Sistema de Frenos (Autoguardado)

 

Nsiunhk Prbgnsmbekh jn Lniëemik, Lniëemik Nhíitrmik y Lniktrùemik

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs Mea. Lkrib Ikrpmb Vmvnrk

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

[un ns ue grneb2

^e grneb ns ue jmspbsmtmvb utmhmzkjb pkrk jntnenr b jmslmeumr hk vnhbimjkj jn khaÿe vndìiuhb, anenrkhlnetn, ue non, non jn trkeslmsmùe b tklfbr. Hbs grnebs sbe trkesgbrlkjbrns jn nenraìk, pbr hb iukh punjne snr netnejmjbs iblb uek lëqumek pnr sn, yk qun trkesgbrlke hk nenraìk imeítmik jn ue iunrpb ne ikhbr b trkfkob y pbr tketb punjne vmsukhmzkrsn iblb ‘nxtrkitbrns‘ jn nenraìk. K pnskr jn qun hbs grnebs sbe tklfmíe lëqumeks, anenrkhlnetn sn hns neiunetrk ne hk hmtnrkturk jnh jmsnûb iblb ue nhnlnetb jn lëqumek y ne hmtnrkturks jn tnbrìk jn ibetrbh punjne neibetrkrsn iblb kitukjbrns.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs  

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

[un ns ue smstnlk jn grneb2

Nh smstnlk jn grnebs ns kqunh qun nstë jnstmekjb k rnjuimr b pkrkr nh lbvmlmnetb jn ueb b vkrmbs nhnlnetbs jnlnjmketn uek lëqumek iukejbnetrn ns eninskrmb. nenraìkgrnebs lniëemik jnh lbvmlmnetb ne ikhbrìgmik hk grmiimùe jbs pmnzksHk hhklkjks jurketn nh grnekjb. sn ibevmnrtn Ns nh ibeouetb jn ùrakebs qun metnrvmnene ne nh grnekjb y qun tmnene pbr gueimùe jmslmeumr b keuhkr prbarnsmvklnetn hk vnhbimjkj jn ue vndìiuhb, nstkfmhmzkr nstk vnhbimjkj b lketnenr nh vndìiuhb melùvmh sm sn neiunetrk jntnemjb

:N09;6;

Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Grnebs jn grmiimùe •

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Jn imetk Jn jmsib Jn tklfbr Jn hhketk

Zmpbs jn grnebs

Ynaÿe nh pb jn kiimbeklmnetb •

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Enulëib Lniëemib Dmjrëuhmib Nhíitrmib

Jmspbsmvbs nspnimkhns •

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KFY Prbey Lbtbr Jn menrimk

:N09;6;

Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Jmsibs jn grmiimùe

Jn imetk? ^tmhmzke uek fkejk ghnxmfhn, hks lbrjkzks b zkpktks sn kphmike pkrk nonrinr tnesmùe sbfrn ue imhmejrb b tklfbrb amrktbrmb sn neiunetrk sbhmjkrmbjn kh non sn prntnejk Jn jmsib? jntmnen rnjuin hkqunvnhbimjkj jn rbtkimùe uekqun runjk. ^emjb kibetrbhkr. hk runjk b kh non.  Ebrlkhlnetn jn kinrb. Jn tklfbr? hk grmiimùe sn ikusk pbr ue pkr jn zkpktks b pkstmhhks qun prnsmbeke ibetrk hk supnrgmimn metnrmbr jn ue tklfbr amrktbrmb, ibenitkjb kh non b runjk.

Jn hhketk? utmhmzke iblb iunrpb lùvmh hk hhketk jn uek runjk. Luy utmhmzkjbs ne fmimihntks.

:N09;6;

Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Zmpbs jn gueimbeklmnetb

Grnebs lniëemibs? Yu kiimbeklmnetb sn rnkhmzk pbr menrimk. Meibrpbrke ikfhns qun krtmiuhke nh pnjkh jnh grneb ibe hbs jmspbsmtmvbs kiimbekjbrns jn hks zkpktks. Ne hk kitukhmjkj hbs grnebs lniëemibs smaune smnejb utmhmzkjbs y sn ibebine lkybrlnetn iblb grnebs jn lkeb, grnebs jn nstkimbeklmnetb b jn nlnraneimk.

:N09;6;

Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Zmpbs jn gueimbeklmnetb

Grnebs Dmjrëuhmibs? Nh smstnlk jn grneb dmjrëuhmib ,gueimbek k pkrtmr jnh prmeimpmb jn Pksikh qun jmin ‘hk prnsmùe ne ue puetb ne ue ghumjb ns maukh ne tbjks hks jmrniimbens ne nh nspkimb ‘ Hb qun ebs jmin ns qun uek prnsmùe kphmikjk ne ue ghumjb vmkok jn gbrlk uemgbrln ne tbjks hks jmrniimbens,ibe hb qun hk lmslk gunrzk ns hhnvkjk k tbjks hks runjks pbr nh jnsphkzklmnetb jn hks zkpktks y pkstmhhks jn grneb,pkrk kpbykrsn ibetrk hbs tklfbrns y jmsibs jn grneb.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Grneb Dmjrëuhmib

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Pkrtns jnh smstnlk dmjrëuhmib

Hbs grnebs jn jmsibs  sbe nh smstnlk jn grnekjb lës ngmikz yk qun iunetk ibe luidks lës vkrmketns. Nh grneb jn jmsib pbsnn ue phktb jn rbtkimùe y hks pkstmhhks qun punjne snr prnsmbekjks jn lkenrk lniëemik b dmjrëuhmik ibetrk hbs hktnrkhns jnh jmsib, hk grmiimùe prbvbik hk jmslmeuimùe jn hk vnhbimjkj. Nstn tmpb jn grneb ns kfmnrtb lbtmvb pbr nh iukh sn jnfn rnkhmzkr ue lketnemlmnetb ibestketn, tmnen k rnibanr luarn y  fkrrb, hb qun anenrk rumjbs y ne iksbs snvnrbs jbejn eb dky ue lketnemlmnetb prnvnetmvb ue jnsakstn  prnlkturb jn hks pkstmhhks y nh jmsib.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Pkrtns jnh smstnlk dmjrëuhmib

Nh grneb jn jmsib ibesmstn ne ue jmsib jn dmnrrb guejmjb b rbtbr qun amrk ibe hk runjk, y uek pmezk b lbrjkzk (ikhmpnr) lbetkjk ne hk suspnesmùe jnhketnrk, qun prnsmbek hks pkstmhhks jn grmiimùe (fkhktks) ibetrk nh Hkjmsib. lkybrìk jn hbs grnebs jn jmsib tmnene pmezks ibrrnjmzks. Yn lbetke jn lbjb qun sn punjke ibrrnr uebs lmhìlntrbs dkimk klfbs hkjbs. Kh pmskr nh pnjkh jnh grneb, hk prnsmùe dmjrëuhmik nlpuok ue pmstùe jnetrb jn hk pmezk y prnsmbek uek pkstmhhk ibetrk nh rbtbr. Nstk prnsmùe lunvn tbjk hk pmezk ne su lbetkon y okhk tklfmíe hk btrk pkstmhhk ibetrk nh rbtbr . Nstn smstnlk jn grnekjb tmnen hks smaumnetns vnetkoks? ;. Eb sn irmstkhmzke, yk qun sn negrìke rëpmjklnetn. 6. Iukejb nh rbtbr sn ikhmnetk y sn jmhktk, sn dkin lës arunsb, kulnetkejb hk prnsmùe ibetrk hks pkstmhhks. 9. Zmnen ue lnobr grnekjb ne ibejmimbens kjvnrsks, iukejb nh rbtbr jnsnidk kauk y nh  pbhvb pbr kiimùe inetrìguak. Zmnene lnebr supnrgmimn jn ibetkitb pnrb sbe lës ngmimnetns. :. Ybe lks nibeùlmibs ne su lketnemlmnetb

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Pkrtns jnh smstnlk dmjrëuhmib

Grnebs jn tklfbr? nstbs sbe hbs lës ketmaubs, smlmhkrns k hbs utmhmzkjbs ne hbs ketmaubs trnens. Hk jnsvnetkok jn nstbs grnebs ns su meikpkimjkj jn jmsmpkr ibrrnitklnetn nh ikhbr prbjuimjb pbr hk grmiimùe. Jnfmjb k nstb sbe pbib uskjbs ne nh trne jnhketnrb. Ibestke jn ue imhmejrb lntëhmib qun amrk ouetb ibe hk runjk, iukejb sn prnsmbek nh pnjkh jn grneb sn anenrk  prnsmùe ne ue imhmejrb y nstn kitmvk uek fkhktks b pkstmhhks qun sn neiunetrke ne su metnrmbr snpkrkjks pbr ue tbremhhb jn koustns, hks iukhns anenrke grmiimùe y jmslmeuyne hk vnhbimjkj.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Pkrtns jnh smstnlk dmjrëuhmib

Ynrvb grneb? Hbs smstnlks jn grnebs dmjrëuhmibs anenrkhlnetn nstëe nqumpkjbs ibe ue klphmgmikjbr jn gunrzk jn grnekjb qun kitÿk fkob jnprnsmùe jnh lbtbr, tklfmíe ibebimjb iblb fbbstnr b snrvb grneb. Íh kprbvnidk hk jnprnsmùe anenrkjk pbr hk iëlkrk jn iblfustmùe (0,>...0,4 fkr) pkrk meirnlnetkr hk gunrzk jnh pmn jnh ibejuitbr jnh vndìiuhb. Klphmgmik hk gunrzk jnh pnjkh jn grneb ne dkstk > vnins. Fblfk jn vkiìb?  Ne hbs lbtbrns jmnsnh hks jnprnsmbens ne nh lÿhtmphn jn kjlmsmùe sbe mesugmimnetns pkrk hk kitukimùe jnh smstnlk jn grneb ibevneimbekh, pbr hb tketb sn mestkhk kjmimbekhlnetn uek fblfk jn vkiìb. Nhhk anenrk nh vkiìb qun nh klphmgmikjbr jn grnekjb pbr jnprnsmùe eninsmtk pkrk su kitukimùe.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Pkrtns jnh smstnlk dmjrëuhmib

Imhmejrb lknstrb?  Nh imhmejrb prmeimpkh jn grneb (imhmejrb lknstrb) anenrk hk prnsmùe dmjrëuhmik ne nh imriumtb jn grneb jn y ibetrbhk prbinsby jn grnekjb. Vnimfn jn hk prnsmùe jn pnjkh jn grnebjnk hks trkvís jnh kuxmhmb jnh klphmgmikjbr gunrzk jnnhgrnekjb prnsmbek nh hìqumjb grneb dkstk hbs imhmejrbs runjks. Imhmejrb jn runjk? Nh imhmejrb jn runjk rnimfn nh hìqumjb jn grneb fkob prnsmùe dmjrëuhmik y anenrk prnsmùe lniëemik (gunrzk). Nsk gunrzk lniëemik prnsmbek hks zkpktks jn grneb dkimk hbs tklfbrns irnkejb uek grmiimùe qun bfhmakrë nh vndìiuhb k rnjuimr hk vnhbimjkj y dkstk pkrkrhb.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Pkrtns jnh smstnlk dmjrëuhmib

Pmezk gmok? Ne nh grneb jn jmsib jn pmezk gmok, ikjk pmstùe sn neiunetrk ne ikjk lmtkj jn hk pmezk. Jurketn nh prbinsb ne jn nh grnekjb, uek prnsmùe dmjrëuhmik sbfrngmok hbsibetrk jbs pmstbens. pmstùe hk pkstmhhk rnsuhtkejb prbinsbkitÿk jn grnekjb. Hbs grnebs jn pmezk nh jmsib Ikjk jn grneb sbekprmntk luy sùhmjbs, pbr hb qun sn nlphnk ne vndìiuhbs rëpmjbs y pnskjbs .

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Pkrtns jnh smstnlk dmjrëuhmib

Pkstmhhks jn grneb? Wke ibhbikjks jnetrb jn uek pmezk jbtkjk jn ue pmstùe iblb lìemlb. Nstëe jmsnûkjks pkrk prbjuimr uek khtk grmiimùe ibe nh jmsib. Khaueks tmnene uek pmnzk jn lntkh qun prbvbik qun sunen ue idmrrmjb iukejb nstëe k puetb jn akstkrsn. Hk pbtneimk jn grnekjb hk jntnrlmek hk nstkfmhmjkj jnh gkitbr jn grmiimùe jn hks pkstmhhks.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Pkshhks jn grneb

BVAËEMIKY YME KYFNYZBY Jnfmjb k su iblpbsmimùe braëemik, hks pkstmhhks jn grneb braëemiks sme ksfnstbs (EKB) eb ibetklmeke k lnjmjk qun pmnrjne lktnrmkh jn grmiimùe y sbe gëimhns jn jnsnidkr. Hks pkstmhhks EKB sbe lës fhkejks qun hk lkybrìk jn hks pkstmhhks jn grneb, hb qun dkin qun snke lës smhneimbsks, pnrb tklfmíe mlphmik qun sn jnsakstke lës rëpmjb y pbjrìke prbjuimr pbhvb. Ybe ùptmlks pkrk vndìiuhbs jn kphmikimbens lës hmanrks qun eb rnqumnrne luidb grnekjb gunrtn. INVËLMIKY Hks pkstmhhks jn grneb jn inrëlmik tmnene nxinhnetn pbtneimk jn grnekjb y funek jmsmpkimùe jn ikhbr. Ybe mjnkhns pkrk hk lkybrìk jn hks kphmikimbens ebrlkhns jn ibejuiimùe, prbjuine luy pbib pbhvb b rumjb y sbe jurkjnrks. Hk lkybrìk jn hbs vndìiuhbs nxtrkeonrbs y ekimbekhns nstëe nqumpkjbs ibe gùrluhks jn  pkstmhhks jn grneb jn inrëlmik jn gëfrmik. YNLMLNZËHMIKY Hks pkstmhhks snlmlntëhmiks tmnene funek pbtneimk jn grnekjb y sbe luy ngmimnetns pkrk jmsmpkr ikhbr. Punjne snr rumjbsks y irnke lës pbhvb qun hks pkstmhhks jn grneb jn inrëlmik. Nstn tmpb jn pkstmhhk tklfmíe nstë gkfrmikjb ibe lktnrmkhns jn grmiimùe qun sbe lës rnsmstnetns qun hk lkybrìk, pbr hb qun pbjrìke  prbjuimr ue jnsakstn lës karnsmvb ne sus rbtbrns jn grneb

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Grnebs enulëibs

Grnebs Enulëtmibs? ;. Ibl blpr prns nsbr br 6. Vnau Vnauhk hkjbr jbr jn prn prnsm smùe ùe 9. Yn Ynik ikjb jbrr jn jn kmr kmrnn :. Jnpùsm Jnpùsmtb tb jn rnan rnanenr enrkim kimùe ùe >. Wëhvuh Wëhvuhkk jn prbt prbtnii niimùe mùe jn : vìks vìks 7. Jnpùsm Jnpùsmtbs tbs jn kkmrn mrn ibl iblprm prmlmjb lmjb 1. Wëhv Wëhvuh uhkk jn grn grneb eb jn jn lk lkeb eb 4. Wëhvuh Wëhvuhkk jn jn jnsik sikrak rak jjnn grn grneb eb jn l lkeb keb =. Wëhvuh Wëhvuhkk jn grne grnebb jn snrvmi snrvmimb mb ;0.Iëlkrks jn kmrn jn grnebs jnhketnrbs ;;.Wëhvuhk jn ibetrbh jn rnpkrtb jn grnekjk ;6.Iëlkrks jn kmrn jn grnebs trksnrbs

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Iblpbenetns enulëibs

;.Iblprnsbr?  Ns qumne sulmemstrk kmrn k prnsmùe dkimk hbs jnpùsmtbs jn kmrn iblprmlmjb. 6.Vnauhkjbr jn prnsmùe? Kh hkjb jnh iblprnsbr, vnrmgmik qun hk lnjmjk jn prnsmùe snk hk ibrrnitk y ne iksb ibetrkrmb, hk rnauhk. 9.Ynikjbr jn kmrn? Ynik nh kmrn, skikejb tbjk dulnjkj ketns jn nevmkrhb kh smstnlk jn grnekjb. :.Jnpùsmtb jn rnanenrkimùe? Yn khlkinek nh kmrn eb ibesulmjb ne ikjk bpnrkimùe jn grnekjb. >.Wëhvuhk jn prbtniimùe jn iuktrb vìks? Yn biupk jn rntnenr nh nxinsb jn kmrn iblprmlmjb, prbtnamnejb ksì nh smstnlk jn grnekjb. 7.Vnsnrvbrmbs/Jnpùsmtbs jn kmrn iblprmlmjb? Ybe hbs snitbrns qun ibetmnene nh kmrn iblprmlmjb hmstb  pkrk utmhmzkr. utmhmzkr. 1.Wëhvuhk jnh grneb jn lkeb? Ns hk vëhvuhk qun sn kitmvk ibe nh grneb jn lkeb. 4.Wëhvuhk jn jnsikrak jn grneb jn lkeb ? Yn biupk jn jmspnrskr nh rnlkenetn jn kmrn y jntnenr nh grnekjb. =.Wëhvuhk jnh grneb jn pnjkh? Ns hk vëhvuhk qun sn kitmvk ibe nh pnjkh. ;0.Iëlkrks jn kmrn jn hbs grnebs jnhketnrbs ? Ns jbejn sn jnpbsmtk nh kmrn pkrk nh usb ne pkstmhhks jn grneb jnhketnrks. ;;.Wëhvuhk jn ibetrbh jn rnpkrtb jn hk grnekjk? Ibetrbhk uek jmstrmfuimùe dblbaíenk jn hk gunrzk jn grnekjb y jnh kmrn iblprmlmjb. ;6.Iëlkrk jn kmrn jn hbs grnebs trksnrbs ? Ns jbejn sn jnpbsmtk nh kmrn pkrk nh usb ne grnebs trksnrbs.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Hmqumjb jn grnebs

Pkrk qun sn punjk rnibebinr ue fune hìqumjb jn grnebs sn jnfn jn tblkr ne iunetk qun nh hìqumjb jnfn jn snr? Meiblprnsmfhn  Eb jnfn jn biksmbekr grmiimùe  Eb jnfn biksmbekr ibrrbsmùe Jnfn jn tnenr ue nhnvkjb puetb jn nfuhhmimùe (ne anenrkh bsimhk netrn 690° y 6:0° I pkrk ue hìqumjb eunvb) Jnfn jn tnenr ghumjnz kue k fkoks tnlpnrkturks

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Grnebs nhíitrmibs

Hbs grnebs nhíitrmibs sbe ue smstnlk qun utmhmzk ue mlpuhsb nhíitrmib pkrk kibphkr uek gbrlk jn grnebs3 sn dke jmsnûkjb pkrk hbs anenrkjbrns, anenrkjbrns, lkqumekrmk pnskjk b vndìiuhbs. Ikfn snûkhkr qun nh smstnlk jn grnekjb ne sì ns ne arke pkrtn lniëemib, bpnrkejb ibe iëlkrks jn grnekjb dmjrëuhmib hhneks jn hìqumjb iblb hks qun kÿe utmhmzke hk lkybrìk jn hbs vndìiuhbs3 sme nlfkrab dky ue iblpbenetn nhíitrmib jn ibetrbh qun lbjuhk b khtnrk hk snûkh pkrk nlphnkr hbs grnebs jn khauek lkenrk. Nh lnobr nonlphb jn nhhb ns hk jmstrmfuimùe jn gunrzk jn grnekjb nhnitrùemik b NFGJ (pbr sus smahks ne meahís), qun sn neiunetrk ne luidbs ibidns. Hk prmeimpkh vnetkok jn nstn smstnlk jn grnekjb ns qun kh eb tnenr rbzklmnetb netrn pkrtns lniëemik lniëemiks, s, nh jnsakstn y nh lketnemlmnetb sbe lìemlbs, y pnrlmtn grnekr vndìiuhbs luy pnskjbs, iblb iklmbens, kutbfusns b trnens, sme kpneks ibesulb jn nenraìk.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Ymstnlk kefhbqunb KFY

Ns ue jmspbsmtmvb utmhmzkjb ne kutblùvmhns , kvmbens y ne lbjnhbs kvkezkjbs jn lbtbimihntks qun dkin vkrmkr hk gunrzk jn grnekjb pkrk nvmtkr qun hbs enulëtmibs rnsfkhne sbfrn nh sunhb ne nh prbinsb jn grnekjb. Ne kvmbens ns mlpbrtketn, yk qun tmnene qun grnekr gunrtnlnetn uek vnz dke ktnrrmzkjb. Ne ;=14 Fbsid dmzb dmstbrmk iukejb metrbjuob nh prmlnr smstnlk nhnitrùemib jn grnebs ketmfhbqunb. Nstk tniebhbaìk sn dk ibevnrtmjb ne hk fksn pkrk tbjbs hbs smstnlks nhnitrùemibs qun utmhmzke jn khauek gbrlk nh KFY, iblb pbr nonlphb hbs ibetrbhns jn trkiimùe y jn nstkfmhmjkj.6 K jìk jn dby khrnjnjbr jnh 1>% jn tbjbs hbs vndìiuhbs qun sn gkfrmike ne nh luejb, iunetke ibe nh KFY. Ibe nh tmnlpb nh KFY sn dk mjb anenrkhmzkejb, jn gbrlk qun ne hk kitukhmjkj hk arke lkybrìk jn hbs kutblùvmhns y iklmbens jn gkfrmikimùe rnimnetn jmspbene jn íh. Khaueks lbtbs jn khtk imhmejrkjk tklfmíe hhnvke nstn smstnlk jn grnekjb. Nh KFY sn ibevmrtmù ne ue nqumpb jn snrmn bfhmaktbrmb ne tbjbs hbs turmslbs gkfrmikjbs ne hk ^emùe Nurbpnk k pkrtmr jnh ; jn ouhmb jn 600:, arkimks k ue kiunrjb vbhuetkrmb jn hbs gkfrmiketns jn kutblùvmhns. Dby su jìkngmikimk. sn jnskrrbhhke smstnlks jn grneb nhíitrmib qun smlphmgmike nh eÿlnrb jn iblpbenetns, y kulnetke

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Ymstnlk kefhbqunb KFY

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

;.

Iblpbenetns prmeimpkhns jnh smstnlk kefhbqunb KFY

Yne Ynesbr sbr jn vn vnhbi hbimjk mjkj? j? Nstn Nstn snesbr snesbr lbe lbemtbr mtbrnk nk hk vnh vnhbim bimjkj jkj jn ikjk ikjk run runjk, jk, tk tklfmí lfmíee jntn jntnrlm rlmek ek hk kinhnrkimùe y jnskinhnrkimùe eninskrmk jn klfks. Ibesmstn ne ue nximtkjbr (ue kemhhb ibe jmnetns ne gbrlk jn W) y btrbs iblpbenetns, qun anenrke puhsbs jn nhnitrmimjkj k lnjmjk qun hbs jmnetns jn nstn pkske pbr jnhketn jn íh. 6. Wëh Wëhvuh vuhks ks jn kmrn? kmrn? V Vnau nauhke hke hk hk prn prnsmù smùee jn kkmrn mrn nevm nevmkjk kjk k hbs grne grnebs bs ju jurke rketn tn nnhh gueimbeklmnetb jnh smstnlk KFY. Dky uek vëhvuhk ne hk hìenk jn grneb jn ikjk ueb qun ns ibetrbhkjb pbr nh KFY. Ne nh  prmlnr pksb, hk vëhvuhk sn kfrn y pnrlmtn qun hk prnsmùe jnh imhmejrb lknstrb snk trkesgnrmjk k hbs grnebs. 9. ^em ^emjkj jkj nh nhnit nitrùem rùemik ik jn ibetr ibetrbh bh (NI (NI^) ^) ?Nh NI NI^ ^ ns uek uuemj emjkj kj jn ib ibetrb etrbhh nhn nhnitrù itrùemi emibb qun rnimf rnimfn, n, klphmgmik y gmhtrk hks snûkhns jn hbs snesbrns pkrk ikhiuhkr hk vnhbimjkj jn rbtkimùe y kinhnrkimùe jn hks runjks. Nh NI^ rnimfn hk snûkh jn hbs snesbrns ne nh imriumtb y ibetrbhk hk prnsmùe jnh grneb jn kiunrjb k hk megbrlkimùe qun ns kekhmzkjk pbr hk uemjkj. :. ^em ^emjkj jkj jn iibet betrbh rbh dm dmjrë jrëuhm uhmib? ib? Hk uemjk uemjkjj jn ibetrbh ibetrbh Dmjr Dmjrëuh ëuhmib mib rnimf rnimfnn snûkhn snûkhnss jn hk ue uemjk mjkjj nhnitrùemik jn ibetrbh pkrk kphmikr b sbhtkr hbs grnebs fkob hks jn ketm fhbqunb. Nstk uemjkj ibetrbhk hbs grnebs meirnlnetkejb hk prnsmùe dmjrëuhmik u blmtmnejb hk gunrzk jnh pnjkh pkrk rnjuimr hk  pbtneimk jnh grnekjb.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Iblb gueimbek nh smstnlk kefhbqunb KFY

Hbs grnebs KFY sbe pkrtn jnh smstnlk jn nstkfmhmjkj, iblÿelnetn ibebimjb iblb ibetrbh jn nstkfmhmjkj nhnitrùemik, nh iukh lbemtbrnk hks runjks jurketn nh grnekjb frusib. Ikjk runjk tmnen ue snesbr kjouetb. Ym nh snesbr metnhmanetn jntnitk qun hk runjk nstë k puetb jn fhbqunkrsn, nh smstnlk hmfnrkrë nh grneb(nstb sbhb biurrmrë pbr ue lblnetb). Hbs grnebs KFY, ibetmeuk y rnpntmjklnetn kphmikrëe  prnsmùe  fhbqunkrjnhksgrnekjb runjks.ùptmlk k ikjk runjk, hb qun smaemgmik qun nh smstnlk grnekrë hb sugmimnetn pkrk eb Iukejb nh smstnlk sn neiunetrk kitmvb, pbjrìks snetmr uek puhskimùe k trkvís jnh pnjkh jn grneb lmnetrks hb prnsmbeks. Nh smstnlk ketmfhbqunb kyujk kh ibejuitbr k ibesnrvkr nh ibetrbh jnh vndìiuhb ne huakr jn jntnenrhb. Vnjuin nh rmnsab jn jnrrkpn meihusb iukejb sn rnkhmzke lkembfrks nvksmvks. Pbr nsb, ns mlpbrtketn rnibrjkr qun hk jmstkeimk jn grnekjb jnh vndìiuhb punjn meirnlnetkrsn. Ym nh ibejuitbr ibetmeÿk lkenokejb ne hìenk rnitk dkimk ue bfstëiuhb, nh kutb pbjrìk eb jntnenrsn k tmnlpb meihusb sm su mestmetb hn jmin hb ibetrkrmb.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Iblb gueimbek nh smstnlk kefhbqunb KFY

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Ymstnlk kefhbqunb KFY

²IÙLB ZBLK HKY JNIMYMBENY NH KFY2 Ne tbjb lblnetb hk uemjkj jn lkejb rnimfn megbrlkimùe megbrlkimùe jn hk vnhbimjkj jn amrb jn ikjk uek jn hks runjks. Ne nh mestketn ne nh qun hk vnhbimjkj jn uek jn nhhks ns lnebr qun hk jn hks jnlës, nstb smaemgmik qun nstë fhbqunkjk b k puetb jn dkinrhb, hb iukh dkin qun hk uemjkj jn lkejb jí hk brjne jn qumtkr prnsmùe kh grneb jn nsk runjk pkrk maukhkr su vnhbimjkj jn amrb ibe hk jn hks jnlës. ²[^Í EBZK NH IBEJ^IZBV I^KEJB GVNEK IBE KFY2 Ne ibejmimbens ebrlkhns eb ebtklbs ekjk ne kfsbhutb, sùhb iukejb tmnene qun trkfkokr hks nhnitrbvëhvuhks snetmlbs uek vmfrkimùe ne nh pnjkh jn grneb qun ns prbvbikjk pbr nh rntbreb jnh hìqumjb kh hmfnrkr prnsmùe hk nhnitrbvëhvuhk ibrrnspbejmne ibrrnspbejmnetn. tn. ²IÙLB JNFB GVNEKV IBE KFY2 Puns nxkitklnetn maukh qun ne ue ibidn sme KFY. Hk ÿemik jmgnrneimk ns ne nh iksb jn uek grnekjk nxtrnlk b jn nlnraneimk. nlnranei mk. Ne ue ibidn sme KFY jnfnlbs pmskr nh pnjkh k gbejb, sbhtkr ue pbib nh pnjkh pkrk amrkr nh vbhketn y nsqumvkr nh bfstëiuhb, y vbhvnr k pmskr vnz supnrkjk nsqumvk. Ne ue kutblùvmh ibe KFY smlphnl smlphnlnetn netnuek jnfnlbs pmskr khkgbejb nh grneb y nh nlfrkaun y jnokr qun nh smstnlk trkfkon jurketn tbjk hk grnekjk. ^e ibidn ibe KFY ebs vk k pnrlmtmr nsqumvkr nh bfstëiuhb lmnetrks grneklbs ibe tbjks eunstrks gunrzks (smnlprn jnetrb jn hbs hìlmtns jn hk gìsmik, ihkrb). Jnfnlbs pmskr nh pnjkh jn nlfrkaun pkrk nvmtkr qun sn ebs ikhn nh lbtbr. Ibe íh kpkakjb eb pbjrnlbs vbhvnr k eunstrb ikrrmh trks uek nsqumvk, em hk jmrniimùe ksmstmjk trkfkokrë.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Ymstnlk kefhbqunb KFY

²[^Í LKEZNEMLMNEZB ZMNEN NH KFY2 Hb lës mlpbrtketn ns iklfmkr nh hìqumjb jn grnebs snaÿe nh prbarklk jn lketnemlmnetb jnh gkfrmiketn (ebrlkhlnetn, 6 kûbs). Ístn ns ue ghumjb qun tmnen hk pkrtmiuhkrmjkj jn kfsbrfnr nh kauk jn hk dulnjkj jnh kmrn. Nstb dkin qun pbib k pbib ibetneak lës kauk, hb iukh fkok su puetb jn nfuhhmimùe (dmnrvn ketns) y kjnlës nstrbpnk hks nhnitrbvëhvuhks, ablks nti. Ne hbs smstnlks lës lbjnrebs, ne huakr jn uek ibrbek jnetkjk, sn nlphnke rbjklmnetbs pbhkrmzkjbs ne nh  fuon. Ybe lës prnimsbs, pnrb tklfmíe lës jnhmikjbs, yk qun nh ikhbr ikhbr nxtrnlb sm kfusklbs jnh grneb b gunrtns vmfrkimbens punjne rnjuimr hk ngmikimk jn hbs mlkens. Hb lnobr jn tbjb ns qun kjnlës, nh KFY ns hk fksn jn luidbs btrbs smstnlks qun sn smrvne jn sus snesbrns  pkrk tblkr jnimsmbens. Kûkjmnejb nhnlnetbs iblb ne ue lnikeb, pbjnlbs ibevnrtmr nh KFY nnee ue ibetrbh jn trkiimùe, ibetrbh jn nstkfmhmjkj, nti. Jn nhhbs dkfhkrnlbs ne guturks netrnaks.

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

Iblb gueimbek nh smstnlk kefhbqunb KFY

:N09;6; ’ Zniebhbaìk Kutblbtrmz M / Mlpkr 606;

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

 

=. Ymstnlk jn grnebs

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