Sistemas-De Flujo-Complejo-Mecanica de Fluidos

 

 

RIR^JOGR NJ LKZINMR BMOPKJHMR 

777

 

G×M NJK AIBJC^JCGQIM NJK PJQØ8 100 G×MR G× MR NJ ICNJPJCNIJCBIG 

ZCI\JQRINGN CGBIMCGK NJ PIZQG  

LGBZK^GN NJ ICDJCIJQIG NJ OICGR

JRBZJKG PQMLJRIMCGK NJ ICDJCIJQIG DJMKMDIBG  

IC^JDQGC^JR8  QMOGC ZAIKKZR LÉKIU LGAIÇC QI\GR QMAKJR \IB^MQ \IB ^MQ JN JNZGQNM ZGQNM QIMLQIM BGKKJ NIJDM GKJUGCNJQ BGKKJ DZJQQJQM YGQNGC HJLLJQRMC XJCNJQ QGOIQJX TIKKY QZAJC

BZQRM8 OJBGCIBG NJ LKZINMR NMBJC^J8 NQ. KZIR D. RGG\JNQG LQIGR

^JOG8 RIR^JOGR NJ LKZINMR BMOPKJHMR 

777

 

ÏCNIBJ

IC^QMNZ IC^QM NZBBIÒ BBIÒC C ..................... .............................................. .................................................. .............................................. ............................................ ....................... 7 MAHJ^I\ MAHJ ^I\MR MR..................... .............................................. .................................................. .............................................. .............................................. ............................... ...... 1 RIR^JOGR NJ LKZHM BMOPKJHMR .......................................................................................... 2 7.  

RIR ^JOG RIR^JO G NJ ^ZAJQIGR JWZI\GKJC^JR ………………………………………………………………………..> 1.   RIR^JOGR NJ ^ZAJQÏGR JC RJQIJ .............................................................................. > 1.7.  RIR^J 1.7. RIR^JO OGR NJ BKGRJ I.................... I............................................. .................................................. ............................................. ....................> 1.1.  RIR^JOGR NJ BKGRJ II.........................................................................................: 1.1. 1.2.  RIR^JOGR NJ BKGRJ III ........................................................................................ < 1.2. 2.   RIR^JOGR NJ ^ZAJQÏGR JC PGQGKJKM ...................................................................... 9 2.7.  JBZGBIMC NJ BMC^ICZINGN JC RIR^JOG PGQGKJKM …………………………………………...5 2.7. 2.1.  JBZGBIMC NJ PJQNING NJ BGQDG PGQG 2.1. P GQG RIR^JOG PGQGKJKM……………………………….9 2.2.  RIR^JO 2.2. RIR^JOG G BMC NMR QGOGR …………………………………………………………………………………...9 >.  

RIR^JOG NJ ^ZAJQIGR QGOILIBGNGR………………….……………………………………….…70  >.7. BGRM I..................... >.7.  .............................................. .................................................. .............................................. .................................... ............... ..77 >.1.  BGRM II .................... >.1. ............................................. .................................................. .............................................. ................................... ..............….72

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QJN NJ ^ZAJQIGR……………………………………………………………………………………………7: 

GPKIBGBI GPKIB GBIMCJR MCJR................... ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. .............................................. ......................... 74 JHJQBIBIMR NJ GPKIBGBIÒC................................................................................................ 79 7.  

PQMAKJOG C¸07 ................................................................................................... 17 1.   PQMAKJOG C¸01 ................................................................................................... 11

BMCBKZRI BMCBK ZRIM MCJR ..................... .............................................. .................................................. .............................................. .......................................... ..................... 19 AIAKIMDQ AIAK IMDQGL GLÏG.. ÏG........................ ............................................... ................................................. ............................................. ........................................... ...................... 1: KICFMDQ KICFMD QGLÏ GLÏG... G......................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ........................................... ...................... 1:

777

 

IC^QMNZBBIÒC

Jk prjsjctj prjsj ctj trgag trgaghm hm sj agsg jc jk ^jog nj Ristjogs nj Lkuhms nj Lkui Lkuinms nms Bmopk Bmopkjhms jhms66 quj egbjc rjljrj cbig g lkuhms jjc rjljrjcbig c bmcnubtms bjrrgnms quj iopkibgc oçs nj uc bmcnubt bmcnubtm m m uc bmcnubtm øcibm bmc sjbbiòc vgrigakj. Jk jstunim njk llkuhm kuhm jc sistjog nj tuajrïg tuajrïgss js ucg nj kgs gpkibgb gpkibgbimcjs imcjs oçs bmoucjs nj kg ojbçcibgg nj lk ojbçcib lkuinms. uinms. Pujnj c nivinirsj bbmom Pujnjc mom sistjogs nj tuajrïgs jc sjrij sjrij,, sistjogs sistjogs nj tuajrïgs jc pgrgkjkm, sistjogs jquivgkjctj j quivgkjctjss y sistj sistjog og nj tuajrïgs rgoilibgngs. Zcg tuajrïg js jquivgkjctj jqui vgkjctj (g mtrg tuajrïg m g uc sistjog nj tuajrïgs) bugcnm, pgrg uc bgungk jspjbilibgnm, jspjbi libgnm, sj pr prmnubj mnubj kg oisog pérning nj bg bgrdg rdg jc kg tuaj rïg jquivgkjctj quj jc jk sistjog mridicgk Kms sistjogs sistj ogs nj tuajrïgs jc sjrij sj nispmcjc nj tgk lmrog quj jk lk lkuinm uinm bmrrg jc ucg kïcjg bmcticug sic rgoilibgbimcjs, gquï jk bgungk bgungk js jk oi oisom som jc bgng tuajrïg y kkgg pjrning nj bgrdg njk puctm G egstg jk puctm A js kg k g suog nj kgs pérnings nj bgrdg bgrdg jc bgng ucg nj jkkgs. Ri jk sistjog nj kïcjg nj tuajrï tuajrïgs gs prm prmvmbg vmbg quj jk lkuinm sj rgoiliquj jc nms m oçs kkïcjgs ïcjgs,, sj kkgogrgc sistjogs nj tuajrïgs jc pgrgkjk pgrgkjkm, m, gquï jk bgungk bgungk tmtgk js kg suog nj kkms ms bgungkjs jc bgng tuajrïg y kgs k gs pérnings nj bbgrdg grdg njsnj bugkquij bugkquijrr puctm jctrj G y A smc idugkjs. Rj egakg nj tuajrïgs rgoilibgngs bugcnm jk lkuinm sj kkjvg nj uc puctm g vgrims puctms niljrjctjs, nilj rjctjs, jjss njbir, jjkk si sistjog stjog sj suani suanivinj vinj jc rgogs m trgoms, quj pgrtjc nj uc cmnmegstg stg jk cmnm siduijctj. Jstms sistjogs sistj ogs nj lkuh lkuhm m smc bmoucjs pgrg kg nistriaubiòc nj njkk gdug, gdug, lkuh lkuhm m nj dgsmkicg, usm nmoéstibm, lkuinm lk uinm rrjlridjrgct jlridjrgctj, j, jtb.

7

 

MAHJ^I\MR

MAHJ^I\MR DJCJQGKJR8

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Njsbriair j injctilibgr kms niljrjctjs tipms nj sistjogs nj lkuhm nj lkuinms bmopkjhms, gsï bmom gcgkizgr sus nivjrsgs gpkibgbimcjs jc kgs niljrjctjs icnustrigss pricbipgkojctj jc kg icnustrig oicjrg. icnustrig

MAHJ^I\MR JRPJBILIBMR8

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Gcgkizgr y bmopgrgr kgs trjs bkgsjs niljrjctjs nj sistjogs nj tuajrïgs jc sjrij gnjoçs prgbtibgr kgs tébcibgs pgrg injctilibgrkms.

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Njtjroicgr kg bgctingn nj lkuhm jc bgng ucg nj kgs rgogs nj uc sistjog nj tuajrïgs tuajrï gs jc pgrg pgrgkjkm kjkm njpjcnijcnm nj kkms ms ngtms njk prmakjog.

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Niljrjcbigr jctrj jctrj sistjogs nj tuajrï tuajrïgg jc sjrij y sistjog nj tuajrïg jc pgrgkjkm.   Njlicir sistjogs nj tuajrïgs rgoilibgngs y kms niljrjctjs bgsms jc kms quj sj prjsjctgc jstgs tuajrïgs.

1

 

RIR^JOGR NJ LKZHM BMOPKJHMR

Kms sistjogs si stjogs nj lk lkuhms uhms nj llkuinms kuinms bmopkjhms eg egbjc bjc rjlj rjljrjcb rjcbig ig g lkuh lkuhms ms jc bmcnubtms bjrrg bjrrgnms nms quj iopkibgc iopki bgc oçs nj uc bmcnubt bmcnubtm m m uc bmcnubtm øcibm bmc sjbbiòc vgrigakj. Kg ogymrïg nj kms sistj sistjogs ogs nj lkuh lkuhm m jc tuajrïgs icvmkubrg icvmkubrgc c drgcnjs pérnings nj bgrdg bgrdg m jcjrdïg pmr lribbiòc, gsï bmom tgoaiéc pérnings nj bgrdg m jcjrdïg ojcmr. Rj pujnjc nisj÷gr y bmcst bmcstruir ruir jc kms siduijctjs tipms nj sistjogs sistjogs nj lkuhm8 lk uhm8

7.  RIR^JOGR NJ ^ZAJQÏGR JWZI\GKJC^JR

Rj nibj quj u ucg cg tuajrïg js jjquivgk quivgkjctj jctj g mtrg, m g uc si sistjog stjog nj tuajrïgs, si pgrg kg ois oiso ogpér pérni ning ng nj bgrdg jk bgungk quj birbukg pmr kg tuajrïg jqui jquivgkjctj vgkjctj js jjkk oisom q quj uj ti tijcj jcj kudgr jc kgtuajr uajrïïg m sistjog nj tuajrïgs mridicgk. ^goaiéc pujnj jjcucbigrsj cucbigrsj jc kg lmrog sidui siduijctj jctj88 ucg tuajrïg js jquiv jquivgkjctj gkjctj g mtrg tuajrïg m g uc sistjog nj tuajrïgs bugcnm, pgrg uc bgungk jspjbilibgnm, sj prmnubj kg oisog pérning nj bgrdg jc kkgg tuajrïg jqui jquivgkjctj vgkjctj q quj uj jc jjkk sistj sistjog og mridicgk. Qjgk Qjgkojctj, ojctj, jjxistj xistj uc cøojrmic icli lici cittm nj tuajrïg tuaj rïgss jqui jquivgkjctj vgkjctjss g uc sistjog n njj tuaj tuajrïg rïgss bmcjbtgngs jc sjrij sjrij66 nj gquï quj puj pujng nglihg lihgrrsj jk niçojtrm nj kg k g tuajrï tuajrïgg jquivgkjctj y njtjroicgr ssu u kmcditun, m aijc, quj vjcdg llihgng ihgng su kmcditun kmcdi tun y sj bgkbukj jjkk niçoj niçojtrm trm nj kkgg tuajrïg jquivgkjctj y njtjroi njtjroicgr cgr su kmcditun, m ai aijc, jc,quj vjcdg lihgng su kmcditun y sj bgkbukj jk niçojtrm rjqujrinm. Jk bçkbukm bçkbukm nj tuajrïg tuajrïgss jquivgkjctjs js pmr km djcjrgk sjcbikkm j iopkibg i opkibg njtjroicg njtjroicgrr kgs pérning pérningss nj bgrdg bugcnm sj bmcmbjc kms bgungkjs y tgog÷m nj kgs tuajrïgs, m bgkbukgr kms bgungkjs bmcmbings kgs pérnings nj bgrdg y kms tgog÷ms nj kms bmcnubtms. Zcg tuajrïg js jquivgkjctj g mtrg tuajrïg, m g uc sistjog nj tuajrïgs, si pgrg ucg pérning nj bgrdg ngng tijcj kkudgr udgr jk oisom bgungk jc kg ttuajrïg uajrïg jquiv jquivgkjctj gkjctj quj jc jk sistj sistjog og nj tuajrï tuajrïgs gs ngnm. Lrjbujctjojctj, Lrjbujctjojctj , js bmcvjcijc bmcvjcijctj tj sustituir uc sistjog nj tuajrïgs bmopkjh bmopkjhm m pmr ucg smkg tuajrïgg jjquivgkjctj. tuajrï quivgkjctj. 1.  RIR^JOGR NJ ^ZAJQÏGR JC RJQIJ M BMOPZJR^GR

Kgs tuajrïgs tuajrïgs jstçc jc sjrij si jstçc bmcjbtgngs bbmc mc jxtrj om bmc jxtrjom nj llmrog mrog quj jk llkuinm kuinm birbukg jc lmrog bmcticug sic si c cicdøc rgogk. Jk bgungk g trgvés nj uc sistjog nj tuajrïgs jc sjrij sj ogctijcj bmcstgctj bmcstgctj g km kgrdm nj tmnm jk sistjog. 1.7.   RIR^JOG NJ BKGRJ I

2

 

Jk sistjog si stjog jstç njli njlicinm cinm pmr bmopkjtm jc téroi téroicms cms njk tgog÷m nj kgs tuajrïgs, kms tipms nj pérnings ojcmrjs prjsjctjs prjsj ctjs y jk llkuhm kuhm vmkuoétr vmkuoétribm ibm njk llkuin kuinm m njk si sistjog. stjog. JJkk mahjtivm bmoøc js bgkbukgr kg prjsiòc jc j c gkdøc puctm nj iictjrés ctjrés,, pgrg njtjroicgr g bgrdg tmtgk nj kg amoag m jcbmctrgr kg jkjvgbiòc jkj vgbiòc nj ucg lujctj nj lkuinm, bbmc mc jk lic nj prmnubir uc lkuh l kuhm m vmkuoétri vmkuoétribm bm quj sj njsjg m bijrtgs prjsimcjss jc puctms sj prjsimcj sjkjbbim kjbbimcgnms cgnms njk si sistjog. stjog. Pgrg nibem sistjog sistj og kg jjbugbi bugbiòc òc nj kg jjcjrdï cjrdïg, g, bmc jk jopkj jopkjm m nj kg supjrlibi supjrlibijj nj bgng njpòsi njpòsitm tm bmom puctm nj rjljrjcbig, js kg siduijctj8

Kms priojrms trjs téroicms njk kgnm k gnm izquij izquijrnm rnm nj jstg jbugb jbugbiòc iòc rjprjsjctgc rjprjsj ctgc kg jcjrdïg quj tijcj ti jcj jk lkui lkuinm nm jc jk puctm 7, jc lmrog nj bgrdg nj prjsi prjsiòc, òc, bgrdg nj jkjvgbiòc jk jvgbiòc ybgrdg nj vjkmbingn. Kms téroicms njk kgnm njrjbem nj kg jbugb jbugbiòc iòc rjprjsjctg kg jcjrdïg njk lkuinm 1.

Jk tjroicm ek njcmtg kg jcjrdïg tm tmtgk tgk quj sj pijrnj pi jrnj jc jjkk sistjog jc bug bugkquijr kquijr kudgr jctrj kms puctms nj rjljrjcbig 7 y 1. Js bmoøc quj egyg vgrims lgbtmrjs quj bmctriauyjc g kg pérning tmtgk tmtgk nj jcjrdïg jcjrdïg.. Jc jstj prmakjog gbtøg gbtøgc c sjis nj jk jkkms8 kms8 eK ? e7 + e1 + e2 + e> + e: + e< Nmcnj8 eK ? Pérning tmtgk nj jcj jcjrdïg rdïg pmr ucingn nj pjsm njk llkui kuinm nm jc omvioijctm e7 ? Pérning jc kg k g jctrgng e1 ? Pérning P érning pmr lribbiòc jc kg kïcjg nj subbiòc e2 ? Pérning Pé rning nj jcjrdïg jc kg vçkvukg e> ? Pérning P érning nj jcjrdïg jc kms nms bmnms g 90 90°° e: ? Pérning pmr lribbiòc jc kg kïcjg nj njsbgrdg e< ? Pérning jc kg sgking Jc uc sistjog si stjog nj tuajrïgs jc sjrij sjrij,, kg pérning tmtgk nj jcjrdïg js kg suog nj kgs p pérnings érnings icnivinugkjs icni vinugkjs ojcmrj ojcmrjss oçs tmngs kgs pérnings prmvmb prmvmbgngs gngs pmr kg llribbiòc. ribbiòc. >

 

Jstj jcucbignm bmicbinj bmc jk pricbipim nj quj kg jbugbiòc nj kg jcjrdïg js jk rjbujctm nj tmng kg jcjrdï j cjrdïgg jctrj nms puctms nj rjljrjcbig njk sistjog.

1.1.   RIR^JOG NJ BKGRJ II

Zc sistjog nj tuajrïg tuajrïg jc sjrij nj bkgsj II js gqujk pgrg jk quj sj njsjg bmcmb bmcmbjr jr jk lkuh lkuhm m vmkuoétribm vmkuoé tribm nj lkui lkuinm nm quj uc sistjog ngnm pmnrï pmnrïgg bmcnubir. Jk sistjog jstç njsbritm pmr bmopkjtm jc téroicms nj su suss jk jkjvgbimcj jvgbimcjs, s, tgog÷ms nj tuaj tuajrïg rïg,, vçk vçkvukgs vukgs y gbmpkg gbmpkgo oijct ijctms msy kg bgïng bgïng nj prjsiòc pjroisiakj jc puctms bkgvj njk sistjog. Zstjn sgaj quj kg bgïng nj prjsi prjsiòc òc sj rj rjkgbimcg kgbimcg jc lmrog nirjbtg bmc kg pj pjrning rning nj jcj jcjrrdïg jc jk sistj sistjog, og, y quj js bbmoøc moøc quj kgs pé pérnings rnings nj jcjrdïg sjgc prmpmrbimcgkjs prmpmrbimcgk js g kg bbgrdg grdg nj vjkmbingn vjk mbingn njk lkuinm bmclmroj birbu birbukg kg pmr gquék. Njainm g quj kg bgr bgrdg dg vjkmbingn js vS1/1d, vS1/1 d, kgs k gs pérnings nj jcjrdïg smc prmpmrbimcgkjs gk bugnrgnm nj kg vjk vjkmbingn. mbingn. Kg tgrjg njk nisj÷gnmr bmcsistj jc njtjroicgr qué tgc jkjvgng pujnj sjr kg vjkmbingn pgrg sgtislgbjr jk rjqujrioijctm nj ucg bgïng kioitgng nj kg prjsiòc. Jxistjc 2 jclmqujs niljrjctjs8 Oétmnm II-G

Jstj js uc prmbjsm nj smkubiòc nirjbtg quj sj usg pgrg sistjogs jc sjrij jc kms quj sj bmcsinjrgc smkm kgs pjrni pjrnings ngs pmr lribbiòc jc kg tuajrïg, y jopk jopkjg jg ucg jbugbiòc quj sj a aggsg jc jk trgaghm trgaghm nj Rwgojj y Hgic, quj icbkuyj jjkk bç bçkbukm kbukm nirjbtm njk lgbtmr nj lribb lribbiòc. iòc. Oétmnm II-A Jstj oétmnm gdr gdrjdg jdg pgsm pgsmss gk gctjrimr, gctjrimr, y ssjj jopkjg pgr pgrgg sistjogs jc sjrij jc kms quj egy pjrnings ojcmrjs (jc gbbjsmrims) rjkgtivgojctj pjquj÷gs bmc pérnings oçs m ojcms drgcnjs pmr lribbiòc jc kg tuaj tuajrïg rïg.. Gk pricbipim, pricbipi m, sj idcmrgc kgs pé pérnings rnings ojcmrj ojcmrjss y sj u uttikiz ikizgg kg oisog jbugbiòc njk oétmnm II-G pgrg jstiogr kg vjkmbingn pjroisiakj y jk lkuhm vmkuoétribm. Njspués, sj njbinj njbinj gbjr gbjrbg bgnj uc lk lkuhm uhm vmk vmkuoétrib uoétribm m omnjstm pmr sjr aghm, sj ictrmnubj kgs pérnings ojcmrjs y sj gcgkizg jk sistjog bmom si lujrg nj bkgsj I, pgrg njtjroi njt jroicgr cgr jk rj rjcni cnioij oijctm ctm li licgk cgk bmc jjkk lk lkuhm uhm jjspj spjbil bilibgnm. ibgnm. RRii jk rjcni rjcnioijct oijctm mjssgti sgtisl slggbtmr tmrim, im,

jk prmakjog egarç bmcbkuinm. Oétmnm II-B Jstj oétmnm sj jopkjg pgrg uc sistjog jc sjrij nmcnj kgs pérnings ojcmrjs smc sidcilibgtivgs, sidci libgtivgs, jc bmopgr bmopgrgbiòc gbiòc bbmc mc kgs prmvmbgngs pmrkg lri lribbiòc bbiòc jc kg tuajrïg, pgrg kg bugk egy uc gktm drgnm nj prjbisiòc jc jk ggcçkisis, cçkisis, js jk quj oçs tijopm bmcsuoj. Qjquijrj jk gcçkisiss gkdjargibm njk bmopmrtgoijctm nj tmnm jk sistjog y kg jxprjsiòc nj kg vvjkmbin gcçkisi jkmbinggn nj lkuhm l kuhm jc téroicms njk lgbt lgbtmr mr nj lribbiòc jc kkgg tuajrï tuajrïg. g.

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Rj njsbmcmb njsbmcmbjc jc jstgs nms bgct bgctingnjs ingnjs njainm g quj jjkk lgbtmr nj lribbiòc tg tgoaiéc oaiéc njpjcnj nj kg vjkmbingn (j (jkk cøo cøojrm jrm nj Qjycmkns). Pgrg rjgkizgr jk gc gcçkisis çkisis sj utikizg uc prmbjsm itjrgtivm. Kg itjrgbiòc bmcsistj jc uc oétmnm bmctr bmctrmkgnm mkgnm nj ‛jcsgym y jrrmr‟, jc jk quj bgng pgsm pgsm kkj kkjvg vg g ucg jstiogb jstiogbiòc iòc oçs jx jxgb gbtg tg nj kg vjkmbingn quj kioitg jjkk lkuh lkuhm, m, pgr pgrgg quj sj sgtislgdg kg rjstribbiòc nj kg bgïng nj prjsiòc.

 

1.2. RIR^JOG NJ BKGRJ III

Zc sistjog nj tuajrïgs jc sjrij nj bkgsj III js gqujk pgrg jk quj sj njsjg bmcmbjr jk tgog÷m nj kg tuajrïg quj bmcnubirïg bijrtm lkuh lkuhm m vmkuoétribm nj uc lkuin lkuinm m ngnm, bbmc mc ucg bgïng nj prjsiòc jspjbilibgng bmom oçxiog njainm g kgs pérnings nj jcjrdïg. Bmc mahjtm nj pkgcjgr uc jclmquj nj nisj÷m nj sistjogs nj bkgsj III, js pmsiakj pmsiakjss utikizgr ucg kòdibg sioikgr sioik gr g kkgg quj sj gcg gcgkizò kizò pgrg kms sistjogs nj tuajrï tuajrïgg jcsjrij nj bkgsj II.Rj sgaj quj kg bgïng nj prjsiòc sj rjkgbimcg nirjbtgojctj bmc kg pjrning nj jcjrdïg jjc c jk sistjog, y quj js bmoøc quj kgs pé pérnings rnings nj jjcjrdïg cjrdïg sjgc prmpmrb prmpmrbimcgkj imcgkjss g kg bgrdg nj vjkmbingn njk lkuinm, bmclmroj sj oujvj g trgvés nj gquék. Bmom kg bgrdg bgrdg nj vjkmbingn js vS1 /1d, kgs pérnings nj jcjrdïg smc prmpmrbimcgkjs gk bugnrgnm nj kg vjkmbingn. G su vjz, kg vjkmbing vjkm bingn n js icvjrsg icvjrsgojctj ojctj prmpmrbim prmpmrbimcgk cgk gk çrjg nj llkuh kuhm m quj sj mati matijcj jcj bmc8 G ? π NS1/>  Pmr tgctm, tgctm, kg pérning nj jcjrdïg js icvjrsgojctj prmpmr prmpmrbimcgk bimcgk gk niçojtrm njk lkuhm jkjvgnm jkj vgnm g kg bugrtg pmtjcbig. Jk tgog÷m nj kg tuajrïg js uc lgbtmr pricbipgk jc rjkgbiòc bmc kg jcjrdïg jc jrdïg quj sj pijrnj jc uc sistjog nj tuajrïg. Kg tgrjg njk ni nisj÷gnmr sj÷gnmr bbmcsistj mcsistj jc njtjroicgr qué tgc pjquj÷g pujnj sjr kg tuajrïg y guc gsï gkbgczgr jk mahjtivm nj quj egyg ucg bgïng nj prjsiòc kioitgng. Oétmnm III-G

Jstj jclmquj jclmq uj siop siopkil kilibgnm ibgnm sòk sòkm m tmog jc bujctg kkgg pérning nj jcjrdïg njainm g kg lr lrib ibbbiòc iòc jc kg k g tuajrïg. Rj ssupmc upmcjj quj kms pu puctms ctms nj rj rjlj ljrjcbi rjcbigg pgrg kkgg jbugbiò jbugbiòc c nj kkgg jc jcjr jrdï dïgjst jstçc jc kg tuaj tuajrïg rïg quj vvgg g ni nisj÷grsj sj÷grsj y g ucg nistgcbig ni stgcbig prjj prjjstgakjbing. stgakjbing. Jctrj jjkkm kkmsspujnj ujnjegaj egajrr ucg niljrjcbig nil jrjcbig n njj jjkjvgbiòc kjvgbiòc.. Ri Ric c joagrdm, njai njainm nm g quj jk niçojtrm nj njkk lkuh lkuhm mjsjkois oisom jc kms nms puctms nj rjljrjcbig, cm egy niljrjcbig jc kgs vjkmbingnjs m bgrdgs nj vjkmbingn. vjk mbingn. Pujnj jsbr jsbriairsj iairsj kg jbugbiòc nj kg jcj jcjrdïg rdïg y njspjh njspjhgr gr kg pérning nj jcjrdïg

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Oétmnm III-A

Ri sj bmcsinjrgc pérnings ojcmrjs, ojcmrjs, sj utikizg ucg jxtjcsiòc omnjstg njk oétmnm IIIG. Jk tgog÷m jstçcngr nj tuajrïg sjkjbbimcgng bmom rjsuktgnm njk oétmnm III-G cmrogkojctj cmrog kojctj js gkdm ogymr quj jk ni niçojtr çojtrm m oïciom pjroisiakj. Pmr tgct tgctm, m, js prmagakj quj pérnings pé rnings omnjstgs gni gnibimcgkjs bimcgkjs nj jjcjrdïg, cjrdïg, njainm njai nm g ucgs bugctgs pérnings oj ojcm cmrrjs, js, cm prmnuzbgc ucg bg bgïng ïng tmt tmtgk gk nj prjsiòc oçs drgcnj quj km pjroitinm. pjroiti nm. JJss prmagakj quj jk tgog÷m sjkjbbimcgnm nj tuajrïg sidg sijcnm gbjptgakj. 2.  RIR^JOGR NJ ^ZAJQÏGR JC PGQGKJKM

\grigs tuajrïgs jstçc bmcjbtgngs jc pgrgkjkm si jk lkuhm mridicgk sj rgoilibg jc nms m oçs tuajrïgs tuajrï gs quj vujkvj vujkvjc c g ucirsj nj cujvm gdugs gag gaghm, hm, bmom sj ikustrg jc kg Lidurg jk lkuinm lku inm quj birbukg pmr GA ggkk kkkjdgr kjdgr gk cunm A sj rgoilibg lkuyj lkuyjcnm cnm pgrtj pmr kg tuajrïg ABJ y jk rjstm rj stm pmr kg tuajrïg ANJ. ANJ. Jc jk cunm J bmcvjrdjc kgs nms tuajrïgs y jk llkui kuinm nm birbukg pmr kg tuajrïg øcibg JL. Rj egbj cmtgr quj kg Lidurg rjprjsjctg ucg vistg jc pkgctg6 js njbir, kgs tuajrïgs jstçc jc uc pkgcm emrizmctgk emrizmctgk.. Jc kg rjsmkubiòc nj prmakjogs nj tuaj tuajrïg rïgss jc pgrgkjkm sj gpkibgc trjs iopmrtgctjs pricbipims.

7.  7.  Jk bgungk bgungk jjctrg ctrgctj ctj tmtgk jc uc cunm eg nj sjr idugk gk bgungk sgkijctj tmtgk njk cunm. 1.  1.  Kg pérning nj bgrdg jctrj nms cunms jjss kg oisog jjc c bgng ucg nj kgs rgogs quj ucj ucjc c kms nms cunms.

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2.  2.  Njctr Njctrm m njk ictjrvgkm cmrog cmrogkk nj vjkmbingnjs quj sj ngc jc kkgg prçb prçbtibg, tibg, jk pmrb pmrbjctghj jctghj njk bgungk tmtgk quj birbukg pmr bgng ucg nj kgs rgogs sj ogctjcnrç bmcstgctj, icnjpjcnijctjojctj nj kg pérning nj bgrdg jct jctrj rj kms nms puctms. Kms sistjogs sistjogs nj tuajrïg tuajrïgss jc pgrgkjkm smc gqujkkms jc kkms ms quj egy oçs nj ucg trg trgyjbtmr yjbtmrig ig quj jk lkuinm pujnj rjbmrrjr pgrg pgrg kkjdgr kk jdgr nj uc puctm nj mridjc g mtrm nj njsticm. Pgrg P grg vjr jstj jhjopkm, cms lihgoms lih goms jc kg lidurg 7.

Gk vjr jstg lidurg iogdicéomcms quj cmsmtr cmsmtrms ms smoms ucg pgrtj pgrtj pjquj÷g nj kg bmrr bmrrijctj ijctj nj lkuinm quj jctrg gk sistjog pmr kg izquijrng, y quj sj jcbujctrg jc jk puctm 7. Gk lkuhm vmkuoétribm gquï gquï sj kkjj njcmoicg 7 y cmsmtrms smoms pgrtj nj jkkg. Gk kkjdgr gk puctm nj ictjrsjbbiòc ictjrsj bbiòc njaj njajoms oms ttmogr mogr ucg njbisi njbisiòc. òc. ½Buçk bgoicm sjduir pgrg bmcticugr egbig jk njsticm= ^mngs ^mngs kgs njoçs pgrtjs njk lkuinm njajc tmogr kg oisog njbisiòc. Pmr supujstm, supujstm, gkdm njk lkui lkuinm nm sj nistriauyj jc bgng uc ucgg nj kgs trjs rgogs rgogs quj sgkjc nj kg ictjrsjbbiòc, ictjrsjbb iòc, y quj jc kkgg lidurg sj njcmtgc bmo bmom m g. a y b. jstms j stms lkuhms vmkuoétribms smc  ,    y , rjspjbt rjspjbtivgojctj. ivgojctj. Km iopmrtgct iopmrtgctjj jc jstj tjog nj sistjog nj tuajrï tuajrïgs gs jc pgrgkjkm js njtjroicgr buçctm lkuinm birbukg pmr bgng rgog y buçk js kg bgïng nj prjsiòc quj mburrj bmclmroj sj bmopkjtg jk birbuitm y kkj kkjdg dg gk njsticm. Jcjstj bgsm kgs trgyjbtmrigs sj rjøcjc jc jc kg pgrtj njrjbeg nj rjbeg njk si sistjog stjog y si sidujc dujc pmr uc tuam nj sgking egstg jk puctm 1, quj js jk nj njsstic icm. m. Gquï, gk gk lkuhm lk uhm vmkuoétribm sj kj nj njcmoicg cmoicg 1. 2.7.  

Jbugbiòc Jbugb iòc nj Bmcticui Bmcticuingn ngn pgrg sistjog jc pgrgkjkm8

Gk gpkibgr gpkibgr jk pricbipim njk lkuhm jstgakj g uc sistjog jc pgrgkjkm sj kkjdg g kg bmcb bmcbkusiòc kusiòc siduijctj8 7 ? 1 ?   +   +  … … …… … …. . ( . 7) Kg priojrg pgrtj, 7 ? 1 smkm glirog km quj eg nibem gbjrbg nj sistjogs bmc lkuhm jstgakj gctjrimrjs8 quj bugcnm sj bmcsinjrg jk lkuhm tmtgk, jk lkuhm vmkuoétribm js jk oisom jc bugkquij bugkqu ijrr sjbbiòc trgc trgcsvj svjrsgk rsgk jc p pgrtibuk grtibukgr. gr. Jctrj km kmss puctms 7 y 1 cm sj eg gdrjdgnm m rrjt jtir irggnm lkuinm njk sistjog, kg sjducng pgr pgrtj tj njl njlicj icj quj kms lkuhms jc kgs rg rgogs, ogs,   +   +  njaj suogr jk lk lkuhm uhm vmkuoétribm tmtgk. Js Jstm tm pgrjbj kòdibm pujstm

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quj tmnm jk lkuinm lk uinm quj kkkjdg kjdg g kg ictjrsjbb ictjrsjbbiòc iòc nj kg k g izquijrng njaj ir g ggkdøc kdøc kkgnm gnm y ssjj nivinj jc trjs pg pgrtjs. rtjs. Pmr øktiom, njaj masjrvgr masjrvgrsj sj quj tmnms kms lkuhms nj kgs rg rgogs ogs sj rjøcjc y jk lkuhm tmtgk bmcticøg bmom 1. Gemrg sj bmcsinjrg kg bgïng nj prjsi òc g trgvés njk sistj sistjog. og. Jc jk puctm 7 egy ucg pr prjsiòc jsiòc 7. Jc jk puctm 1 egy mtrg nistictg 1. Jctmcbjs, Jctmcbjs, kkgg bgï bgïng ng nj prjsiò prjsiòc c js 7 ∑  1. Pgrg gyungr jc jk gcçkisis njkgs prjsimcjs sj utikizg kg jbugbiòc nj kg jcjrdïg jctrj ms puctms 7 y 18

Jstg lmrog nj kg jbugbiòc nj kg jcj jcjrdïg rdïg nibj quj kkgg niljrj niljrjcbig cbig nj prjsiòc jctrj km kmss puctms 7 y 1 njpjcnj nj kg niljrjcbig nj jjkjvgbiòc, kjvgbiòc, kkgg niljrjcbig jc kgs bgrdg bgrdgss nj vjkmbingn vjk mbingn y kg pérning nj jcjrdïg pmr uc ucingn ingn nj pjsm njk lkuinm quj birb birbukgc ukgc jk sistjog. Bugcnm bugkquijrg bugkquijrg nj kms jkjojctms njk lkuinm gkbgczg jk puctm 1 njk sistjog nj kg Lidurg 7, bgng ucm egarç jxpjriojc jxp jriojctgnm tgnm jk oi oisom som bgoaim nj jkj jkjvgbiòc, vgbiòc, jk oisom bgoaim nj vj vjkmbingn kmbingn y kg p pér érni ning ngnj jcjrdïg pmr ucingn nj pjsm, sic iopmrtgr kg trgyjbtmrig quj egyg sjduinm. 2.1.   Jbugbiòc nj kg pérning nj bgrdg pgrg sistjogs jc pgrgkjkm

^mnms kms jkjojctms jk jojctms qu qujj bmcvjrdjc jjc c kkgg ictjrsjbbiòc nj njkk kgnm k gnm njrjbem njk sistjogtijcj ijcjc c kg oisog jcjrdïg tmtgk pmrucingn nj pjsm. Js njbir, tmnms tijcj tijcjc c kg oi oisog sog bg bgrdg rdg tmtgk. Pmr tgctm, bgngg ucingn nj pjsm njk lkuinm nj bgn njaj aj tjcjr kg oisog bgc bgctingn tingn nj jcjrdï jcjrdïg. g. Jst Jstm m sj jcucbig jc lmrog ogtjoçtibg bmom8 ℃ 7∑1  ? ℃  ? ℃  ? ℃ ................................................(.

1) 

Kgs jbugbimcjs jbugbimcjs ((Jb.7 Jb.7)) y (Jb.1) smc kgs rjkgbimcj rjkgbimcjss quj dmaij dmaijrcgc rcgc kms sistjogs nj tuajrïgs jc pgrgkjkm. pgrg kjkm. Jk ssistjog istjog ghustg nj omnm gutmoçtibm gutmoçtibm jk lkuhm jc bgng rgog eg egstg stg quj jk lkuhm tmtg tmtgkk jc ék sgtislgb sgtislgbjj jjstgs stgs jbug jbugbimcjs. bimcjs. 2.2.  

Ristjogs bmc nms rgogs

Zc sistjog bmoøc nj tuajrïg jc pgrgkjk pgrgkjkm m icbkuyj nms rgogs bbmc mc jk grrjdkm quj sj njouj njoujstr strgg jc kg Lidurg. 1. Kg rrgog gog icljrimr sj gdrjdg pgr pgrgg jvitgr quj gk gkducg ducg bgctingn nj lk lkuinm uinm pgsj pmr jk ictjrbgoaignmr nj bgkmr. Kg rgog tg tgoaié oaiéc c pmnrïg utiki utikizgrsj zgrsj pgrg giskgr jk ictj ictjrbgoaignmr rbgoaignmr nj bgkmr bgkmr,, km quj pjroitirï pjroitirïgg quj jk llkuhm kuhm bmcticugr bmcticugrgg oijctrg oijctrgss sj ng ogctjcioij ogctjcioijctm ctm gk jquipm. Jk gcçkisis nj jstj tipm nj sistjog js rjkgtivgojct rjkgtivgojctjj sjcbikk sjcbikkm m y nirjbtm, gucq gucquj uj jjss bmoøc qu qujj sj rjquijrgc rjq uijrgc bijrtgs ictjrgbb ictjrgbbimcjs. imcjs. Njai Njainm nm g quj sj njsbmcmbj kgs vjkmbingnj vjkmbingnjs, s, kms lgbtmrjs nj lribb l ribbiòc iòc tgoaiéc smc njsbmcmb njsbmcmbinms. inms.

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LIDZQG LIDZQ G 18 Ristj Ristjog og jc pgrgkjkm bmc nms rgogs. Kms sistjogs jc pgrgkjkm quj tijcj oçs nj nms rgogs smc oçs bmopkjh bmopkjhms ms pmrquj egy oube oubeggs oçs bgctingnjs njsbmcmbings quj jbugbimcjs quj rjkgbimcgc kgs icbòdcitgs. Gemrg jopkjgrjoms jopk jgrjoms jk sistjog quj sj oujstrg jc kg li lidurg durg 1 pgrg ikustrgr jk gcçkisis nj njkk lkuhm lk uhm jcnm nmss rgogs. Kgs rjkgbimcjs açsibgs quj sj gpkibgc gquï smc sioikgrjs jc kgs jbugbimcjs (Jb.7) y (Jb.1), jxbjptm quj egy nms rgogs jc kudgr nj trjs. Jstgs rjkgbimcjs smc8 7 ? 1 ?   +  ……  …… …………. . ( . 2) ℃ 7∑ 7∑1 1 ?℃   ? ℃  ? ℃  … …………. ( . >)

>.  RIR^JOGR NJ ^ZAJQÏGR QGOILIBGNGR

Kms sistjogs sistj ogs nj tuajrïgs rrgoili goilibgngs bgngs jstçc bmcstitui bmcstituinms nms pmr ucg m oçs tuajrïg tuajrïgss quj sj sj sjpgrgc pgrgc m nivinjc jc nms m oçs tuajr tuajrïg ïgss (m quj sj rjnub rjnubjc jc g ucg smkg) y quj cm vujk vujkvjc vjcgg huctgrsj nj cujvm gdugs gaghm. Jc kg Lidurg 9.1 sj oujstrg jk jhjopkm nj uc sistjog sjcbikkm nj tuajrïgs rgoilibgngs, nmcnj trjs njpòsitms njpòsi tms smojtinms g ni nistictgs stictgs prjsimcj prjsimcjss ictjrimrjs jstçc bbmcjbtgnms mcjbtgnms ojnigctj trjs tuajrïgs tuajrïgs quj sj ucjc jc jk cunm H. Jk lkuhm pujnj tjcjr kudgrjctrj jk njpòsitm oçs jkjvgnm situgnm g kg izquijrng y kms mtrms nms nms (ucg tua tuajrïg jrïg sj nivi nivinj nj jc nms) m aijc jctrj kms oçs jkjvgnms y jk oçs aghm nj kg izquijrng (nms ttuajrï uajrïgs gs sj rjøcjc jjc c ucg smkg). Kg nirjbb nirjbbiòc iòc rjgk nj kg bmrrijctj bmrrijctj nj njpjcnjrç pjcnjrç nj8 7) Kgs prjsimcjs y jkjvgbimcjs nj kms njpòsitms, y 1) kms niçojtrms ni çojtrms,, km kmcdi cditunj tunjss y bkgsj n njj kkgs gs tua tuajr jrïïgs. (Ri kms k ms njpòsi njpòsitms tms nj kg Lidurg 9 9.1 .1 lujrgc ggaijrtms, aijrtms, jc tmngs kgs supjrlibijs kiarjs rjicgrïg kg prjsiòc gtomsléribg).

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Jk prmakjog prmak jog djcjrgk, gsmbignm g kms sistjogs nj tuajrï tuajrïgs gs rg rgoili oilibgngs, bgngs, bbmcsistj mcsistj jc njtj njtjroicgr roicgr jk bgungk nj bgng ucg nj kgs tuajrïg tuaj rïgss bugcnm sj bmcmbjc jk rjstm nj kms ngtms. Jstj tipm nj prmakjogs sj pujnj pujn j rjsmkvjr rjsmkvj r gk gpkibgr kg jbugbiòc nj bmcticuingn, quj jstgakj j stgakjbbj quj jk bgungk tmtgk quj kkkkjdg jdg gk cunm H eg nj sj sjrr idugk gk bgungk tmtgk quj gagcnmcg nibem cunm. Gsï, jc kg Lidurg 9.1, W, njaj nja j sjr idugk g W1 + W2, m aijc W, + W W1 1 sjrç idugk g W2 W2.. Jk bgungk jjc c bgng ucg nj kgs tuajrïgs tuaj rïgs sj bgkbukg oj ojnigctj nigctj gk gkducg ducg nj kgs lòroukgs jjopïribgs opïribgs pgr pgrgg tuajrïgs, tgkjs bmom kg nj Ngrby-Tjisagbe m kg nj Egzjc- Tikkigos, agsgngs jc kgs pérnings pmr rmzgoijctm, rmzg oijctm, jc kgs pérnings ojcmrjs y jc kgs niljrjcbigs nj bmtg bmtgs. s. Jstj tipm nj prmakjogs rjquijrj, pmr km djcjrgk, jk jopkjm nj oétmnms nj bçkbukm pmr gprmxiogbimcjs subjsivgs. Jk ojhmr oétmnm km bmcstituyj jk nj ngr uc vgkmr g kg kjbturg pijzmoétribg pijzm oétribg jc jk c cunm unm H y, g bmcticugbiòc, bgkbukgr jk bgungk jc bgng ucg nj kgs tuajrïgs. Ri sj sgtislgbj kg jbugbiòc jbugbiòc nj bmcticuingn jc jk cunm (bg (bgungk ungk jctrgctj j ctrgctj tmtg tmtgkk idugk g bgungk sgkij sgkijctj ctj tmtgk), kms k ms bçkbukms nj kms bgungkjs smc bmrrjbtms. Ri cm sj sgtislgbj kg k g jbugbiòc nj bmcticuingn bmcticuingn,, js cjbjsgrim jcsgygr bmc mtrg gkturg pijzmoétribg (ogymr si jk lkuhm jctrgctj js njogsignm drgcnj6 drg cnj6 ojcmr ssii jjkk lkuhm sgkijctj js ouy drgc drgcnj). nj). Cmrogkojctj sj matijcj ucg smkubiòc sgtislgbtmrig njspués nj vgrims jcsgyms. >.7.  

Bgsm G Jk bgsm oçs sjcbik sjcbikkm km nj sistjog nj tuajrïgs rrgoili goilibgngs bgngs js bugcnm sj tijcj tijcjc c 2 rgoms, rgoms, bmom jc kg siduijctj lidurg l idurg

Jstj sistjog rgoilibgnm rgoili bgnm js dmajrcgn pmr uc sistjog nj > jbugb jbugbimcjs, imcjs, nmcnj supmcnrjo supmcnrjoms ms icibigkojctj quj jk niçojtrm nj tuajrïg js bmcstgctj jc bgng trgom, pmr km bugk jc kg jbugbiòc jbugb iòc nj Ajrcm Ajrcmukki ukki djcjrgkizgng kgs vjkmbingnjs sj bgc bgcbjkgc8 bjkgc8

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Njajrç rjsmkvjrsj rjsmk vjrsj jjctmcbjs ctmcbjs jstj sistjog nj bugtrm jbugbimcjs, jjc c nmcnj sj puj pujnj njtjc jcjr jr egstg > icbòdcitgs, jk prmakjo prmakjogg oçs bbmoøc moøc pgrg jstj tipm nj bmcl bmclidurgbimcjs idurgbimcjs nj tuajrïg bmcsistj jc njtjroicgr kg tuajrïg y kg pmtjcbig nj kg amoag jc lucbiòc nj kms bgungkjs rjqujrinms g kms puctms 2 y >. Jstm js km k m quj sj rjquijrj, pmr jhjopkm, bugcnm sj nisj÷g uc sistjog nj tuajrïgs pgrg ucg vivijcng. ^ZAJQIGR ^QMCBGK BMC NMR M OGR QGOGKJR BMC AMBG NJ NJRBGQDG ICNJPJCNIJC^J

Bmcmbijcnm kgs kmcditunjs, niçojtrms y rudmsingnjs nj kgs tuajrïgs, gsï bmom kgs bmtgs pijzmoétribgs, pijzm oétribgs, sj prjsj prjsjctgrç ctgrç jstj bgsm pgrg pmnjr bmcmbjr sus bgungkjs nj tgkjs tuajrïgs jctmcbjs tjcjoms8

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>.1.   BGRM A

JK PQMAKJOG NJ KMR ^QJR QJRJQ\MQIMR Jc kg siduijctj lidurg sj oujstrgc trjs jstgcqujs (rjsjrvmrims) uaibgnms g niljrjctjs civjkjs, civj kjs, quj jstçc bmoucibgnms jc jctrj trj sï pmr uc sistjog nj tuajrïg tuajrïgss quj bmcburrjc jc uc puctm P

Kms vgkmrjs nj X bmrrjspmcnjc g kgs k gs bmtgs pijzmoétribgs. Jc kms jstgcqujs bmrrjspmcnjc g kg jkjvgbiòc jkjvgbiòc nj supjrlibij kiarj. Pgrg jk cunm P, zp rjprjsjctg kg suog nj kg jkjvgbiòc tmpmdrçlibg njk puctm P oçs kg gkturg bmrrjspmcnijctj ng kg prjsiòc. Zsugkojctj kms ngtms smc niçojtrms, kmcditunjs y rudmsingnjs nj bgng rgogk (bgrgbtjrïstibgs (bgrgb tjrïstibgs nj kg tuajrïg) y bbmtgs mtgs pij pijzmoétribgs zmoétribgs (jk (jkjvgbimcj jvgbimcjss nj kg supjrl supjrlibij ibij kikiarj) arj) nj bgng jstgcquj. Rj ausbg jk dgstm nj bgng rgogk rgogk (W) y kg bmtg pijzmoj pijzmojtribg tribg njk uctm P, pgr pgrgg njtjroicgnms njtjroi cgnms prmakjogs puj pujnjc njc prjsjctgrsj prjsj ctgrsj nilj niljrjctjs rjctjs bmoaicgbimcj bmoaicgbimcjss jctrj kms k ms ng ngttmsj icbòdcitgs ojcbimcgnms

Bgsm A-7

W7 ? W2

72

 

Bgsm A-1

W7 3 W2

7>

 

Bgsm A-2

W7 ; W2

:.  QJN NJ ^ZAJQÏGR

Jc kg prçbtibg, prçbtibg, kg ogymrïg nj kms sistjogs nj tuajrïgs jstçc bmcstituinms bmcstituinm s pmr oubegs tuajrïgs bmcjbtgngs nj lmrog bmopkjhg bmc oubems puctms bmc bgungkjs jctrgctjs y sgkijctjs. Pmr jhjopkm, jhj opkm, kg bbmclidu mclidurgbiòc rgbiòc nj tuajrïgs quj sj oujstrg jc kg Lidurg 9.2 pmnrïg rjprjsjctgr jk sistjog nj nistriaubiòc nj gdug nj ucg pjquj pjquj÷g ÷g pmakgbiòc m uc agrrim. agrrim. ^gk sistjog nj tuajrïgs sj bmcmbj bmom rjn nj tuajrïg tuaj rïgss y rjgkojctj js uc bmopkjhm bmchuctm nj tuaj tuajrïg rïgss jc pg pgrgkjkm. rgkjkm. Jk gcçkisis cuoéribm nj kgs rjnjs nj tuajrïgs js jxtrjogngojctj bmopkjhm, pjrm pujnjc matjcjrsj smkubimcj smkubimcjss gk utiki utikizgr zgr jk oétmnm nj Egrny Brmss, kkgognm gsï jc emcmr nj kg pjrs pjrsmc mcggquj quj njsgrrmkkò njsgrr mkkò jjkk oétmnm.

7:

 

Jk priojr pri ojr pgsm, gk gpkibgr jk oétmnm nj Egrny Brmss g ucg rjn nj tuajrïgs, tuajrïgs, jjss jk nj gsidcgr uc bgungk g bgng ucg nj kgs tuaj tuajrïg rïgss nj kkgg rjn. Kms bgungkjs njajc sjkjbbimcgrsj nj lmrog quj sgtislgdgc jk priojr pricbipim ngnm gctjrimrojctj pgrg tuajrïgs jc pgrgkjkm -jk lkuh lkuhm m tmtgk jctrgctj jc bgng cunm js idugk gk lkuhm lkuhm tmtgk sgkijctj. sgkijctj . O Ojnigctj jnigctj jjstms stms bgung bgungkjs kjs supuj supujstms stms sj bgkbukgc kgs pérnings nj bgrdg jc bgng tuajrïg6 tuajrï g6 pgr pgrgg jstm sj utik utikizg izg djcjrgkojctj kkgg lòroukg nj Egzjc- Tikk Tikkigos. igos. G bmcticugbiòc, sj bgkbukg kg k g suog gkdjargibg nj kgs pérnings nj bgrdg jc bgng kgzm nj kg rjn nj tuajrïgs. Nj gbujrnm bmc bmc jk sjducnm pric pricbipim bipim ngnm jc jk gpgrtgnm nj tuajrïgs jc pgrgkjkm -kg pérni pérning ng nj bgrdg jctrj nms cunms eg nj sjr kg oisog pgrg bgng ucg nj kgs rgogs quj ucgc kms nms cunms-, kg suog gkdjargibg nj kgs pérnings nj bgrdg g km kgrdm nj bgng kgzm sjrç bjrm si kms bgungkjs supujstms smc kms k ms bmrr bmrrjbtms. jbtms. Nj gquï, si kg suog gkdjargibg nj kgs pérnings nj bgrdg pgrg bgng ucm nj kms kgzms nj kg rjn sj gcukg, kms bgungkjs supujstms icibigkojctj smc kms bmrrjbtms y jk prmakjog jstç rjsujktm.

Ric joagrdm, j oagrdm, kg prmagaik prmagaikingn ingn nj quj kkms ms bgungkjs supu supujstms jstms jc kg prioj priojrg rg gprmxiogb gprmxiogbiò iòc csjgc jgc kms bmrrjbtms js prçbtibgojctj cukg. Pmr tgctm, jk siduijctj pgsm bmcsistj jc bgkbukgr kg bmrrjbbiòc nj kms bgungkjs jc bgng ucm nj kms kgzms nj kg rjn, ojnigctj kg jbugbiòc. Nmcnj Ξ ? bmrrjbbiòc njk bgungk nj ucm nj kms kgzms, ΢ (KE) ? suog gkdjargibg nj kgs pérnings nj bgrdgs pgrg bgng ucm nj kms trgoms nj tuajrïg

quj lmrogc jk kgzmc ? vgkmr nj uc bmjlibijctj quj njpjcnj nj kg lòroukg utikizgng pgrg bgkbukgr kms bgungkjs (c ? 7,5: pgrg kg lòroukg nj Egzjc-Tikkigos. ΢ (KE/Wm) ? suog nj bgng ucg nj kgs pérnings pérni ngs nj bgrdg nivining nivi ning pmr jk bgungk pgrg bbgng gng trgom nj tuajrïg njk kgzm.

Jk pgsm licgk l icgk js gpkibgr kgs bmrr bmrrjbbimcjs jbbimcjs nj kms bgungkj bgungkjss (ucg pgrg bgng kgzm) pgr pgrgg ghustgr kms bgungkjs, icibigkoj i cibigkojctj ctj supujstms pgrg bbgng gng ucg nj kgs tuaj tuajrïgs, rïgs, y rjpjtir jctj jctjrm rm jk prmb prmbjsm jsm pgrg bmrrjdir nj cujvm kms bgungkjs.

7<

 

GPKIBGBIMCJR RIR^JOGR NJ ^QGRPMQ^J G KGQDG NIR^GCBIG PMQ ^ZAJQÏG

Rj eg nisj÷gnm y njsgrrmkkgnm icdjcijrïg pgrg sistjogs nj tuajrïg nj kgrdg nistgcbig pgrg trgcspmrtgrr prçb trgcspmrtg prçbtibgojctj tibgojctj tmnm tipm nj oicj oicjrgkjs, rgkjs, njsn njsnjj bmcbjctrgnms tgkjs bmom bmarj, bicb, pkmom y eijrrm egstg oicjrgk begcbgnm, aguxitg, kgtjritg nj cïqujk, lmslgtm, bgkizg y bgraòc. ^goaiéc sj aricng jx ^goaiéc jxpjrijcbig pjrijcbig jc sistjogs RBGN RBGNG G y tjkjbmoucibgbimcjs tjkjbmoucibgbimcjs pgr pgrgg kms k ms sistjogs nj tuajrïg. tuajrï g. Cujstrgs jspjbigkingnjs iicbkuyjc cbkuyjc jk njsgr nj sgrrmkkm rmkkm nj smkubimcjs RBGNG pgrg uaibgbimcjs uaibgbimcjs rjomtgs, sistjogs gutòcmoms y gutm sustjctgnms quj rjquijrjc nj ucg oïciog bgctingn nj pjrsmcgkk kkmbg pjrsmcg mbgkk y ogctjcioijctm. Jstms sjrvibims icbkuyjc icbkuyj c smkubimcj smkubimcjss bmopkjtgs nj trgcspmrtj pmrtuajrïg njsnj jk bmcbjptm egstg jk bmoisimcg bmoisimcgoijctm, oijctm, icbkuyjcnm8 •

 Jstunims nj lgbtiaiking lgbtiaiki ngn n y nisj÷m bmcbjptugk

•

 Qjbmcmbioij Qjbmcmbioijct ctm m y jvgkugbiòc nj rutgs

•

 Prmdrgogs nj jcsgyms nj kgamrgtmrim y nj kmmp

•

 Omnjkgbiòc einrçukibg bmopkjhg

•

 Icdjci Icdjcijrïg jrïg açsibg y nj njtgk njtgkkjs kjs

•

 Ristjog nj njtjbbiòc njtj bbiòc nj ludgs

•

 Mptioizgb Mptioizgbiòc iòc nj kg mpjrgbiòc y ogc ogctjcioijctm tjcioijctm nj sistjogs nj tuajrïg tuaj rïg • bgpgbitgbiòc bgpgbitgbiòc nj kms  

mpjrgnmrjs y gpmym g kg mpjrgbiòc. Cujstrg jxpjrijcbig icbkuyj8 •  trgcspmrtj nj rjkgvjs bmcvjcbimcgk bmcvjcb imcgk y nj gktg njcsingn •

 Ristjogs nj tuaj tuajrïg rïg pgr pgrgg trgcspmrtj nj pukpg puk pg g kgrdg nistgcbig (bmcbjctrgnm nj oicj oicjrgk, rgk, pukp pukpgg

oicjrgk, bgraòc, bgraòc, oicjrgkjs icnustrig icnustrigkjs) kjs) RIR^JOG NJ NQJCGHJ JC OICGR

Js jk jcbgrdgnm nj rjbmdjr rjbmdjr kgs gdugs kkuvi kkuvigs gs prjbipitgngs y nj iclik icliktrgb trgbiòc iòc smarj jk çrjg gljrj gljrjct ctjj njk PI^, y kgs k gs bmcnub bmcnubjj supjrlibigkojctj y bmc gyung nj pjcnijctj g uc suoinjrm nj bgptg bgptgbiòc biòc kmbgkizgnm jc jk civjk oçs aghm aghm njk çrjg. Pgrg jstm jk çrjg gljrjctj njaj tjcjr kïoitjs njlicinms y bmctr bmctrmkgnms mkgnms pmr niqujs, bgcgkjs y njscivjkjs quj pjroitgc bmcnubir kgs gdugs bgptgngs g trgvés nj bgcgkjs supjrlibigkjs y gkbgctgrikkgs egstg jk j k suoinjrm nj n j bgptg bgptgbiòc. biòc. P Pgrg grg jk bgsm nj kms suoinjrms quj rrjbiaj jbiajc c kgs gdugs bgptgngs, jc kg oicg oi cg gbtugkojctj sj gpk gpkibg ibg civj civjkk-suoinj suoinjrm8 rm8 jk gdug prjbipi prjbipitgng, tgng, y nj iiclik clikttrgbiòc iòc smarj jk çrjg gljrjctj, glj rjctj, sj bmcnubj egbig uc suoinjrm nj bgptgbiòc, bmcbjainm pgrg amoajgr jk gdug egstg kgs tmrrjs nj kkjcgnm, kgs quj g su vjz prmpmrbimcgc jk gdug g kms tgcqujrms kms bugkjs bugkj s sj jcbgrdgc nj rjdgr jk gdug jc kgs k gs vïgs nj kg oicg.

NQJCGHJ NQJ CGHJ JC Z ZC C CI\JK NJ A AGCBM8 GCBM8 Jc tmnm civj civjkk pgrgkjkm g tmng kg pgrjn gk gktg tg (kïoitj nj oicjrïg, pgcjk msjrç agcbm) oïcioggktgs nj 2o 2o y gkbgctgrikkgs jc brubjs brubjs bmc vïgs, kg pjcni pjcnijctj jctj njk agcbm nj bmc 0.:%prmlucningn egbig kgs pgrjnjs y civjkjs icljrimrjs. 74

 

Ri cm egy sistjog nj nrjcghj egbig jk civj civjkk icljrimr, icl jrimr, njajc bmcstruirsj suoi suoinjrms njrmsjckms kmsjx jxttrjo jom ms bmc sistjogs nj amoajm pmr tuajrïg.

RIR^JOG NJ GKOGBJCGOIJC^M NJ GDZG Y BGCGKJR (RZOINJQMR)

Kms suoinjrms smc kms jcbgrdg j cbgrdgnms nms nj gkogbjcgr tmng jk gdug qu qujj js rjbmk rjbmkjbtgng jbtgng y tr trgcspmrtgng gcspmrtgng pmr kms niljrjctjs bgcg bgcgkjs kjs y gkbgctgr gkbgctgrikkgs ikkgs uaibgnm uaibgnmss jc kgs nil niljrjctjs jrjctjs çr çrjgs jgs nj bmrtj. Rj pujnjc nivinir jc trjs dr drupms upms sjdøc su lucbiòc8 ^ipm 78 78 smc kms suoinjrms pg pgrg rg jk njsgdûj nj kkms ms pisms nj kgs pgkgs quj smc nj niojcsimcjs rjnubings pgrg kg uaibgbiòc nj kg amoag ^ipm 18 smc kms suoinj suoinjrms rms bmcstruinms bjrbg nj pgrjnj pgrjnjss gktgs jc civjkjs civj kjs ictjrojn ictjrojnims imsysup upjr jrim imrrjs, js, sj jopkjgc jop kjgc pgrg rrjamoaj jamoajm m m pgrg tmrrj-tgcqujrm tijcj uc ucgg niojcsi niojcsiòc òc nj 7: o x 7: o x > o. ^ipm 28 smc suoinjrms bmcstruinms jc j c jk civj civjkk iicljri cljrimr mr pgrg sg sgbgr bgr jk gdug njk llmcnm mcnm njk tghm.^ijc ijcj ucg niojcsiòc nioj csiòc nj > >0 0 o x >0 o x 4 o. sj bmcstr bmcstruyj uyj jc lmrog nj K bbmc mc rgopg ictjrcg nj gbbjsm.

75

 

JHJQBIBIMR NJ GPKIBGBIÒC PQMAKJOGR C¸078 Jc jk sistjog si stjog omstr omstrgnm gnm jc kkgg lidurg egy ucg amoag quj suoicistrg g kg bmrrijctj bmrrijctj ucg pmtjcbig nj >0 EP. Bgkbukgr jk dgstm jc bgng tuajrïg. Bmcsinjrgr ?0.01 jc tmngs kgs tuajrïgs (pgrg kms jljbtms jlj btms njk prmakj prmakjog og bmcsinj bmcsinjrgr rgr pg pgrg rg kg amoag ucg jli jlibijcbig bijcbig njk 70 700%). 0%). 71 71: :o7 710 10 o 70 700 0o

Rmkubiòc8 Kg pérning nj bgrdg jc kgs tuajrïgs tuajrïgs 7 y 1. ℃  ? 0.0514  .  1/     Kg jbugbiòc nj njsbgrdg jc kgs tuaj tuajrïg rïgss 2 y >.

Qjjopkgzgcnm Qjjopk gzgcnm ngtms nj bgng trgom7 sj matijcj8

Icibijoms Icibij oms jk bçkbukm supmcijcnm uc dgstm

 ? 700 /( (jc jc kg amoag).

Kg pérning pé rning nj bbgrdg grdg jc jk trgom 7 js8  ? 0.7 ( )S 2/: ℃7 ? 7>.) ? 5.9 / 

Egbjoms uc cujvm bçkbukm bmc  ? 705 / y matjcjoms. 1 ∑ (2 + >) ? 7.1 / 

Bmc  ? 705.4 / sj matijcj, matijcj, 1 ∑ (2 + >) ? 1.7 / 

Kkjvgcnm jstms vgk vgkmr mrjs js g uc drçlibm sj matijc matijcjj llicgk icgkojctj ojctj  ? 705.74 /. Qjnmcnjgcnm kms vgkmrjs ( /) sj matijcj.

10

 

 ? 705    ⁎  2 ? 1>   ⁎  > ? 705   ⁎   

PQMAKJOGR C¸01 Bgkbukj jk j k tgog÷m rjquj rjqujrinm rinm nj ucg tuajrïg cujvg y kiopi kiopigg bénukg >0 quj bmcnubirç 0.:0 lt2/s nj gdug ic bénuk bénukgg >0 quj tij tijcj cj uc ni niçojtrm çojtrm ictjrimr nj N ? 0.22:: lt

17

 

PQMAKJOG C028

11

 

12

 

BMCBKZRIMCJR



  Kms sistjogs nj tuajrïgs bmopkjhms smc gqujkk gquj kkms ms jopkj jopkjgnms gnms jc nivj nivjrsms rsms sjbtmrjs bbm mom sistjogs nj nistriaub nistriaubiòc iòc njk gdug y njsgdûj, jc kg icnustrig oicjrg y nivjrsms bgsms bgsms nj kg ving bmtinigcg bmtinigcg. .







  Punioms njli njlicir cir y niljrjcbigr nilj rjcbigr bgng ucm nj kms ti tipms pms nj sistjogs nj tuajrïgs y tmnms kms bgsms bgs ms jc kkms ms quj sj pujnjc prjsjctgr jstms sistjog sistjogs. s.

  Kgs niljrjctjs nilj rjctjs prmpi prmpijngnjs jngnjs quj prj prjsjctgc sjctgc jjstms stms sistjogs lujrmc nj ou oubeg beg iop iopmr mrttgcb cbig ig pgrg kg rjsmkubiòc rjsmkubiòc nj jhjrbibims nj gpkibgbiòc.

injctili bgbiòc nj bgng tipm nj sistjog nj lkuhm lkuh m cms sjrç nj   Kg tébcibg jopkjgng pgrg kg injctilibgbiòc oubeg gyung pgrg jk gprmvjbegoijctm jc kg jxpkmtgbiòc nj rjbursms oicjrgkjs nj ogcjrg rgbimcgk.

1>

 

AKIAKIMDQGLÏG

g  jn.).. Pjgrsmc Jnubgb Jnubgbiòc. iòc.   Qmajrt K., O. (100