Sistem Politik

 

  H ]GL RJNH]HC Pusldwdty @tg. Pusmhe, _._js.LD

 

RGEAGP]HDE H ]GL  

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_godrd gthljnjahs, shstgl `grdsdn mdrh `dfdsd Xuedeh,sye Xuedeh, sye mde fhstdedh ydea `grdrth lgeglpdtcde `grsdld  Ad`rhgn Dnljem; shstgl lgeademuea drth hetgrmgpgemgeshh (sdnhea cgtgradetueade) detdr hetgrmgpgemges `dahde-`dahde mde hcdtde detdr `dahde-`dahde tgrsg`ut mgeade nheacueade nheacueadeeyd eyd Mgeade mglhchde, mdndl pgeagrthde shstgl tgrmdpdt sgkulndf uesur ydhtu;  Idctjr-idctjr

ydea mhfu`ueacde  Fu`ueade ydea thmdc mhphsdfcde detdrd idctjr-idctjr htu tdmh  Cdrged fu`ueadeeyd ldcd lgl`getuc sdtu cgsdtude

 

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Qg`stgr‘s Egw Ojnngahdtg Mhothjedry; ]grlhejnjah shstgl `grdsdn mdrh cdtd „sye“ mde „fhstdedh“ ydea `grldced lgeglpdtcde `grsdld.

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Rdlumkh; _udtu cg`undtde dtdu cgsgnurufde ydea utuf, mhlded mh mdndleyd tgrmdpdt cjlpjegecjlpjege ydea pdmd ahnhrdeeyd lgrupdcde

shstgl tgrsgemhrh ydea lglpueydh iueash ldshea-ldshea, ldshea-lds hea, sdnhea `grfu`ueade sdtu sdld ndhe lgeurut pjnd, tdtd dtdu ejrld tgrtgetu mdndl rdeacd lgeodpdh sudtu tukude. Q.K. . Rjgrwdmdrlhetd; sgcgnjlpjlpjc sgcgnjlpjl pjc `dahde-`dahde (dndt mde sg`dadheyd), ydea `gcgrkd `grsdld-sdld uetuc lgndcucde sudtu ldcsum.

 

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Rrdkumh, shstgl dmdndf sudtu kdrheade mdrh prjsgmur-pr prjsgmur-prjsgmur jsgmurscgld ydea `grfu`ueade sdtu sdld ndhe lgeurut dtdu pjnd ydea `undt uetuc lgeagrdcde sudtu iueash mdrh shstgl.

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 Heu Cgeoded _ydihhg, shstgl dmdndf cgsdtude ydea utuf mdrh sudtu rdeacdhde ydea cdhtlgeacdht sdtu sdld ndhe.

 

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Lhrhdl @umhdrkj; Hsthndf shstgl lgrupdcde phekdlde mdrh @hjnjah.

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_udtu cgsdtude ydea tgr`getuc mdrh `g`grdpd uesur (gnglge). _hstgl dmdndf sudtu odrd ydea lgcdehslgeyd `grpjnd mde cjeshstge, `dfcde lgcdehslg

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sgrhea jtjldths.sgsudtu Mgeadeydea mglhchde _hstgl `grshidt mdpdt `grldced ng`hf theaah mdrhpdmd fdeyd lgrupdcde odrd, tdtd, rgeoded, scgld, prjsgmur, dtdu lgtjmg. Cgcfdsde; hetgardsh, cgtgrdturde, cgutufde, jradehsdsh, cjfgrgesh, cgtgrfu`ueade mde cgtgradetueade `dahde-`dahdeeyd `dahde-`dahdeeyd..

 

OHPH H ]GL XDEA RGPNW MHRGPFD]HCDE 

Dmd mud ohrh ydea pgrnu mhpgrfdthcde ; 4. _gthdp pgru`dfde mdndl sudtu `dahde shstgl, dcde lglpgeadrufh shstgl ndhe. 0. _hstgl htu `gcgrkd mdndl sudtu nheacueade (gevhrjelget) ydea ng`hf nuds mde `dfwd dmd pgr`dtdsde detdrd shstgl lgeadmdcde hetgrdcsh mgeade nheacueade mde mhpgeadrufh jngf nheacueade.

 

Cjesgcugesh g`dadh g`udf hstgl 

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]grmhrh mdrh `dahde-`dahd `dahde-`dahde/cjlpjegee/cjlpjegecjlpjege. _gthdp `dahde/cjlpjege sdnhea tgradetuea mde sdnhea lgeadmdcde hetgrdcsh. _gthdp pgru`dfde mdndl sdtu `dahde dcde lglpgeadrufh sgnuruf shstgl.

 

 Ndeacdf Lgldfdlh hstgl Rjnhthc 

Dmd 0 odrd uetuc lgldfdlh drth mdrh shstgl pjnhthc, ydhtu; ◩

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Lgldfdlh mdrh sumut cgsdtude drth ydea `undt mde tdc tgrphsdf. Lgldfdlh drth mdrh sgthdp cdtd ydea lgl`getuc hsthndf, cglumhde lgrdeacdh cdtd tgrsg`ut mde lgedishrcde sg`udf cg`undtde drth mdrh rdeacdhde cdtd ydea tgr`getuc tgrsg`ut.

Lglpgndkdrh _hstgl Rjnhthc `grdrth `gndkdr tgetdea lgtjmjnjah mde `gndkdr tgetdea dednhsd iueashjedn

 

  H ]GL RJNH]HC  

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Rdmd mdsdreyd, cjesgp shstgl pjnhthc mhpdcdh cgpgrnude dednhsd. Rgeaauedde cjesgp shstgluetuc pjnhthc sgodrd cjeacrht, mdpdt mhtgrdpcde mdndl sudtu `getuc utuf, sgpgrth 3 Egadrd, Fu`ueade Hetgredshjedn, ms`. Mdndl cjetgc shstgl sg`dadh `getuc Egadrd, mhtgrdpcde sg`dadh `getuc cjeacrht ydea lgeoj`d lgemdsdrcde stumh tgetdea agkdnd-agkdnd pjnhthc mdndl cjetgcs theacdf ndcu pjnhthc. Lgeurut pglhchrde heh, ldsydrdcdt ydea lgl`getuc Egadrd, lgrupdcde `dahde mdrh shstgl sjshdn ydea lglhnhch `gr`dadh ldodl prjsgs cgfhmupde ldsydrdcdt, sdndf sdtu prjmuc mdrh prjsgs tgrsg`ut dmdndf tgrkdmheyd agkdndagkdnd pjnhthc, ydea cglumhde mhsg`ut _H_]GL RJNH]HC.

 

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Rdmd ululeyd, fu`ueade-fu`ueade gnglge mdndl shstgl pjnhthc mhtgetucde jngf = Ydrhd`gn ; ◩

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Cgcudsdde3 Odrd uetuc lgeodpdh fdn ydea mhheahecde, mde/dtdu lgl`dah sul`gr-sul`gr cgcudsdde. Cgpgetheade3 ]ukude-tukude ]ukude-tukude ydea mhcgkdr jngf pgndcu-pgndcu dtdu cgnjlpjc pjnhthc. Cg`hkdcde3 fdshn mdrh hetgrdcsh detdrd cgcudsdde mde cgpgetheade, `hdsdeyd mdndl `getuc pgruemdeauemdeade. @umdyd Rjnhthc3 jrhgetdsh su`kgcthi mdrh cgnjlpjc dtdu hemhvhmu mdndl shstgl pjnhthc.

 

LDEIDD] ]GJPH H ]GL @DAH HNLW RJNH]HC  

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]gjrh shstgl lglpgrlumdf Hnlu Rjnhthc uetuc lgeahmgethihcdsh igejlged-igejlged pjnhthc mh ldsydrdcdt. ]gjrh shstgl lglpgrlumdf Hnlu Rjnhthc mdndl lgeadednhsd structur mde iueash pjnhthc. ]gjrh shstgl lgpgrlumdf Hnlu Rjnhthc lgnhfdt tgrkdmheyd prjsgs-prjsgs pjnhthc. ]gjrh shstgl lglpgrlumdf Hnlu Rjnhthc uetuc lgeadednhsd iueash jutput sg`dadh ulpde `dnhc shstgl pjnhthc. ]gjrh shstgl lglpgrlumdf Hnlu Rjnhthc lgruluscde tukude-tukude ydea mhodpdh ldsydrdcdt, lgeadcjljmdsh cgpgetheade-cgpgetheade, ms`. ]gjrh shstgl lglpgrlumdf Hnlu Rjnhthc lglpgrtgads fu`ueade mde hetgrdcsh su`-su` shstgl.

RGEMGCD]DE-RGEMGCD]DE MDNDL LGLRGNDKDPH H ]GL

 

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Rgemgcdtde _jshjnjahs, `dfwd lglpgndkdrh shstgl pjnhthc sudtu egadrd mhpgrnucde shstgl sjshdn dtdu shstgl cgldsydrdcdtde cgldsydrdcdtd e ydea dmd pdmd egadrd htu. Rgr`gmddepgr`gmdde shstgl sjshdn dcde lglpgeadrufh shstgl pjnhthc pjnh thc mh egadrd tgrsg`ut. Rgemgcdtde @umdyd, mhmdndl pgemgcdtde heh mdrh pgemhmhcde mde `umdyd ldsydrdcdteyd. _udtu ldsydrdcdt ydea deaajtd-deaajtdeyd tgndf tgrmhmhc mde lglpueydh `umdyd ydea theaah dcde `grpgeadruf tgrfdmdp shstgl pjnhthc mdrh egadrd tgrsg`ut uetuc lgekdmh ng`hf ljmgre. Rgemgcdtde Rsyoj-sjohdn, mdndl pgemgcdtde heh mhnhfdt mdrh shcdp-shcdp ldsydrdcdt dcde `grpgeadruf tgrfdmdp shcdpshcdp pjnhthc tgr`ucd dtdupue tgrtutup mdrh sudtu pgru`dfde ydea mdtdea, ldcd dcde lglpgeadrufh tgrfdmdp shstgl pjnhthc lgekdmh tgr`ucd dtdu tgrtutup.

 

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Rgemgcdtde Ihnsdidt, lgeadrdfcde ehndh-ehndh sgpgrth ejrld dmdt/hsthdmdt, dadld mde pjnd phchr ldsydrdcdt ydea egadrd `grpgeadruf cgpdmd prjsgs pjnhthc mhsudtu dtdu ldsydrdcdt. Rgemgcdtde Hmgjnjah, mh mdndl pgemgcdtde heh sudtu shstgl pjnhthc mhnhfdt mde mhpgndkdrh mdrh hmgjnjah `deasd mde egadrd ydea `grndcu mh mdndl egadrd htu. Hmgjnjah sg`dadh dkdrde ydea mhfdshncde jngf pglhchrde ldeushd tgetdea cjesgp-cjesgp pjnhthc thmdc `hsds ngpds mdrh

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mjctrhe pjnhthc ydea tgndf mhtgrhld jngf ldsydrdcdteyd. Rgemgcdtde Cjesthtush Egadrd, pgemgcdtde heh lgnhfdt WWM ydea `grndcu mh egadrd tgrsg`ut, sgfheaad shstgl pjnhthc thmdc mdpdt ngpds mdrh pgrde WWM mdndl Egadrd htu.

MGIHEH H H ]GL RJNH]HC

 

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_dlugn R. Fuetheatje3 shstgl pjnhthc mdpdt mhmhihehshcde `grmdsdrcde cjlpjege ;  Cuntur3

ydhtu ehndh, shcdp, jrhgetdsh, lhtjs mde cgpgrodydde ydea rgngvde tgrfdmdp pjnhthc ydea `grpgeadruf mdndl ldsydrdcdt

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_tructur3 ydhtucgputusde-cgputusde jradehsdsh ijrldn lgndnuh ldsydrdcdt lgekdndecde ydealded `grwgedea sgpgrth3 Rdrtdh Rjnhthc, Ngahsndthi, Gcsgcuthi, Xumhcdthi mde @hrjcrdsh.  Cgnjlpjc3 `getuc sjshdn mde gcjejlh `dhc ydea ijrldn ldupue heijrldn ydea `grpdrthshpdsh mdndl pjnhthc ydea lgeadkucde tuetutde tgrfdmdp structur pjnhthc  Cgpglhlphede3 ydhtu hemhvhmu mdndl ngl`dad-ngl`dad pjnhthc ydea lgekdndecde pgeadruf ng`hf mdrhpdmd ydea ndheeyd mdndl lgl`grhcde dnjcdsh ehndh.  Cg`hkdcde3

pjnd-pjnd cgahdtde pglgrhetdfde ydea sgodrd sdmdr tgrohptdcde uetuc lglpgeadrufh mhstrh`ush

cguetueademdndl ldsydrdcdt.  

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Pj`grt D. Mdfn; „…ds dey pgrshstget pdttgre ji fulde rgndthjesfhps tfdt hevjnvgs, tj d shaehihodet gxtget, ojetrjn, heinugeog, pjwgr, jr dutfjrhty.“ „…sg`dadh pjnd ydea tgtdp mdrh fu`ueadeldeushd ydea lgnh`dtcde ldced ydea nuds mdrh cgcudsdde, c gcudsdde, dturde-dturde mde cgwgedeade.“

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_rh _jgldetrh; Rgngl`dadde Rgngl`da dde mdrh fu`ueade detdrd ldeushd ydea mhngl`dadcde mdndl `grldodl-ldodl `dmde pjnhthc, `dhc suprdstructur pjnhthc mde heirdstructur pjnhthc.  suprdstructur; ngl`dad egadrd ydea `grsdeacutde. 

heirdstructur; pdrtdh pjnhthc, hetgrgst arjup, prgssurg arjup, dndt cjluehcdsh pjnhthc, mde tjcjf pjnhthc.

 

RGP]DEXDDE   

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DRD HE]H MDNDL LGLDFDLH _H_]GL RJNH]HC: DRD XDEA MHLDC_WM MGEADE QH]F HERW]: DRD XDEA MHLDC_WM MGEADE PG-EGQGM _WRRJP]_: DRDCDF XDEA MHLDC_WM MGEADE RGL@D]D_DE JNGF GD_]JE CG]HCD LGEKGND_CDE ]GE]DEA _H_]GL RJNH]HC:

 

  hstgl Rjnhthc Lgeurut Mdvhm Gdstje; 

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Mdvhm Gdstje; „sgpgrdeacdt hetgrdcsh ydea mhd`strdcsh mdrh „sgpgrdeacdt tjtdnhtds prhndcu sjshdn, lgndnuh lded ehndhehndh mhsg`drcde uetuc sudtu ldsydrdcd ldsydrdcdt“. t“. _hstgl pjnhthc tgrmhrh mdrh dnjcdsh ehndh-ehndh. Rgeadnjcdshde Rgeadnjcdshd e ehndh-ehndh tgrsg`ut `grshidt pdcsdde. Rgeadnjcdshde tgrsg`ut lgeahcdt ldsydrdcdt sgodrd cgsgnurufde.

 

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pgeagrthde shstgl pjnhthc  Kdmh pgeagrthde pjnhthc lgeurut Mdvhm Gdstje dmdndf; shstgl pjnhthc lgrupdcde sgrdeacdhde prjsgs ydea tgrmhrh mdrh `deydc `dahde-`dahde, sdnhea `grcdhtde ydea lgekdndecde dnjcdsh ehndh-ehndh (`grupd cg`hkdcde-cg`hkdcde cg`hkdcde-cg`hk dcde dtdu cgputusde ) ydea dnjcdsheyd `grshidt jtjrhtdthi ( mhcudtcde jngf cgcudsdde ydea sdf sdf ) mde lgeahcdt ldsydrdcdt.

 

OHPH-OHPH H ]GL RJNH]HC LGEWPW] MDYHM GD ]JE 

Ohrh-ohrh hmgethihcdsh, ydhtu shstgl pjnhthc mhcgednh lgndnuh mgscrhpsh dtds; ◩

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Weht-ueht shstgl pjnhthc, sgpgrth gcsgcuthi, ngahsndthi, yumhcdthi. @dtdsde, ydhtu pgrde ydea mhkdndecde lgrgcd sg`dadh ueht shstgl pjnhthc.

Heput mde Jutput.  Mhiigrgeshds Mhiigrgeshdshh mdndl sudtu shstgl.  Hetgardsh sudtu shstgl 

 

? Wesur Rgethea mdndl Lgldfdlh hstgl Rjnhthc 

Rrjsgs; pjnd-pjnd ydea mh`udt jngf ldeushd mdndl lgeadtur fu`ueade detdrd sdtu sdld ndhe.

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_tructur; lgeodcup ngl`dad ijrldn mde ejeijrldn. Iueash-iueash; lgrupdcde sgrdeacdhde pgrde

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mde cgputusde ydea mhdl`hn uetuc lgeodpdh tukude.

 

  H ]GL RJNH]HC LGEWPW] MDYHM GD ]JE Nheacueade

]uetutde

Cgputusde   hstgl Rjnhthc

Cg`hkdcde

Mucueade

Wlpde @dnhc Nheacueade

 

Rgekgndsde cgld; 

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Ljmgn heh lgeuekuccde dmdeyd fu`ueade detdrd shstgl pjnhthc mgeade nheacueadeeyd. Cjlpjege-cjlpjege Cjlpjege-cjlp jege shstgl pjnhthc mdndl ljmgn heh tgrmhrh mdrh; ◩

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Heput (ldsucde) ydeamde lgnhputh; suppjrt (mucueade), dpdtfymgldem (dpdths).(tuetutde), Rrjsgs cjevgrsh, ydceh kdndeeyd lgcdehslg pjnhthc ydea dcde lgeau`df heput lgekdmh jutput. Jutput (cgnudrde/fdshn), lgnhputh pgeygtukude dtdu pgejndcde tgrfdmdp heput. Rgeygtukude tgrfdmdp heput dcde lgeafdshncde cg`hkdcde.

 

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Ojetjf; sg`udf heput uetuc `dfde WW thmdc dcde lgekdmh WW khcd mhtjndc/thmdc mhsgtukuh prjsgs cjevgrsh sgfheaad thmdc tgr`getuc jutput `grupd WW ydea mhsdfcde.

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Mdndl shstgl pjnhthc dmd ? cgnjlpjc ydea lgekdmh su`ygc heput, mdndl drth `grpgrde lgeadkucde lgeadkucd e tuetutde mde mucueade. Cgthad cgnjlpjc tgrsg`ut dmdndf; ◩

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Cjluehtds pjnhthc, ydhtu cgnjlpjc ydea `grpgrde uetuc lgeygngsdhcde pgr`gmdde dtdu lgeaupdydcde pgeadl`hnde cgputusde mgeade odrd-odrd mdldh. Pgzhl, ydhtu tdtdede cjesthtushjedn ydea lgeodcup pgeagnjndde tuetutde-tuetutde mde pgndcsdedde cgputusde/cg`hkdcde.

 

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Rglgrhetdf, ydhtu pgndcsded cg`hkdcde-cg`hkdcde (pglgrhetdf mdndl drth sglpht).

_gmdeacde ydea mhldcsum mgeade nheacueade ydea lglpgeadrufh shstgl pjnhthc tgr`dah mdndl 0 cgnjlpjc, ydhtu; ◩

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Hetrd-sjohgtdn, ydhtu nheacueade hetgredn mdrh shstgl pjnhthc ydea `grsdeacutde, sgpgrth; structur sjshdn, structur gcjejlh, prhndcu, shcdp, mde cgprh`dmhde mdrh ldsydrdcdt pgemucuea shstgl pjnhthc htu. Gxtrd-sjohgtdn, ydhtu nheacueade gcstgredn mdrh shstgl pjnhthc htu, sgpgrth nheacueade hetgredshjedn.