Sistema de Alcantarilado de Manta

 

R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

   

”Kfepf`b`tbs

 

cbm sgstbej cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf cb Ej`tj― 

Jsgl`jturj? [j`gtjrgj GG  

 @gvbm ^GGG, Tjrjmbmf ”I―

Kursf?

Nbkaj cb b`trblj? 41/4 ...> 9.: Fiobtgvf Lb`brjm........ Lb`brjm.............................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................................ ............................... .............>> 9.9 Fiobtgvfs Bspbkångkfs......................... Bspbkångkfs................................................ ............................................. .................................................. ............................>> ;. Ejrkf tbûrgkf........... tbûrgkf................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ....................................< ..............< ;.: Ybcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs cb mj kgucjc cb Ej`tj............... Ej`tj..................................... .................................................. ............................ Yjejm......... Yjejm............................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ...........................................:4 .....................:4 ;.:.< Suibråj cb cbskjrlj..... cbskjrlj........................... ............................................ ............................................ ...............................................:4 .........................:4 ;.:.1 Jrtbnjktfs sj`gtjrgfs y `ÿebrf cb RBA............................. RBA................................................... .................................... ..............:: :: ;.9 Ybqubrgegb`tfs pjrj mj kf`strukkgû` cb mjs rbcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs, sblÿ` bm pmj` cb frcb`jegb`tf tbrrgtfrgjm cb Ej`tj............................ Ej`tj.................................................. .......................................................:: .................................:: ;.9.: Cgrbkkgû` cb pmj`bjegb`tf urij`f cbm eu`gkgpgf cb Ej`tj..................................:: ;.9.9 Cgspfsgkgf`bs lb`brjmbs lb`brjmbs cbm usf cbm jmkj`tjrgmmjcf pÿimgkf b` mj kgucjc cb Ej`tj. ............................................ ..................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................................. ...........................:9 :9 ;.9.; G`stjmjkgf`bs cb rbcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs, sblÿ` mj cgrbkkgû` cb pmj`bjegb`tf urij`f cbm eu`gkgpgf cb Ej`tj.............. Ej`tj.................................... ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................:9 :9 ;.; Kfmbktfrbs....... Kfmbktfrbs............................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................:; :; ;.3 Kfmbktfrbs Trg`kgpjmbs..... Trg`kgpjmbs........................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................ ........................:3 ......:3 ;.2 Kfmbktfrbs [bku`cjrgfs................. [bku`cjrgfs....................................... ............................................ .......................................... ................................ ............:2 :2 ;.> Tfzfs cb rbvgsgû`........ rbvgsgû`.............................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................................................:> .............................:> ;.< G`tbrkbptfrbs..... G`tbrkbptfrbs........................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................................ ......................................:1 :1 ;. Bstjkgû` cb ifeibf Bm Tjmejr................................. Tjmejr....................................................... ..............................................93 ........................93 ;.1.< Bstjkgû` cb ifeibf ^glgmj`kgj Jcuj`brj................................ Jcuj`brj.............................................. ............................. ...............92 92 ;.7 Begsjrgfs........... Begsjrgfs................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................................92 ......................................92 ;.7.: Begsfrbs j lrjvbcjc. lrjvbcjc....................... ............................................ ............................................ ..................................................9> ............................9> ;.7.9 Begsfrbs j prbsgû`........ prbsgû`.............................. ............................................ ............................................ ..............................................9> ........................9> ;.7.; Begsfrbs [uiejrg`fs....... [uiejrg`fs............................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................................ ....................9< ..9< ;.:4 Tmj`tjs cb trjtjegb`tf (Mjlu`js cb fxgcjkgû`)......... fxgcjkgû`)............................... ..............................................9< ........................9< ;.:4.: Mjlu`js cb fxgcjkgû` b` mj kgucjc cb Ej`tj.......... Ej`tj................................ .............................................9< .......................9< ;.:4.9 Ybpftb`kgjkgû` Ybpftb`kgjkgû` cb mjs mjlu`js cb fxgcjkgû` b` mj kgucjc cb Ej`tj................... Ej`tj....................97 .97 ;.:: Cbskjrlj ng`jm (Yåf Ej`tj)................................ Ej`tj)...................................................... .................................................... ...............................;4 .;4 3. Kf`kmusgf`bs................... Kf`kmusgf`bs......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ...........................;9 .....;9 2. Ybkfeb`cjkgf`bs............ Ybkfeb`cjkgf`bs.................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................................;; ..........................;; >. Igimgflrjnåj.................................. Igimgflrjnåj........................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ....................................;3 ..............;3

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R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

Nglurjs

Nglurj :.R`gû` cfegkgmgjrgj cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf..............................................................................1 Nglurj 9. Bepjmeb cfegkgmgjrgf b` kfmbktfr pÿimgkf ....................................................................1 Nglurj ;. Kjoj cfegkgmgjrgj cb rbvgsgû` .........................................................................................7 Nglurj 3.Yjejm [j`gtjrgf............................................................................................................:4 Nglurj 2. Suibråj cb cbskjrlj....................................................................................................:4 Nglurj >.Sjimj cb bmbeb`tfs sj`gtjrgfs......................................................................................:: Nglurj Nglurj :: Tfzf cb rbvgsgû` prbnjirgkjcf....................................................................................:< Nglurj :9 Tfzf cb rbvgsgû` kf`strugcf b` sgtgf ...........................................................................:1 Nglurj :;. G`tbrkbptfr cb jluj pmuvgjm, j u` mjcf cb mj rgibrj cbm råf " Ej`tj"..........................:7 Nglurj :3. Bstjkgû` cb ifeibf cb jlujs rbsgcujmbs ...................................................................9: Nglurj :2.-Begsjrgf cb jluj rbsgcujm .........................................................................................92 Nglurj :>.- Srjef cb begsjrgf suiejrg`f..................................................................................9< Nglurj :

 

R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

   

9. Fiobtgvfs 9.: Fiobtgvf Lb`brjm 

G`vbstgljr jkbrkj cb mfs kfepf`b`tbs qub nfrej` bm sgstbej cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf cb mj kgucjc cb Ej`tj

9.9 Fiobtgvfs Bspbkångkfs 

G`vbstgljr mfs kfepf`b`tbs qub nfrej` pjrtb cb u`j rbc cfegkgmgjrgj b` u` sgstbej cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf sj`gtjrgf.



Efst Ef strj rjrr mjs mjs cb cbng ng`g `gkg kgf` f`bs bs cb mfs mfs tgpf tgpfss cb kf kfmb mbkt ktfr frbs bs,, b` u` sg sgst stbe bejj cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf sj`gtjrgf.



Cbskrgigr kuêm bs mj nu`kgû` cb mjs bstjkgf`bs cb ifeibf ou`tf kf` mfs begsjrgfs b` u` sgstbej cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf sj`gtjrgf.

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G`vbstgljr mj kjpjkgcjc cb jmejkb`jegb`tf cb jlujs rbsgcujmbs, b` mjs mjlu`js cb fxgcjkgû` cb mj kgucjc cb Ej`tj, cbscb su bobkukgû`.

;. Ejrkf tbûrgkf ;.: Ybcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs cb mj kgucjc cb Ej`tj ;.:.:. ¶Zuç bs u`j rbc cfegkgmgjrgj6

<

 

R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

   

  X KGSJSGF@ [B@:3 ]m :9971 U, cbng`b j mjs kf`bxgf`bs cfegkgmgjrgjs kfef bm kf`ou`tf cb kjúbråjs y jkkbsfrgfs qub pbregtb` j mj pfimjkgû`, kf`tjr kf` bm sbrvgkgf cb jluj pftjimb y sj`bjegb`tf iêsgkf, ebcgj`tb u`j kf`bxgû` j mj rbc prg`kgpjm, qub bs jceg`gstrjcj pfr  mj beprbsj pÿimgkj b`kjrljcj.  

B` pfkjs pjmjirjs sf` bm kkf`ou`tf f`ou`tf cb tuibråjs qub pbregtb` j mfs kgucjcj`fs cb u`j

urib, kf`bktjrsb jm sbrvgkgf cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf pjrj jså cbpf`br sus jlujs cb cbsbkaf, jså kfef tjeigç` pbregtb` cgspf`br cbm jluj pftjimb. Bxgstb` vjrgjs fpkgf`bs j mj afrj cb bmblgr bm ejtbrgjm cbm qub bstjrê` abkajs mjs kf`bxgf`bs,, sgb`cf mjs eês kfeu`bs mjs sglugb`tbs? kf`bxgf`bs 

Afreglû` jrejcf (A.J).

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Tfmgkmfrurf cb vg`gmf (T^K).

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Tfmgbtgmb`f cb jmtj cb`sgcjc (ACTB).

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Bstê`cjr cgeb`tgf` rjtgf ([CY).

  Mjs rbcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs sb ccgvgcb` gvgcb` b` cf cfss tgp tgpfs fs cb rbcbs mjs bxtbr`js b g`tbr`js. g`tbr`js. 

Mj bxtbr`j bs mj prgebrj qub vj cbscb jnubrj cbm cfegkgmgf, cbscb cb mj rbc  prg`kgpjm (kfmbktfr) (kfmbktfr) ajstj mj kjoj cb rbvgsgû`,

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Mj g`tbr`j vj cbscb mj pjrtb cb mj kjoj cb rbvgsgû`, j mfs jrtbnjktfs sj`gtjrgfs cbm  ijúf kfef jm g`fcfrf, mjvjej`fs y cukaj8 b` mj kfkg`j jm mjvjpmjtfs y jm suegcbrf y b` bm pjtgf jm mjvjrrfpjs y jm suegcbrf X KGSJSGF@ [B@:3 ]m :9971 U

 

Ftrfs jutfrbs kfef X KGSJSGF@ Yfc:3 ]m :9971 U, cgvgcb j mjs rbcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs b` mj

u`gû` cfegkgmgjrgj y mj g`stjmjkgû` g`tbrgfr cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf. ;.:.9. Kfepf`b`tbs cb mjs rbcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs

 

J kf`tg`ujkgû kf`tg`ujkgû`, `, sb eubstrj` jmlu`fs cb mfs kfepf`b`tb kfepf`b`tbs, s, qub nfrej` pjrtb cb mjs

rbcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs, b` bmmjs sb eubstrj` cbng`gkgf`bs rbkfmbktjcjs cb vjrgfs jutfrbs. ;.:.;. R`gû` Cfegkgmgjrgj

 

Bs bm trjef cb tuibråj kfeprb`cgcf b`trb bm kfmbktfr pÿimgkf cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf y mj

 prgebrj kêejrj cb cb g`spbkkgû` cfegkgmgjrgj, cfegkgmgjrgj, b` jcbmj jcbmj`tb. `tb.X KGSJSGF@ Yfc:3 ]m :9971 U .

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R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm  Kf`krbtje Kf`krbtjeb`tb b`tb b` u` sgstb sgstbej ej cb cb jjmkj` mkj`tjrgmmj tjrgmmjcf cf mmjj rbc rbc prg`kg prg`kgpjm, pjm, bs bm kkf`ou f`ou`tf `tf cb

tuibråjs y jkkbsfrgfs qub kf`nfrej` mfs kfmbktfrbs qub pbregtb` rbkfmbktjr mjs jlujs sbrvgcjs cfegkgmgjrgjsX KGSJSGF@ [B@:3 ]m :9971 U .

Nglurj :.R`gû` cfegkgmgjrgj cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf Ybkupbrjcf cb X KGSJSGF@ Egl ]m :9971 U

;.:.3 Bepjmeb j mj rbc pÿimgkj

 

Bs mj kf`b kf`bxgû` xgû` nåsgk nåsgkjj bb`trb `trb mj u`gû u`gû`` cfegk cfegkgmgjrg gmgjrgjj cb cb jmkj`tjrgm jmkj`tjrgmmjcf mjcf y bm kfmbktfr  kfmbktfr 

 pÿimgkf X KGSJSGF@ Egl ]m :9971 U .

Nglurj 9. Bepjmeb cfegkgmgjrgf b` kfmbktfr pÿimgkf Ybkupbrjcf cb X KGSJSGF@ Egl ]m :9971 U

;.:.2 Kêejrj f kjoj cb Ybvgsgû`

Bs mj kêejrj uigkjcj cb`trf cb mj prfpgbcjc cbm usujrgf, qub bstê eês prûxgej jm kfmbktfr pÿimgkf cb jlujs sbrvgcjs, b`tb`cgç`cfsb pfr çstj, mj ÿmtgej kêejrj b` bm 7

 

R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

   

sb`tgcf cbm nmuof cb bvjkujkgû`. Bs mj kêejrj j pjrtgr cb mj kujm `jkb mj u`gû` cfegkgmgjrgj.X KGSJSGF@ Egl ]m :9971 U Bepmj`tgmmjc Bepmj `tgmmjcf. f. ‛

Bs mj ijsb cb mj kjoj cb rbvgsgû` y su cfsgngkjkgû` pfr mf lb`brjm

rbqugbrb u` afreglû` cb :4 x 4.>4 e.

Nglurj ;. Kjoj cfegkgmgjrgj cb rbvgsgû` Ybkupbrjcf cb X KGSJSGF@ Mug47 ]m :9971 U

;.:.> Yjejm

 

[u nu`kgû` bs rbu`gr y kf`cukgr bm jluj rbsgcujm prfcukgcj b` mjs zf`js aÿebcjs y

mmbvjrmjs j mjs kêejrjs cb g`spbkkgû`. [u cgêebtrf cbpb`cb cbm `¿ cb R.B.A (R`gcjc cb Bqugvjmb`kgj Agcrêumgkj) qub trj`spfrtbX KGSJSGF@ Mug47 ]m :9971 U . :4

 

     

R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm  Bstf sgl`gngkj qub bs mj tu tuibråj ibråj qub qub rbkgib rbkgib mj mjss cb cbskjrljs skjrljs cb mfs mfs jrtbnjktfs jrtbnjktfs sj`gtjrgfs sj`gtjrgfs y

sb kf`bktj` kf` mj tuibråj cb cbskjrlj prg`kgpjm.

Nglurj 3.Yjejm [j`gtjrgf Ybkupbrjcf cb X KGSJSGF@ Mug47 ]m :9971 U

;.:.< Suibråj cb cbskjrlj

 

Bs mj kj`jmgzjkgû` cb ijojcj vbrtgkjm j mj qqub ub bepjmej` mfs rjejmbs, cbstg`jcj j mj

kf`cukkgû` cb mjs jlujs sbrvgcjs cfeçstgkjsX KGSJSGF@ Egl ]m :9971 U .

Nglurj 2. Suibråj cb cbskjrlj  Ybkupbrjcf cb X KGSJSGF@ Egl ]m :9971 U

;.:.1 Jrtbnjktfs sj`gtjrgfs y `ÿebrf cb RBA

 

X KGSJSGF@ Mug47 ]m :9971 U, prbsb`tj jmlu`fs cjtfs cb kfbngkgb`tb cb u`gcjc cb

bqugvjmb`kgj Agcrêumgkf (Rba), cb kjcj u`f cb mfs cgspfsgtgvfs sj`gtjrgfs prbsb`tbs b` u`j vgvgb`cj.

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R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

 

Bm RBA bs bm kf`kb kf`kbptf ptf prfij prfijigm igmåst åstgkf gkf,, bb`` tçre tçreg`f g`fss cbm cbm kujm kujm sb sb kuj`tg kuj`tgngk ngkjj mj mj

kf`t kf`trg rgiu iukg kgû` û` cb ljst ljstff jm sgst sgstbe bejj cb tuib tuibråj råjss cb mj g` g`st stjm jmjk jkgû gû`` cf cfeg egkg kgmgj mgjrg rgjj cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf, cb kjcj u`f cb mfs jrtbnjktfs g`stjmjcfs, bxprbsjcf b` u`j cbtbreg`jcj bskjmj.

Nglurj >.Sjimj cb bmbeb`tfs sj`gtjrgfs Ybkupbrjcf cb X KGSJSGF@ Mug47 ]m :9971 U.

;.9 Ybqubrgegb`tfs pjrj mj kf`strukkgû` cb mjs rbcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs, sblÿ` bm pmj` cb frcb`jegb`tf tbrrgtfrgjm cb Ej`tj. ;.9.: Cgrbkkgû` cb pmj`bjegb`tf urij`f cbm eu`gkgpgf cb Ej`tj.

  Mj cgrbkkgû` cb pmj`bjegb`tf urij`f nfrej pjrtb cbm pmj` cb frcb`jegb`tf tbrrgtfrgjm cb Ej`tj, bxpf`b mj frcb`j`zj qub pmj`tbj bm ebofrjegb`tf cbm ajigtjc cbng`gb`cf mjs `fre `frejs js eå eå`g `gej ejss cb cg cgsb sbúf úf y kf`s kf`str truk ukkg kgû` û` qu qubb lj ljrj rj`t `tgk gkb` b` `g `gvb vbmb mbss `f `fre rejm jmbs bs cb nu`kgf`jmgcjc, sblurgcjc, bstjigmgcjc b aglgb`b, jcbeês pbregtb prbvb`gr y kf`trfmjr mj kf`tjeg`jkgû` y bm cbtbrgfrf cbm ebcgf jeigb`tb. XKGSJSGF@ Cgr:2 ]m :9971 U  

[blÿ` cjtfs cb BTJE bxgstb` 33.>>1 kf`bxgf`bs cfegkgmgjrgjs, y qub kfrrbspf`cb`

jm % cb kfibrturj cbm Kj`tû`, y u` cçngkgt cb kfibrturj cbm 97.23% XKGSJSGF@ Cgr:2 ]m :9971 U. :9

 

R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

   

;.9.9 Cgspfsgkgf`bs lb`brjmbs cbm usf cbm jmkj`tjrgmmjcf pÿimgkf b` mj kgucjc cb Ej`tj.

 

Mj frcb`j`zj pjrj mjs kfrrbktjs kf`bxgf`bs cfegkgmgjrgjs jm sgstbej cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf

kub`tj kf` 7 jrtåkumfs y vgb`b` cbskrgtfs b` bm tåtumf G^ cbm kjpåtumf G cb mj X KGSJSGF@ Cgr:2 ]m :9971 U. B`trb mfs eês gepfrtj`tbs, abefs cbskrgtf cfs jrtåkumfs qub sb cbib` tb`br b` kub`tj?  

Jrt >4.- Sfcjs mjs bcgngkjkgf`bs b g`stjmjkgf`bs g`custrgjmbs nrb`tb j kuyj g`stjmjkgû`

bxgstj bxgs tj jmkj jmkj`tjrg `tjrgmmjcf mmjcf,, cbib cbibrê` rê` kf`b kf`bktjr ktjr fimgl fimgljtfrg jtfrgjeb` jeb`tb tb jm egsef sus sgstb sgstbejs ejs cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf g`tbr`f.  

Jrt. >7.-[b eb`kgf`j qub `g`lu`j pbrsf`j pfcrê bnbktujr kf`bxgf`bs, `g kujmqugbr 

firj, `g `g`lu`j ej`gpumjkgû` j mj rbc bxgstb`tb, sg` mj rbspbktgvj jutfrgzjkgû` cb mj Bpje. ;.9.; G`stjmjkgf`bs cb rbcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs, sblÿ` mj cgrbkkgû` cb pmj`bjegb`tf urij`f cbm eu`gkgpgf cb Ej`tj. Kf`cgkgf`bs prbvgjs. -

Tjrj kf`bktjr kf`bktjr u`j jkfebtgcj j mj rbc bxgstb`tb sb cbib tb`br b`

kub`tj? 

Zub bm bnmub`tb kuepmj kf` mjs mgegtjkgf`bs qub ngoj mj X KGSJSGF@ Frc:1 ]m :9971 U

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Zub sb b`kub`trb ajigmgtjcf f b` nu`kgf`jegb`tf bm sgstbej cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf  pÿimgkf.

Tmj`f cb sgtujkgû`.  -

Bm pbtgk pbtgkgf`j gf`jrgf rgf cbm pbregs pbregsff cb kf`bxg kf`bxgû`, û`, cbib` cbib` prbsb`tjr prbsb`tjr u`

 pmj`f rbjm cb mj rbc cb cbsjlýb cbsjlýb g`tbrgfr cb mj bcgngkjkgû` bcgngkjkgû` f vgvgb`cj b` pmj` pmj`tj tj y jmzjcf, j bskjmj, cbtjmmj`cf bxprbsjeb`tb bxprbsjeb`tb mj rbc cb kjojs cb rbvgsgû`, su g`tbrkf`bxgû`, bm kfmbktfr  jm qub sb cbsbj jkfebtbr y mfs sgnf`bs b` lb`brjmX KGSJSGF@ Frc:1 ]m :9971 U . Kjobtg`bs Kjobtg `bs cb rbvgsgû`. rbvgsgû`.-

Mfs bcgngkgfs y vgvgb`cjs qub ÿ`gkjeb`tb begtj` vbrtgcfs

cfeçstgkfs cbibrê` cgspf`br b` bm g`tbrgfr cb su prfpgbcjc y b` u` muljr cb usf kfeu`jm, mf eês prûxgef j mj sjmgcj cb mfs vbrtgcfs ajkgj bm kfmbktfr b` lb`brjm, cb u`j kjoj cb rbvgsgû` cb jrrj`qub kf` mjs cgeb`sgf`bs sungkgb`tbs pjrj qub sb pubcj rbjmgzjr  mj mgepgbzj tj`tf cb mj rbc g`tbrgfr kfef mj jkfebtgcj, mj tfej cb eubstrjs y mj kfmfkjkgû` cb jpjrjtfs cb jnfrf y tfejr eubstrjsX KGSJSGF@ Frc:1 ]m :9971 U . :;

 

R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

   

Cgeb`s Cge b`sgf` gf`jcf jcf cb jkfebtg jkfebtgcjs. cjs. 

- Mj Mjss kf`b kf`bxg xgf` f`bs bs cf cfeg egkg kgmg mgjr jrgj gjss sb be bepj pjtj tjrê rê``

cgrbktjeb`tb cbscb u` kjoû` cb prfnu`cgcjc eêxgej eêxgej cb :.24 e j mj rbc ejtrgz f kj`jmbs juxgmgjrbs ebcgj`tb tuibråjs cb cgêebtrf glujm j :24 e, f ejyfr. 

Mjs prubijs y rbkbpkgû` cb mjs jkfebtgcjs sb rglb` b` ijsb j mjs G@BE

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Kf`nfreb j mfs rbqubrgegb`tfs cbm urij`gzjcfr, mjs tuibråjs cbibrê` tb`br u` ê`lumf afrgzf`tjm cb b`trb 32´ y >4´ y u`j pb`cgb`tb b`trb bm 9% y ::%.

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Bstjs Bst js kf kf`bx `bxgf` gf`bs bs cfe cfegkg gkgmgj mgjrgj rgjss kfg kfg`k `kgcg gcgrê` rê` b` `ÿe `ÿebrf brf kf` mftbs mftbs sbl sblÿ` ÿ` mj urij`gzjkgû` f ijrrgf cf`cb sb b`kub`trb`, bstjrê` kfrrbmjkgf`jcjs kf` mjs êrbjs cb jpfrtb cbng`gcjs b` bm prfybktf.

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Tjrj kjucjmbs sj`gtjrgfs eb`frbs =4.2 mt/sbl sb jkbptjrê` nfsjs sçptgkjs, kf` su rbspbktgvf kjepf y nfsj cb g`ngmtrjkgû`, pjrj kjucjmbs ejyfrbs cbibrê cgsbújr  ftrfs tgpfs cb trjtjegb`tfs kfef tj`qubs Geafnn, tj`qubs j`jbrûigkfs u ftrfs sgstbejs qub ljrj`tgkb` u` bnmub`tb cbpurjcf.

Kf`sbrvjkgû` cb pjvgeb`tfs. ‛

@f sb pubcb kf`strugr jkfebtgcjs sj`gtjrgjs b` zf`js cf`c cf`cbb yj sb aj ajyj yj rbjm rbjmgz gzjc jcff u`j u`j urij urij`g `gzj zjkg kgû` û` cb mj mjss kj kjmm mmbs bs f êr êrbj bjs, s, bs bstf tf pj pjrj rj mj  prftbkkgû` cb mfs pjvgeb`tfs, sblÿ` mj frcb`j`zj eu`gkgpjm sfirb firjs b` mj våj  pÿimgkj. ;.; Kfmbktfrbs   X KGSJSGF@ Mug47 ]m :9971 U  ,

cbng`b jm kfmbktfr kfef bm cuktf f tuibråj cb

jmkj`tjrgmmjcf kuyj nu`kgû` bs rbkgigr mjs cbskjrljs cb mjs rbcbs cfegkgmgjrgjs (Jtjrobj) y bvjkujrmjs j mfs g`tbrkbptfrbs.

Cbpb`cgb`cf bm tgpf cb cbskjrlj y b` nu`kgû` j mj ejl`gtuc cbm prfybktf, b` mj ejyfråj cb cgsbúfs cb sgstbejs cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf, sb mfs suicgvgcb b` cfs tgpfs cb kfmbktfrbsX KGSJSGF@ [ê`42 ]m :9971 U . [gb`cf? 

Kfmbktfrbs Trg`kgpjmbs

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Kfmbktfrbs [bku`cjrgfs ([uikfmbktfrbs)

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R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm  B` mj nglurj ]m :9971 U.

Nglurj 7. G`stjmjkgû` cb kfmbktfr sbku`cjrgf b` mj kgucjcbmj "Mfs bmçktrgkfs" cb Ej`tj Ybkupbrjcf cb? X KGSJSGF@ Ybv:1 ]m :9971 U .

;.> Tfzfs cb rbvgsgû`

 

Mfs pfzfs cb rbvgsgû` sf` bstrukturjs cb mj rbc cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf uigkjcfs b` sgtgfs

bspbkångkfs qub ajkb` pfsgimb su g`spbkkgû` y ej`tb`gegb`tf. Mfs pfzfs cb rbvgsgû` sb cgsbúj` cb jkubrcf jm cgêebtrf cb tuibråjs qub b` bm kf`vbrlb`.X KGSJSGF@ Bsp:> ]m ;419 U  

Jcbeês, X KGSJSGF@ Mug47 ]m ;419 U cgkb qub mfs pfzfs cb rbvgsgû` lb`brjmeb`tb sf`

abkafs abk afs cb afr afregl eglû`, û`, rbk rbkgib gib`` bm jlu jlujj rbs rbsgcu gcujm jm cb mjs zf zf`js `js aÿebc aÿebcjs js jisfri jisfrigb` gb`cf cf

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R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

kjeigfs cb cgrbkkgû` y cgnbrb`kgjs cb pb`cgb`tb y kftjs jcbeês cb cbsprbsurgzjr bm sgstbej.   B` mfs mfs pfzfs pfzfs cb afreglû` sus pjrbcbs sb ccgsbúj` gsbúj` kf` u`j u`j rbsgstb`kgj rbsgstb`kgj j mj kfeprbsgû` cb 9:4/keP9 , tj`tf pj pjrj rj pfzfs prbnjirgkjcfs prbnjirgkjcfs kfef pjrj mfs kf kf`strugcfs `strugcfs b` sgtgf. Mjs tjpjs y irfkjmbs cbibrê` jsblurjr u` kgbrrb abreçtgkf, pfr mf lb`brjm sf` prbnjirgkjcfs kf` u` afreglû` cb n³k ;44 hl/keP9. X KGSJSGF@ Bsp:> ]m ;419 U

Nglurj :4 Tfzfs cb rbvgsgû` Ybkupbrjcf cb? X KGSJSGF@ Bsp:> ]m ;419 U

 

Tfzfs cb afreglû` prbnjirgkjcfs. ‛

Bstfs pfzfs sf` cb ebofr kjmgcjc jm sbr 

kf`strugcfs nubrj cbm muljr cb prfybktf, b` jspbktfs kfef mfs jkjijcfs g`tbrgfrbs sb fitgb`b pfkj pfrfsgcjc mf qub bs gcbjm b` u` sgstbej cb jmkj`tjrgmmjcf.  

[blÿ`X KGSJSGF@ Bsp:> ]m ;419 U  , b` bm kjsf cb sbr prbnjirgkjcfs mfs j`gmmfs cbm pfzf

cbib` tb`br u` jmtf eå`gef cb 4.;4, u` bspbsfr cb pjrbc cb 4.:4e y jrejcfs kf` ejmmjs bmbktrfsfmcjcjs bmbktrfsfmcjcjs cb eå`gef cb bspjkgjegb`tf cb :4*:4 ke y 2ee.

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R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

  Bstfs pfzfs sb kkfmfkj` fmfkj` j pj pjrtgr rtgr cbm zûkjmf, qub bs mj pjrtb cf`cb sb jsgb`tj` bstb tgpf cb pfzf pfzfss cb cbib ib sb sbrr kf`s kf`stru trugc gcff b` sgtg sgtgf, f, cb jk jkub ubrc rcff kf kf`` mf mfss pm pmj` j`fs fs rb rbsp spbk bktg tgvf vfss  prbvgjeb`tb sb cbib` ajkbr mjs pbrnfrjkgf`bs cb mjs tuibråjs cb b`trjcj y cb sjmgcj  pjrj jså tb`br u`j bstrukturj ef`fmåtgkj, cbib kf`tjr kf`tjr tjeigç` kf` u` j`gmmf cb afreglû` kgkmûpbf cb 4.;4e cb j`kaf, su jmturj cbib kuirgr mj cbskjrlj eês jmtj eês :4 ke kf` rbmjkgû` jm pgsf.X KGSJSGF@ Bsp:> ]m ;419 U  

B` mjs pbr pbrnfr nfrjkg jkgf` f`bs bs pjrj pjrj mjs mjs tu tuibr ibråjs åjs qub sb kf`bkt kf`bktj` j` jm pfzf pfzf sb kf kfmfk mfkjj u`j u`j

 prftbkkgû` f sgmmbtb cb aumb kf` u` sfirb j`kaf cb 4.:2 e b` bm zûkjmf, kf` u`j jmturj sfirb mj kmjvb bqugvjmb`tb cb :4 ke y kf` u` j`kaf glujm c+4.:4 ke. [gb`cf ”c― bm cgêebtrf cb mj tuibråj qub b`trj f sjmb cbm pfzf. X KGSJSGF@ Bsp:> ]m ;419 U

Nglurj :: Tfzf cb rbvgsgû` prbnjirgkjcf Ybkupbrjcf cb? X KGSJSGF@ Bsp:> ]m ;419 U

 

Tfzfs cb afreglû` kf`strugcfs b` sgtgf. ‛

Tjrj mfs pfzfs kf`strugcfs b` sgtgf mfs

kfnrbs g`tbr`fs y bxtbr`fs pjrj su jrejcf, pubcb` sbr ebtêmgkfs, bm sfirbj`kaf mjtbrjm cb mj bxkjvjkgû` qub sb rbqugbrj pjrj mj kf`strukkgû` cbm pfzf, sb bstjimbkb kfef mj bxkjvjkgû` qub pbregtj mj g`stjmjkgû` cb kfnrbs cbscb mj ijsb ajstj bm `gvbm supbrgfr cbm  pfzf X KGSJSGF@ Bsp:> ]m ;419 U .

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R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm 

Bm sûkjmf sb mf kf`struyb kf` mfs egsefs rbqubrgegb`tfs qub b` bm pfzf cb rbvgsgû`  prbnjirgkjcf.

Nglurj :9 Tfzf cb rbvgsgû` kf`strugcf k f`strugcf b` sgtgf Ybkupbrjcf cb? X KGSJSGF@ Bsp:> ]m ;419 U

;.< G`tbrkbptfrbs

 

Mfs begs begsjrgfs jrgfs g`tb g`tbrkbp rkbptfrbs tfrbs f sgep sgepmbeb mbeb`tb `tb g`tbrkbptf g`tbrkbptfrbs, rbs, sf` kf`c kf`cukkg ukkgf`bs f`bs qub

trj`spfrtj` mjs jlujs rbu`gcjs pfr mfs kfmbktfrbs ajstj mj pmj`tj cb trjtjegb`tf f su vbrtgcf jm ebcgf `jturjm, pbrf kf` su kjucjm yj rblumjcfX KGSJSGF@ Ofs:> ]m :9971 U.   Ftrfs jutfrbs kfef X KGSJSGF@ [ê`42 ]m :9971 U mf cbng`b`, kfef bm kf`cuktf jigbrtf f kbrrjcf qub g`tbrkbptj f cbsvåj jlujs pmuvgjmbs, jmgvgj`cf prfimbejs qub pf`b` b`  pbmglrf j mj pfimjkgû`. pfimjkgû`.

Nglurj :;. G`tbrkbptfr cb jluj pmuvgjm, j u` mjcf cb mj rgibrj cbm råf " Ej`tj"

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R@G^BY[GCJC MJGKJ BMFW JMNJYF CB EJ@JIÅ  Njkumtjc cb G`lb`gbråj ‛ Kjrrbrj cb G`lb`gbråj Kgvgm  Ybkupbrjcf cb? X KGSJSGF@ Ybv:1 ]m :9971 U

;.:,,7:,:4< >:,,7:,:4.- Srjef cb begsjrgf suiejrg`f Ybkupbrjcf cb X KGSJSGF@ Ouj:> ]m 9421 U

;.:4 Tmj`tjs cb trjtjegb`tf (Mjlu`js cb fxgcjkgû`)

;.:4.: Mjlu`js cb fxgcjkgû` b` mj kgucjc cb Ej`tj

 

Cbscb :7 mjlu mjlu`j `jss cb fxgc fxgcjk jkgû gû`8 `8 9 j` j`jb jbrû rûig igkj kjs, s, 9 cb pu pumg mgeb eb`t `tff y 9 cb bstjigmgzjkgû`, qub kf`stgtuyb` mjs trbs njsbs cb trjtjegb`tf cb mjs jlujs sbrvgcjs y qub g`tbrkf`bktjcjs b`trb sg, nfrej` cfs suisgstbejs, qub trjijoj` pjrjmbmjeb`tb. X KGSJSGF@ Bpj:; ]m :9971 U.

”Bm sgstbej cb trjtjegb`tf cb jlujs sbrvgcjs b` mjs mjlu`js cb fxgcjkgû` nubrf` cgsbújcjs b` bm :7