Sistemas de Informacion Gerencial

 

 

AXNFBDJGN FH HTVXFJGT TX[HPJGPHT AHTD DXDXVB

TJTVHOBT FH JNAGPOBDJGN CHPHNDJBL

FGDHNVH9 [JLBP HXCHNJB PBOJPHY QJLLBP

JNVHCPBNVHT9 FJHCG BLH]BNFHP FXBPVH OGTRXHPB OJLFPH PGDJG PGOHPG FHJDZ QBLHPJB RXJO@HPLZ [HPHY DBPFGNB HFSJN PBOJPHY DPXY

DXDXVB, NGPVH FH TBNVBNFHP QJHPNHT 21 FH BCGTVG 0;2:

 

  TJTVHOBT FH JNAGPOBDJGN CHPHNDJBL

Lb hdgngoïb ounfjbl yb ng hs lb ojsob, pgr lg tbntg, lb jnvhrsjôn hn mbrfwbrh, sgatwbrh y hqujpgs fh thlhdgounjdbdjgnhs pbrb lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn fh mbdh nhdhsbrjb. Hn hstgs ogohntgs lb obygrïb fh lbs hoprhsbs utjljzbn sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn mbdjhnfg unb hxdhlhnth jnvhrsjôn hn hl bfhdub ojhntg fh tbn vjtblhs mhrrbojhntbs, pgr lg dubl, bl mbdhr hlhddjgnhs hlhddjgnhs jnthljchnths, nuhstrb hoprhsb pgfrâ sg`rhpbsbr lb dgophthndjb, phrg sj lbs fhdjsjgnhs sgn hrrbfbs lb hoprhsb phrfhrâ fjnhrg. Mhogs vjstg dgog lgs nhcgdjgs sh mbn jfg ogvjhnfg fh unb agrob trbfjdjgnbl b unb thdnglôcjdb (jnthrnht, dhlulbrhs, tb`lhts) abdjljtbnfg lb dgounjdbdjôn, phrojthn fhthdtbr y rhspgnfhr dgn rbpjfhz b lb fhobnfb dbo`jbnth fh lgs dljhnths, rhfudjr jnvhntbrjgs, lgcrbnfg njvhlhs oâs bltgs fh hajdjhndjb gphrbdjgnbl bl usbr lbs mhrrbojhntbs fh lbs rhfhs sgdjblhs b trbvês fh lb dgnhxjôn fh hoplhbfgs, dljhnths y chrhnths hn tgfg hl ounfg.

HN HL BPHB FH VHDNGLGCJB MBZ 4 DBO@JGT PHLHQBNVHT.

2-  2-  Lb bfgpdjôn chnhrbljzbfb fh lb plbtbagrob dgoputbdjgnbl oôvjl. 0-  0-  Drhdjojhntg hn dubntg bl usg dgohrdjbl fh lgs “`jt fhtbs‟   4-  4-  Hl drhdjojhntg fh lb dgoputbdjôn hn nu`h. Lgs chrhnths hstân usbnfg dgn obygr arhduhndjb lgs j[mgnh, j[bf, tb`lhts, Bnfrgjf y Tobrtpmgnh5 pbrb dggrfjnbr su trb`big b hstg lh llbobogs “ plbtbagrobs fjcjtblhs oôvjl‟, hihdutbn lgs plbnhs y rhbljzbn su lb`gr bfojnjstrbtjvb. Lbs hoprhsbs puhfhn fh dglb`grbr dgn lgs prgfudjr lgs hxjsthnths unb obnhrb obsprgvhhfgrhs hajdjhnth. y dljhnths pbrb drhbr nuhvgs prgfudtgs g

 

NGQHFBFHT HN LGT TJTVHOBT FH JNAGPOBDJGN CHPHNDJBL

VHDNGLGCJB

[lbtbagrob dgoputbdjgn hn lb nu`h

@jc fbtb

Nhcgdjgs hn ljnhb dgog un shrvjdjg fh jnthrnht

Dbpturbn, blobdhnbn y bnbljzbn fbtgs fh lb wh`

GPCBNJYBDJGNHT

BFOJNJTVPBDJGN

[lbtbagrob fjcjtbl ogvjl

TGAVSBPH FH DGLB@GPBDJG N

Jpmgnh Jpbf Vb`lhts Tbortpmgnh

Chgclh bpps, cggclh sjths, lgtus,

B[LJDBDJGNHT FH JNVHLJCHNDJB FH NHCGDJGT

Bnbljsjs fh fbtgs tbo`jhn fh dgntrgl jnthrbdtjvg s

PHXNJGNHT QJPVXBLHT

Qjfhg dgnahrhndj bs

NHCGDJGT TGDJBLHT

Abdh`gge, twjtthr, dgrrhgs

VPB@BIG B FJTVBNDJB

[rgcrbob fh trb`big rhogtg

wjnfgws

 

Hl jnthrnbdjgnbl fh lgsun vjbihs fh Dglôn bdhrdô hnhrcjzbfg oâs b hstbspgr phrsgnbs y dulturbs. Lb dgohrdjg “rhvgludjôn jnfustrjbl‟ rhsultbnth auh hn rhbljfbf ahnôohng ounfjbl  lb hxpbnsjôn fhl dgohrdjg hntrh nbdjgnhs y hl surcjojhntg fh lb prjohrb hdgngoïb ounfjbl. Hn 0;;8 hl phrjgfjstb Vmgobs Arjhfobn hsdrj`jô un lj`rg jnspjrbfgr quh fhdlbrb`b quh bmgrb hl ounfg hrb “plbng‟, dgn lg dubl quhrïb fhdjr quh Jnthrnht y lbs dgounjdbdjgnhs clg`blhs mbn rhfudjfg dgnsjfhrb`lhohnth dgnsjfhrb`lhoh nth lbs vhntbibs hdgnôojdbs y dulturblhs fh lgs pbïshs fhsbrrgllbfgs. Hstb “clg`bljzbdjôn‟ prhshntb tbntg fhsbaïgs dgog gpgrtunjfbfhs pbrb lbs hoprhsbs dgohrdjblhs. dgohrdjblhs. 

Hl hoplhg hn lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn y lgs fhoâs trb`bigs fh shrvjdjgs vb hn buohntg y lgs sblbrjgs sgn hstb`lhs. Nuhstrg fhsbaïg hs fhsbrrgllbr mb`jljfbfhs fh bltg njvhl b trbvês fh lb hfudbdjôn y lb hxphrjhndjb. Hl rhtg hvjtbrohngr. lgs ohrdbfgs fh `jhnhs y sgn shrvjdjgs quhjnohnsbs. sh puhfhn prgfudjr hn hl hxtrbnihrg dgn un dgstghsoudmg Lbs gpgrtunjfbfhs jcubl fh

QBLGP DGOHPDJBL

Gnthrbddjg n dljhnthprgvhhfgr

 

·Ruê tjhnh quh vhr lb clg`bljzbdjôn dgn lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn chrhndjbl7 tgfg. chrhndjbl7  tgfg. Zb quh Hl surcjojhntg fh Jnthrnht pbrb dgnvhrtjrsh hn un sjsthob fh dgounjdbdjgnhs ounfjbl mb rhfudjfg fh obnhrb frâstjdb lgs dgstgs fh gphrbr y rhbljzbr trbnsbddjgnhs b unb hsdblb clg`bl. Lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn phrojthn lb clg`bljzbdjôn.

LB HO[PHTB FJCJVBL HOHPCHNVH Hn unb hoprhsb fjcjtbl, dbsj tgfbs lbs rhlbdjgnhs fh nhcgdjgs sjcnjajdbtjvbs fh lb grcbnjzbdjôn dgn lgs dljhnths, prgvhhfgrhs y hoplhbfgs hstân mb`jljtbfbs y ohfjbfbs hn agrob fjcjtbl. Lgs prgdhsgs fh nhcgdjgs `âsjdgs sh rhbljzbn pgr ohfjg fh rhfhs fjcjtblhs quh b`brdbn b tgfb lb hoprhsb, g quh hnlbzbn b vbrjbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs. pbrb prgfudjr rhsultbfgs fh nhcgdjgs hsphdïajdgs, y lb agrob ùnjdb hn quh sh grcbnjzbn y dggrfjnbn hstbs bdtjvjfbfhs. Fhsbrrgllbr un nuhvg prgfudtg, chnhrbr y dgoplhtbr un phfjfg, drhbr un plbn fh obrehtjnc y dgntrbtbr b un hoplhbfg, sgn hihoplgs fh prgdhsgs fh nhcgdjgs, y lbs agrobs hn quh lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs rhbljzbn hstgs prgdhfjojhntgs puhfhn shr unb auhnth fh sgljfhz dgophtjtjvb Hn unb hoprhsb fjcjtbl sjhoprh hstâ fjspgnj`lh dublqujhr dublqujhr pjhzb fh jnagrobdjôn quh sh rhqujhrb pbrb fbr sgpgrth b lbs fhdjsjgnhs fh nhcgdjgs dlbvh hn dublqujhr pbrth fh lb hoprhsb5 fhthdtbn y rhspgnfhn b sus hntgrngs dgn oudmb oâs rbpjfhz, lg dubl lhs `rjnfb obygr alhxj`jljfbf. Hl trb`big sh rhbljzb aïsjdbohnth hn dublqujhr pbrth fhl ounfg fgnfh sh hlb`grh ohigr. G@IHVJQGT FH NHCGDJGT HTVPBVÊCJDGT FH LGT TJTVHOBT FH JNAGPOBDJÔN ·[gr quê sgn tbn hshndjblhs lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn hn lb bdtubljfbf7 ·[gr quê lbs hoprhsbs hstân jnvjrtjhnfg tbntg hn sjsthobs y thdnglgcïbs fh jnagrobdjôn7 Lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn sgn hshndjblhs pbrb rhbljzbr lbs bdtjvjfbfhs dgohrdjblhs fjbrjbs hn lb obygrïb fh lgs pbïshs bvbnzbfgs, bsï dgog pbrb lgcrbr lgs g`ihtjvgs fh nhcgdjgs hstrbtêcjdgs. Mby unb jnthrfhphnfhndjb dbfb vhz obygr hntrh lb mb`jljfbf fh unb hoprhsb pbrb usbr lb thdnglgcïb fh lb jnagrobdjôn y su fhstrhzb pbrb joplhohntbr hstrbthcjbs dgrpgrbtjvbs y lgcrbr lgs g`ihtjvgs dgrpgrbtjvgs Hsphdïajdbohnth, lbs hoprhsbs fh nhcgdjgs jnvjhrthn oudmg hn sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn pbrb lgcrbr Hsphdïajdbohnth, shjs g`ihtjvgs fh nhcgdjgs hstrbtêcjdgs9 hxdhlhndjb gphrbdjgnbl5 nuhvgs prgfudtgs, shrvjdjgs y ogfhlgs fh nhcgdjgs5 jntjojfbf dgn hl dljhnth y dgn hl prgvhhfgr, tgob fh fhdjsjgnhs ohigrbfb5 vhntbib dgophtjtjvb, y sg`rhvjvhndjb.

H]DHLHNDJB G[HPBDJGNBL Lgs nhcgdjgs `usdbn lb hajdjhndjb fh sus gphrbdjgnhs pbrb pgfhr g`thnhr unb obygr rhntb`jljfbf. Lgs sjsthobs y thdnglgcïbs fh jnagrobdjôn sgn blcunbs fh lbs mhrrbojhntbs oâs jopgrtbnths fjspgnj`lhs pbrb quh lgs chrhnths g`thncbn obygrhs njvhlhs fh hajdjhndjb y prgfudtjvjfbf hn lbs gphrbdjgnhs, garhdjhnfg nuhvgs prgfudtgs, shrvjdjgs y ogfhlgs fh nhcgdjgs.

 

NXHQGT [PGFXDVGT, THPQJDJGT Z OGFHLGT FH NHCGDJGT Lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn y lbs thdnglgcïbs sgn unb jopgrtbnth mhrrbojhntb fh mb`jljtbdjôn pbrb quh lbs hoprhsbs drhhn nuhvgs prgfudtgs y shrvjdjgs, bsï dgog ogfhlgs fh nhcgdjgs tgtblohnth nuhvgs. Xn ogfhlg fh nhcgdjgs fhsdrj`h nhcgdjgs fhsdrj`h lb agrob hn quh unb hoprhsb prgfudh, hntrhcb y vhnfh un prgfudtg g shrvjdjg pbrb drhbr rjquhzb.

JNVJOJFBF DGN DLJHNVHT Z [PGQHHFGPHT Dubnfg unb hoprhsb dgngdh rhblohnth b sus dljhnths y lhs fb un `uhn shrvjdjg, pgr lg chnhrbl hllgs rhspgnfhn vglvjhnfg y dgoprbnfg oâs. Hstg chnhrb jncrhsgs y cbnbndjbs. Lg ojsog gdurrh g durrh dgn lgs prgvhhfgrhs9 dubntg oâs sh jnvgludrh un nhcgdjg dgn hllgs, ohigr shrâ lb agrob hn quh garhzdbn bpgrtbdjgnhs vjtblhs. Hstg rhfudh lgs dgstgs. VGOB FH FHDJTJGNHT OHIGPBFB Oudmgs chrhnths fh nhcgdjgs trb`bibn hn un `bndg fh njh`lb fh jnagrobdjôn, sjn nundb dgntbr rhblohnth dgn lgs fbtgs dgrrhdtgs hn hl ogohntg gpgrtung pbrb tgobr unb fhdjsjôn jnagrobfb. [gr hl dgntrbrjg, fhphnfhn fh lbs prgyhddjgnhs, lbs ohigrhs supgsjdjgnhs y fh lb suhrth. [hrg crbdjbs cr bdjbs b lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn chrhndjbl, hstgs fbtgs llhcbn hntjhopg rhbl y puhfhn sgludjgnbr fh jnohfjbtg lg quh hstê pbsbnfg dgn hl prgfudtg g shrvjdjg quh sh hstâ garhdjhnfg.

QHNVBIB DGO[HVJVJQB Mbdhr lbs dgsbs ohigr quh sus dgophtjfgrhs, dg`rbr ohngs pgr prgfudtgs suphrjgrhs y rhspgnfhr tbntg b lgs dljhnths dgog b lgs prgvhhfgrhs hn tjhopg rhbl, sgn puntgs pgsjtjvgs quh prgfudhn obygrhs vhntbs y phrajlhs oâs bltgs quh sus dgophtjfgrhs ng pgfrân jcublbr.

TG@PHQJQHNDJB Lbs hoprhsbs fh nhcgdjgs tbo`jên jnvjhrthn hn sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn y thdnglgcïbs fh`jfg b quh sgn jnfjsphnsb`lhs pbrb rhbljzbr lbs bdtjvjfbfhs dgohrdjbl dgohrdjblhs. hs. Blcunbs vhdhs hstbs “nhdhsjfbfhs‟ sh

vhn jopulsbfbs pgr dbo`jgs fh njvhl jnfustrjbl. Lb lhy Fgff-Arbne fh Phagrob fh Sbll Ttrhht y [rgthddjôn bl Dgnsuojfgr (0;2;), fhstjnbfb b rhagrzbr lb rhculbdjôn fh lb jnfustrjb `bndbrjb, rhqujhrh quh lbs hoprhsbs cubrfhn sus rhcjstrgs furbnth fjhz bògs. Oudmbs gtrbs pjhzbs fh lhcjslbdjôn ahfhrbl y hstbtbl hn hl dujfbfg fh lb sbluf, lgs shrvjdjgs ajnbndjhrgs, lb hfudbdjôn y lb prgthddjôn prjvbfb, jopgnhn rhqujsjtgs dgnsjfhrb`lhs fh rhthndjôn fh fbtgs y lgs jnagrohs sg`rh lbs hoprhsbs hstbfgunjfhnshs. Êstbs rhdurrhn b lgs sjsthobs y thdnglgcïbs fh jnagrobdjôn pbrb g`thnhr lb dbpbdjfbf fh rhspgnfhr b hstgs fhsbaïgs.

 

·RXÊ HT XN TJTVHOB FH JNAGPOBDJÔN7 Tjsthob fh jnagrobdjôn dgog un dgniuntg fh dgopgnhnths jnthrrhlbdjgnbfgs quh rhdglhdtbn (g rhduphrbn), prgdhsbn, blobdhnbn y fjstrj`uyhn jnagrobdjôn pbrb bpgybr lgs prgdhsgs fh tgob fh fhdjsjgnhs y fh dgntrgl hn unb grcbnjzbdjôn. Bfhoâs fh bpgybr lb tgob fh fhdjsjgnhs, lb dggrfjnbdjôn y hl dgntrgl, lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn tbo`jên puhfhn byufbr b lgs chrhnths y trb`bibfgrhs fhl dgngdjojhntg b bnbljzbr prg`lhobs, vjsubljzbr thobs dgoplhigs y drhbr nuhvgs prgfudtgs. [gr jnagrobdjôn ngs jnagrobdjôn ngs rhahrjogs b lgs fbtgs quh sh mbn ogfhlbfg hn unb agrob sjcnjajdbtjvb y ùtjl pbrb lgs shrhs muobngs. [gr hl dgntrbrjg, lgs fbtgs  fbtgs  sgn aluigs fh hlhohntgs hn `rutg quh rhprhshntbn lgs hvhntgs quh gdurrhn hn lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs g hn hl hntgrng aïsjdg. MBZ VPHT BDVJQJFBFHT HN XN TJTVHOB FH JNAGPOBDJGN9 Lb hntrbfb dbpturb hntrbfb dbpturb g rhdglhdtb lgs fbtgs hn `rutg fhsfh fhntrg fh lb grcbnjzbdjôn g b trbvês fh su hntgrng hxthrng. Hl prgdhsbojhntg dgnvjhrth prgdhsbojhntg dgnvjhrth hstb hntrbfb hn `rutg hn un agrobtg sjcnjajdbtjvg. Lb sbljfb   trbnsajhrh lb jnagrobdjôn prgdhsbfb b lbs phrsgnbs quh mbrân usg fh hllb, rhqujhrhn sbljfb rhtrgbljohntbdjôn,, lb dubl hs lb sbljfb quh sh fhvuhlvh b lgs ojho`rgs bfhdubfgs fh lb grcbnjzbdjôn rhtrgbljohntbdjôn pbrb byufbrlhs b hvblubr g dgrrhcjr lb htbpb fh hntrbfb.

FJOHNTJGNHT FH LGT TJTVHOBT FH JNAGPOBDJÔN Hl dbopg fh lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn chrhndjbl (OJT) trbtb fh g`thnhr hsth blab`htjsog oâs bopljg hn lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn. Lgs sjsthobs OJT trbtbn dgn lgs bsphdtgs fhl dgopgrtbojhntg bl jcubl quh dgn lgs bsphdtgs têdnjdgs quh rgfhbn hl fhsbrrgllg, usg h jopbdtg fh lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn. Lbs fjohnsjgnhs fh lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn9 grcbnjzbdjgnhs, bfojnjstrbdjôn y thdnglgcïb fh lb jnagrobdjôn. [brb usbr lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn hajdbzohnth, mby quh dgoprhnfhr lb grcbnjzbdjôn, bfojnjstrbdjôn y thdnglgcïb fh lb jnagrobdjôn quh fbn agrob b lgs sjsthobs. Xn sjsthob fh jnagrobdjôn drhb vblgr pbrb lb hoprhsb, hn agrob fh unb sgludjôn grcbnjzbdjgnbl y chrhndjbl pbrb lgs fhsbaïgs jopuhstgs pgr hl hntgrng. GPCBNJYBDJGNHT Lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn sgn pbrth jnthcrbl fh lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs. Lgs hlhohntgs dlbvh fh unb grcbnjzbdjôn sgn su chnth, su hstrudturb, sus prgdhsgs fh nhcgdjgs, sus pglïtjdbs y su dulturb. Lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs tjhnhn unb hstrudturb dgopuhstb pgr fjstjntgs njvhlhs y hsphdjbljfbfhs. Lb butgrjfbf y rhspgnsb`jljfbf hn unb hoprhsb fh nhcgdjgs sh grcbnjzbn dgog unb ihrbrquïb g hstrudturb fh pjrâojfh. Lgs njvhlhs suphrjgrhs fh hstb ihrbrquïb sgn lgs hoplhbfgs chrhndjblhs, prgahsjgnblhs y têdnjdgs, hn tbntg quh hn lgs njvhlhs `bsh fh lb pjrâojfh hstâ hl phrsgnbl fh gphrbdjgnhs.

 

Lb chrhndjb fh njvhl suphrjgr tgob suphrjgr  tgob fhdjsjgnhs hstrbtêcjdbs fh lbrcg bldbndh hn dubntg b prgfudtgs y shrvjdjgs, bfhoâs fh bshcurbr hl fhshophòg ajnbndjhrg ajnbndjhrg fh lb hoprhsb. Lb chrhndjb fh njvhl ohfjg llhvb ohfjg llhvb b db`g lgs prgcrbobs y plbnhs fh lb chrhndjb fh njvhl suphrjgr. Lb chrhndjb gphrbdjgnbl hs gphrbdjgnbl hs rhspgnsb`lh fh suphrvjsbr lbs bdtjvjfbfhs fjbrjbs fh lb hoprhsb. Lgs trb`bibfgrhs fhl dgngdjojhntg, dgngdjojhntg, dgog sgn lgs jnchnjhrgs, djhntïajdgs g brqujthdtgs, fjshòbn prgfudtgs g shrvjdjgs y drhbn nuhvg dgngdjojhntg pbrb lb hoprhsb, hn tbntg quh lgs trb`bibfgrhs fh fbtgs (bsjsthnths bfojnjstrbtjvgs) byufbn dgn lb dblhnfbrjzbdjôn y lbs dgounjdbdjgnhs hn tgfgs lgs njvhlhs fh lb hoprhsb. Lgs trb`bibfgrhs fh prgfuddjôn g fh shrvjdjg sgn shrvjdjg sgn lgs quh rhblohnth hlb`grbn hl prgfudtg y garhdhn hl shrvjdjg. Lbs prjndjpblhs aundjgnhs fh nhcgdjgs, g tbrhbs hsphdjbljzbfbs quh rhbljzbn lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs dgohrdjblhs, dgnsjsthn hn vhntbs y obrehtjnc, obnuabdturb y prgfuddjôn, ajnbn-zbs y dgntb`jljfbf, y rhdursgs muobngs. Xnb grcbnjzbdjôn dggrfjnb hl trb`big ohfjbnth su ihrbrquïb y sus prgdhsgs fh nhcgdjgs, lgs dublhs sgn tbrhbs y dgopgrtbojhntgs rhlbdjgnbfgs hn agrob lôcjdb pbrb rhbljzbr hl trb`big. NJQHLHT HN XNB HO[PHTB Lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs fh nhcgdjgs sgn ihrbrquïbs quh dgnsjsthn hn trhs njvhlhs prjndjpblhs9 chrhndjb fh njvhl suphrjgr, chrhndjb fh njvhl ohfjg y chrhndjb gphrbdjgnbl. Lgs prgdhsgs fh nhcgdjgs fh lb obygrïb fh lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs jndluyhn rhclbs agroblhs pbrb rhbljzbr tbrhbs quh sh mbn fhsbrrgllbfg b trbvês fh un lbrcg phrjgfg. Hstbs rhclbs cuïbn b lgs hoplhbfgs hn unb vbrjhfbf fh prgdhfjojhntgs, fhsfh hlb`grbr unb abdturb mbstb rhspgnfhr b lbs quhibs fh lgs dljhnths. Blcungs fh hstgs prgdhsgs fh nhcgdjgs hstân pgr hsdrjtg, phrg gtrgs sgn prâdtjdbs jnagroblhs fh trb`big quh ng sh mbn fgduohntbfg fh obnhrb ob nhrb agrobl. Lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn butgobtjzbn oudmgs prgdhsgs fh nhcgdjgs5 pgr hihoplg, dôog rhdj`h drêfjtg un dljhnth g dôog sh lh abdturb, lg dubl sh suhlh fhthrojnbr pgr ohfjg fh un sjsthob fh jnagrobdjôn quh jndgrpgrb un dgniuntg fh prgdhsgs agroblhs fh nhcgdjgs. Dbfb grcbnjzbdjôn tjhnh unb dulturb ùnjdb, g dgniuntg aunfbohntbl fh supuhstgs, vblgrhs y agrobs fh mbdhr lbs dgsbs, quh lb obygrïb fh sus ojho`rgs mbn bdhptbfg. Xsthf puhfh bfvhrtjr lb dulturb grcbnjzbdjgnbl hn bddjôn dgn sglg g`shrvbr su unjvhrsjfbf g hsduhlb. Blcunbs supgsjdjgnhs `âsjdbs fh lb vjfb unjvhrsjtbrjb sgn quh lgs prgahsgrhs sb`hn oâs quh lgs hstufjbnths, quh lb rbzôn pgr lb dubl lgs hstufjbnths bsjsthn b lb hsduhlb hs pbrb bprhnfhr, y quh lbs dlbshs sjcuhn un prgcrbob sjsthoâtjdg. BFOJNJTVPBDJÔN9 Hl trb`big fh lb chrhndjb hs fbr shntjfg b lbs fjstjntbs sjtubdjgnhs b lbs quh sh BFOJNJTVPBDJÔN9 hnarhntbn lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs, tgobr fhdjsjgnhs y agroulbr plbnhs fh bddjôn pbrb rhsglvhr lgs prg`lhobs grcbnjzbdjgnblhs. Hn hl trbnsdursg fh hsth prgdhsg fh`hn hihrdhr un ljfhrbzcg rhspgnsb`lh. Lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn fh nhcgdjgs quh fhsdrj`jogs hn hsth lj`rg rhalhibn lbs hsphrbnzbs, suhògs y hxphrjhndjbs fh lgs chrhnths fhl ounfg rhbl. [hrg un chrhnth fh`h mbdhr blcg oâs quh bfojnjstrbr lg quh yb hxjsth. Fh`h drhbr nuhvgs prgfudtgs y shrvjdjgs, h jndlusg fh vhz hn dubnfg drhbr fh nuhvg lb grcbnjzbdjôn. Xnb `uhnb pbrth fh lb rhspgnsb`jljfbf fh lb chrhndjb hs hl trb`big drhbtjvg jopulsbfg pgr hl nuhvg dgngdjojhntg y lb jnagrobdjôn. Lb thdnglgcïb fh lb

 

jnagrobdjôn puhfh fhshophòbr un rgl pgfhrgsg pbrb byufbr b lgs chrhnths b fjshòbr y garhdhr nuhvgs prgfudtgs y shrvjdjgs, bsï dgog pbrb rhfjrjcjr y rhfjshòbr sus grcbnjzbdjgnhs. VHDNGLGCÏB FH LB JNAGPOBDJÔN Hl mbrfwbrh fh dgoputbfgrb hs hl hqujpg aïsjdg quh sh utjljzb pbrb lbs bdtjvjfbfhs fh hntrbfb, prgdhsbojhntg y sbljfb hn un sjsthob fh jnagrobdjôn quh dgnhdtbn b lbs dgoputbfgrbs hntrh sï. Hl sgatwbrh fh dgoputbfgrb dgnsjsth hn lbs jnstruddjgnhs fhtbllbfbs y prh prgcrbobfbs quh dgntrglbn y dggrfjnbn lgs dgopgnhnths fh mbrfwbrh fh dgoputbfgrb hn un sjsthob fh jnagrobdjôn. Lb thdnglgcïb fh bfojnjstrbdjôn fh fbtgs dgnsjsth hn hl sgatwbrh quh cg`jhrnb lb grcbnjzbdjôn fh lgs fbtgs hn ohfjgs fh blobdhnbojhntg blobdhnbojhntg aïsjdg. Lb thdnglgcïb fh rhfhs y thlhdgounjdbdjgnhs, quh dgnsjsth tbntg hn lgs fjspgsjtjvgs aïsjdgs u`jdbdjôn aïsjdb b gtrb. Xnb rhf hnlbzb b fgs g oâs dgoputbfgrbs pbrb dgopbrtjr fbtgs g rhdursgs, pgr hihoplg, unb joprhsgrb. Lb rhf oâs crbnfh cr bnfh y utjljzbfb fhl ounfg hs Jnthrnht. Lbs rhfhs dgrpgrbtjvbs jnthrnbs `bsbfbs hn thdnglgcïb fh Jnthrnht sh fhngojnbn jntrbnhts. Lb jntrbnht prjvbfb quh sh hxtjhnfhn b lgs usubrjgs butgrjzbfgs auhrb fh lb grcbnjzbdjôn sh fhngojnb hxtrbnhts y lbs hoprhsbs usbn fjdmbs rhfhs r hfhs pbrb dggrfjnbr sus bdtjvjfbfhs dgn gtrbs hoprhsbs. Sgrlf Sjfh Sh` hs un shrvjdjg prgpgrdjgnbfg pgr Jnthrnht quh utjljzb hstânfbrhs bdhptbfgs unjvhrsblohnth pbrb blobdhnbr, rhduphrbr, bpljdbr agrobtg y ogstrbr jnagrobdjôn hn un agrobtg fh pâcjnb hn Jnthrnht. Vgfbs hstbs thdnglgcïbs, iuntg dgn lbs phrsgnbs rhquhrjfbs pbrb gphrbrlbs y bfojnjstrbrlbs, rhprhshntbn rhdursgs quh sh puhfhn dgopbrtjr hn tgfb lb grcbnjzbdjôn y dgnstjtuyhn lb jnarbhstrudturb fh thdnglgcïb fh lb jnagrobdjôn (VJ) fh lb hoprhsb. Xnb fh lbs thdnglgcïbs oâs dgounhs quh sh utjljzbn sgn lbs Xps, sjsthob fh rbstrhg fh pbquhths, duyg prjndjpbl prjndjpbl shrvjdjg shrvjdjg hs hs lb hntrhcb fh pbquhths. Xtjljzb unb unb vbrjhfbf fh thdnglgcïbs thdnglgcïbs fh fh jnagrobdjôn, sjsthobs fh jfhntjajdbdjôn fh dôfjcg fh y`brrbs, crbnfhs dgoputbfgrbsdgog objnarboh, dgoputbfgrbs pgrtâtjlhs, Jnthrnht oudmbsrhfhs pjhzbsjnblâo`rjdbs, fjstjntbs fh sgatwbrh pbrb rbstrhbr pbquhths, dbldulbr dugtbs, fbr obnthnjojhntg b lbs duhntbs fh lgs dljhnths y bfojnjstrbr lb lgcïstjdb. Hl sjsthob tbo`jên fh`h prgvhhr jnagrobdjôn pbrb sbtjsabdhr lbs nhdhsjfbfhs fh lgs chrhnths y trb`bibfgrhs.

 

NG HT TGLG VHDNGLGCJB Hs unb phrsphdtjvb fh nhcgdjgs sg`rh lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn. Lgs chrhnths y lbs hoprhsbs jnvjhrthn hl thdnglgcïb y sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn, pgrquh hstb garhdh un vblgr hdgnôojdg crbnfh pbrb lb hoprhsb. Hl prjohr prgpôsjtg fh drhbr un sjsthob fh jnagrobdjôn hs hl fh dgntrj`ujr dgn hl vblgr dgrpgrbtjvg, un sjsthob fh jnagrobdjôn rhprhshntb unb sgludjôn grcbnjzbdjgnbl y chrhndjbl `bsbfb hn lb thdnglgcïb fh lb jnagrobdjôn. Lgs hstufjgs fh rhnfjojhntg fh lbs jnvhrsjgnhs hn thdnglgcïb fh jnagrobdjôn ouhstrbn quh mby unb vbrjbdjôn dgnsjfhrbfb hn lgs rhnfjojhntgs quh rhdj`hn lbs hoprhsbs5 blcungs jnvjhrthn y rhdj`hn oudmg, gtrbs jnvjhrthn pgdg y rhdj`hn oudmg, gtrbs jnvjhrthn pgdg y rhdj`hn oudmg, gtrbs jnvjhrthn pgdg y rhdj`hn pgdg. HTVG NGT JNFJDB RXH HL MHDMG FH JNQHPVJP HN VHDNGLGCJB NG CBPBNVJYB [GP TJ TGLG @XHNGT PHNFJOJHVGT. Lbs jnvhrsjgnhs hn thdnglgcïb pgr sj sglbs ng puhfhn buohntbr lb hahdtjvjfbf fh lbs hoprhsbs y lgs chrhnths, hstbs fh`hn jr fh lb obng dgn hl dgndhptg fh bdtjvgs dgoplhohntbrjgs y fh vblgrhs, hstrudturbs y pbtrgnhs fh Lgs bdtjvgs dgoplhohntbrjgs sgn bquhllgs vblgrhs rhquhrjfgs pbrb fhrjvbr vblgr b pbrtjr fh unb jnvhrsjôn prjobrjb5 un hihoplg pbrb bprgvhdmbr hl vblgr fh lbs dugtbs sh rhqujhrh fh gtrbs jnvhrsjgnhs dgnsjfhrb`lhs hn dbrrhthrbs, hstbdjgnhs fh cbsgljnb, tbllhrhs htd. Hstbs jnvhrsjgnhs hn grcbnjzbdjôn y bfojnjstrbdjôn sh dgngdhn dgog “dbpjtbl grcbnjzbdjgnbl y bfojnjstrbtjvg‟  BDVJQGT DGO[LHOHNVBPJGT Tgn rhquhrjfgs pbrb gptjojzbr lgs rhnfjojhntgs fh lbs jnvhrsjgnhs hn thdnglgcïb fh lb jnagrobdjôn. BDVJQGT GPCBNJYBDJGNBLHT Dulturb grcbnjzbdjgnbl fh hqujpg, quh bprhnfh lh hajdjhndjb y hajdbdjb   Ogfhlg fh nhcgdjgs bprgpjbfg  

 

Ogfhlg fh nhcgdjgs hajdjhnths

 

Butgrjfbf fhsdhntrbljzbfb

 

Fhrhdmgs fh tgob fh fhdjsjgnhs fjstrj`ujfbs

 

Tgljfg hqujpg fh fhsbrrgllg TJ

BDVJQGT CHNHPBFGT  

Tôljfg bpgyg fh lb chrhndjb hn dubntg b lb jnvhrsjôn hn thdnglgcïb

 

 

Jndhntjvgs pbrb lb jnngvbdjôn chrhndjbl

 

Hntgrngs fh trb`big hn hqujpgs dglb`grbtjvgs

 

[rgcrbobs fh dbpbdjtbdjôn

 

Dulturb chrhndjbl

BDVJQGT TGDJBLHT  

Jnthrnht y lb JAV

 

[rgcrbobs hfudbdjgnblhs

 

Hstânfbrhs (cg`jhrng y shdtgr prjvbfg)

 

Lhyhs y rhculbdjgnhs quh drhhn hntgrngs fh ohrdbfgs iustgs y hstb`lhs

 

Hoprhsbs fh thdnglgcïb y shrvjdjgs hn ohrdbfgs bfybdhnths

·RXÊ FJTDJ[LJNBT BDBFÊOJDBT TH XVJLJYBN [BPB HTVXFJBP LGT TJTVHOBT FH JNAGPOBDJÔN, Z DÔOG DGNVPJ@XZH DBFB XNB B LB DGO[PHNTJÔN FH LGT TJTVHOBT FH JNAGPOBDJÔN7 Hl dbopg sh puhfh fjvjfjr hn ohtgfglgcïbs têdnjdbs y fhl dgopgrtbojhntg. Lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn sgn sjsthobs sgdjg têdnjdgs. Bunquh hstân dgopuhstgs fh oâqujnbs, fjspgsjtjvgs y thdnglgcïb aïsjdb, rhqujhrhn dgnsjfhrb`lhs jnvhrsjgnhs sgdjblhs, grcbnjzbdjgnblhs h jnthlhdtublhs pbrb mbdhr quh aundjgnhn fh obnhrb bprgpjbfb. OHVGFGLGCÏB VÊDNJDB9 Th VÊDNJDB9 Th hnabtjzb hn lgs ogfhlgs `bsbfgs hn lbs obthoâtjdbs pbrb hstufjbr lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn, bsï dgog hn lb thdnglgcïb aïsjdb y lbs dbpbdjfbfhs agroblhs fh êstgs. Lbs fjsdjpljnbs quh dgntrj`uyhn b lb ohtgfglgcïb têdnjdb sgn9 jnagroâtjdb, djhndjb fh lb bfojnjstrbdjôn, h jnvhstjcbdjôn fh gphrbdjgnhs. Lb jnagroâtjdb sh hndbrcb fhl trbtbojhntg butgoâtjdg fh lb jnagrobdjôn y oêtgfgs fh dgoputbdjôn, bfhoâs fh oêtgfgs fh blobdhnbojhntg y bddhsg hajdjhnth fh fbtgs. Lb djhndjb fh lb bfojnjstrbdjôn hnabtjzb hl fhsbrrgllg fh ogfhlgs pbrb lb tgob fh fhdjsjgnhs y lbs prâdtjdbs chrhndjblhs. Lb jnvhstjcbdjôn fh gphrbdjgnhs sh hnagdb hn lbs têdnjdbs obthoâtjdbs pbrb gptjojzbr pbrâohtrgs shlhddjgnbfgs fh lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs, dgog hl trbnspgrth, hl dgntrgl fh jnvhntbrjg y lgs dgstgs fh lbs trbnsbddjgnhs. OHVGFGLGCÏB FHL DGO[GPVBOJHNVG9 Turchn DGO[GPVBOJHNVG9 Turchn hn hl fhsbrrgllg y obnthnjojhntg hn hl lbrcg plbzg fh lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn. Bsphdtgs dgog lb jnthcrbdjôn hstrbtêcjdb fh nhcgdjgs, hl fjshòg, lb joplhohntbdjôn, lb utjljzbdjôn y lb bfojnjstrbdjôn ng sh puhfhn hxplgrbr ùtjlohnth dgn lgs ogfhlgs quh sh utjljzbn hn lb ohtgfglgcïb têdnjdb. [gr hihoplg, lgs sgdjôlgcgs hstufjbn lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn dgn un hnagquh mbdjb lb obnhrb hn quh lgs crupgs y lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs fbn agrob bl fhsbrrgllg fh lgs sjsthobs y hn dôog bahdtbn b jnfjvjfugs, crupgs y grcbnjzbdjgnhs.

 

Lb ohtgfglgcïb fhl dgopgrtbojhntg ng jcngrb b lb thdnglgcïb. Hn rhbljfbf, lb thdnglgcïb fh sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn suhlh shr hl hstïoulg bnth un prg`lhob g hohrchndjb fh dgopgrtbojhntg. Tjn ho`brcg, pgr lg chnhrbl, hl hnagquh fh hstb ohtgfglgcïb ng hstâ hn lbs sgludjgnhs têdnjdbs5 bnths `jhn, sh dgndhntrb hn lgs dbo`jgs fh lbs bdtjtufhs, lb pglïtjdb chrhndjbl y grcbnjzbdjgnbl, y hn hl dgopgrtbojhntg. OHVGFGLGCÏB FH HTVH LJ@PG9 TJTVHOBT TGDJGVÊDNJDGT9 B TGDJGVÊDNJDGT9 B lg lbrcg fhl lj`rg sh hndgntrbrâ unb jnthnsb trbob dgn dubtrg bdtgrhs prjndjpblhs9 prgvhhfgrhs fh mbrfwbrh y sgatwbrh (lgs thdnôlgcgs)5 hoprhsbs fh nhcgdjgs quh rhbljzbn jnvhrsjgnhs y `usdbn g`thnhr vblgr fh lb thdnglgcïb5 chrhnths y hoplhbfgs quh prhthnfhn lgcrbr un vblgr fh nhcgdjgs y hl dgnthxtg lhcbl, sgdjbl y dulturbl (hl hntgrng fh lb hoprhsb). Hn dgniuntg, hstgs bdtgrhs prgfudhn lg quh dgngdhogs dgog sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn chrhndjbl. Hl hstufjg fh lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn chrhndjbl (OJT) surcjô pbrb hnagdbrsh hn hl usg fh lgs sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn `bsbfgs hn dgoputbfgrb hn lbs hoprhsbs dgohrdjblhs y lbs bchndjbs cu`hrnbohntblhs. Lgs OJT dgo`jnbn hl trb`big fh lb jnagroâtjdb, lb djhndjb fh lb bfojnjstrbdjôn y lb jnvhstjcbdjôn fh gphrbdjgnhs, dgn unb grjhntbdjôn prâdtjdb mbdjb hl fhsbrrgllg fh sgludjgnhs fh sjsthobs pbrb lgs prg`lhobs fhl ounfg rhbl y lb bfojnjstrbdjôn fh lgs rhdursgs fh thdnglgcïb fh lb jnagrobdjôn. Lb phrsphdtjvb quh bfgptbrhogs hn hsth lj`rg sh dbrbdthrjzb ohigr dgog lb phrsphdtjvb sgdjg têdnjdb fh lgs sjsthobs. Hn hllb sh lgcrb un fhshophòg grcbnjzbdjgnbl hxdhlhnth bl gptjojzbr hn dgniuntg lgs sjsthobs sgdjblhs y têdnjdgs quh sh utjljzbn hn prgfuddjôn. Dlbrg oôvjl Dlbrg  hs unb obrdb prhstbfgrb fh un shrvjdjg fh thlhagnïb oôvjl quh phrthnhdh b lb hoprhsb Dlbrg  ohxjdbnb Boêrjdb Oôvjl, mhrobnb fh Vhlohx Jnthrnbdjgnbl, bo`bs prgpjhfbf fhl ohxjdbng Crupg Dbrsg, duyg bddjgnjstb obygrjtbrjg hs hl obcnbth ohxjdbng Dbrlgs Tljo. Dlbrg tjhnh prhshndjb hn lb jnfustrjb fh lb thlhagnïb oôvjl hn Brchntjnb (bnths DVJ Oôvjl), @rbsjl, Dmjlh, Dglgo`jb (bnths Dgodhl y Vhlohx), DgstbPjdb, Hdubfgr, HlTblvbfgr, Cubthoblb  (bnths Vhlcub), Mgnfurbs, Njdbrbcub, [bnboâ, [brbcuby (bnths DVJ Oôvjl), [hrù, [uhrtg Pjdg, Phpù`ljdb Fgojnjdbnb, Xrucuby (bnths DVJ Oôvjl) y Qhnhzuhlb (bddjgnjstbs dgn Nhtung). Boêrjdb Oôvjl bfhoâs gphrb `big hl ngo`rh fh Vhldhl hn Oêxjdg y fh Vrbdagnh Sjrhlhss hn Hstbfgs Xnjfgs. Fh obnhrb clg`bl, hstb hoprhsb duhntb dgn dhrdb fh 8; ojllgnhs fh dljhnths jnblâo`rjdgs, fh lgs dublhs sôlg hn Lbtjngboêrjdb sh dgnsgljfb dgn oâs fh 4; ojllgnhs fh usubrjgs. Lb obrdb Dlbrg auh drhbfb 0;;4 hn @rbsjl pgr lb ausjôn fh lgs gphrbfgrhs prgpjhfbf fh Boêrjdb Oôvjl9 BVL (Pïg fh Ibnhjrg, Hspïrjtg Tbntg), @D[ (Täg [bulg, [hrnbo`udg, Blbcgbs, Dhbrâ, [brbï`b, [jbuï, Pjg Crbnfh fg Ngrth), Bohrjdhl (Bdrh, Vgdbntjns, Pgnfönjb, P gnfönjb, hl Fjstrjtg Ahfhrbl fh @rbsjl, @rbsjl, Cgjâs, Obtg Crgssg, Obtg Crgssg fg Tul), Vhss Dhlulbr (gtrbs ârhbs fh Hstbfg) y Dlbrg Fjcjtbl (Pjg Crbnfh fg Tul). Bdtublohnth, Dlbrg tbo`jên gphrb hn lgs hstbfgs fh @bmïb, Thrcjph, Tbntb Dbtbrjnb, [brbnâ y Ojnbs Chrbjs. Hl crupg Hoprhsbrjbl Boêrjdb Oôvjl hn Dglgo`jb jnagroô hl 26 fh iunjg fh 0;20 b trbvês fh un dgounjdbfg quh jnjdjô gajdjblohnth un prgdhsg fh dbo`jg y unjajdbdjôn fh obrdb. Lbs rhdgngdjfbs obrdbs fh lbs thlhdgounjdbd thlhdgounjdbdjgnhs jgnhs dglgo`jbnbs Dgodhl y Vhlohx fhsbpbrhdjhrgn fhsbpbrhdjhrgn pbrb fbrlh pbsg b lb obrdb Dlbrg. Hl 01 fh iunjg fhl 0;20 hntrg Dlbrg bl pbïs rhhoplbzbnfg bsï b lbs obrdbs Dgodhl y Vhlohx.

 

Dlbrg Dglgo`jb  Dglgo`jb (Vhlohx Dglgo`jb) & (Dgounjdbdjôn Dhlulbr) hs unb hoprhsb gphrbfgrb fh thlhagnïb oôvjl dhlulbr hn Dglgo`jb bnthrjgrohnth llbobfb Dgodhl T.B.  T.B.  B fjdjho`rh fh 0;22 thnïb oâs fh 4; ojllgnhs o jllgnhs fh lïnhbs bdtjvbs (fh un tgtbl fh 6;,3 6 ;,3 ojllgnhs hn hl pbïs). Hs prgpjhfbf fhl crupg ohxjdbng Boêrjdb Oôvjl. B pbrtjr fhl 01 fh iunjg fh 0;20 Dgodhl Dgodhl   dbo`jô su rbzôn sgdjbl b Dlbrg Dglgo`jb, Dglgo`jb, luhcg fh su bljbnzb dgn Vhlohx Dglgo`jb, Dglgo`jb, tbo`jên su`sjfjbrjb fh Boêrjdb Oôvjl. Lgs shrvjdjgs dhlulbrhs fh Dlbrg sh vhnïbn garhdjhnfg `big lb obrdb DGODHL, dgopbòïb dglgo`jbnb dgn oâs fh fjhdjgdmg bògs fh hxphrjhndjb hn hl ohrdbfg o hrdbfg oôvjl. Dgodhl dgntô hn su ogohntg dgn un bltg prhstjcjg y rhdgngdjojhntg hntrh lb pg`lbdjôn, dgn oâs fh trhjntb y djndg ojllgnhs fh lïnhbs b`gnbfbs, fh`jfg b lb bopljb dg`hrturb fh su shòbl y b lb gahrtb fh hqujpgs fh ùltjob chnhrbdjôn. Vrbs lb unjajdbdjôn fh obrdb, Dlbrg bnths Dgodhl duhntb dgn lb oâs bopljb rhf fh thlhagnïb dhlulbr fh Lbtjngboêrjdb.

 

Oôvjlhs Gphrb hn lbs thdnglgcïbs9 CTO99 Vhdnglgcïb CTO y C[PT hn lb `bnfb =;;Omz, b njvhl nbdjgnbl, prhstb hl shrvjdjg fh vgz oôvjl   CTO dgnvhndjgnbl y [usm-tg-tble. HFCH99 Vhdnglgcïb fjspgnj`lh hn tgfg hl thrrjtgrjg nbdjgnbl, prhstb hl shrvjdjg fh nbvhcbdjôn hn   HFCH jnthrnht b vhlgdjfbfhs dhrdbnbs b lgs 0;;e`ps. XOVT y  y MTF[B MTF[B99 Vhdnglgcïb prhshnth hn oâs fh =;; pg`lbdjgnhs, prhstb hl shrvjdjg fh nbvhcbdjôn   XOVT hn jnthrnht, dgn vhlgdjfbfhs fh mbstb 0o`ps hn thlêagngs 4C (XOVT) y 4.8C (MTF[B) y oôfho

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jnblâo`rjdg XT@. B[LJDBDJGNHT OGQJLHT DLBPG FJPHDVG JNVHPDGOXNJDBFGP  

Abdjljtb lb dgounjdbdjôn hn su hoprhsb b trbvês fh ohnsbihs o hnsbihs fh vgz hn tjhopg rhbl, blbrobs jnstbntânhbs y dmbt hntrh unb g vbrjbs phrsgnbs, dgn sglg prhsjgnbr un `gtôn fhsfh su fjspgsjtjvg oôvjl y [D cr upblhs dgn sus dljhnths, prgvhhfgrhs y   Bfojnjstrh sus dgntbdtgs y grcbnjdh shsjgnhs prjvbfbs g crupblhs hqujpgs fh trb`big   Hsth shrvjdjg aundjgnb sg`rh lb rhf fh fbtgs (4C, MT[B+, 6C LVH, SjAj) y hn Tobrtpmgnh dgn sjsthob gphrbtjvg Bnfrgjf  Bnfrgjf 

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OFO Hoprhsbrjbl

 

Hs unb sgludjôn quh phrojth bfojnjstrbr fjspgsjtjvgs oôvjlhs sjn jopgrtbr hl gphrbfgr fh thlhagnïb g prgvhhfgr fh shrvjdjgs, bshcurbr lgs fjspgsjtjvgs oôvjlhs ohfjbnth pglïtjdbs fh shcurjfbf ouy sjojlbr b lbs bpljdbfbs b lgs [D y pgrtâtjl. Dgntbogs dgn fgs fh lbs ohigrhs blthrnbtjvbs pbrb Chstjôn Thcurb fh sus fjspgsjtjvgs oôvjlhs y bpljdbdjgnhs hoprhsbrjblhs, hljib hntrh Tbosunc ENG], Djtrjx ]hnOg`jlh.   Chstjgnh pglïtjdbs y dgnajcurbdjgnhs fh obnhrb shndjllb y dhntrbljzbfb pbrb hqujpgs y bpljdbdjgnhs. 

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Dgntrglh hl bddhsg fh lgs Tobrtpmgnh, Vb`lhts y [D b lgs rhdursgs fh lb hoprhsb. Duhnth dgn un bo`jhnth phrsgnbl y dgrpgrbtjvg b trbvês fhl ojsog fjspgsjtjvg. Dgntrglh hl bddhsg fh bpljdbdjgnhs (G`ljcbtgrjbs, suchrjfbs, prgmj`jfbs). Dgnajcurh lb gpdjôn fh Thdurh Objl, Thdurh Sh`. Bo`gs pbrb jGT y Bnfrgjf.

Nuohrbl Vrbnsbddjgnbl Oôvjl Duhnth hn su hoprhsb dgn ohnùs trbnsbddjgnblhs phrajlbfgs y lb bsjcnbdjôn fh unb obrdbdjôn quh phrojtb quh sus usubrjgs ajnblhs, puhfbn thnhr bddhsg b jnagrobdjôn y puhfbn hahdtubr trbnsbddjgnhs fh obnhrb jnohfjbtb.   Drhbdjôn fh ohnù phrajlbfg fh bduhrfg b lb nhdhsjfbf.   Xsg fhl dbnbl fh vgz pbrb trbnsbddjgnhs vjsublhs. obr dbdjôn hsphdjbl pbrb lbs trbnsbddjgnhs.   Bsjcnbdjôn fh unb obrdbdjôn    

 

Dgnthoplb un ahh fh joplhohntbdjôn y `glsbs fh trbnsbddjgnhs pgr ohs.

THPQJDJGT HT[HDJBLJYBFGT VJ Aâ`rjdb fh Tgatwbrh Thrvjdjg hsphdjbljzbfg pbrb dgnstrujr dgopgnhnths fh sgatwbrh y/g jnthcrbdjgnhs dgn gtrgs bpljdbtjvgs ohfjbnth `us fh jnthcrbdjôn STG0.   Fjshòg fh brqujthdturb y fhsbrrgllg.   Joplhohntbdjôn hn bo`jhnths fh fhsbrrgllg, pruh`bs y prgfuddjôn.   Bfojnjstrbdjôn y sgpgrth. .   Obnthnjojhntg phrahdtjvg, hvglutjvg y bfbptbtjvg.    

 

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Joplhohntbdjgnhs h jnthcrbdjgnhs fh sgatwbrh dgn plbtbagrob STG0.

Chstjôn fh prgyhdtgs y pgrtbagljgs dgn DB - [[O Thrvjdjg pbrb lb dgnajcurbdjôn h joplhohntbdjôn fh unb plbtbagrob fh chstjôn fh prgyhdtgs y/g pgrtbagljg, quh lhs phrojtjrâ b nuhstrgs dljhnths chstjgnbr sus prgyhdtgs fh obnhrb jnthljchnth y hajdjhnth.   DB [rgihdt bnf [grtagljg Obnbchohnt ([[O) hs unb plbtbagrob quh garhdh b lbs dgopbòïbs unb blthrnbtjvb fh sgludjôn b tgfgs lgs prg`lhobs rhlbdjgnbfgs b lb chstjôn gpgrtunb y hajdjhnth fhl pgrtbagljg fh prgyhdtgs hoprhsbrjblhs.   Garhdhogs un shrvjdjg jnthcrbl b lbs grcbnjzbdjgnhs pbrb lb bfgpdjôn fh lbs ohigrhs prâdtjdbs hn joplhohntbdjôn fh chstjôn fh prgyhdtgs, prgcrbobs y pgrtbagljgs. 

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[lbtbagrob fh Hxphrjhndjb Fjcjtbl - Ljahrby Thrvjdjg quh hntrhcb unb plbtbagrob fh hxphrjhndjbs fjcjtblhs (Tgatwbrh Ljahrby) hn lb dubl sh dgnstruyh un pgrtbl fh chstjôn fh dgnthnjfgs wh` dgrpgrbtjvgs dgn hstânfbrhs jnthrnbdjgnblhs. jnthrnbdjgnblhs. Hsth shrvjdjg lh garhdh b su hoprhsb lb pgsj`jljfbf fh chstjgnbr sus dgnthnjfgs fjcjtblhs ohfjbnth unb plbtbagrob llbobfb Ljahrby. Lgs shrvjdjgs jndlujfgs sgn9 

       

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Bnâljsjs y fjshòg fhl pgrtbl fh dgnthnjfgs. Joplhohntbdjôn y dgnajcurbdjôn. Ojcrbdjôn y fhsbrrgllg. Bfojnjstrbdjôn y sgpgrth

Tgpgrth y Obnthnjojhntg fh Bpps Hs un shrvjdjg prgahsjgnbl quh phrojth b lbs hoprhsbs dgntrglbr hl rjhscg fh su gphrbdjôn `bsbfb hn sus sjsthobs fh jnagrobdjôn b trbvês tr bvês fhl bnâljsjs, fjbcnôstjdg y sgludjôn fh jndjfhnths sg`rh lbs bpljdbdjgnhs dgrh fh su nhcgdjg. Hl `hnhajdjg prjndjpbl hs ojtjcbr rjhscgs hn lb jnthrrupdjôn fh lb gphrbdjôn fjbrjb fh su nhcgdjg b trbvês fh rhspuhstbs gpgrtunbs bnth lgs pgsj`lhs jndjfhnths quh hstbs puhfbn prhshntbr. Duhnth dgn hl sgpgrth y obnthnjojhntg pbrb bpljdbdjgnhs dgrh fh su nhcgdjg dgn hl sjcujhnth bldbndh9   Tgludjôn b jndjfhnths njvhl 0 y 4.   Bnâljsjs y fjbcnôstjdg fh jndjfhnths.   Chstjôn fh sgljdjtufhs.   Obnthnjojhntg dgrrhdtjvg y/g wgrebrgunfs.   Tgpgrth aundjgnbl y hsdblbojhntg b thrdhrgs, hntrh gtrgs.     