Sistemas Abreviados de Escritura Con TranscripcioÌ - N (Escritura RaÌ - Pida)

 

 

OÖBWAC VDVRGONV BDBÎFRDFC NHXGUDNBCV BG GVFXDRWXN FCK RXNKVFXD\FDÖK GVFXDRWXN XÎ\DBN)  BÄFDOC JXNBC njcstc 8  FNXRN \NXN GA GVRWBDNKRG, ANV ENODADNV T ONGVRXCV ................................................ 8  FNAGKBNXDC BG \XCJXGVC GK GA OÖBWAC ........................................................................ 2  OGRNV BG N\XGKBD]NMG............................................................................................................ 7  ONRGXDNAGV ................................................................................................................................. 5  Dkstruffdckgs pnrn ga usc bg acs ontgrdnags ............................................................................... :  AGFFDCKGV ................................................................................................................................. >. GVFXDHGV \CX VCKDBCV .................................................................................... > Gadodkn an gsfrdturn bg an agtrn ‑g‟ qug qugbg schrggktgkbdbn  ............................... >>  Xgjan 8 \rckukfdnfdök bg ans fckscknktgs m, aa, v, y, f`...... f` ............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ...... >8  \nanhrns fcrtns ...................................................................................................................... >6  Agffdökk 8. GADODKNFDÖK BG UCFNAGV ..................................................... Agffdö ................................................................................ ........................... >6  Xgjan 6 Gadodknr agtrn ‑g‟ gk gk ans sïanhns ............................................................................. >6 

Xgjan 2 Gadodknr vcfnags gk sïanhns qug kc nnegftn egftn su agfturn ...... ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ........... >2  \nanhrns fcrtns ...................................................................................................................... >2 

Agffdö k 6. RGXODKNFDÖK DÖK T AGRXNV XG\GRDBN ............................................... Agffdök ......................................................... .......... >7  Xgjan 7 Gadodknr agtrns rgpgtdbn rgpgtdbnss ........................................................................................ .................................................... .................................... >7  Xgjan 5 Rgrodk Rgrodknfdök nfdök dök .................................................................................................. ............................................... ...................................................... ... >7  \nanhrns fcrtns ...................................................................................................................... >5  Agffdö k 2. OÎV RGXODKNFDCKGV ......................................................................................... Agffdök ..................................................... .................................... >:  Xgjan : Rgrodk Rgrodknfdök nfdök tnb .................................................................................................. ............................................... ...................................................... ... >:  Xgjan 0 Rgrodk Rgrodknfdök nfdök bnb .............................................. ................................................................................................. ...................................................... ... >:  Xgjan 4 Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök dbnb ............................................. ................................................................................................ ...................................................... ... >0  Xgjan >< Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök kcs .................................................................................................. ...................................................... ............................................ >4  Xgjan >> Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök odgktc ............................................................................................. ............................................... .............................................. 88 Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök nmg ............................................. ................................................................................................ ...................................................... ... 8>  \nanhrns fcrtns ...................................................................................................................... 8>  Agffdö k 7. GADODKNFDÖK BG AGRXNV GK CRXNV RGXODKNFDCKGV...................... Agffdök RGXODKNFDCKGV................................ .......... 88  Xgjan >6 Gadodkn Gadodknrr aacs cs dkedkdtdvcs nr, gr, dr .................................................. ............................................................................. ........................... 88  Xgjan >2 Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök ocs ..................................................... ................................................................................................. ............................................ 88  Xgjan >7 Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök jrneïn ................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................ 88   

 

Xgjan >5 Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdckgs fdckgs oîtdfc oîtdfc,, oîtdfn .................................................. ............................................................................. ........................... 86  Xgjan >: Fcodgkz Fcodgkzcs cs jgc y jgst ......................................................................................... ..................................................... .................................... 86  Xgjan >0 Fcodgkz Fcodgkzcs cs y tgrodknfdckgs tgrodkn fdckgs njg c jg ................................................................. ............................................. .................... 86  Xgjan >4 Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdckgs fdckgs jgr y jgrnr ................................................................................... ............................................... .................................... 82  Xgjan 8< Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök jdr ................................................................................................. .............................................. ...................................................... ... 82  \nanhrns fcrtns ...................................................................................................................... 82  Agffdökk 5. VÏANHNV FCK, FCO, BGV, BDV, FDN, FDC ........................................................... Agffdö ................................................ ........... 87  Xgjan 8> Vïanhn fck ............................................. ................................................................................................ ............................................................... ............ 87  Xgjan 88 Vïanhn fco ............................................ ................................................................................................ ............................................................... ........... 87  Xgjan 86 Vïanhn bgs ............................................. ................................................................................................ ............................................................... ............ 87  Xgjan 82 Vïanhn bds .............................................. ................................................................................................. ............................................................... ............ 85  Xgjan 87 Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök fdn.............................................. ................................................................................................. ...................................................... ... 85  Xgjan 85 Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök fdc.............................................. ................................................................................................. ...................................................... ... 85  Xgjan 8: Nhrgvdnturns bg pnanhrns utdadzn utdadznkbc kbc ans prdogrns sïanhns...... sïanhns............. .............. .............. .............. ......... 85  Agffdö k :. KÝOGXCV T VÏOHCACV ...................................................................................... Agffdök .................................................. .................................... 8:  Xgjan 80 Vïanhn fn ............................................... .................................................................................................. ............................................................... ............ 8:  Xgjan 84 Vïanhn ogk ............................................ ................................................................................................ ............................................................... ........... 8:  Xgjan 6< Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdckgs fdckgs edfnbn edfnbn,, edfnbc .................................................... ............................................................................... ........................... 8:  Xgjan 6> Gsfrdturn bg kýogrc kýogrcss........................................................................................... ............................................. .............................................. 80  Xgjan 68 Vïohcac Vïohcacss pnrn rgprgs rgprgsgktnr gktnr pn pnanhrns anhrns ................................................ ................................................................... ................... 80  Agffdö k 0. \AWXNAGV GK NHXGUDNRWXNV FCK C Agffdök CODVDCKGV ODVDCKGV EDKNAGV .......................... 84  Xgjan 66 \aurna bg ukn tgrodknfdök ................................................ .................................................................................... .................................... 84  Xgjan 62 Gadodkn Gadodknrr agtrns sdk sckdbc sckdbcss ................................................................................... ............................................... .................................... 84  Xgjan 67 Nhrgvdn Nhrgvdnturn turn pnrn acs bïns bg an sgonkn ................................................... .............................................................. ........... 84  Xgjan 65 Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök sdvn, sdvc ......................................................................................... ..................................................... .................................... 6  Xgjan 6: Wsc bg ans sdjans y nhrgvdnturns oîs fcoukgs bga ddbdcon bdcon gspnþca ........... .............. ........... 6>  Xgjan 6: Nhrgvdnturns bg acs pnïsgs, rgjdckgs y fdubnbgs ....... .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. ....... 6>  Xgjan 64 Vckdbc jug ............................................ ................................................................................................ ............................................................... ........... 68  Xgjan 2< Rgrodkn Rgrodknfdök fdök fdna ............................................. ................................................................................................ ...................................................... ... 68  GMGXFDFDCV \NXN \XNFRDFNX ............................................................................................... 66  GMGXFDFDCV \NXN \XNFRDFNX FCK AN XGV\WGVRN DKFAWDBN ....................................... 60  GMGXFDFDCV \NXN FNADEDFNX \CX GA ONGVRXC ................................................................ 26   

 

GMGXFDFDCV BG N\ADFNFDÖK BG BGVRXG]N......................................................................... 78  Gmgrfdfdc >. An pdrîodbg rîpdbn.................................................................................................. 78  Gmgrfdfdc 8. 8 . Vcpn bg ag agtrns trns pnanhrns fcrtns qug kc sg nhrgvdnk. ........ ............. .............. .............. .............. ............. .......... .... 76  XGEGXGKFDN ............................................................................................................................... 72  JWÏN BG NFCOCBCV XN]CKNHAGV \NXN ACV GVRWBDNKRGV ^WG RXNHNMNXÎK HNMC OÖBWACV BDBÎFRDFCV ............................................................................................................ 75 @CMN BG BCFWOGKRNX ACV NFCOCBCV XN]CKNHAGV WRDAD]NBCV NA RXNHNMNX GA   OÖBWAC BDBÎFRDFC ................................................................................................................. 70 

 

 

 

ADVRN BG FCANHCXNBCXG FCAN HCXNBCXGV V 

\rce. Gkdb J. Vnktdnjc Vnktdnjc Xdvgrn Ongstrn bg Gbufnfdök Fcogrfdna ‖ Vdstgons bg Cedfdkn Gsfugan Vupgrdcr Xuhäk Xcbrïjugz Edjugrcn Hnynoök, \ugrtc Xdfc \rce. Cajn Cajn G. Hcr Hcrrgrc rgrc Xnocs Ongstrn bg Gbufnfdök Fcogrfdna ‖ Vdstgons bg Cedfdkn Gsfugan Ucfnfdckna Hgrknrbdkc Fcrbgrc Hgrknrb \ckfg, \ugrtc Xdfc \rce. Oyrtn Oyrtn O. Fnstdaac Nr Nrrdaa rdaanjn njn Ongstrn bg Gbufnfdök Fcogrfdna ‖ Vdstgons bg Cedfdkn Gsfugan Vupgrdcr Gujgkdc Onrïn bg @cstcs Onynjñgz, \ugrtc Xdfc

\îjdkn| >

 

FNXRN \NXN GA GVRWBDNKRG, ANV ENODADNV T ONGVRXCV

Gstdonbc gstubdnktg= Gstg oöbuac bdbîftdfc gs uk bcfuogktc qug envcrgfg tu prcfgsc bg nprgkbdznmg. Nbgoîs, nprgkbns gkfansg ecronprgsgkfdna oîs gegftdvn g dkbgpgkbdgktg, bgfdr, sdkBga an kgfgsdbnbpgrodtg bg qugqug bgpgkbns bg an c n bdstnkfdn gk tcb tcbcc gs ocogktc. odsoc ocbc, fcktdgkg tcbcs acs gagogktcs kgfgsnrdcs pnrn ga nprgkbdznmg bg acs fckfgptcs fanvgs y ans bgstrgzns bg an fansg bg Vdstgons Nhrgvdnbcs bg Gsfrdturn fck Rrnksfrdpfdök (Gsfrdturn Xîpdbn) sdk ga npcyc fckstnktg fckstnktg bg tu ongstrc. Vu fcktgkdbc `n sdbc ganhcrnbc pcr ongstrcs, enfdadtnbcrgs bcfgktgs y bdrgftcrgs bg acs prcjrnons nfnbäodfcs bga Bgpnrtnogktc bg Gbufnfdök bg \ugrtc Xdfc (BG\X) pnrn npcynr tu bgsnrrcaac nfnbäodfc g dktgjrna gk gstcs tdgopcs gxtrncrbdknrdcs gk qug vdvdocs. Rg dkvdtc n qug dkdfdgs y fcopagtgs gstg oöbuac bdbîftdfc sdjudgkbc ga fnagkbnrdc bg prcjrgsc gstnhagfdbc pcr sgonkn. sgonkn. Gk äa, äa, pcbrîs rgpnsnr fckcfdodgktcs, rgedknr `nhdadbnbgs y nprgkbgr fcsns fcsn s kugvns schrg an fansg bg Vdstgons Nhrgvdnb Nhrgvdnbcs cs bg Gsfrdturn fck Rrnksfrdpfdök (Gsfrdturn Xîpdbn)pcr ogbdc tg bgsujdgrg bgedkdfdckgs, gmgopacs, agfturns, gmgrfdfdcs bg prîftdfn y bg gvnaunfdök. Nbgoîs, rgfurscs bdspckdhags bdspckdhags gk an dktgrkgt, pnrn qug nopaïgs nopaïgs tu nprgkbdznmg. Xgfugrbn qug gstn gxpgrdgkfdn bg nprgkbdznmg gs eukbnogktna gk tu bgsnrrcaac nfnbäodfc y pgrsckna, nsï qug fcodgkzn yn.

Gstdonbns enodadns= Ga Bgpnrtnogktc bg Gbufnfdök bg \ugrtc Xdfc (BG\X) fcoprcogtdbc fck an gbufnfdök bg kugstrcs gstubdnktgs, `n bdsgþnbc gstg oöbuac bdbîftdfc fck an fcanhcrnfdök bg= ongstrcs, enfdadtnbcrgs bcfgktgs y bdrgftcrgs bg acs prcjrnons nfnbäodfcs. Vu prcpösdtc gs prcvggr ga fcktgkdbc nfnbäodfc bg an ontgrdn bg Vdstgons Nhrgvdnbcs bg Gsfrdturn fck Rrnksfrdpfdök (Gsfrdturn Xîpdbn)pnrn ans prdogrns bdgz sgonkns bga kugvc nþc gsfcanr. Nbgoîs, pnrn bgsnrr bgsnrrcaanr, caanr, rgecrznr y gvnaunr ga bcodkdc bg fckfgptcs y bgstrgzns fanvgs. Ästn gs ukn bg ans natgrkntdvns qug prcougvg ga BG\X pnrn pnrn bgsnrrcaanr acs fckcfdodgktcs bg kugstrcs gstubdnktgs, tus `dmcs, pnrn nsï ogmcrnr ga nprcvgf`nodgktc nfnbäodfc bg gstcs. Gstî prchnbc qug funkbc ans enodadns sg dkvcaufrnk gk an gbufnfdök bg sus `dmcs ogmcrn acs rgsuatnbcs bg su nprgkbdznmg. \cr gstc, tg dkvdtnocs n qug npcygs ga bgsnrrcaac nfnbäodfc g dktgjrna bg tus `dmcs utdadznkbc gstg oöbuac pnrn npcynr su nprgkbdznmg. Gs eukbnogktna qug tu `dmc nvnkfg gk gstg oöbuac sdjudgkbc ga fnagkbnrdc bg prcjrgsc gstnhagfdbc pcr sgonkn.

 

 

Ga pgrsckna bga BG\X rgfckcfg qug gstnrîk rgnaogktg nksdcscs nktg ans kugvns ocbnadbnbgs bg gksgþnkzn y qug bgsgnk qug sus `dmcs ac `njnk ouy hdgk. Ag scadfdtnocs n ans enodadns qug hrdkbgk ukn fcanhcrnfdök bdrgftn y nftdvn gk ga prcfgsc bg gksgþnkzn y nprgkbdznmg bg sus `dmcs. Gk gstcs tdgopcs gxtrncrbdknrdcs gk qug vdvdocs, ags rgfcrbnocs qug gs dopcrtnktg qug bgsnrrcaags an fckednkzn, ga sgktdbc bg acjrc y an dkbgpgkbgkfdn bg tu `dmc na rgnadznr ans tnrgns gsfcanrgs. Kc cavdbgs qug ans kgfgsdbnbgs gbufntdvns bg kugstrcs kdþcs y mövgkgs gs rgspcksnhdadbnb bg tcbcs.

Gstdonbcs ongstrcs= Ga Bgpnrtnogktc bg Gbufnfdök bg \ugrtc Xdfc (BG\X) fcoprcogtdbc fck an gbufnfdök bg kugstrcs gstubdnktgs, `n bdsgþnbc gstg oöbuac bdbîftdfc fck an fcanhcrnfdök bg= ongstrcs, enfdadtnbcrgs bcfgktgs y bdrgftcrgs bg acs prcjrnons nfnbäodfcs. Gstg fckstdtuyg uk rgfursc ýtda y kgfgsnrdc pnrn prcocvgr uk prcfgsc bg gksgþnkzn y nprgkbdznmg dkkcvnbcr qug pgrodtn envcrgfgr ga bgsnrrcaac `caïstdfc g dktgjrna bg kugstrcs gstubdnktgs na oîxdoc bg sus fnpnfdbnbgs. Nbgoîs, gs ukn bg ans natgrkntdvns qug sg prcvggk pnrn bgsnrrcaanr acs fckcfdodgktcs fanvgs gk acs gstubdnktgs g stubdnktgs bga BG\X9 nktg ans sdtunfdckgs bg gogrjgkfdn pcr eugrzn onycr qug gkergktn kugstrc pnïs. Ga prcpösdtc bga oöbuac gs prcvggr ga fcktgkdbc bg an ontgrdn bg Vdstgons Nhrgvdnbcs bg Gsfrdturn fck Rrnksfrdpfdök (Gsfrdturn Xîpdbn)pnrn ans prdogrns bdgz sgonkns bga kugvc nþc gsfcanr. Gs ukn `grrnodgktn bg trnhnmc qug ags nyubnrî n bgsnrrcaanr fckfgptcs y bgstrgzns gk acs gstubdnktgs pnrn ogmcrnr su nprcvgf`nodgktc nfnbäodfc. Na sgagffdcknr gstn natgrkntdvn bg gksgþnkzn, bghgrîs vganr qug acs gstubdnktgs nvnkfgk nvnk fgk gk ga oöbuac sdjudgkbc ga fnagkbnrdc bg prcjrgsc gstnhagfdbc pcr sgonkn. Gs dopcrtnktg prcocvgr ga bgsnrrcaac pagkc bg gstcs, prcvgyäkbcag `grrnodgktns qug pugbnk npcynr su nprgkbdznmg. \cr ac qug, bghgk bdvgrsdedfnr acs cergfdodgktcs fck natgrkntdvns frgntdvns bg nprgkbdznmg y gvnaunfdök bg tu prcpdn frgnfdök pnrn rgbufdr bg onkgrn sdjkdedfntdvn ans hrgf`ns gk ga nprcvgf`nodgktc nfnbäodfc. Ga pgrsckna bga BG\X gspgrn qug gstg oöbuac ags pugbn nyubnr n acjrnr qug acs gstubdnktgs prcjrgsgk sdjkdedfntdvnogktg gk su nprcvgf`nodgktc nfnbäodfc. Gspgrnocs qug gstn dkdfdntdvn dkdfd ntdvn ags pugbn nyubnr n bg bgsnrrcaanr snrrcaanr na oîxdoc ans fnpnfdbnbgs bg kugstrcs gstubdnktgs.

 

 

FNAGKBNXDC FNA GKBNXDC BG \XCJ \XCJXGVC XGVC GK GA OÖBWAC BÏNV / VGONKNV

AWKGV

ONXRGV

ODÄXFCAGV

>

Bgsfrdpfdök y Chmgtdvc bga

Gstîkbnrgs Fcopgtgkfdns

Ontgrdnags y ga usc bg

8

Furscan Gadodkn gsfrdturn bg an

\rckukfdnfdök

agtrn ‑g‟

schrgktgkbdbn Gadodknfdök bg vcfna gk ans 6

2

Gadodknfdök bg agtrns

7

rgpgtdbns Rgrodknfdök ‑tnb‟ ‑bnb‟ 

5

:

0

4

><

 

sïanhns ‑jrg‟ ‑prg‟ ‑trg‟ ‑hag‟ ‑bga‟ ‑frg‟ ‑hrg‟ ‑rg‟ ‑eag‟ ‑ogk‟ ‑pag‟ 

MWGUGV

UDGXKGV

Naenhgtc

Naenhgtc gk an Gsfrdturn

Ernsgs

\nanhrns fcrtns

Nhrgvdnbn Gmgrfdfdcs bg \rîftdfn

Gadodknfdök bg ctrns vcfnags bckbg kc sg negftn an agfturn bg an pnanhrn

Ernsgs

\nanhrns fcrtns

Gmgrfdfdcs bg \rîftdfn

Rgrodknfdök

Rgrodknfdök  ‑dök‟ 

\nanhrns fcrtns y

Gmgrfdfdcs bg Npadfnfdök

Rgrodknfdök

Ernsgs \nanhrns fcrtns y Ernsgs Vïanhns

Gmgrfdfdcs bg \rîftdfn

pnrn agtrns ‑m‟ ‑aa‟ ‑v‟ ‑f`‟ ‑y‟ 

‑fdök‟ ‑sdök‟ 

Rgrodknfdök ‑dbnb‟ ‑kcs‟ 

ontgrdnags

‑odgktc‟ ‑nmg‟ 

Rgrodknfdckgs= Rgrodknfdök Rgrodknfdök ‑nr‟ ‑gr‟ ‑dr‟  ‑ocs‟ ‑jrneïn‟  ‑oîtdfc‟

Vïanhns

Vïanhns

‑fck‟ ‑fco‟ 

‑bgs‟ ‑bds‟ 

Vïanhns

Rgrodknfdök

‑fn‟ ‑ogk‟ 

‑edfnbn‟ ‑edfnbc‟ 

\aurnags tgrodknfdckgs

Codsdök bg agtrns sdagkfdcsns

Wsc bg ans sdjans oîs fcoukgs

Nhrgvdnturns bg pnïsgs, rgjdckgs y fdubnbgs

‑jgc‟ ‑jgst‟ ‑njg‟ ‑jg‟ ‑jgr‟ ‑jgrnr‟ ‑jdr‟ 

\nanhrns fcrtns y Ernsgs Gmgrfdfdcs bg \rîftdfn

Nhrgvdnturns utdadznkbc Gmgrfdfdcs bg Rgrodknfdök= sus prdogrcs Npadfnfdök ‑fïn‟ ‑fdc‟  sckdbcs y Gsfrdturn bg kýogrcs y Ernsgs Nhrgvdnturns pnrn acs bïns bg an sgonkn Wsc bg nhrgvdnturns fcoukgs y Ernsgs

Ernsgsbg Gsfrdturn pnanhrns utdadznkbc sïohcacs

Gmgrfdfdcs bg \rîftdfn

Ernsgs y Rgrodknfdök Gmgrfdfdcs bg ‑sdvn‟ ‑sdvc‟  \rîftdfn Vïanhn ‑jug‟  Rgrodknfdök ‑fdna‟ 

Gmgrfdfdcs bg Npadfnfdök

 

OGRNV BG N\XGKBD]NMG  Gstîkbnr= Gstî kbnr=

Rconr Rconr bdftnbc gk gspnþca y trnksfrdhdr fck gxnftdtub

Fcopgtgkfdns >. Gsfrdhdrî pcr sckdbcs, pcr ac tnktc, gadodkn agtrns qug qugbnk schrggktgkbdbns gk an prckukfdnfdök bg ans fckscknktgs. 8. Gadodknrî vcfn vcfnags ags qug kc negftgk an agfturn bg ans pnanhrns. 6. tcbns rgpgtdbns gk ans pnanhrns. 2. Gadodknrî Wtdadznrî kkýogrcs ýogrcsansy agtrns sïohcacs fc fckcfdbcs kcfdbcs ppnrn nrn rgprgs rgprgsgktnr gktnr pnanhrns. 7. Ga gstubdnktg gsfrdhg acs prdkfdpdcs y ans tgrodknfdckgs bg pnanhrns fck ukn c bcs agtrns. ag trns. 5. Wtdadznrî aans ns sdjans y nhrgvdnturns oîs ffcoukgs coukgs bga dbdcon gs gspnþca. pnþca.

Chmgtdvcs Na edknadznr ga fursc ga gstubdnktg= >. Gsfrdhdrî nhrgvdnturns bg ecron aöjdfn y fck rnpdbgz. 8. Aggrî nhrgvdnturns dopr doprgsns gsns y nhrgvdnturns prcpdns, fck ukn rnpdbgz fcopnrnhag n an agfturn bg ontgrdna doprgsc. 6. Rconrî bdftnbc gk gsfrdturn rîpdbn bg ontgrdna fckcfdbc y kugvc, n bdegrgktgs kdvgags bg rnpdbgz. 2. Rrnksfrdhdrî n onkc an gsfrdturn bg nhrgvdnturns prcpdns y bg nhrgvdnturns doprgsns, bg nfugrbc fck acs bdstdktcs kdvgags bg rnpdbgz rgqugrdbcs. 7. \nrtdfdpnrî gk an gvnaunfdök bg su trnhnmc bg nfugrbc nfugrbc fck ans kcrons gstnhagfdbns gk an gsfrdturn rîpdbn. 5. Npadfnrî gedfnzogktg gk aans ns trnksfrdpfdckgs ans rgjans bg crtcjrneïn, puktunfdök, onyýsfuans y bdvdsdök bg pnanhrns. :. Wtdadznrî `îhdtcs gedfnfgs bg gstubdc y trnhnmc, ac qug fcktrdhudrî na ogmcr rgkbdodgktc bg su anhcr. 0. Bgocstrnrî nftdtubgs y rnsjcs pgrscknags qug ag pgrodtdrîk bgsgopgþnrsg gedfnzogktg gk ga îohdtc fcogrfdna y scfdna, n snhgr= rgspcksnhdadbnb, nftdtub pcsdtdvn, fcrtgsïn, puktunadbnb, agnatnb, `ckrnbgz, hugkns rganfdckgs `uonkns, fccpgrnfdök, dkdfdntdvn, bdsfrgfdök y gspïrdtu bg sgrvdfdc, gktrg ctrcs.

 

 

ONRGXDNAGV 

Acs ontgrdnags qug kgfgsdtnocs pnrn trnhnmnr ga Oöbuac bg Vdstgons Nhrgvdnbcs bg Gsfrdturn9 gk an vgrsdök bg Gsfrdturn Xîpdbn sck acs sdjudgktgs= >. Adhrgtn bbgg gspdrna9 bg bcs fcauokns 8. Hcaïjrnec bg tdktn kgjrn c nzua (ctrcs fcacrgs sg usnk pnrn `nfgr fcrrgffdckgs) 6. Adjudaan ‑ruhhgr hnkb‟ (cpfdckna)

Adhrgtn Adhr gtn bg gspdrna

Adjudaan Adju daan  

Hcaïjrnec Hcaïjrn ec sdk tnpn

Hcaïjrnec fck tnpn 

Doîjgkgs (hdkj donjgs)

 

 

Dkstruffdckgs pnrn ga usc bg acs ontgrdnag ontgrdnagss >. An adhrgtn adhr gtn bg gspdrna gspdr na n. \îjdkn ukc= Dbgktdedfnr an adhrgtn d. Kcohrg y npgaadbcs dd. Jrupc

h. f. b. g.

ddd. @crn bg an fansg dv. Nþc Gsfcanr \îjdkn bcs gk nbganktg sg gsfrdhg an egf`n schrg an ýatdon aïaïkgn kgn bg an fcauokn bgrgf`n. Gstc gs pnrn gkfcktrnr eîfdaogktg uk bcfuogktc c bdftnbc funkbc sg fckcfg an egf`n bga odsoc. Funkbc sg utdadzn an adhrgtn pnrn trnhnmnr ukn nsdjknfdök, prughn c gxnogk sg dbgktdedfn an pîjdkn gk an pnrtg supgrdcr dzqudgrbn fck ga kcohrg y npgaadbcs, jrupc, `crn bg an fansg. An adhrgtn ttdgkg dgkg bcs fcauokns= prdogrc sg aagkn an fcauokn dzqudgrbn y augjc an fcauokn bgrgf`n. Vdgoprg pcr uk anbc bga pnpga. Wkn vgz sg aagkn uk anbc bg an adhr adhrgtn, gtn, sg fdgrrn y sg vcatgn pnrn fcktd fcktdkunr kunr

usîkbcan pcr ga ctrc anbc. e. Vg rgfcodgkbn gsfrdhdr gk agtrn fursdvn. 8. Adjudaan n. Vg usn pnrn sumgtnr ans pîjdkns bg an adadhrgtn. hrgtn.  h. Enfdadtnr ga nff nffgsc gsc n ukn ppîjdkn îjdkn gk hankfc pnrn fcogkznr uk bdftnbc.  6. Hcaïjrnec n. Hcaïjrnec fck tnpn= sg bghg qudtnr an tnpn tnpn n an `crn bg tconr bdftnbc9 an tnpn nuogktn ga pgsc y rgstn vgacfdbnb.   h. Hcaïjrnec sdk tnpn= gktrg an vnrdgbnb gxdstgktg, sg bghg sgagffdcknr ukc

advdnkc y bg tdktn qug eauyn sunvgogktg.   f. Kc sg bghg prgsdcknr ga hcaïjrnec odgktrns gsfrd gsfrdhgs9 hgs9 kcs rgstn vgacfdbnb.  b. Kc sg usn aîpdz= pcrqug ga fnrhök gs uk ontgrdna qug kcs bbdsodkuyg dsodkuyg an rnpdbgz funkbc gsfrdhdocs gk ga pnpga. 

 

 

 NA ENH GRC (88 fck fckscknkt scknktgs gs y 7 vcf vcfnags) nags)  N

H

F

B

G

E

J

@

D

M

I

A

O

K

Þ

C

\

^

X

V

R

W

U

Z

P

T

]

Xgjans gk gk an g gsf sfrdtu rdtu rn rîpdbn

>. Vcac gsfrdhgs ac qug gsfuf`ns. n. An agtrn @= kc tdgkg sckdbc pcr ac tnktc tnktc kc sg gs gsfrdhg. frdhg. 8. Vckdbcs sdodanrgs (`coöeckcs)= n. An AA y an T= sg gsfrdhg sgjýk an pnanhrn. d. Gmgopac= Aanvg, Tgon. h. An W y an Z= sg gsfrdhg sgjýk an pna pnanhrn. nhrn. d. Gmgopac= Wvn, Zdasck. f. An F, an I y an ^= sg gsfrdhg sgjýk an pnanhrn. d. Gmgopac= fnsn, idcsic, qugsc b. An F, an V, an P y an ]= sg gsfrdhg sgjýk an pnanhrn d. Gmgopac= fdgac, sca, xdaöeckc, znpntc g. An H y an U= sg gsfrdhg sgjýk an pnanhrn d. Gmgopac= hnrfc, vnfn e. An J y an M= sg gsfrdhg sgjýk an pnanhrn d. Gmgopac= jdrnr, mdrnen 6. Ansn.agtrns F@yy anAAAA= kcsg gstî gstîk k gk gasgjýk naenhgtc, pgrc sï gsfrdhdocs ga sckdbc An F@ gsfrdhg an pnanhrn d. Gmgopac= f`dkn, aanvgrc Naenhgtc gs bg crdjgk antïk y jrdgjc. Rnohdäk fckcfdbc fcoc nhgfgbnrdc, pcr ans prdogrns agtrns NHF. Ga naenhgtc gs uk fckmuktc bg sïohcacs gopagnbcs fckcfdbcs fcoc agtrns gk bgtgrodknbcs sdst sdstgons gons bg fcoukdfnfdök gsfrdt gsfrdtn. n. Ga naenhgt naenhgtcc gs eeckätdfc ckätdfc (sckdbc) y vcfîadfc (vcfnags) pcrqug gs kgfgsnrdc ga usc bg ans vcfnags pnrn su prckukfdnfdök gk an fcoukdfnfdök crna. Ans agtrns sck rgprgsgktnfdök bga sckdbc. Gk ga naenhgtc gkfcktrnocs fckscknktgs y vcfnags qug sg ukgk pnrn ecronr pnanhrns.

 

 

 NA ENH GRC GVFXDRWXN GVFXD RWXN XÎ\DBN  N

H

F

F@

B

G

E

J

D

M

I

A

AA

O

K

Þ

C

\

^

X

V

R

W

U

Z

P

T

]

Ga naenhgtc gk an gsfrdturn rîpdbn sg trnhnmn pcr sckdbcs9 pcr ac tnktc, gadodknocs an @ y nþnbdocs ga sckdbc bg an F@ y an AA. \XCKWKFDNFDÖK BGA NAENHGRC GK AN GVFXDRWXN GVFXD RWXN XÎ XÎ\DB \DBN N N

H ?hg

F ? fg

F@ ? f`g

B ? bg

G

E ? geg

J ?jg

D

M ? mg

I ? in

A ? gag

AA ? aag

O ? gog

K ? gkg

Þ ? þg

C

\ ? pg

^ ? qug

X ? rg

V ? gsg

R ? tg

W

U ? vg

Z?u

P?s?z

T ? yg

]?x?s

An agtrn @ sg gadodkn pcrqug kc tdgkg sckdbc. An gsfrdturn rîpdbn gs pcr sckdbc. An agtrn G sg gadodkn gk ans nhrgvdnturns pcrqug qugbn schrgktgkbdbn na prckukfdnr ans fckscknktgs.

 

 

AGFFDCKGV  Agffdök >. GVFXDHGV \CX VCKDBCV

³Xgfugrbns nkukfdc bga rgergsfcgaVprdtg3 CHBF tu sgb

³^uä ³^ uä nhrgvdnturn `n `nss vdst c fuîkb fuîkbc c qudgrgk vgkbgr uk nutc3 FUKB/VUKB 

³Föoc nhrgvdns ga kcohrg bga pnïs gk qug knfdstg3  SSSSSSSS

Ogkfdckn bdgz nhrgvdnturns c sïohcacs qug qug utdadzns pnrn fc fcoukdfnrtg. oukdfnrtg. Gmgopac, q, #. >. 5. 8. :. 6. 0. 2. 4. 7. > Gadodkn an gsfr gsfrdtur dturn n bg an agtrn ‑g‟ qug qugbg schrggktgkbdbn Agffdök >. >. Gsfrdhg Gsfrdhgss pcr sckdbcs

Gadodkn an gsfrdturn bg an agtrn ‑g‟ qug qugbg schrggktgkbdbn gk an prckukfdnfdök c agfturn bg an fckscknktg. fckscknktg. Gmgopacs= fg ? f , bg ? b   tg ? t pg ? p   gag ? a  gog ? o   gsg* ? s   *Ans agtrns suhrnynbns sck ans qug sg codtgk yn qug sugknk na prckukfdnr an fckscknktg. GADODKN AN GVFXDRWXN BG AN AGRXN ‑G‟ ^WG ^WGBG VCHXGGKRGKBDBN VCHXGGKRGKBDBN   \NANHXN nfgdtg nktgfgbgktg npgtgfg

NHXGUDNRWXN nfdt nktfbkt nptf

\NANHXN bgpgkbg bgsbg gagftc

NHXGUDNRWXN bpkb bsb aftc

\rnftdfn an gadodknfdök bg an agtrn g pnrgnkbc an pnanhrn fck an nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn. N. bh nktgfgbgktg Fgagstg bghg bgpgkbg bgsbg gagftc gagjnktg gagvnstg gagvgk gkgrjïn

 

H. F. B. G. E. J. @. D. M.

Fast nktfbkt bpkb ajnkt aftc bsb avnst krjïn Dvk 

 

Xgjan Xg jan 8 \rckukfdnfdök bg an anss fckscknktgs m, aa, v, y, f` Agffdök >= >= Gsfrdhg Gsfrdhgss pcr sckdbcs.

Ans fckscknktgs sg prckukfdnk fcoc sg dkbdfn=  m  ? mg, aa  ? aag, v  ? vg, y  ? yg, q  ? qug y f` ? f`g. An y  sugkn fcoc d na edkna bg an pnanhrn. FCKVCKNKRGV FCKVC KNKRGV MM?MG, ?MG, A AA?A A?AAG, AG, U?UG, T?TG, ^?^WG, F@ F@?F@G ?F@G \NANHXN

 mgeg gmgrfg aagvg

NHXGUDNRWXN

\NANHXN

NHXGUDNRWXN

 mgrgz hdaagtg hgaagzn

 me gmrf aav

 mrz hdaat haaz

Agg fnbn ukn bg ans nhrgvdnturns bg pnanhrns gsfrdtns pcr sckdbcs. Rrnksfrdhg an pnanhrn. Gk an scpn bg agtrns onrfn ans pnanhrns .  Hdaat haaz hrv f`qr

 

fm gmrf  me

 mrz aav vrtbrc

 

\nanhrns fcrtns Agffdök >= Gsfrdhgs pcr sc kdbcs. \nanhrns \n anhrns fcrtns. Nhrgvdnturns pnrn pnan pnanhrns hrns fcrtns.

\NANHXN gs, gsg, äsg, sg, sä gk qug fcoc og, ouy

\NAN HXNV FCXR \NANHXNV FCXRNV NV NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN s ga, äa, ag k eg, eug q sdk, sck fo hdgk, hugk

NHXGUDNRWXN a e sk hk

o

Rcbns gstns nhrgvdnturns sck prdkfdpdcs utdadznbcs gk an Gsfrdturn Nhrgvdnbn. N fcktdkunfdök, trnhnmnrgocs fck ukn sgrdg bg prdkfdpdcs y rgjans pnrn qug bgsnrrcaags an `nhdadbnb bg gsfrdhdr y aggr bg ecron nhrgvdnbn.

Agff dök 8. GADOD GADODKNFDÖ KNFDÖK K BG BG UCFNA UCFNAGV GV Xgjan 6 Gadodknr agtrn ‑g‟ gk ans sïanhns Agffdök 8. Gadodknfdök bg vcfnags Gadodknocs an agtrn ‑g‟ gk ans sïanhns sïanhns fco c= ‑jrg‟, ‑prg‟,  ‑prg‟, ‑trg‟, ‑hag‟, ‑bgs‟, ‑bgs‟, ‑bgk‟, ‑frg‟, ‑rg‟, ‑eag‟, ‑ogk‟, ‑pag‟  ‑pag‟  GADODKNOCV AN AGRXN ‑G‟  ‑G‟  \NANHXN

bgkdjrg pgadjrg bgfrgtc

 

NHXGUDNRWXN bkdjr padjr bfrtc

\NANHXN

frgfdö nagjrg hdogstrg

NHXGUDNRWXN frfdö najr hdostr

 

Xgjan 2 Gadodk Gadodknr nr vcf nags gk sïanhns qug kc n negftn egftn su agftur agfturn n Agffdök 8= Gadodknfdök bg vcfnags Vg gadodk gadodkn n funaqudgr v cfna gk ct rns sïanhn sïanhnss bc kbg kc s g negftn an ag agfturn fturn bg aan n pnanhrn.

GADODKNFDÖK BG UCFNAGV ^WG KC NEGFRNK AN AGFRWXN BG AN \NANHXN \NANHXN frdodkna kgfgsnrdc vgtgrnkn (c)

NHXGUDNRWXN frdoka kfsrdc vtrnk

\NANHXN frubgzn bgegftucsn (c) dbäktdfc

NHXGUDNRWXN frubz beftucs dbktdf

\nanhrns fcrtns Agffdök 8= Gadodknfdök bg vcfnags \nanhrns \nanhrns fcrtns. Nhrgvdnturns pnrn pn pnanhrns anhrns fcrtns. \NANHXNV \NAN HXNV FCX FCXRNV RNV  \NANHXN

pnrn knbn edk pugbg ouf`c ogs, ods

 

NHXGUDNRWXN pn kb ek pb of` os

\NANHXN tcbc, tcbn tnk, tgk pugs gstn, ästn, gstî, gstg, ästg, gstä gstc

NHXGUDNRWXN tb tk ps st

 

Agf fdök Agffd ök 6. RGXODKNFDÖK DÖK T AGRXN AGRXNV V XG\G XG\GRDBN RDBN Xgjan 7 Gadodknr agtrns rgpgtdbns Agffdök 6= Rgrodknfdök dök, dök , fdök fdök,, sdök, xdök y agtrns rgpgtdbns Gadodkn ukn bg ans agtrns rgpgtdbns, r gpgtdbns, c nohns agtrns, bckbg an agftur agfturn n bg ä ästns stns kc fnusg fckeusdök. GADODKNFDÖK BG AGRXNV AGRXN V XG\GRDB XG\GRDBNV NV \NANHXN nff gsdhag nff gsc dkk dk k gfgsnrdc nff gscrdc

NHXGUDNRWXN nfsdha nfsc dkfsrdc nfscrdc

\NANHXN gkk gjrgfg dkk ntc dkk uogrnhag nff dbgktg

NHXGUDNRWXN gkjrf dknt dkuornha nfdbkt

Xgjan 5 Rgrodknfdök dök Agffdök 6= Rgrodknfdök dök, dök , fdök fdök,, sdök, xdök y agtrns rgpgtdbns An tgrodknfdök dök s g nhrgvdn pcr an fcksck nktg qug ag n nktgfgbg. ktgfgbg.

RGXODKNFDÖK DÖK \NANHXN rgadjdök  cpdkdök  nauvdök   hnstdök 

 

NHXGUDNRWXN radj radj  cpdk cpd k  nauv   nauv hnstt  hns

\NANHXN rghgadök   fcoukdök  snrnopdök   jgstdök  

NHXGUDNRWXN rh rhaa  fouk fou k  snrnop   snrnop jst jst  

 

\nanhrns fcrtns Agffdök 6= Rgrodknfdök dök, dök , fdök fdök,, sdök, xdök y agtrns rgpgtdbns \NANHXNV \NAN HXNV FCXR FCXRNV NV \NANHXN

tgxtc bcacr tctna snaub schrg bgktrc

NHXGUDNRWXN txt bca tta sab shr bktr

\NANHXN tnohdäk fcpdn tnktc bckbg kcsctrcs ags, acs

NHXGUDNRWXN tnoh fcp tkt bkb kstrs as

Xgvdsn ans nhrgvdnturns bg pnanhrns fck tgrodknfdök dök, fdök, sdök, xdök. Rrnksfrdhg an nhrgvdnturn sdjudgkbc ans rrgjans. gjans. Gkfugktrn ggkk ga frufdjrnon ga kýogrc qug fcrrgspckbg n fnbn ukn bg ans nhrgvdnturns.  nhrgvdnturns.  UGXRDFNAGV @CXD]CKRNAGV >.     6.vds natrnf 7.fckx  5.fgs  >>.eaux 

 

8. 2.bajnf eds    :.kcf  0.nfptnf  4.sgs  >8.eagx

 

Agff dök 2. OÎV RG RGXOD XODKNFDC KNFDCKGV KGV Xgjan : Rgrodknfdök tnb Agffdök 2= An tgrodknfdök tnb sg rgprgsg rgprgsgktn ktn pcr an t.

\NAN HXN \NANHXN odtnb adhgrtnb onmgstnb

RGXODKNFDÖK RNB ? R NH NHXGU XGUDNRWX DNRWXN N \NANH XN odt agnatnb adhrt vcauktnb onmst nodstnb

NH NHXGU XGUDNRWX DNRWXN N anat (agnat) vcaukt nodst

BGVFWHXG AN \NANHXN Rgrodknfdök RNB

adhr t >. onmst

A O

D N

H M

G G

8. 6. efuat ¿-odt

E O

N D

F W R N

X V

R R

N N

B B

A R B

N

B

Xgjan 0 Rgrodknfdök bnb Agffdök 2= An tgrodknfdök bnb sg gxprgsn pcr an b.

\NAN HXN \NANHXN scagbnb tgrqugbnb snavgbnb

RGXODKNFDÖK BNB ? B NH NHXGU XGUDNRWX DNRWXN N \NAN \NANHXN HXN scab (scagb) kcvgbnb trqb frugabnb snavb vgrbnb

NHXGUDNRW NHXGUDNRWXN XN kcvb fruab vrb

BGVFWHXG AN \NANHXN Rgrodknfdök BNB

 

bsd junab

B

G

V

D

J

W

N

A

>. egnab

E

G

N

A

B

N

B

8. pdgb

\

D

G

B

N

B

6. gb

G

B

N

B

2. srdgb

V

G

X

D

G

B

N

B

7. enasb

E

N

A

V

G

B

N

B

B

N

B

 

Xgjan 4 Rgrodknfdök dbnb Agffdök 2= An tgrodkn tgrodknfdök fdök dbnb sg rgprgs rgprgsgktn gktn fck uk npöstrcec ( — )  ) 

\NANHXN vnkdbnb Knvdbnb bgdbnb

RGXODKNFDÖK DBNB ? — (N \ÖVRXC \ÖVRXCEC) EC) NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN vnk—  snkdbnb Knv—  rgjuanrdbnb b—  gagftrdfdbnb

NHXGUDNRWXN snkdb—   rjuanr—   aftrdf—  

BGVFWHXG AN \NANHXN Rgrodknfdök DBNB snkdb—  

 

V

N

K

D

B

N

B

>. rjuanr—   X

G

J

W

A

N

X D

B

N

B

8. aftrdf—  

G

A

G

F

R

X

D

D

B

N

6. vnk— 

U N K D

2. Knv—  7. b— 

K N U D B N B B G D B N B

B N B

F

B

 

Xgjan >< Rgrodknfdök kcs Agffdök 2= An tgrodknfdö tgrodknfdök k kcs sg codtg an vcfna ks.

\NANHXN nrjgktdkcs nsgsdkcs gtgrkcs

RGXODKNFDÖK NHXGUDNRWXN

KCV ? KV \NANHXN nrtgsnkcs bgstdkcs egköogkcs

nrjktks nssdks gtrks

NHXGUDNRWXN nrtsnks bstdks eköoks

Bgsfdern ga frdptcjrnon pnrn chtgkgr ans nhrgvdnturns. Rrnksfrdhg an pnanhrn.  NA ENHGRC  NAENH GRC GVFXDRWXN GVFX DRWXN XÎ XÎ\DBN \DBN

>. N 0. J >7. K 88. R

8. H 4. D >5. Þ 86. W

6. F >:. C 82. U

2. F@ >>. I >0. \ 87. Z

7. B >8. A >4. ^ 85. P

5. G >6. AA 82. O 8>. V 80. ]

Rgrodknfdök KCV FXD\RCJXNON FXD\RCJXNON >, 87, 88, >7, 8> >, 8>, 8>, 4, >7, 8> 5, 88, 87, 8>

>, 8, >7, 8> 7, 8>, 88, 4, >7, 8> :, >7, >:, >2, >7, 8>

 

NH NHXGUD XGUDNRWXN NRWXN nrjktks 

\NA \NANH NHXN XN

nssdks

nsgsdkcs  gtgrkcs 

gtrks nrtsnks bstdks eköoks

nrjgktdkcs

nrtgsnkcs  bgstdkcs  egköogkcs 

 

Xgjan >> Rgrodknfdök odgktc Agffdök 2= An tgrodknfdök odgktc s g rgprgsgktn fck an o. RGXODKNFDÖK NHXGUDNRWXN

\NANHXN nagmnodgktc rgfautnodgktc suerdodgktc

ODGKRC ? O \NANHXN rgjdodgktc onkbnodgktc rgknfdodgktc

namno rfauto suerdo

NHXGUDNRWXN rjdo onkbo rknfdo

Bgsfdern ga frdptcjrnon pnrn chtgkgr ans nhrgvdnturns. Rrnksfrdhg an pnanhrn.  NA ENHGRC  NAENH GRC GVFXDRWXN GVFX DRWXN XÎ XÎ\DBN \DBN

>. N

8. H

6. F

2. F@

7. B

5. G

:. E

0. J >7. K 88. R

4. D >5. Þ 86. W

>:. C 82. U

>>. I >0. \ 87. Z

>8. A >4. ^ 85. P

>6. AA 82. O 8>. V 80. ]

Rgrodknfdök ODGKRC FXD\RCJXNON

>, 0, >:, 88,>2 >0, >, 7, 6, 4, >2 :, >7, 0, 4, >2 >, 8>, 8>, >:, 82 87, 7, 4, >2 >, >0, >8, >, 80, >2

 

NHXGUDNRWXN

\NANHXN

njcto

njctnodgktc

pnbfdo

pnbgfdodgktc  edkjdodgktc  nsgscrnodgktc  rgkbdodgktc  npanznodgktc 

ekjdo

nsscro  rkbdo  npanzo 

 

Xgjan >8 Rgrodknfdök nmg Agffdök 2= An tgrodknfdök nmg sg rgprgsgktn fck an m. RGXODKNFDÖK RGXODKNFDÖK NHXGUDNRWXN

\NANHXN ntrnmg pndsnmg onqudaanmg

ntrm pndsm oqudaam

NM G ? M \NANHXN gqudpnmg fcrnmg agkjunmg

NHXGUDNRWXN gqdpm fcrm akjum

Bgsfdern ga frdptcjrnon pnrn chtgkgr ans nhrgvdnturns. Rrnksfrdhg an pnanhrn. pnanhrn .

>. N 0. J >7. K

8. H 4. D >5. Þ

 NA ENH ENHGRC GRC GVFXDRWXN GVFX DRWXN XÎ XÎ\DBN \DBN 6. F 2. F@ 7. B >>. I >8. A >:. C >0. \ >4. ^

88. R

86. W

82. U

87. Z

85. P

5. G >6. AA 82. O 8>. V

8:. T

80. ]

Rgrodknfdök NMG FXD\RCJXNON FXD\RCJ XNON NH NHXGU XGUDNRWX DNRWXN N \NAN \NANHXN HXN >0, 8, >:, >7, >< prsckm  pgrscknmg  82, >7, 7, >< vkbm vgkbnmg  88, >< ram rganmg  vdm 82, 4, >< vdnmg  88, 8< trm trnmg  rhm 8< rghnmg 

\nanhrns fcrtns Agffdök 2= Nhrgvdnturns pnrn pnanhrns fcrtns. \NANHXNV \NAN HXNV FCXR FCXRNV NV \NANHXN prcktc tus

 

NHXGUDNRWXN prkt ts

\NANHXN odsoc sdgoprg

NHXGUDNRWXN oso sdop

 

Agffd Agf fdök ök 7. GADODKNFDÖK BG AGRXNV AGRXN V GK CRXNV RGXODKNFDC RGXODKNFDCKGV KGV Xgjan Xg jan >6 Gadodkn Gadodknrr acs dkedkdtdvcs nr, gr, dr Agffdök 7= Gadodkn acs dke dkdt dvcs, nr, gr, dr bg an anss ecrons vgrhnags sdgoprg qug kc negftg ga ga sdj kdedf nbc bg an nhrgvdnturn.

 NX

nvnkznr nhcjnr hnmnr

GADODKNX ACV DKEDKDRDUCV NX, GX, DX GX nvnkz rgfckcfgr rfckcf vdvdr nhcj rgfcrrgr rfcrr pgrodtdr hnm bgpgkbgr bpkb bgfdbdr

DX vdv prodt bfdb

Xgjan >2 Rgrodknfdök ocs Agffdök 7= F Fcodgkzc codgkzc c tgrodknfd ök ocs s g n nhrgvdn hrgvdn os.

\NANHXN ocstrnbn (c) Ocsfý nhrnsgocs

RGXODKNFDÖK NHXGUDNRWXN ostrnb Osfý nhrnsos

OCV ? OV \NANHXN ocstrnrä nhnkbckgocs nhankbnocs

NHXGUDNRWXN ostrnrä nhnkbkos nhankbos

Xgjan >7 Rgrodknfdök jrneïn Agffdök 7= An tg tgrodknfd rodknfd ök jrneïn sg nhrgvdn jre. Vd an vcfna q qug ug nktg nktgfgbg fgbg n an tgrodknfdök kc gs kgfgsn kgfgsnrdn, rdn, ästn pugbg codt drsg.

\NANHXN hdcjrneïn nutcjrneïn jgcjrneïn

 

RGXODKNFDÖK JXNEÏN ? JXE NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN hdcjre adtcjrneïn nutcjre ectcjrneïn jcjre ockcjrneïn

NHXGUDNRWXN adtjre ectjre ockjre

 

Xgjan >5 Rgrodknfdckgs oîtdfc, oîtdfn Agffdök 7= An tg tgrodknfd rodknfdök ök oîtdfc s g n nhrgvdn hrgvdn otf. An sïanhn fn sg gxprgsn fck an agtrn i, pcr t nktc, an tgrodknfdök oîtd fn sg g gxprgsnrî xprgsnrî oti.

\NANHXN nrcoîtdfc nsoîtdfc dbdcoîtdfc

RGXODKNFDCKGV OÎRDFC ? ORF OÎRDFN ? ORI RGXODKNFDCKGV NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN NHXGUDNRWXN nrcotf bdpacoîtdfc bdpaotf nsotf bcjoîtdfc bcjotf dbdcotf gkdjoîtdfc gkdjotf

Xgjan >: Fcodgkzcs jgc y jgst Agffdök 7= Fcodgkzcs fck JG JGC C y J JGV GVR R gsfrdhgs ē  ga sckdbc jg fck ukn rnydtn `crdzcktna schrg an J pnrn snhgr fuîkbc sg prckukfdn fcoc mg ? ě. ě . (Ga (Ga ctrc sckd bc g gss jug.) Vd Vd gktdgkbgs qug kc tg trngrî fckeusdök , pugbg pugbgss chv dnr an rnydtn.

JGC

jgöacjn (c) jgcogtrïn jgstn

FCODGK]CV JGC ? J ēcaj   ēcotrïn  ēstn 

GVR ? ě  ě 

JGVR

jgcjrneïn jgcoätrdfc jgstdckn

ēcjre   ēcotrf   ēstdck 

Xgjan >0 Fcodgkzcs y tgrodk tgrodknfdckgs nfdckgs njg c jg Agffdök 7= Fcodgkzcs y tgrodknfdc tgrodknfdckgs kgs fck sckdbc NJG c J JG G gsfrdhdocs ě. ě. FCODGK]CV NJG N JG ? ě  ě   NJG

njgkfdnr njgktg nohnjgs

 

JG ? ě  ě  JG

nēkfd   nēkt   nohnēs 

njgkbn jgktg

nēkb   ēkt  

 

Xgjan >4 Rgrodknfdc Rgrodknfdckgs kgs jgr y jgrnr Agffdök 7= Rg Rgrodknfd rodknfd ckgs gk J JGX GX,, JG JGXNX XNX y sus b grdvnbcs. (Gktgkbgocs (Gktgkbgocs qug nquï kc `nhrïn aujnr n fckeusdök, pgrc sd bgsgns tnohdäk pugbgs gsfrdhdr an rnydtn gk an nhrgvdnturn.) RGXODKNFDCKGV ? ě  \NANHXN nfcjg (r) bdrdjg (r) prctgjg (r)

NHXGUDNRWXN nfcē   brdē    prctgē  

\NANHXN gxdjg (dr) nadjgr (r) gxnjgrn (r)

NHXGUDNRWXN  xdē   nadēr    xnēr  

Xgjan 8< Rgrodknfdök jdr Agffdök 7= Rgrodknfdckgs J JDX DX y sus bgrdvnbcs, tnohdäk pugbgs gsfrdhdr ans fck ukn rnydtn chrn an ě pnrn rgfcrbnr su prck prckukfdnfdök ukfdnfdök y crtcjrneïn. crtcjrneïn.   RGXODKNFDCKGV \NANHXN neadjdr (g) edkjdr (g) rgjdr

NHXGUDNRWXN neadē   edkē   rgē  

ěDX ? ě 

\NANHXN fcrrgjdr (g) rgstrdkjdr (g) surjdr (g)

NHXGUDNRWXN fcrrē   rstrdkē   surē  

\nanhrns fcrtns Agffdök 7= Nhrgvdnturns pnrn pnanhrns fcrtns. \NANHXNV \NAN HXNV FCXR FCXRNV NV \NANHXN nquga nqugaan nqugaac trns

 

NHXGUDNRWXN nqa nqan nqac trns

\NANHXN

tnrbg qudgk pgrc bgspuäs

NHXGUDNRWXN trb qdk pr bsp

 

Agf fdök Agffd ök 5. VÏAN VÏANHN HN V FCK, FCO, BGV, BDV, FDN, FDC Xgjan 8> Vïanhn fck Agffdök 5= Gadodkn an vcfna gk an sïanhn fck fck..

\NANHXN fckfghdrî fckfgbgrî fckfgpfdök

VÏANHN FCK ? FK NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN fkhdrî fckfghïn fkfbgrî fckfgktrnr (g) fkfpf fckfgptunr

NHXGUDNRWXN fkhïn fkfktr fkfptu

Xgjan 88 Vïanhn fco Agffdök 5= Gadodkn an vcfna gk an sïanhn fco.

\NANHXN fcohntgk fcohustdhag fcopnþgrc

VÏANHN FCO ? FO NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN fohtk fcohdkn (g) (r) fohustha fcopnftn (g) (r) fopnþr fcopnbrg

NHXGUDNRWXN fohk fopnft fopnbr

Xgjan 86 Vïanhn bgs Agffdök 5= Gadodkn an vcf na gk an sïanhn bgs. bgs.

\NANHXN

bgsnhrdjn (ug) (r) bgsnednhn bgsnecrtuknbn (c)

 

VÏANHN BGV ? B BV V NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN bsnhrdj bsnednh bsnecrtkb

bgsnfugrbcs bgsnednrä bgsjrnbnbn (c)

NHXGUDNRWXN bsnfurbs bsnednrä bsnjrnb

 

Xgjan 82 Vïanhn bds Agffdök 5= Gadodkn an vcfna gk an sïanhn bds .

\NANHXN hubdstn

fcktrnhnkbdstn odkdbdsfc ogtcbdstn prgbdspckgr (r) rgbdstrdhufdök

VÏ VÏAN ANHN HN BDV ? BV NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN hubst hrdkbds fktrnhnkbst odkdbsf otcbdst prbspck rbstrdhuf

NHXGUDNRWXN hrkbs Jrtrubs ocbst ocrbsf prbspckj tkbst

Jgrtrubds ocbdstn ocrbdsfc prgbdspckjn tgkbdstg

Xgjan 87 Rgrodknfdök fdn Agffdök 5= Gadodkn ans vcfnags g gk k an tgrodknfdök f dn.

\NANHXN

RGXODKNFDÖK FDN ? F NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN nbvrtkf nrcjkf nvnrf hkvcakf

nbvgrtgkfdn nrrcjnkfdn nvnrdfdn hgkgvcagkfdn

NHXGUDNRWXN nhukbkf nuskf hurcfrf fdrfukekf

nhukbnkfdn nusgkfdn hurcfrnfdn fdrfukegrgkfdn

Xgjan 85 Rgrodknfdök fdc Agffdök 5= Gadodkn ans vcfnags g gk k an tgrodknfdö tgrodknfdök k fdc.

\NANHXN hgkgedfdn (c) nuspdfdn (c)

bgspnfdc

RGXODKNFDÖK FDC ? F NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN hkedf nkukfdn (c) nuspf fckscrfdc bspnf

NHXGUDNRWXN nkkf fkscrf  mudf

 mudfdc

Xgjan 8: Nhr Nhrgvdnturns gvdnturns bg pnanhrns utdadznkbc ans prd prdogrns ogrns sï sïanhns anhns Agffdök 5= Nhrgvdnturns bg pnanhrns utdad utdadznkbc znkbc sus prdogrcs sckd bcs c sïanhns sïanhns \NAN HXN \NANHXN bdvdsdök dkbgpgkbdgktg (fdn) adfgkfdn enfturn

 

NH NHXGU XGUDNRWX DNRWXN N bdv dkbgp adf enft

\NAN \NANHXN HXN prchagon gbdedfdc prcjrnon enodadn

NH NHXGU XGUDNRWX DNRWXN N prch gbde prcj eno

 

Agff dök :. KÝOGXCV KÝOGXCV T VÏ VÏOHCACV OHCACV Xgjan 80 Vïanhn fn Agffdök := An sïan sïanhn hn fn sg rg rgprgsgktn prgsgktn pcr an I VÏANHN VÏANHN FN ? I NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN ni fnaonktg irtrc bäfnbn ianhz fnyö

\NANHXN

nfî fnrtgrc fnanhnzn

NHXGUDNRWXN iaonkt bibn iyö

Xgjan 84 Vïanhn ogk Agffdök := An sï sïanhn anhn og ogk k sg rgprgsg rgprgsgktn ktn pcr ans agtrns ok. VÏANHN OGK ? OK \NANHXN ogkfdckg ogktnhn njrdogkscr

NHXGUDNRWXN okfdck oktnh njrdoksr

\NANHXN ogkbdjnhn ogktnocs bgogkfdn

NHXGUDNRWXN okbdjh oktnos bokf

Xgjan 6< Rgrodknfdckgs edfnbn, edfnbc Agffdök := Nhrgvdn ans tgrodknfdckgs edfnbn y edfnbc fck ans ag agtrns trns eib. Ga fck fcktgxtc tgxtc gk qug gkfugktrgs tg bdrî sd bghgs usnr g gaa egogkdkc c ga onsfua dkc bga tärodkc tärodkc.. Vd an ýkdf n vcfna bg an nhrgvdnturn gs an vcf na nktgs bg an tgrodknfdök tgrodknfdök,, ästn kc bghg gadodknrsg, bg ac fcktrnrdc fck trnrdc sï pcbr pcbrïn ïn gadodknrsg.

\NAN HXN \NANHXN nopadedfnbn (c) fnafdedfnbn (c) fnadedfnbn (c)

 

RGXODKNFDCKGV RGXODKNFDCKGV NHXGUDNRW NHXGUDNRWXN XN nopaeib iafdeib Iadeib

EDFNBN/ EDFNBC ? EIB \NAN \NANHXN HXN  mustdedfnbn (c) pankdedfnbn (c) tgstdedfnbn (c)

NH NHXGU XGUDNRWX DNRWXN N  musteib pankeib tstdeib

 

Xgjan 6> Gsfrdturn bg kýogrcs Agffdök := Gsfrdhg acs kýogrcs ký ogrcs gk fderns na nhrg nhrgvdnr9 vdnr9 na trnksfrd trnksfrdhdr, hdr, npadfn ans rgjans bg trnksfrdpfdök bg kýogrcs.

KÝOGXC KÝOGXC Wk, ukn, ukc Bcfg \rdogrc

GVFXDRWXN BG KÝOGXCV NH NHXGUD XGUDNRWXN NRWXN KÝ KÝOGXC OGXC > Bcs >8 Bcsfdgktcs >rc Vgjukbc

NHXGUD NH XGUDNRWXN NRWXN 8 8. Aagkn an sdjudgktg ttnhan nhan fck ans agtrns bga naenhgtc sdjudgkbc ga crbgk nnaenhätdfc. aenhätdfc. Acs gspnfdcs gkkgjrgfdbcs sck pnrn ans vcfnags.  NA ENH ENHGRC GRC (88 fcksc knktgs y 7 vcfnags)

8. ³Fuîktns vcfnags `ny gk ga naenhgtc3 6. Ogkfdckn ans vcfnags bga naenhgtc. 2. Ga naenhgtc gs eckätdfc, pcr ac tnktc, kgfgsdtn bg vcfnags pnrn su prckukfdnfdök. G Gkk an sdjudgktg tnhan gsfrdhn an prckukfdnfdök bg ans fckscknktgs gk ga naenhgtc. Fcodgkfg gk crbgk naenhätdfc dkfauygkbc dkfauygk bc ans vcfnags. \XCKWKFDNFDÖK \XCK WKFDNFDÖK B BGA GA N NAEN AENHGRC HGRC GK AN GVFXDRWXN GVFX DRWXN XÎ XÎ\DBN \DBN

 

 

Dkstruff dckgs= Gsfrdhg an a n nhrgvdnturn pnrn fnbn pnanhrn gk an tnhan. \NANHXN NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN nfgdtg bgpgkbg nktgfgbgktg bgsbg

npgtgfg

AGFFDÖ AGFF DÖK K > NHXGUDNRWXN

gagftc

Aggr ans crnfdckgs crnfdckgs f copagtn copagtnss y trnksfrdhdrans gk ga gspnfdc prcvdst c.  Crnfdckgs pnrn aggr. Rrnksfrdpf dök bg ans crnfdck crnfdckgs. gs. >. Vc bpkb btd. >. 8. Akn, bfdbt yn 8. 6. Rvs ajnkt. 6. Gsfrdhg ans sdju dgktgs crnfdckgs gk nhrgvdnturns. Crnfdckgs pnrn aggr y nhrgvdnr. >. Od mgeg bgmö su f`gqugrn. 8. Vu ygrkc vn n an vgrhgkn 6. Vgn hrgvg

Nhrgvdntur ns

>. 8. 6.

Dkstruffdckgs= Gsfrdhg an a n nhrgvdnturn pnrn fnbn pnanhrn gk an tnhan   \NANHXN NHXGUDNRWXN \NANHXN bgkdjrg frgfdö pgadjrg nagjrg bgfrgtc hdogstrg nbgktrg pgkgtrg prgbdfg bgsbchag

 

Agffdök 8 NHXGUDNRWXN

 

Aggr ans crnfdckgs crnfdckgs f copagtn copagtnss y trnksfrdhdrans gk ga gspnfdc prcvdst c. Crnfdckgs pnrn aggr. Rrnksfrdpf dök bg ans crnfdck crnfdckgs. gs. >. Bdo q bdf s bfrtc. >. 8. A pdb qa kk bseda. 8. 6. Bm qa nfdt pktr hk. 6. 2. ^ najr tvs. 2.

7. Bhs sr eaxdha.

7.

Gsfrdhg ans sdju dgktgs crnfdckgs gk nhrgvdnturns. Crnfdckgs pnrn aggr y nhrgvdnr. >. Rgk ga fudbnbc bg qug ga kgkg kc sg nagmg. 8. Gsn pdkturn bgsogrgfg ouy rîpdbc. 6. Vu bgajnbgz kc ag envcrgfg. 2. Odgktgs, äa kc gs ga frdodkna qug vdstg nktgs. 7. Gsg vgtgrnkc rïg dbäktdfc n od tïc.

Nhrgvdntur ns

>. 8. 6. 2. 7.

Dkstruffdckgs= Agffdök 6 An tgrodknfdök fdök y sdök. Fansdedfn ans sdjudgktgs sdjudgktgs pnanhrns sgjýk an fcauokn dbgktdedfnbn fck fck an tgrodknfdök fdök y sdök. Augjc trnksfrdhg fnbn pnanhrn n gk ga gspnfdc prcvdstc. Rgrodknfdök Rgrodknfdök  Nhrg  Nh rgvd vdntu ntu rn  Nhrgv  Nh rgv dntur dnt urn n VDÖK FDÖK nffdök odsdök ocfdök eusdök knfdök tgagvdsdök rgpnrnfdök vdsdök Dkstruffdckgs= Agffdök 2 Gsfrdhn an agtrn c agtrns qug rgprgsgktnk ans tgrodknfdckgs= tnb, bnb, dbnb, kkcs cs y odgktc. Augjc trnksfrdhdrgocs an nhrgvdnturn npadfnkbc an tgrodknfdök. Rgrodknfdök tnb bnb dbnb kcs odgktc

 

Vg rgprgsgktn pcr

Nhrgvdntur n topst srdgb Knv—  vfdks pnbfdo

Rrnksfrdpf dök

 

Dkstruffdckgs= Agffdök 7 Acs vgrhcs fck acs dkedkdtdvcs nr, gr, dr. Nhrgvdn fnbn vgrhc vgrhc npadfnkbc an rgjan bg acs dkedkdtdvcs. Ugrhc Nhrgvdnturn Ugrhc Nhrgvdnturn Ugrhc Nhrgvdnturn hndanr vgkbgr vdvdr fchrnr fcogr bcrodr fnktnr fcrrgr rgodtdr Dkstruffdckgs= \nrgc. \nrgn fnbn nhrgvdnturn fck su trnksfrdpfdök. Gsfrdhg an agtrn gk hankfc.

>. 8. 6. 2. 7. 5. :. 0. 4. >>. >8.

sdagkfdc rgsdbgs rgbdstrdhufdök kgjcfdc bdserutnr bdpaconfdn bdadjgkfdn bgsnpnrgfgr tnfök fcksgrvn fcoprcogtï nfcopnþnhn

>. 8. 6. 2. 7. 5. :.

SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS

0. 4. >>. >8.

SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS

N. H. F. B. G. E. J. @. D. M. I. A.

Agffdök 5

bsnpnrf tnfk kjcf fksrvn nfopnþh rsdbs sdakf rbstrdhuf bserut bdpacof foprcotï bdadjkf

Dkstruffdckgs= Agffdök : Rrnksfrdhg fnbn sïohcac fck tcbcs tcbcs acs sdjkdedfnbcs pcsdhags. Xgfugrbn qug trnksfrdpfdök bga sïohcac bgpgkbgrî bga fcktgxtc bg an crnfdök. Vï Vïohcac ohcac

 

Rrn Rrnksfrdpfdök ksfrdpfdök

Vï Vïohcac ohcac

+ -

¢ %

x

$ xq (pq)

Rrn Rrnksfrdpfdök ksfrdpfdök

Vï Vïohcac ohcac

# ; 1 ? ( )

Rrnksfrdpfdök

 

Dkstruffdckgs= Gsfrdhg gk crbgk acs bïns bg an sgonkn y na anbc su nhrgvdnturn. Bïns Bïns bg an sgonkn Nhrgvdntur n >. bcodkjc 8. aukgs 6. onrtgs

2. 7. 5. :.

Agffdök 0

odärfcags mugvgs vdgrkgs sîhnbc

Dkstruffdckgs= Agffdök 4 Gsfrdhg an VDJAN qug fcrrgspckbg n fnbn acs sdjudgktgs kcohrgs bg njgkfdns c dkstdtufdckgs. Vg pugbg gsfrdhdr gk agtrn odkýsfuan y na trnksfrdhdr sdgoprg gs gk agtrn onyýsfuan. >. Nutcrdbnb Ogtrcpcadtnkn bg Nutchusgs 8. Fgktrc bg Vgrvdfdcs na Fcksuodbcr 6. Nutcrdbnb bg N Nfugbuftcs fugbuftcs y Nafnktnrdaanbcs 2. Fccpgrntdvn bg Vgjurcs bg Udbn 7. Nutcrdbnb bg Gkgrjïn Gaäftrdfn

 

 

GMGXFDFDCV GMGXFDFD CV \NXN \XNFRDFNX FCK A AN N XGV\ XGV\WGV WGVRN RN DKFAWDBN Ga Naenhgtc >. Aagkn an sdjudgktg ttnhan nhan fck ans agtrns bga naenhgtc sdjudgkbc ga crbgk nnaenhätdfc. aenhätdfc. Acs gspnfdcs gkkgjrgfdbcs sck pnrn ans vcfnags.  NA ENH ENHGRC GRC (88 fcksc knktgs y 7 vcfnags)

N

H

F

B

G

E

J

@

D

M

I

A

O

K

Þ

C

\

^

X

V

R

W

U

Z

P

T

]

8. ³Fuîktns vcfnags `ny gk ga naenhgtc3 6. Ogkfdckn ans vcfnags bga naenhgtc. ^, X, V, R, W, U, Z, P, T, ]

Fdkfc vcfnags (7) N, H, F, B, G, E, J, @, D, M, I, A, O, K, C, \,

2. Ga naenhgtc gs eckätdfc, pcr ac tnktc, kgfgsdtn bg vcfnags pnrn su prckukfdnfdök. G Gkk an sdjudgktg tnhan gsfrdhn an prckukfdnfdök bg ans fckscknktgs gk ga naenhgtc. Fcodgkfg gk crbgk naenhätdfc dkfauygkbc ans an s vcfnags. \XCKWKFDNFDÖK \XCK WKFDNFDÖK B BGA GA N NAEN AENHGRC HGRC GK AN GVFXDRWXN GVFX DRWXN XÎ XÎ\DBN \DBN

 

N

H ?h g

F ? fg

F@ ? f`g

B ? bg

G

E ? geg

J ?jg

D

M ? mg

I ? in

A ? gag

AA ? aag

O ? gog

K ? gkg

Þ ? þg

C

\ ? pg

^ ? qug

X ? rg

V ? gsg

R ? tg

W

U ? vg

Z?u

P?s?z

T ? yg

]?x?s

 

Dkstruffdckgs=

Agffdök >

Gsfrdhg an nhrgvdnturn pnrn fnbn pnanhrn  Vgffdök Vg ffdök >. Gsfrdhgs pcr sckdbcs GADODKN GADOD KN AN GVFXDRWXN BG AN AGRXN ‑G‟ ^WG ^WGBG VCHXGGKRGKBDBN VCHXGGKRGKBDBN   \NANHXN

bghg bgfdbg bgfïbgtg

NHXGUDNRWXN bh bfdb bfdbt

\NANHXN chgbgfg gkgrjïn Gagkn

NHXGUDNRWXN chbf krjïn Akn

Aggr ans crnfdckgs crnfdckgs f copagtn copagtnss y trnksfrdhdrans gk ga gspnfdc prcvdst c.  Crnfdckgs pnrn aggr. Rrnksfrdpf dök bg ans crnfdck crnfdckgs. gs. >. Akn, bfdbt yn >. Gagkn, bgfïbgtg yn. 8. Rvs ajnkt. 8. Rg vgs gagjnktg. 6. Fast e aftn. 6. Fgagstg eug gagftn. Gsfrdhg ans sdju dgktgs crnfdckgs gk nhrgvdnturns. Crnfdckgs pnrn aggr y nhrgvdnr. >. Od mgeg bgmö su f`gqugrn. >. 8. Vu ygrkc vn n an vgrhgkn 8. 6. Vgn hrgvg 6.

Nhrgvdntur ns Od em bmö su f`qr. Vu yrkc vn nan vrhkn. Vgn hrv.

Dkstruffdckgs= Gsfrdhg an a n nhrgvdnturn pnrn fnbn pnanhrn gk an tnhan GADODKNOCV GADOD KNOCV AN AGRXN G GK AN VÏANH N \NANHXN \NAN HXN NH NHXGU XGUDNRWX DNRWXN N \NAN \NANHXN HXN

bgkdjrg pgadjrg bgfrgtc nbgktrg prgbdfg

 

bkdjr padjr bfrtc nbktr prbdf

frgfdö nagjrg hdogstrg pgkgtrg bgsbchag

Agffdök 8

NHXGUDNRW NHXGUDNRWXN XN

frfdö najr hdostr pktr bsbcha

 

Aggr ans ans crnfdckgs fcop fcopagtns agtns y trnksfrdh trnksfrdhdrans drans gk g gaa gspnfdc prcv dstc dstc.. Crnfdckgs pnrn aggr. Rrnksfrdpf dök bg ans crnfdck crnfdckgs. gs. >. Bdo q bdf s bfrtc. >. Bdog quä bdfg gsg bgfrgtc 8. A pdb qa kk bseda. 8. a pdbg qug ga kgkg bgsedag. 6. Bm qa nfdt pktr hk. 6. Bgmg qug ga nfgdtg pgkgtrg hdgk. 2. ^ najr tvs. 2. ^uä nagjrg tg vgs.

7.

Bhs sr eaxdha.

7.

Bghgs sgr eagxdhag.

Gsfrdhg ans sdju dgktgs crnfdckgs gk nhrgvdnturns. Crnfdckgs pnrn aggr y nhrgvdnr. >. Rgk ga fudbnbc bg qug ga kgkg kc sg nagmg. 8. Gsn pdkturn bgsogrgfg ouy rîpdbc. 6. Vu bgajnbgz kc ag envcrgfg. 2. Odgktgs, äa kc gs ga frdodkna qug vdstg nktgs.

7.

Gsg vgtgrnkc rïg dbäktdfc n od tïc.

>. 8. 6. 2. 7.

Nhrgvdntur ns Rk a fudbb ba kk kcs nam. Vn pdktur bsorf o rbpb. Vu bajnbz kca envcr. Odkts, a kcsa frdoka q vdst nktgs. V vtrnk rïg dbktdf noï tïc.

Dkstruffdckgs= Agffdök 6 An tgrodknfdök fdök y sdök. Fansdedfn ans sdj sdjudgktgs udgktgs pnanhrns ssgjýk gjýk an fcauokn dbgktdedfnbn fck an tgrodknfdök fdök y sdök. Augjc trnksfrdhg fnbn pnanhrn n gk ga gspnfdc prcvdstc. Rgrodknfdök Rgrodknfdök  Nhrg  Nh rgvd vdntu ntu rn  Nhrgv  Nh rgv dntur dnt urn n sdök fdök nffdök nff odsdök ods ocfdök ocf eusdök eus knfdök knf tgagvdsdök tavds rgpnrnfdök rpnf vdsdök vds

 

 

Dkstruffdckgs= Agffdök 2 Gsfrdhn an agtrn c agtrns qug rgprgsgktnk ans tgrodknfdckgs= tnb, bnb, dbnb, kcs y odgktc. Augjc trnksfrdhdrgocs an nhrgvdnturn npadfnkbc an tgrodknfdök. Rgrodknfdök Vg rgprgsgktn pcr Nhrgvdntur n Rrnksfrdpf dök tnb t topst tgopgstnb bnb b srdgb sgrdgbnb ‐ 

dbnb kcs odgktc

Knv— 

ks o

Knvdbnb vgfdkcs pnbgfdodgktc

vfdks pnbfdo

Dkstruffdckgs= Agffdök 7 Acs vgrhcs fck acs dkedkdtdvcs nr, gr, dr. Nhrgvdn fnbn vgrhc vgrhc npadfnkbc an rgjan bg acs dkedkdtdvcs. Ugrhc Nhrgvdnturn Ugrhc Nhrgvdnturn Ugrhc Nhrgvdnturn hndanr hnda vgkbgr vkb vdvdr vdv fchrnr fchr fcogr fco bcrodr bcro fnktnr ikt fcrrgr fcrr rgodtdr rodt

Dkstruffdckgs= Agffdök 5 \nrgc= \nrgn fnbn nhrgvdnturn fck su trnksfrdpfdök. Gsfrdhg an agtrn gk hankfc. >. sdagkfdc N. bsnpnrf >. J 8. rgsdbgs H. tnfk 8. E F. kjcf 6. rgbdstrdhufdök 6. @ B. fksrvn 2. kgjcfdc 2. F G. nfopnþh 7. bdserutnr 7. D E. rsdbs 5. M 5. bdpaconfdn J. sdakf :. A :. bdadjgkfdn @. rbstrdhuf 0. N 0. bgsnpnrgfgr

4. >>. >8.

 

tnfök fcksgrvn fcoprcogtï nfcopnþnhn

4. >>. >8.

H B I G

D.M. I. A.

bserut bdpacof foprcotï bdadjkf

 

Dkstruffdckgs= Rrnksfrdpfdök bg fnbn sïohcac c nhrgvdnturn. Vï Vïohcac ohcac + -

x

Rrn Rrnksfrdpfdök ksfrdpfdök oîs ogkcs fcrnzök funbrnbc pcr*

V Vïohcac ïohcac ¢ %

$ xq (pq)

Agffdök :

Rrnksfrdpfdök Rrnksfrdpfdök fgktnvc (s) pcr fdgktc fïrfuac böanrgs pcrqug

Vï Vïohcac ohcac # ; 1 ? ( )

Rrn Rrnksfrdpfdök ksfrdpfdök adhrn, kýogrc onycr qug ogkcs qug gs djuna pnräktgsds

Dkstruffdckgs= Rrnksfrdpfdök bg acs bïns bg an sgonkn gk crbgk y na anbc su nhrgvdnturn. Bïns Bïns bg an sgonkn Nhrgvdntur n >. bcodkjc bco 8. aukgs auk 6. onrtgs onr

2. 7. 5. :.

odärfcags mugvgs vdgrkgs sîhnbc

Agffdök 0

odgr mug vdgr sîh

Dkstruffdckgs= Agffdök 4 Gsfrdhg an VDJAN qug fcrrgspckbg n fnbn acs sdjudgktgs kcohrgs bg njgkfdns c dkstdtufdckgs. Vg pugbg gsfrdhdr gk agtrn odkýsfuan y na trnksfrdhdr sdgoprg gk agtrn onyýsfuan. >. Nutcrdbnb Ogtrcpcadtnkn bg Nutchusgs NON (non) 8. Fgktrc bg Vgrvdfdcs na Fcksuodbcr FGVFC (fgsfc) 6. Nutcrdbnb bg Nfugbuftcs y Nafnktnrdaanbcs NNN (nnn)

2. 7.

 

Fccpgrntdvn bg Vgjurcs bg Udbn Nutcrdbnb bg Gkgrjïn Gaäftrdfn

FCVUD (fcsvd) NGG (ngg)

 

GMGXFDFDCV GMGXFDFD CV \NXN FN FNADEDFNX ADEDFNX \CX GA ONGVRXC

Dkstruffdckgs= Vgagffdök Oýatdpag. @njn uk fïrfuac fïrfuac n an rgspugstn fcrrgftn. GMGXFDFDCV GMGXFDFD CV \NXN FNA FNADEDF DEDFNX NX \CX GA ONGVRXC

Agf Agffd fdök ök >

gad odkn an agtrn ‑g‟ funkbc qugbn schrgg schrggktgkbdb ktgkbdbn. n. ³Fuîa bg ans sdjudgktgs >. Gk an rgjan > sg gadodkn nhrgvdnturns pnrn an pnanhrn gagjnktg gs fcrrgftn3 (Xgjan >) N. gajkt H. ajnkt F. agjkt B. gagjkt 8.

Gk an Gsfrdturn Nhrgvdnbn sg gsfrdhg pcr sckdbcs. An agtrn T  gk cfnsdckgs gs ukn fckscknktg y gk ctrns sugkn fcoc d na edkna bg b g an pnanhrn. ³Fuîa bg ans sdjudgktgs pnanhrns npadfn an agtrn T fck sckdbc d. (Xgjan 8)  N. ygsc H. cygktg F. B. rgy ygon

6. Ans pnanhrns fcrtns nyubnk n tconr bdftnbc oî oîss rîpdbc. Npadfnkbc ga usc bg ans nhrgvdnturns fuîa gs an nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn an sdjudgktg prgjuktn= ³Föoc ³F öoc gs q qug ug ag eug ouy hdgk3 N. ³Fo s q a e o hk3 H. ³Foc s qg ag e ouy h3 F. ³Fco gs q ag eug o hk3 B. ³Fo gs q a e ouy hdk3 sk a  sg trnksfrdhg fcrrgftnogktg= 2. An ernsg ska

N. H. F. B.

 

gk ga, gk äa kc ag sg ag, gs, gs äa sdk ga, sdk

 

GMGXFDFDCV GMGXFDFD CV \NXN FNA FNADEDF DEDFNX NX \CX GA ONGVRXC

Agf Agffd fdök ök 8

7. Bgspuäs bg gadodknbn an ‑g‟ gk an sïanhn gk an pnanhrn rvrsdha, pcbgocs trnksfrdhdr fcrrgftnogktg= (Xgjan 6) N. rghgabg H. rgvgrsg F. rgvgrsdhag B. rgvdsdhag 5. An gadodknfdök bg vcfnags sg `nfg fu funkbc nkbc kc negftn an agfturn bg an pnanhrn. An nhrgvdnturn qug ogmcr pcbgocs aggr nbdvdkn gs= (Xgjan 2)  N. bdvkn H. nbdvkn F. nbvkn B. bdvdkn GMGXFDFDCV GMGXFDFD CV \NXN FNA FNADEDF DEDFNX NX \CX GA ONGVRXC

Agf Agffd fdök ök 6

:. An gadodknfdökdkkntc, bg an agtrn rgpgtd rgpgtdbn bn qug fnusn fckeusd fckeusdök dkkgfgsnrdc, dkkuogrnhag  gs ankcagtr agtrn= n= (Xgjan 7)ök gk ans pnanhrns gkkgjrgfg, N. g H. d F. n B. k dö k  sg nhrgvdnrî fck an fckscknktg qug nktgfgbg. ³Fuîa 0. Ans pnanhrns qu qugg tgrodknk gk dök bg ans sdjudgktgs nhrgvdnturns gstî dkfcrrgftn3 (Xgjan 5) N. rghgad H. cpdk F. rgadj

B. fugst GMGXFDFDCV GMGXFDFD CV \NXN FNA FNADEDF DEDFNX NX \CX GA ONGVRXC

Agf Agffd fdök ök 2

tnb b  sg rgprgsgktn pcr ukn t. Gk an pnanhrn onmgstnb, an nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn 4. An tgrodknfdök tn gs= (Xgjan :) N. onmgstn H. onmst F. omstb B. onmtb

 

 

avb b  npadfnocs an tgrodknfdök bnb. ³Fuîa gs >>. Na edkna bg an pnanhn sg gsfrdhg uk npöstrcec ( ‐ ) pnrn an tgrodknfdök dbnb. An trnksfrdpfdök fcrrgftn pnrn aftrdf— gs= (Xgjan 4) N. gaäftrdfc H. gagftrökdfc F. gagftrdfdstn B. gagftrdfdbnb >8. An pnanhrn nrjgktdkcs sg nhrgvdn codtdgkbc an vcfna gk an tgrodknfdök kcs. An nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn gs= (Xgjan >6. An tgrodknfdök odgktc sg rgprgsgktn pcr uukn kn o, an nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn pnrn rgfautnodgktc  gs= (Xgjan >>) N. rgfautnokt H. rfauto F. rgfatnot B. rfautokt >2. An pnanhrn jnrnmg sg nhrgvdn npadfnkbc an tgrodknfdök nmg rgprgsgktnbn rgprgsgktnbn pcr m. An nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn pnrn jnrnmg gs= (Xgjan >8) N. H. F. B.

 

jnrmg jnrnj jnrmg jnrm

 

GMGXFDFDCV GMGXFDFD CV \NXN FNA FNADEDF DEDFNX NX \CX GA ONGVRXC

Agf fdök fd ök 7

>7. Acs dkedkdtdvcs nr, gr, dr  sg   sg gadodknk funkbc kc negftnk ga sdjkdedfnbc bg an nhrgvdnturn. ³Fuîa nhrgvdnturn tgrodkn gk dr3 (Xgjan >6)  N. bfdb H. rfdt F. njrnbf B. bgsspgr >5. An tgrodknfdök jrneïn sg rgprgsgktn pcr jre. ³Fuîa bg ans sdjudgktgs nhrgvdnturns gstî fcrrgftn pnrn zccjrneïn3 (Xgjan >7) N. zccjred H. zccjre F. zcjre B. zcjrne >:. An tgrodknfdök ocs sg rgprgsgktn pcr os. An nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn pnrn nfcrbgocs gs= (Xgjan >2)  N. H. F. B.

nfcrbos nfrboc nfrbgos nfcrbs

>0. An pnanhrn nutcoîtdfc  sg nhrgvdn fcrrgftnogktg ffck ck an tgrodknfdök otf. ³Fuîa bg ans sdjudgktgs nhrgvdnturns gs fcrrgftn3 (Xgjan >5) N. nutcontdf H. nutotf F. nutcontdf B. ntcotf pcr ukn ē. ³Fuîa bg ans sdjudgktgs nhrgvdnturns >4. Acs fcodgkzcs y jgst sg3 rgprgsgktnk jgstnfdök gs fcrrgftn pnrnjgc (Xgjan >:)

N. H. F. B.

 

ēgstnf  ēstfk  ēstnfd  ēstnf 

 

80) N. nēkt  H. nēgkt  F. ēkt  B. nēktg  8>. An tgrodknfdök jgr y jgrnr sg rgprgsgktnk pcr ē9 tnohdäk sus bgrdvnbcs. ³Fuîa gs an nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn pnrn an nhrgvdnturn nfcjgbcr 3 (Xgjan >4) N. nfcēbcr   H. nfcēbr   F. nfēbcr   B. nfjgbr 88. An tgrodknfdök jdr y sus bgrdvnbcs sg rgprgsgktnk pcr ē. ³Fuîa gs an nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn fcrrgf tn pnrn rgstrdkjdr  y  y su bgrdvnbc  rgstrdkjg3 (Xgjan 8) N. fcktrdhykt H. fktrdhykt F. fcktrdhukt B. fktrdhygkt 82. fcrrgftn An sïanhnpnrn fco rgprgsgktn pcr fo, gadodknocs an vcfna. ³Fuîa gs an trnksfrdpfdök fopnþr  an sg nhrgvdnturn 3 (Xgjan 88) N. H. F. B.

fcopnþïn fcopnþgrc fcopnþgrn fnopnþn

 

 

87. An sïanhn bgs sg rgprgsgktn pcr bs. ³Fuîa gs an nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn pnrn an pnanhrn fcoprgkbgs3 (Xgjan 86) N. foprkbs H. fcoprkb F. foprgkbs B. foprkbgs 85. An sïanhn bds sg rgprgsgktn pcr bs. ³Fuîa gs trnksfrdpfdök fcrrgftn pnrn an nhrgvdnturn bsfuap3 (Xgjan 82) N. bdsfuapgs H. bdsfuapg F. bdsfuapn B. bdsfuapc 8:. An tgrodknfdök fdn gadodkn ans vcfnags y rgprgsgktn pcr ukn f. ³Fuîa gs n nhrgvdnturn fcrrgftn pnrn bdpaconfdn3 (Xgjan 87) N. bdpaonfd H. bpaconfd F. bpaconf B. bdpacof 80. An tgrodknfdök fdc sg rgprgsgktn pcr f. ³Fuîa gs an trnksfrdpfdök fcrrgftn pnrn pgrmudfdc3 (Xgjan 85) N. pgrmuf H. prmudf F. prgmudf B. prmudfd 84. \nanhrns qug sg nhrgvdnk fck ans prdogrns sïanhns c sckdbcs. ³Fuîa gs an nhrgvdnturn pnrn dopcrtnktg3 (Xgjan 8:) N. H. F. B.

doprtnk doprtk dop dopcrt

 

 

GMGXFDFDCV GMGXFDFD CV \NXN FNA FNADEDF DEDFNX NX \CX GA ONGVRXC

Agf Agffd fdök ök :

6. An sïanhn ogk sg rgprgsgktn pcr ok. ³Fuîa gs an trnksfrdpfdök fcrrgftn bg an nhrgvdnturn rfcokb 3 (Xgjan 84) N. rgfcodgkbc H. rgfcogkbnr F. rgfcodgkbn B. rgfconkbnr 68. Ans tgrodknfdckgs edfnbc y edfnbn sg rgprgsgktnk pcr eib. ³Fuîa gs an nhrgvdnturn pnrn pankdedfnbn y pankdedfnbc3 (Xgjan 6)  N. 76< c oîs  bg fcfdgktg   dktgagftuna (FD) gk ukn prughn psdfcoätrdfn, su gbufnfdök bghg sgr bdrdjdbn y bgsnednktg. Bghgrîk fcksdbgrnr ans sdjudgktgs rgfcogkbnfdckgs=

6.

  Fckcfgr ans fnpnfdbnbgs gspgfdnags bga gstu gstubdnktg, bdnktg, sus dktgrgsgs y gstdacs bbgg

•

nprgkbdznmg.   Xgnadznr nftdvdbnbgs oct octdvnbcrns dvnbcrns qug aags gs gxdmnk pgksnr n kdvgags o oîs îs

•

scedstdfnbcs y gxpacrnr kugvcs tgons.   Nbnptnr ga furrïfuac y prceukbdznr.

•

  Gvdtnr ans rgpgtdfdckgs y ans rutdkns.

•

  Xgnadznr tnrgns bg gsfrdturn pnrn bgsnrrcaanr gopntïn y sgksdhdadbnb.

•

  Wtdadznr an dkvgstdjnfdök fcoc gstrntgjdn bg gksgþnkzn.

•

  \rcocvgr an prcbuffdök bg dbgns frgntdvns.

•

  \grodtdrag qug nprgkbn n su rdtoc.

•

  \rcvggr onycr tdgopc pnrn fco fcopagtnr pagtnr ans tnrgns, funkbc ac rgqudgrn.

•

  Fudbnr an nadkgnfdök nadkgnfdök gktrg gktrg su gbufnfdök y sus kkgfgsdbnbgs gfgsdbnbgs nfnbäodfns y

•

scfdcgocfdcknags.