqu`kl quh sdbh khb ilokhosdklr  sh hstrdonubd (prlihsl 8-6) db hotrdr d uod iäjdrd kh hxpdos`ùo jdotho`kd d prhs`ùo `othrjhk`d hotrh bd prhs`lohs khb hvdplrdklr y hb ilokhosdklr. [lkl hb vdplr quh sh shpdrd khb bêqu`kl ho bd iäjdrd kh hxpdos`ùo sh trdosf`hrh d uod iäjdrd kh jhzibdkl, klokh sh jhzibd ilo hb vdplr quh sdbh khb iljprhslr kh adgd prhs`ùo ho hb hstdkl 1. Bd iäjdrd kh jhzibdkl dit÷d iljl uo hofr`dklr  `othrjhk`l rhnhohrdt`vl, puhs hofrêd hb vdplr quh sdbh khb iljprhslr kh adgd prhs`ùo doths quh tlkd bd jhzibd hotrh bd htdpd kh dbtd prhs`ùo khb iljprhslr  ho hb hstdkl 9. Hb bêqu`kl sdturdkl kh bd iäjdrd kh hxpdos`ùo sh hstrdonubd db pdsdr d bd prhs`ùo khb hvdplrdklr ho hb hstdkl 0. Hb pr prli lihs hsl l kh il iljp jprh rhs` s`ùo ùo kh kl kls s htdp htdpds ds il ilo o ho hofr fr`d `dj` j`ho hotl tl `o `oth thrj rjhk hk`l `l rhnhohrdt`vl sh juhstrd ho uo k`dnrdjd [s ho bd F`nurd 9, ho bd iudb sh md supuhstl iljprhs`ùo `slhotrùp`id. Duoquh hb j`sjl rhfr`nhrdoth i`riubd ho djals i`riu`tls kh tlkl hb s`sthjd, bls fbugls fb ugls ho idkd i`riu`tl ol slo `nudbhs. Ilo laghtl kh dodb`zdr hb s`sthjd ilov`hoh suplohr quh ho uol kh bls i`riu`tls i`riubd bd uo`kdk kh jdsd. Ho hsth doäb`s`s suplondjls quh bd uo`kdk kh jdsd pdsd plr bls hstdk hstdkls ls 9-;-8-6 khb i`riu` i`riu`tl tl kh dbtd prhs`ùo prhs`ùo.. Bd frdii`ùo kh vdplr  vdplr  flrjdkl ho bd iäjdrd kh hxpdos`ùo hs bd idb`kdk x khb fbu`kl ho hb hstdkl 6 kh bd f`nurd 9 y àstd hs bd frdii`ùo khb fbugl quh pdsd plr hb ilokhosdklr quh dtrdv`hsd bd iäjdrd kh jhzibdkl. Bd frdii`ùo khb bêqu`kl quh sh flrjd hs (4-x) y hs bd frdii`ùo khb fbugl tltdb quh pdsd plr hb hvdplrdklr. Yh puhkh hvdbudr bd hotdbpêd ho hb hstdkl 9 plr jhk`l kh uo adbdoih kh hohrnêd ho bd iäjdrd kh jhzibdkl ho ilok`i`lohs dk`daät`ids

 

ho bd quh m9 hs bd ÷o`id `oiùno`td. Hb hfhitl kh rhfr`nhrdi`ùo plr uo`kdk kh jdsd quh pdsd plr hb hvdplrdklr hs

Bd hotrdkd tltdb kh trdadgl db iljprhslr plr uo`kdk kh jdsd quh pdsd plr hb ilokhosdklr hs bd sujd kh bds idot`kdkhs pdrd bds kls htdpds, hs khi`r,

Hb ilhf`i`hoth ilhf`i`hoth kh fuoi fuoi`lodj `lodj`hotl `hotl (ILU) khb i`ibl kh iljp iljprhs`ù rhs`ùo o kh vdplr kh kls ilo rhfr`nhrdi`ùo `othrjhk`d rhnhohrdt`vl, sh khf`oh iljl7 ILU

:

Trhfr`n ^ Iljp

;. Iloi Iloibu bus` s`lo lohs hs  

Xo rhfr`nhrdklr sh khf`oh iljl uod jdqu`od iuyd fuoi`ùo pr`oi`pdb hs bd kh dtr dtrdpd dpdrr idb idblr lr kh uo uod d zl zlod od kh adg adgd d thj thjphr phrdtu dturd rd pd pdrd rd trd trdosf osfhr` hr`rbl rbl plsth pl sthr`lr r`lrjho jhoth th db jhk jhk`l `l i`r i`riuo iuokdo kdoth. th. Y` bd thj thjphr phrdtu dturd rd d bd iu iudb db sh k`s`pd hb idblr hs bl suf`i`hothjhoth iljl pdrd quh shd ÷t`b iljl ho uo s`sthjd kh idbhfdii`ùo, bd jäqu`od sh kholj`od aljad kh idblr.

 

Bd sustdoi`d kh trdadgl quh fuoi`lod ho uo rhfr`nhrdklr ilj÷o rhi`ah hb oljarh kh rhfr`nhrdoth.

 

Bd rhkuii`ùo kh prhs`ùo ho hb rhfr`nhrdoth bêqu`kl prlvlid quh hsth m`hrvd l sh vdplr`ih, mdstd quh hb rhfr`nhrdoth dbidozd bd thjphrdturd kh sdturdi`ùo ilrrhsplok`hoth d bd kh su prhs`ùo.

 

J`hotrds hb vdplr khb rhfr`nhrdoth dbidozd bd thjphrdturd kh sdturdi`ùo ilrrhsplok`hoth d bd dbtd prhs`ùo khb ilokhosdklr, hb vdplr sh ilokhosd

 

y fbuyh db rhi`a`klr rhi`a`klr iljl bêqu`kl, rhp`t`àoklsh ouhvdjhoth hb i i`ibl. `ibl.