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]nst`bh l` Nav`rahl`rc Haèonsns l`sl` oh oh oýdnmh oýdnmh mcbinahmncaho mcbinahmncaho

[hrh oo`vhr h mhic oh thr`h l` haèonsns l` ua l`t`rbnahlc prcio`bh, ac `xnst` anadõa bîtclc. L` g`mgc, õanmhb`at` ghy qu` trhasmrninr `o mcbpcrthbn`atc h vhocr`s l` ohs `e`bpoc5 lnf`r`at`s s`øho`s (`atrhlh y shonlh) l`o snst`bh. V`hbcsoýdnmcs `o sndun`at` ]` lnspca` l` ua mhbpc l` muotnvc nat`ond`at` qu` hutcbètnmhb`at` hir` ua tcolc phrh p`rbntnr qu` ocs rhycs scohr`s oo`du`a ho muotnvc y hir` y/c mn`rrh ohs vèovuohs l` rn`dc. [hrh `ooc s` lnspca` l` tr`s s`ascr`s5 Gub`lhl (G), \`bp`rhturh (\) Oubnacsnlhl (O) 

[rcdrhbhlcs mca sus vhocr`s mcrr`spcaln`at`s, tho qu`, `sthrèa hmtnvhlcs muhalc s` scir`phs`a sus vhocr`s. @o tcolc (H) l`i` `sthr hin`rtc `a ohs mcalnmnca`s sndun`at`s5 • Oh t`bp`rhturh y oh gub`lhl, hbics, h bics, ac scir`phs`a sus vhocr`s, c. • Oh oubnacsnlhl scir`phs` su vhocr, y oh t`bp`rhturh ac.

@a mhsc mcatrhrnc, `o tcolc l`i` `sthr m`rrhlc. @a mhbinc, ohs vèovuohs l` rn`dc l`i`a `sthr hin`rths muhalc s` l`a ohs sndun`at`s mcalnmnca`s5 • Oh gub`lhl ac `stî hmtnvhlh. • Oh t`bp`rhturh ac scir`phs` su vhocr.  

[hrh r`honzhr oh trhasmrnpmnýa, l`i`bcs d`a`rhr oh thioh l` mcbinahmnca`s (mca sus `atrhlhs y shonlhs) ` nl`atnfnmhr mhlh uah l` ohs mcbinahmnca`s mca su sndanfnmhlc `a `o snst`bh qu` acs cmuph, bcstrhlh `a oh thioh sndun`at`. .

Nad. Ecsî V`aturh Mu`vhs Mèrl`ahs  

@o`mtrnmnlhl @o`mtrnmnlhl y `o`mtrýanmh `o`mtrýanmh

Panlhl NNN

 

\hioh l` mcbinahmnca`s l`o snst`bh nat`ond`at` l` muotnvc

Pah v`z qu` t`adhbcs `o sndanfnmhlc l` mhlh mcbinahmnýa, sýoc t`a`bcs qu` l`t`rbnahr ohs mcalnmnca`s `xpr`shlhs `a `o prcio`bh y lhro` `o vhocr l` shonlh hprcpnhlc \hbinîa pclrâhbcs cit`a`r lnr`mthb`at` uah fýrbuoh trhasmrnin`alc lnr`mthb`at` ohs `sp`mnfnmhmnca`s mca ohs sndun`at`s pr`bnshs5 •

 Pah a`dhmnýa l` uah vhrnhio` s` nat`rpr`th mcbc `o mcbpo`b`atc l` oh vhrnhio`.  @o ‟y‒ s` nat`rpr`th mcbc oh cp`rhmnýa HAL. • @o ‟c‒ s` nat`rpr`th mcbc oh cp`rhmnýa CY. •

[cr oc thatc ohs fýrbuohs qu`lhrâha l` oh sndun`at` fcrbh5 \COLC 2 \@B[@YH\PYH ´ GPB@LHL + OPBNAC]NLHL´\@B[@YH\PYH YN@DC 2 GPB@LHL + \@B[@YH\PYH Ac cisthat`, s` su`o` lhr oh thioh l` mcbinahmnca`s yh qu` `s `o puatc l` phrtnlh phrh oh thr`h sndun`at`.

Nad. Ecsî V`aturh Mu`vhs Mèrl`ahs  

@o`mtrnmnlhl @o`mtrnmnlhl y `o`mtrýanmh `o`mtrýanmh

Panlhl NNN

 

Cit`amnýa l` oh fýrbuoh oýdnmh h phrtnr l` su thioh Pah fcrbh fèmno l` cit`a`r uah fýrbuoh oýdnmh `s nl`atnfnmhr ocs tîrbnacs lnr`mthb`at` l` oh thioh l` mcbinahmnca`s. Lnmgcs tîrbnacs pu`l`a s`r subhs c prclumtcs, `a fuamnýa l`o vhocr l` shonlh qu` mcasnl`r`bcs. ]n mcasnl`rhbcs ocs 8–s (vhocr qu` nl`atnfnmh h ua prclumtc, mcbc s` vnc hat`rncrb`at`), mhlh mcbinahmnýa qu` lî lnmgc vhocr s`rè ua tîrbnac prclumtc, ocs muho`s s` subhrèa. @a lnmgc tîrbnac, tclcs sus cp`rhalcs l`i`a tcbhr `o vhocr ‑8–, pcr oc qu` sn oh vhrnhio` l` `atrhlh vho` ‑8– hphr`m`rè tho muho: p`rc sn vho` ‑;–  hphr`m`rè mcbpo`b`athlh phrh cit`a`r `o cp`rhlcr nduho h ‑8–. Ou`dc, oh s`øho l` shonlh \COLC tcbhrè oh sndun`at` fýrbuoh5

]n mcasnl`rhbcs ocs ;–s (vhocr qu` nl`atnfnmh h uah subh, mcbc s` vnc hat`rncrb`at`), mhlh mcbinahmnýa qu` lî lnmgc vhocr s`rè ua tîrbnac subh, ocs muho`s s` buotnponmhrèa. @a lnmgc tîrbnac, tclcs sus cp`rhalcs l`i`a tcbhr `o vhocr ‑;–, pcr oc qu` sn oh vhrnhio` l` `atrhlh vho` ‑8– hphr`m`rè mcbpo`b`athlh phrh cit`a`r `o cp`rhlcr nduho h ‑;–: p`rc sn vho` ‑;– hphr`m`rè tho muho. Ou`dc, oh s`øho l` shonlh YN@DC tcbhrè oh sndun`at` fýrbuoh5

 Hsâ qu` `a oh thioh sndun`at` sndun`at` s` bu`strha bu`strha ocs tîrbnacs tîrbnacs prclumtc prclumtc y subh mcrr`spcaln`at` h ohs lnf`r`at`s mcbinahmnca`s l` s`øho`s l` `atrhlh.

Nad. Ecsî V`aturh Mu`vhs Mèrl`ahs  

@o`mtrnmnlhl @o`mtrnmnlhl y `o`mtrýanmh `o`mtrýanmh

Panlhl NNN

 

\îrbnacs prclumtc y subh Ac cisthat`, oh fýrbuoh cit`anlh l` oh fcrbh hat`rncr ac `s bâanbh, y pcr oc thatc, `o mnrmuntc hscmnhlc pu`l` s`r bnanbnzhlc `a `o aõb`rc l` pu`rths y/c `a `o aõb`rc l` `atrhlhs l` mhlh pu`rth. L` g`mgc, sn phrtnbcs l` oh fýrbuoh l` oh s`øho \COLC, y hponmhalc ohs lnf`r`at`s o`y`s l`o èod`irh l` Icco` pcl`bcs oo`dhr h oh sndun`at` `xpr`snýa5

 Hponmhalc  Hponmhal c oh prcpn`lhl prcpn`lhl lnstrniutnvh lnstrniutnvh `a ocs lcs lcs prnb`rcs prnb`rcs tîrbnacs tîrbnacs cit`a`bcs cit`a`bcs

 Hponmhalc  Hponmhal c uah l` ohs fcrbhs fcrbhs l`o muhrtc muhrtc pcstuohlc pcstuohlc ho phrîat`sns phrîat`sns cit`a`bcs cit`a`bcs

 Hponmhalc  Hponmhal c oh prcpn`lhl prcpn`lhl lnstrniutnvh lnstrniutnvh cit`a`bcs cit`a`bcs

Nad. Ecsî V`aturh Mu`vhs Mèrl`ahs  

@o`mtrnmnlhl @o`mtrnmnlhl y `o`mtrýanmh `o`mtrýanmh

Panlhl NNN

 

\`cr`bh .- [hrh mhlh phr l` `o`b`atcs, h y i, s` v`rnfnmh5 h + h„ ´ i 2 h + i h ´ (h„ + i) 2 h ´ i

 Hponmhalc  Hponmhal c `o t`cr`bh t`cr`bh hat`rncr ho phrîat`sns phrîat`sns cit`a`bcs cit`a`bcs

Ou`dc, hponmhalc ohs lnf`r`at`s o`y`s l`o èod`irh l` Icco` pcl`bcs r`lumnr oh fýrbuoh oýdnmh, y pcr oc thatc, `o mnrmuntc hscmnhlc. @o prcio`bh l` utnonzhr `st` bîtclc `s qu` ho utnonzhr bès o`y`s, `xnst` bès prcihinonlhl l` `qunvcmhmnýa `a su trhthbn`atc. Pah fcrbh l` bnanbnzhmnýa qu` ac mcaoo`vh oh hponmhmnýa l` thaths o`y`s `s oh utnonzhmnýa l`o bhph l` Jhrahudg. Pa bhph l` Jhrahudg `s uah thioh l` mcbinahmnca`s mca ua lnspcsnmnýa `sp`mnho, l` tho fcrbh qu` ocs vhocr`s l` ohs vhrnhio`s l` `atrhlh mcrr`spcaln`at` h uah m`olh y sus hlyhm`at`s sýoc s` lnf`r`amnha `a uac l` `oocs.

[cstuohlcs @a ua mcaeuatc I y lcs cp`rhmnca`s, subh y prclumtc, s` mubpo`a ocs muhtrc sndun`at`s pcstuohlcs5  [8.- ohs cp`rhmnca`s tn`a`a oh prcpn`lhl mcabuthtnvh. h+i2i+h

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h´i 2i´h  [9.- ohs cp`rhmnca`s sca lnstrniutnvhs `atr` sâ h ´ (i + m) 2 h ´ i + h ´ m h + (i ´ m) 2 (h + i) ´ (h + m)

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 [=.- ohs cp`rhmnca`s tn`a`a `o`b`atcs nl`atnlhl lnf`r`at`s l`atrc l` I. @stcs `o`b`atcs sca l`fnanlcs mcbc ; phrh (+) y 8 phrh (´). h+;2h h´82h • [