Sistema Climatico

 

[R-JIREKG

G@HAIUO@OJHI

Riri ghrgu`iêço hctkrci

I itaosfkri goao ua shstkai O shstkai g`haéthgo

O g`hai ei tkrri gocsthtuh i kxprkssço ek ua iap`o shstkai fáshgo nistictk goap`kxo k rhgo ka gockxûks, gudo fucghociakcto è eoahcieo pk`os hctkrgîanhos kckrjèthgos. Ci kstruturi ekstk shstkai, ehfkrkctks figtorks g÷sahgos, p`icktérhos k jkojréfhgos rkprkskctia is kctrieis= os goapockctks hctkrcos eo shstkai sço i pirtk gkctri`= is siáeis sço rkprkskctieis pk`o visto aosihgo gocsthtuáeo pk`os g`hais eo j`ono. Ehsthctos k`kakctos aictäa fortks vácgu`os kctrk sh, quk sk irthgu`ia itrivès ek uai iap`i jiai tkapori` k kspighi` ek progkssos fáshgos quk vço eksek os ek pkqukci ehakcsço quk ogorrka giei ehi io cosso irrkeor itè iquk`ks quk inirgia toeo o p`ickti k quk euria auhtos icos. Is suis igthvheieks hap`hgia sonrktueo f`uxos k tricsfkräcghis ek kckrjhi k aitèrhi k akgichsaos ek rktro i`hakctiêço (fkkenigm)  kctrk skus k`kakctos, figto quk prkssupûk goctácuos idustks hctkrcos ek iuto-rkju`iêço quk fizka eo shstkai g`haéthgo tkrrkstrk ua shstkai ka kvo`uêço k ka kstieo ek kquh`ánrho ehcîahgo. I citurkzi eos fkc÷akcos ekvk goctkap`ir os kcfoquks j`oni`hzieorks k goao forai ek kctkcehakcto eis hctkr-rk`iêûks kxhstkctks kctrk toeos os goapockctks eo shstkai. Ksti poshêço vka i`tkrir i triehghoci` vhsço eksgrhthvi ei ghäcghi g`haéthgi, girigtkrhzieo por goctkôeos ksskcghi`akctk kstitásthgos sonrk os ehfkrkctks k`kakctos itaosfèrhgos, k vka hcgorporir i gocshekriêço shstkaéthgi, gudi irjuakctiêço aktoeo`÷jhgi pkrahtk iprofuceir goa aihor kfhgéghi os goclkghakctos eis giusis eos g`hais i pirthr ei ici`hsk eis hctkrigêûks rkihs por ua `ieo k eis kctrieis k siáeis por outro `ieo. Ckstk skctheo piri figh`htir postkrhor kxp`hgiêço gocväa rkvkr prhakhro i`jucs gocgkhtos jkrihs sonrk os shstkais. Riri Li`` k Fijkc, shstkai è o gocducto eos k`kakctos k eis rk`iêûks kctrk k`ks k kctrk os skus itrhnutos. Ulorcks k Nrucsekc (98::), ekfhcka shstkai goao gocducto ek ondkgtos ou itrhnutos k eis suis rk`iêûks k quk sk kcgoctria orjichzieos piri kxkgutir uai fucêço pirthgu`ir. Cksti pkrspkgthvi o shstkai è ua opkrieor quk ka tkapos rkgknk  Hcput k os tricsforai ka Output Ka rk`iêço is euis ekfhchêûks ighai iprkskctieis poekaos tkgkr is skjuhctks gocshekriêûks4   Riri Li`` k Fijkc, nisti livkr fucghociakcto k rk`ighociakcto piri sk girigtkrhzir o shstkai.   Ais Ulorcks k Nrucsekc (98::), igrksgkctia quk ua shstkai fucghoci piri kxkgutir ektkrahcieis tirkfis k piri ithcjhr ektkrahcieos ondkgthvos k fhci`heieks.

IDA

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[R-JIREKG

G@HAIUO@OJHI

Riri ghrgu`iêço hctkrci

Kx4 uai nighi lherojréfhgi ksti orjichziei piri ksgoir i quictheiek ek éjui k os ektrhtos quk sço forckgheos piri i sui érki ek erkcijka. Ka skjuhei iprkskctia-sk outris ekfhchêûks4 Riri Ah``kr (986;), ua shstkai è ua gocducto (hap`hgi proprhkeieks goaucs) ek ucheieks (o kstieo ek giei ucheiek ekpkcek eo kstieo ek outris ucheieks) goa rk`iêûks kctrk sh. Glor`ky k Mkcckey (98:9), ekfhchria shstkai goao ua gocducto kstruturieo ek k`kakctos, ondkgtos k itrhnutos gocsthtuáeos por goapockctks ou virhévkhs quk iprkskctia rk`iêûks uais goa is outris k quk opkria ek forai gocducti goao ua toeo, ek igoreo goa gkrtis rkjris kstink`kgheis. [a shstkai fáshgo è iquk`k gudos goapockctks k virhévkhs sço kctheieks k aijchtueks fáshgis k is rk`iêûks sço ek tricsfkräcghi ek aitèrhi k kckrjhi (ua kxkap`o ek ua shstkai fáshgo skrhi o shstkai kgoc÷ahgo). Guierit k Rhti (988:), [a shstkai poek skr ekfhcheo goao ua gocducto kstruturieo ek k`kakctos ou virhévkhs hctkrekpkcekctks goa orjichziêço hctkrci quk fucghocia ductos itrivès ek uai goanhciêço rkju`ir ek gockxûks ekctro ek `hahtks ekfhcheos. Os shstkais citurihs sço kxgksshviakctk goap`kxos piri skrka kstueieos ka ekti`lk, ais poeka skr kstueieos por hctkraèeho ek aoek`os. [a aoek`o poek skr ekfhcheo goao skceo uai rkprkskctiêço shap`hfhgiei ek ua shstkai ekaocstriceo o ksskcghi`, k`hahciceo k`kakctos quk sk du`jirka eksckgkssérhos ekvheo i sui rk`kvîcghi co goaportiakcto jkri` eo shstkai ci ksgi`i eo fucghociakcto k eos ondkgthvos. I toti`heiek ek shstkais quk hctkrkssia io g`haito`ojhsti cço igtuia ek aoeo hso`ieo, kstks fucghocia ekctro ek ua ianhkctk quk fiz pirtk ek ua gocducto aihor ekshjcieo [chvkrso. Ekctro eo [chvkrso ka tkraos ek g`isshfhgiêço tkaos4   Whstkais ictkgkekctks ou goctro`ictks 

  Whstkais sunskqukctks ou goctro`ieos

Kstks eohs shstkais cço onkekgka i ua kcgiekiakcto `hckir ou skqukcghi`. Itrivès eos akgichsaos ek rktroi`akctiêço (Fkkenigm) kstks hcf`ukcghia-sk. I tkorhi jkri` eos shstkais iprkskcti ua voginu`érho pr÷prho quk sk igli ôth` piri o kstueo eo shstkai g`haéthgo.   K`kakctos ou ucheieks4 sço is pirtks ou goapockctks.   ^k`iêûks4 sço is hctkr-rk`iêûks ka quk ua ekpkcek eo outro itrivès ek `hjiêûks quk ekcucghia o f`uxo.   Itrhnutos4 sço is qui`heieks quk sk itrhnuka ios k`kakctos ou io shstkai ifha ek girigtkrhzi-`o. Gocforak o shstkai poekaos sk`kgghocir i`juais qui`heieks piri ak`lor eksgrkvkr is suis pirtks. Os itrhnutos poeka rkfkrhr-sk io

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[R-JIREKG

G@HAIUO@OJHI

Riri ghrgu`iêço hctkrci

goaprhakcto, érki, vo`uak, girigtkrásthgis ei goaposhêço, ekcsheiek eos fkc÷akcos onskrvieos k outros.   Kctrieis  (hcput)4 è tueo iquh`o quk o shstkai rkgknk. È sinheo quk ua shstkai è i`hakctieo por vérhos thpos ek kctrieis. Kx4 ua rho rkgknk éjui k skehakctos forckgheos pk`is vkrtkctks= uai hceôstrhi rkgknk aitèrhi-prhai k kckrjhi piri o sku fucghociakcto= i tkrri rkgknk kckrjhi so`ir= os ichaihs rkgknka i`hakcto=   Wiáeis  (Output )4 )4 ekpohs ei tricsforaiêço co hctkrhor eo shstkai is kctrieis sço kcgiahclieis piri fori ka forai ek rksu`tieos. Rk`o aoeo ek fucghociakcto è auhto goaua ehvhehr os shstkais ka träs thpos4 Hso`ieos, Fkglieos k Inkrtos (fhj.9).   Whstkais hso`ieos4 sço iquk`ks quk igtuia goao uai ucheiek goap`ktiakctk hcekpkcekctk, ska hctkrgîanho ek kckrjhi cka aitèrhi kctrk os skus `hahtks. Wço riros ci Citurkzi eiei i hctkrekpkceäcghi k o girégtkr lhkrérquhgo ei aihorhi eos shstkais. Kstks gisos poekaos kcgoctri-`os ka gocehêûks ek `inorit÷rho (cço lé trogi ek aitèrhi cka kckrjhi).   Whstkais fkglieos4 sço shstkais ka quk sk rki`hzia trogis ek kckrjhi goa o sku akho cituri` pohs ckstks cço kxhstk kctriei cka siáei ek aitèrhi. I sui prkskcêi è tianèa auhto `hahtiei. Kxkap`o, i Ukrri rkgknk kckrjhi so`ir k por sui vkz kahtk kckrjhi piri o kxtkrhor ais ckstk giso cço lé tricsfkräcghi ek aissi quk ksti gocfhciei ka sh aksai goa kxgkpêço eos aktkorhtos k eos sitè`htks irthfhghihs (trogia kckrjhi ais cço lé trogi ek aitèrhi).   Whstkais inkrtos4 sço iquk`ks ka quk is rk`iêûks kctrk os skus goapockctks hap`hgia f`uxo k tricsfkräcghi ek aissi k ek kckrjhi. Uoeos os shstkais eo akho ianhkctihs sço ekstk thpo porquk skus `hahtks kstço inkrtos io hctkrgîanho kckrjèthgo k ek aitkrhihs. Kstks frkqukctkakctk gocsthtuka shstkais kquh`hnrieos ek ti` aoeo quk i quictheiek ek aitèrhi quk kctrk goapkcsi i quk sih, orhjhciceo-sk issha ua kstieo kstévk` ka kquh`ánrho ehcîahgo por akho eo qui` o shstkai iutorkju`i-sk (kxhstk hctkrgîanho ek aitèrhi k kckrjhi goa o sku akho).

Fhj. 9. ^kprkskctiêço ^ kprkskctiêço ksqukaéthgi ek shstkais hso`ieos, fkglieos k inkrtos Foctk4 G[IE^IU, 988:

IDA

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[R-JIREKG

G@HAIUO@OJHI

Riri ghrgu`iêço hctkrci

Kquh`ánrho ek ua shstkai

O kquh`ánrho ek ua shstkai rkprkskcti o idustiakcto goap`kto eis suis virhévkhs hctkrcis is gocehêûks kxtkrcis, hsto è, is forais k os skus itrhnutos iprkskctia vi`orks ehakcshocihs ek igoreo goa is hcf`ukcghis kxkrgheis pk`o ianhkctk quk goctro`i i quictheiek k i qui`heiek ek aitkrhihs k kckrjhi i f`uhr pk`o shstkai (vhek fhj. 9). Goapockctks eo shstkai g`haéthgo

O shstkai g`haéthgo foh ekfhcheo cua eoguakcto k`inorieo ka 98:; pk`o projriai j`oni` ek hcvksthjiêço itaosfèrhgi (JI^R) ei orjichziêço aktkoro`÷jhgi aucehi` (OAA) goao ua shstkai hctkjrieo por ghcgo goapockctks rk`ighocieos kctrk sh4 Itaosfkri, Lherosfkri, @htosfkri, Nhosfkri k grhosfkri. Uoeos k`ks gocsthtuka lktkrojèckos sunshstkais tkrao-lheroehciahgos, tka proprhkeieks fáshgis ehsthctis goa fortk goap`kakcto kctrk sh por akho ek goap`kxos progkssos quk hap`hgia f`uxo ek kckrjhi k aitèrhi k sço jovkrcieos pk`i riehiêço provkchkctk eo so` ôchgi foctk shjchfhgithvi ek kckrjhi. I fhjuri i nihxo h`ustri ak`lor toeos os goapockctks k i kxprkssço eos prhcghpihs progkssos k hctkr-rk`iêûks.

Fhj. >. H`ustriêço ksqukaéthgi Foctk. Hc G[IE^IU, 988: eos goapockctks eo shstkai g`haéthgo

IDA

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[R-JIREKG

G@HAIUO@OJHI

Riri ghrgu`iêço hctkrci

Nhn`hojrifhi I@NKCUOWI, @.A. G`haito`ojhi ehcîahgi, shc÷pthgi ou shctèthgi. Orhjka k ekskcvo`vhakcto.  hc rkvhsti ek Jkojrifhi eo ekpirtiakcto ek Jkojrifhi ei [chvkrsheiek ek Nirgk`oci, Nirgk`oci 98:6. GL^HWUOFO@KUU, Ict÷cho. Icé`hsk ek shstkais ka Jkojrifhi, W. Riu`o, 98:8 G[IE^IU, D.A. k RHUI, F. = G`haito`ojhi. Kehêûks Gétkeri, Aierhe, 988:

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[R-JIREKG

G@HAIUO@OJHI

Riri ghrgu`iêço hctkrci

kxtri Whstkai g`haéthgo >

I itaosfkri, os ogkicos, os gocthckctks, is jriceks aissis ek jk`o k ckvk k os orjichsaos vhvos eo cosso p`ickti sço os prhcghphis goapockctks eo cosso akho ianhkctk. Uoeos k`ks kcgoctria-sk ka ua kstieo ek pkraickctk hctkrigêço itrivès eo hctkrgianho ek f`uxos ei aitèrhi (Kx.4 jisks, pirtágu`is, éjui) k kckrjhi (Kx.4 riehiêço k`kgtroaijcèthgi k gi`or). Ka pirthgu`ir os progkssos fáshgos k quáahgos hctkrcos ei itaosfkri k o gocducto ek suis hctkrigêûks goa os outros goapockctks eo akho ianhkctk gocsthtuka o quk cua skctheo iap`o sk ekcoahci shstkai g`haéthgo tkrrkstrk.

O g`hai è o kstieo girigtkrásthgo ekstk shstkai, ektkrahcieo itrivès eis akehêûks ek ua gocducto ek virhévkhs itaosfèrhgis tihs goao4 tkapkrituri, prkssço, vk`ogheiek eo vkcto, riehiêûks ktg. Is girigtkrásthgis ekssk kstieo kxprkssia-sk akehictk vi`orks aèehos k outros aoakctos kstitásthgos supkrhorks ekssis virhévkhs ontheos goa nisk ka ua pkráoeo sufhghkctkakctk pro`ocjieo ek onskrviêûks cço akcos ek 72 icos. O g`hai tkrrkstrk tka sofrheo haportictks aueicêis co pissieo, goao è rkvk`ieo pk`os hceághos ek jriceks ivicêos k rktrogkssos eos j`ighirks. Kxhstka tianèa rkjhstos ek aueicêis g`haéthgis ka èpogis rkgkctks, issha goao i prksucêço ek quk kstks gocthcuiria i ogorrkr co futuro por tritir-sk ek ua shstkai ehcîahgo. Is aueicêis g`haéthgis poeka ogorrkr cis aihs virhieis ksgi`is ek tkapo k kspiêo.

IDA

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