Sistem Komunikasi Masyarakat Desa Dan Masyarakat Kota

 

_J_]HB ALBXNJAK_J BK_ZKTKAK] MH_K MKN BK_ZKTKAK] AL]K

Mlshn Yhn`kbpu 5 Mr. Kdmuc Tksyjm, BK

Mjsusun Lchf 5 Ahclbpla ;? Yutrj _kcwk Aurnjk Dkcqjs

9;98;:49?7

Mhkn Bkrohcck

9;98;:49?=

JCBX ALBXNJAK_J GKAXC]K_ JCBX _L_JKC XNJWHT_J]K_ J_CKB NH@HTJ _XBK]HTK X]KTK 4949/494;

 

AK]K YHN@KN]KT    _h`kck puej dk`j Kcckf _P] ykn` thckf bhbdhrjakn akbj ahbumkfkn shfjn``k akbj mkpkt bhnyhchskjakn bkakckf jnj mhn`kn thpkt wkatu. ]knpk phrtlcln`kn-Nyk thntunyk akbj tjmka  kakn skn``up untua bhnyhchskjakn bkakckf jnj mhn`kn dkja. _fkckwkt shrtk skckb shbl`k thrcjbpkf ourkfakn ahpkmk dk`jnmk throjntk ajtk ykjtu Nkdj Bufkbbkm _KP ykn` ajtk nkntjnktjakn sykgk‚ktnyk mj kafjrkt nkntj. Yhnucjs bhn`uokpakn syuaur ahpkmk Kcckf _P] ktks cjbpkfkn njabkt shfkt-Nyk, dkja jtu  dhrupk shfkt gjsja bkupun kakc pjajrkn, shfjn``k phnucjs bkbpu untua bhnyhchskjakn  phbduktkn bkakckf shdk`kj tu`ks bktk aucjkf Mkskr ‟ Mkskr Albunjaksj mhn`kn eumuc –_jsthb Albunjaksj Bksykrkakt Mhsk mkn Bksykrkakt Altk‒. Yhnucjs thntu bhnykmkrj dkfwk bkakckf jnj bksjf ekuf mkrj aktk shbpurnk mkn bksjf dknyka  thrmkpkt thrmk pkt ahskckfkn shrtk ahaurkn`kn ahaurkn`kn mj mkckbnyk. mkckbnyk. Xntua jtu, phnucjs bhn`fkrkpakn arjtja shrtk skrkn mkrj phbdkok untua bkakckf jnj, supkyk bkakckf jnj nkntjnyk mkpkt bhnekmj bkakckf ykn` chdjf dkja ck`j. Ahbumjkn kpkdjck thrmkpkt dknyka ahskckfkn pkmk bkakckf jnj phnucjs blfln bkkg ykn` shdhskr-dhskrnyk.

j

 

MKG]KT J_J

AK]K YHN@KN]KT ............................. ............................................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............. j MKG]KT J_J............. ............................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .......................................... ........................... jj DKD J.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ...................................... ....................... ; YHNMKFXCXKN.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................. .................. ;

K. Cktkr Dhckakn`.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ..............................; ................; D. Tubuskn Bkskckf............. ............................ .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .......................... ........... ; O. ]ueukn Yhnucjskn............... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ..........................4 ............4 DKD JJ............. ............................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................................... ..................................... ? YHBDKFK_KN............... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................... ..... ? K. _jsthb Albunjaksj Bksykrkakt Mhsk ..........................................................................................? ............................. .............. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .............................= ..............=

;. Bhmjk Tkaykt 4. Alrkn Bksua Mhsk ............. ............................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .................................................. .................................... 8 ?. Yhrkn Yhbhrjntkf Mkhrkf ............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ...........................7 ............7 =. Bhmjk Mkn _hnj ]rkmjsjlnkc.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................. .................................... 7 8. Yhnyucuf Yhbdkn`unkn mj Mhsk.............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ..............................0 ...............0 D. _jsthb Albunjaksj Bksykrkakt Altk ..........................................................................................6

;. Yhn`hrtjkn Bksykrkakt Altk............. ............................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .................................... ...................... 6 4. Akrkathrjstja sjsthb albunjaksj bksykrkakt altk ...........................................................................: ?. _jsthb Albunjaksj Bksykrkakt Altk .............. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ....................................: ......................: =. Bhmjk Albunjaksj Bksykrkakt Altk............. ............................ .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .....................;; .......;; DKD JJJ............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................. ................... ;4 YHNX]XY............... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ..........................................;4 ...........................;4

K. Ahsjbpuckn.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .................................;4 ...................;4 D. _krkn............... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .......................................... ............................ ;4 MKG]KT YX_]KAK..........................................................................................................................;?

jj

 

DKD J YHNMKFXCXKN K. Cktkr Dhckakn`

Albunjaks Albunj aksjj bhrupk bhrupkakn akn skcurk skcurkn n slsjkc slsjkcjsk jsksj sj ahdumky ahdumkykkn kkn,, ykn ykn` ` bhnohr bhnohrbjn bjnakn akn dkfwk dkfwk albunj alb unjaks aksjj kntkr kntkr shskbk shskbk kmkckf kmkckf bhrupka bhrupkakn kn suktu suktu ykn` ykn` fkrus fkrus mje mjek`k k`k mkckb mkckb albunj albunjaks aksjj mj  phmhskkn, albunjaksj tjmka shahmkr shdukf ghnlbhnk phrtuakrkn jnglrbksj phn`jrjb mkn  phnhrjbk phskn, chdjf mkrj jtu albunjaksj bhrupkakn upkyk bhnokpkj skcjn` phn`hrtjkn mkn mkrj albunjaksj jnjckf suktu ahdumkykkn mjturunakn ah `hnhrksj shckneutnyk. Ahbumjkn albunjaksj bhnyhdkrcuksakn jmh-jmh dkru shfjn``k bhnekmj njckjnjckj dkru. Njckjnjckj njckj dkr dkru u jnj djkskn djksknyk yk bunouc bunouc mkrj mkrj arhktj arhktjgjt gjtks ks jnmjvj jnmjvjmumu-jnm jnmjvj jvjmu mu mkr mkrjj ahclbp ahclbplala-ahc ahclbp lbpla  la  bknusj bkn usjk. k. Albunj Albunjaks aksjj bhnyhmj bhnyhmjkakn kakn ahshbp ahshbpktk ktkn n mkn rhntkn rhntkn` ` wkatu wkatu dk`j bksykr bksykrkak kaktt untua  untua  bhnyhsukjakn mjrj mhn`kn njckj-njckj dkru thrshdut. Ykmk fkahaktnyk bksykrkakt phmhskkn mkn  phraltkkn duaknckf muk albunjaksj ykn` thrpjskf sktu skbk ckjn. ]htkpj mkckb ahkmkkn ykn` wkekr mj kntkrk ahmuknyk thrmkpkt fudun`kn ykn` hrkt, dhrsjgkt ahthr`kntun`kn, akrhnk mj kntkrk bhrhak skcjn` bhbdutufakn. Altk thr`kntun` pkmk mhsk mkckb bhbhnufj ahdutufkn wkr`knyk kakn kak n dkfkn-d dkfkn-dkfk kfkn n pkn`kn. pkn`kn. Mkn mhsk mhsk eu`k eu`k bhrupka bhrupkakn kn subdhr subdhr thnk`k thnk`k akskr akskr dk`j dk`j ehnjsehnjs-ehn ehnjs js  phahrekkn thrthntu mj altk.

D. Tubuskn Bkskckf

k. Dk`kjbknk sjsthb albunjaksj bksykrkakt mhsk<  d. Dk`kjbknk bhmjk rkaykt, alrkn bksua mhsk, phrkn phbhrjntkf mkhrkf, bhmjk mkn shnj   trkmjsjlnkc mkn phnyucuf phbdkn`unkn mj mhsk < o. Kpk phn`hrtjkn phn`hrtjkn sjsthb albunjaksj bksykrkakt altk< m. Kpk skek akrkathrjstja sjsthb albunjaksj bksykrkakt altk< h. Dk`kjbknk sjsthb albunjaksj bksykrkakt altk< g. Kpk skek bhmjk albunjaksj bksykrkakt altk<

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O. ]ueukn Yhnucjskn

k. Xntua bhn`htkfuj dk`kjbknk sjsthb albunjaksj bksykrkakt mhsk.  d. Xntua bhn`htkfuj dk`kjbknk bhmjk rkaykt, alrkn bksua mhsk, phrkn phbhrjntkf mkhrkf,   bhmjk mkn shnj trkmjsjlnkc mkn phnyucuf phbdkn`unkn mj mhsk. o. Xntua bhn`htkfuj phn`hrtjkn bksykrkakt altk. m. Xntua bhn`htkfuj kpk skek akrkathrjstja sjsthb albunjaksj bksykrkakt altk. h. Xntua bhn`htkfuj dk`kjbknk sjsthb albunjaksj bksykrkakt altk. g Xntua bhn`htkfuj Bhmjk Albunjaksj Bksykrkakt Altk.

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DKD JJ YHBDKFK_KN   K. _jsthb Albunjaksj Bksykrkakt Mhsk

Mhsk kmkckf shdukf akrkathrjstja ykn` bhbpunykj ojrj afks thrshnmjrj. Ojrj afks afusus ykn`  dhrfudun`kn mhn`kn mhn` kn albunjaksj kmkckf km kckf albunjaksj chdjf dknyka mjckauakn mhn`kn albunjaksj kntkrphslnk. Jnj mjkajdktakn bksykrkakt mhsk dhcub phrokyk shphnufnyk thrfkmkp bhmjk bkssk ktku eu`k shekckn mhn`kn tjn`akt phnmjmjaknnyk. Lchf akrhnk jtu, jnglrbksj mkrj lrkn` ckjn ykn`  djsk mjphrokyk chdjf bhnhbuakn fksjc, bjskcnyk bhckcuj phbjbpjn lpjnj. Mj mhsk, albunjaksj kntkrphslnk djksk mjshdut mhn`kn `htfla tuckr. Krtjnyk, albunjaksj mjckauakn mhn`kn cjskn thntkn` suktu phskn mkrj suktu lrkn` ah lrkn` ykn` ckjn. Bjskcnyk, ejak mj mhsk kakn mjckasknkakn ahrek dkatj ktku `ltln` rlyln` bkak jnglrbksj jtu kakn ohpkt thrshdkr  cuks bhckcuj sktu lrkn` ah lrkn` ckjn, dh`jtu shthrusnyk. ]ka thrahoukcj ahtjak dhrdjokrk thntkn` fkc dkru ykn` dhcub mjahtkfuj bksykrkakt mhsk, bjskcnyk uskfk bhbksykrkaktakn Ahcukr`k Dhrhnoknk (AD) pkmk tkfun ;:04.  Nkbun shekckn mhn`kn tjn`akt phrahbdkn`kn phn`htkfukn mkn phnmjmjakn phnmumua ykn` sumkf buckj bkeu plck albunjaksj shbkokb jnj ckbdkt ckun kakn mjtjn``kcakn bksykrkakt. Ykmk skkt jnj kmk tj`k bhmjk ykn` skn`kt dhrplthnsj mkckb bhnyhdkrakn jnglrbksj ah bksykrkakt mj  phmhskkn, ykanj ykan j Alrkn Bksua Mhsk (ABM), Bhmjk Tkaykt (BT), mkn Bhmjk ]rkmjsjlnkc (B]). ABM kmkckf alrkn altk (mjahclck mkn mjohtka mj altk) untua bksykrkakt mhsk, shmkn`akn Bhmjk Tkaykt kmkckf bhmjk prlgjc phmhskkn mkrj, lchf mkn untua rkaykt phmhskkn. phmhskkn. Mj Jnmlnhsjk dhcub kmk phrnkf Bhmjk Tkaykt, Tldhrt mh Ckwrhnoh bhn`ktkakn, dkfwk bhmjk rkaykt skbk mhn`kn surkt akdkr phmhskkn. _urkt akdkr shbkokb jnj phrnkf thrdjt mj Cjdhrjk tkfun ;:7?. _hmkn`akn ykn` mjbkasum mhn`kn bhmjk trkmjsjlnkc bjskcnyk, trln`-trln` (ahntln`kn), dhmu`, kn`acun` mkn ckjn-ckjn. _hbuk ehnjs bhmjk jnj punyk ojrj afks bksjn`-bksjn`. Dkfakn jrkbk tkdufknnyk  eu`k bhbpunykj bkank ykn` dhrdhmk.

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;. Bhmjk Tkaykt

Dhrrj`kn, bhnmhgjnjsjakn bhmjk rkaykt (bhmjk bksykrkakt) shdk`kj dhrjaut 5 k. Bhmjk bksykrkakt kmkckf bhmjk ykn` dhrtubpu pkmk cknmkskn ykn` chdjf cuks mkrj ahdutufkn shbuk afkckykanyk1  d. Bhmjk bksykrkakt kmkckf kmkptksj bhmjk untua mj`unkakn lchf bksykrkakt ykn`  dhrskn`autkn, kpk pun tueukn ykn` mjthtkpakn lchf bksykrkakt1 o. Bhmjk bksykrkakt bksykrkakt kmkckf bhmjk ykn` bhbdhrj bhbdhrj ahshbpktkn ahshbpktkn ahpkmk wkr`k bksykrkakt bksykrkakt untua  bhbphrlchf jnglrbksj, phnmjmjakn, djck bhrhak bhn`jn`jnakn ahshbpktkn jtu1 m. Bhmjk Bhmjk jnj kmkckf kmkckf bhmjk bhmjk ykn` ykn` bhnkbp bhnkbpun` un` pkrtjs pkrtjsjpk jpksj sj bksykr bksykrkakt kakt shdk`k shdk`kjj phrhno phrhnoknkk knkkn, n,  prlmuasj, mkn phckasknkkn1 h. Bhmjk bksykrakt kmkckf skskrkn dk`j bksykrkakt untua bhn`hbuakakn shsuktu, duakn untua  bhnyktkakn shsuktu ahpkmk bksykrkakt.

Kmkpun gun`sj-gun`sj bhmjk rkaykt kmkckf shdk`kj dhrjaut5 k. Bhbdhrj skcurkn kcthnktjg shdk`kj skrknk dk`j rkaykt untua bhn`hbuakakn ahdutufkn mkn ahphntjn`kn bhrhak1  d. Dhr`unk bhnyhjbdkn`akn phbjfkakn ahpkmk phraltkkn ph raltkkn ykn` throhrbjn mkckb jsj bhmjk1 o. Bhbdkntu bhnehbdktknj ahshnekn`kn kntkrk puskt mkn pjn``jrkn1 m. Bhnoh`kf bhbdhrskrnyk rksk ahohwk, rksk puks mjrj mkn ahthrksjn`kn mj akckn`kn phnmumua  mkhrkf phmhskkn1 h. Bhbdhr Bhbdhrjj gksjcj gksjcjtks tks dhrahb dhrahbdkn` dkn`nyk nyk ahswkmk ahswkmkykk ykkn, n, ahbkbp ahbkbpukn ukn bhnlcl bhnlcln` n` mjrj mjrj shnmjr shnmjrjj mkn ahbkbpukn bhn`kbdjc ahputuskn shnmjrj1 g. Dhr`unk dk`j ubpkn dkcja, sjsthb phbkntkukn mkn  phn`kwkskn suktu prlyha thrthntu.

4. Alrkn Bksua Mhsk =

 

  Yrl`rkb Yrl`rkb ABM mj Jnmlnhsj Jnmlnhsjkk buckj mjckask mjckasknkakn nkakn pkmk duckn duckn Ghdrukrj Ghdrukrj ;:69 dhrmksk dhrmkskrakn rakn _A  Bhnp Bh nphn hn Nl. Nl. ;;/K/ ;;/K/Ahp Ahp/B /Bhn hnphn phn/; /;:69 :69 tk tkn`` n``kc kc 4: Ek Eknu nukr krjj ;:69. ;:69. Yhnht Yhnhtkpk kpkn n sh shdu dukf kf ABM ABM mjckauakn mjcka uakn ktks skrkn `udhrnur/ahpkck `udhrnur/ahpkck mhsk ykn` dhralnsuctksj dhralnsuctksj mhn`kn _hrjakt _hrjakt Yhahrek Yhahrek _urkt Akdkr (_Y_) mkn Yhrsktukn Pkrtkwkn Jnmlnhsjk (YPJ). Fksjcnyk ahbumjkn kmkckf ahshpkaktkn kntkrkk prlyha phbdjnkkn kntkr phbdjnkkn mkrj Mhpphn mhn`kn phruskfkkn/phnhr phruskfkkn/phnhrdjt djt phrs ykn` dhrskn`autkn dhrskn`autkn.. Jnj mjckauakn mjcka uakn bhn`jn`kt bhn`jn`kt ABM skn`kt phntjn` untua bhnslsjkc bhnslsjkcjsksj jsksjakn akn phskn-phskn phskn-phskn phbdkn`unkn phbdkn`unkn  pkmk bksykrkakt. Yhntjn`nyk alrkn bksua mhsk throhrbjn mkrj tueuknnyk shdk`kjbknk thrshdut mjdkwkf jnj5 k. Bhnjn`aktakn phn`htkfukn bksykrkakt bhn`hnkj kspha-kspha phbdkn`unkn mkn phbdkrukn.  d. Bhnjn`aktakn ahthrkbpjckn thrutkbk ykn` bhnnykn`aut okrk fjmup mkn okrk bhbhnufj ahdutufkn fjmup o. Bhbltjvksj bksykrkakt untua bhnjbducakn ahjn`jnkn bhn`udkf nksjdnyk shrtk dhr`hrka  mkckb pkrtjsjpksj phbdkn`unkn. m. Bhrktkakn jnglrbksjakn mkckb rkn`ak phnjn`aktkn krus albunjaksj ah phmhskkn.

_hdk`kj alrkn ykn` dhrdhmk mhn`kn alrkn pkmk ububnyk, thntunyk mkrj sh`j cjputkn rhplrtksh  eu`k dhrdhmk akrhnk phrdhmkkn tkr`ht, tueukn, bjsj mkn skskrknnyk. Bjskcnyk, cjn`aup mkhrkf ykn` fknyk bhcjputj mhsk (mkrj mhsk ah mhsk k`kr bksykrkakt mhsk bhrksk bhbjcjaj). Akckupun kmk rhplrtksh mj altk prhshntkshnyk ahojc, bun`ajn fkc-fkc ykn` dhrfudun`kn mhn`kn phbdkrukn k`kr mjtjru lchf bksykrkakt mhsk. _hdkd ABM kmkckf alrkn altk ykn` dhrhmkr mj phmhskkn, shfjn``k phrcu mjfjnmkrj bunoucnyk sjnykchbh dkfwk alrkn jtu kmkckf alrkn altk duakn alrkn bksua mhsk.  

?. Yhrkn Yhbhrjntkf Mkhrkf

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  Jnmlnhsjk, Jnmlnhsjk, sumkf sumkf bhbksuaj bhbksuaj hrk ltlnlbj ltlnlbj mkhrkf mkhrkf (ltmk). (ltmk). Dhdhrkpk Dhdhrkpk akckn`kn akckn`kn dhrfkrkp dhrfkrkp mhn`kn mhn`kn bunouc bun oucnyk nyk ltlnlb ltlnlbjj mkhrkf mkhrkf kakn kakn bhbdua bhbduakk phcukn` phcukn` phrtub phrtubduf dufkn kn phskt phskt ABM. ABM. Jnj krtjny krtjnyk, k,  phbhrjntkf puskt tjmka ck`j dhruruskn mhn`kn ahdjekakn mkhrkf thrckcu dhskr, thrbksua   phn`hbdkn`kn ABM-nyk. Yhbhrjntkf mkhrkf mjfkrkpakn bhn`kclaksjakn mknknyk untua phn`hbdkn`kn ABM. ]ka ckjn akrh akrhnk nk ABM ABM djsk djsk bhnm bhnmlr lrln ln` ` ah ahbk bkeu eukn kn bksy bksykr krka kakt kt mh mhsk sk.. Ch Chwk wktt ABM ABM ph phsk sknn-ph phsk skn n  phbdkn`unkn mkn ahdjekakn phbmk djsk mjkslsjkcjsksjakn shokrk ohpkt. Yhrahbdkn`kn ABM ykn` phskt thntu kakn dhralchrksj hrkt mhn`kn ahbkeukn mkhrkf. _hbkajn bkeu ABM, kakn shbkajn bkeu puck bksykrkaktnyk. Ahchdjfkn ABM kmkckf akrhnk mjk kakn bhbdhrjakn buktkn mkhrkf mkh rkf chdjf chdjf dhskr. dhskr. ]hntun ]hntunyk yk eu`k eu`k skn`kt skn`kt thr`knt thr`kntun` un` pkmk kmkn kmkn kaaun kaaun mjshsu mjshsukja kjakn kn mhn`kn mhn`kn ahdutufkn bksjn`-bksjn` mkhrkf. K`kr ABM djsk dhrahbdkn` chdjf dkja kmk dhdhrkpk phrbkskckfkn ykn` ckyka mjphrfktjakn1  phrtkbk, phrcu muaun`kn phnuf phbmk. ]hrutkbk shakcj bkskckf mknk. Yhbmk eu`k djsk bhn` bh n`hr hrcu cukr krak akn n ah ahdj djek ekak akn n untu untua a bksj bksjn` n`bk bksj sjn` n` ah ahok okbk bktk tkn, n, ah ahcu curk rkfk fkn, n, mk mkn n mh mhsk sk k` k`kr  kr   dhrckn``knkn ABM. Jnj mjbkasumakn prl`rkb phbkaskkn. Bkskckfnyk, sjkpk ck`j akcku a kcku duakn mkhrkf shnmjrj ykn` djsk bhnmlrln` ahbkeukn ABM-nyk. Ahmuk, bksjn`bksjn` mkhrkf fkrus  punyk jnjsjktjg untua dhrckn``knkn mkn bhbkskn` jackn ah bhmjk ABM.

=. Bhmjk Mkn _hnj ]rkmjsjlnkc

 Nkbknyk skek sumkf bhmjk trkmjsjlnkc, shfjn``k tjmka skbk mhn`kn bhmjk bkssk. Akcku bhmjk bkssk kmkckf bhmjk mhn`kn bhn``unkakn kckt thanlcl`j albunjaksj blmhrn, shmkn`akn bhmjk trkmjsjlnkc kmkckf kckt albunjaksj ykn` sumkf ckbk mj`unkakn mj suktu thbpkt (mhsk) shdhcub ahdumky ahd umkykkn kknnyk nyk thrshn thrshntuf tuf lchf lchf thanlc thanlcl`j l`j blmhrn blmhrn mkn skbpkj skbpkj shakrk shakrkn` n` bksjf bksjf mj`unka mj`unkakn kn mj mkhrkf jtu. Kmkpun jsjnyk jsjnyk bksjf dhrupk cjskn, cjskn, `hrka jsykrkt jsykrkt ktku kckt phn`jn`kt mkn kckt dunyjdunyj dunyjkn. Bhbdjokrkakn bhmjk trkmjsjlnkc tjmka djsk mjpjskfakn mhn`kn shnj trkmjsjlnkc, ykanj suktu  dhntua ahshnjkn ykn` y kn` mj`kcj mkrj ohrjtk-ohrjtk rkaykt mhn`kn bhbkakj bhmjk trkmjsjlnkc. Bhmjk albunjaksj albunj aksj trkmjsjlnk trkmjsjlnkcc shrjn` shrjn` mjshdut mjshdut shdk`kj shdk`kj dhntua glcacjr. Dhntua-dhntu Dhntua-dhntua a glcaclr glcaclr thrshdut thrshdut kntkrk ckjn 5 ohrjtk prlsk rkaykt (bjth, ch`hnmk, mln`hn`)1 ukn`akpkn rkaykt (phrjdkfksk, phbhl,  phpktkf)1 pujsj rkaykt1 nyknyjkn rkaykt1 `hrka jsykrkt1 kckt phn`jn`kt mkn kckt dunyj-dunyjkn. Mjtjneku mkrj katukcjsksjnyk, kmk shnj trkmjsjlnkc shphrtj wkykn` purwk, wkykn` `lcha, cumrua, ahtlpr aht lprka. ka. _hnj jnj bhbkakj bhbkakj phrkck phrkcktkn tkn ktku ktku bhmjk bhmjk trkmjs trkmjsjln jlnkc. kc. _hnj trkmjs trkmjsjln jlnkc kc thr thrshd shdut ut eu`k eu`k skbpkj shakrkn` bksjf kmk mkn kakn thrus mjphcjfkrk. Fknyk skek skkt jnj sumkf bhn`kckbj trknsglrbksj mhn`kn bhmjk bkssk blmhrn. Mhn`kn aktk ckjn, jk tjmka ck`j mjbunoucakn shokrk kpk kmknyk, kmknyk, bhckjn bhckjnakn akn sumkf bksu bksua a ah bhmjk bhmjk thchvjsj thchvjsj.. 7

_hahmkr _hahmkr olntlf olntlf kmkckf kmkckf kokrk kokrk shnj

 

trkmjsjlnkc ykn` mjbunoucakn lchf ]W swkstk Jnmlsjkr shtjkp skdtu bkckb. _krj sh`j ohrjtk eu`k bhn`kckbj trknsglrbksj. Pjccjkb T. Dksolb bhn`hbuakakn Pjccjkb bhn`hbuakakn gun`sj-gun`sj gun`sj-gun`sj plala glcaclr glcaclr shdk`kj bhmjk trkmjs trkmjsjlnkc jlnkc kmkckf shdk`kj dhrjaut 5 k. _hdk`kj sjsthb prlyhasj (prlehotjvh systhb)  d. _hdk`kj phn`hskfkn/phn`ukt kmkt o. _hdk`kj kckt phnmjmjakn (phmk`l`jokc mhvjmh) m. _hdk`kj kckt pkaskkn mkn phn`hnmkcjkn slsjkc k`kr nlrbk-nlrbk bksykrkakt mjpktufj lchf kn``ltk alchatjgnyk. Dhdhrkpk ahchdjfkn bhmjk trkmjsjlnkc mkn shnj trkmjsjlnkc mjdknmjn` bhmjk ckjn kmkckf 5 k. Jk tubduf mkn dhrahbdkn` mj bksykrkakt, shfjn``k mjkn``kp shdk`kj dk`jkn ktku ohrbjn ahfjmupkn bksykrkakt mhsk. Mj skbpjn` kpk ykn` mjsu`ufakn chdjf bhn`hnk mj fktj bksykrkakt, bhckcuj bhmjk trkmjsjlnkc eu`k djsk mjshcjpakn phskn phbdkn`unkn, bjskcnyk mkckb ohjtk thkthr  rkaykt, ahtlprka ktku wkykn`.  d. Bhmjk rkaykt fkrus mjnjabktj mhn`kn ehnekn` phn`htkfukn ktku phnmjmjakn thrthntu, shmkn`akn bhmjk trkmjsjlnkc djsk mjnjbktj shbuk ckpjskn bksykrkakt. o. _hnj trkmjs trkmjsjln jlnkc kc sjg sjgktn ktnyk yk chdjf chdjf bhn`fj bhn`fjdur dur shfjn` shfjn``k `k chdjf chdjf bumkf bumkf bhbphn bhbphn`kr `krufj ufj sjakp sjakp bksykrkakt. Mj skbpjn` jtu, shnj trkmjsjlnkc tjmka phrcu mjnjabktj mhn`kn bhn`hrutakn mkfj.

8. Yhnyucuf Yhbdkn`unkn mj Mhsk

Yhnyucuf bhnurut Hvhrht B. Tl`hrs kmkckf shlrkn` ykn` ktks nkbk phbhrjntkf ktku chbdk`k  phnyucufkn dhrahwkejdkn untua bhbphn`krufj prlshs phn`kbdjckn ahputuskn ykn` mjckauakn lchf lch f skskrk skskrkn n phbyuc phbyucufk ufkn n untua untua bhn`kml bhn`kmlpsj psj jnlvks jnlvksjj (phnhb (phnhbukn) ukn).. Ghnlbhn Ghnlbhnkk phnyuc phnyucufk ufkn n  phbdkn`unkn kmkckf ojrj afks ykn` kmk mj phmhskkn. Ykrk phtu`ks phnyucuf djksknyk jn`jn bhnyhdkrakn suktu jnlvksj (phnhbukn), shmkn`akn mj mhsk dhcub thrshntuf jnlvksj jtu. Lchf akrhnk jtu, jnlvksj phrcu mjslsjkcjsksjakn ah thn`kf bkykrkakt phmhskkn.   Yhnyucuf Yhnyucuf phbdkn`unkn phbdkn`unkn (eu`k bkskckf bkskckf phrtknjkn) phrtknjkn) skn`kt phntjn` phntjn` krtjnyk krtjnyk dk`j phbhrjntkf. phbhrjntkf. _hdkd, chwkt phtu`ks phnyucuf thrshdut dhrdk`j jnlvksj ykn` kmk mjslsjkcjsksjakn phrcu untua  mjskbpkjakn. Jtu puckckf ahnkpk phbyucuf phbdkn`unkn dhrtjnmka ktks nkbk phbhrjntkf. ]ka   ekrkn` mjk kmkckf ph`kwkj nh`hrj. Chwkt phnyucuf phbdkn`unkn mjfkrkpakn bksykrkakt mhsk kakn bhn`htkfuj jnlvksj mkn mjfkrkpakn bhnhrkpaknnyk mkckb ahfjmupkn shfkrj-fkrj.

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Bjskcnyk jnlvksj bhn`hnkj phn``unkkn urhk tkdcht. Xrhk blmhc jnj chdjf hghatjg mjdknmjn` mhn`kn urhk ykn` mjshdkr. _hdkd, urhk ykn` mjshdkr punyk ahbun`ajnkn dhskr untua thrtjup kn`jn ktku bhnhbphc pkmk mkun tknkbkn. Mj sjnjckf phnyucuf phbdkn`unkn skn`kt phntjn` krtjnyk. Fudun`kn mhn`kn bkskckf phbdkn`unkn eu`k tka akckf dhrdhmk. Yhnyucuf phbdkn`unkn djsk bhbdhr bhb dhrjak jakn n jnglrb jnglrbksj ksj phntjn` phntjn` phbdkn phbdkn`unk `unkn n ykn` mjahfh mjahfhnmka nmkajj phbhrj phbhrjntk ntkfny fnyk. k. Bjs Bjskcn kcnyk, yk,  phbhrjntkf shmkn` bhn``kckaakn phnmjmjakn mkskr 7 tkfun. _hbhntkrk jtu, dhcub dknyka  bksykrkakt mhsk ykn` skmkr kakn krtj phntjn`nyk phnmjmjakn, dkja akrhnk aurkn`nyk ahskmkrkn kakn krtj phntjn` phnmjmjakn ktku akrhnk gksjcjtks ykn` thrshmjk tjmka bhbkmkj. Mkckb fkc jnj,  phbhrjntkf bhckcuj phnyucuf phrtknjkn djsk bhnslsjkcjsksjakn mkbpka plstjg phbdkn`unkn `hmun` jnstruasj prhsjmhn untua bhbhnufj ahdutufkn phnmjmjakn mkskr. Mjfkrkpakn, bksykrkakt ka kakn kn jaut jaut bhbj bhbjcj cjaj aj mkn jaut jaut bhbd bhbdkn kntu tu bhbd bhbdkn` kn`un un akrhn akrhnkk jt jtu u sh shbu bukk nk nknt ntjn jnyk yk untua  untua  ahphntjn`kn bksykrakt mj mkhrkf jtu.

D. _jsthb Albunjaksj Bksykrkakt Altk ;. Yhn`hrtjkn Bksykrkakt Altk

Bksykrkakt phraltkkn shrjn` mjshdut urdkn olbbunjty. Yhn`hrtjkn bksykrkakt altk chdjf mjth mjthak akna nakn kn pk pkmk mk sj sjgk gktt ah ahfj fjmu mupkn pknny nykk sh shrt rtkk oj ojrj rj-o -ojr jrjj ah ahfj fjmup mupkn knnyk nyk ykn` ykn` dhrdh dhrdhmk mk mhn`k mhn`kn n bksykrkakt phmhskkn. Bksykrkakt phraltkkn bhrupkakn bksykrkakt ykn` fjmup mj phraltkkn ykanj mkhrkf ykn` sumkf dhrahbdkn` mkn chdjf blmhrn mj dknmjn` mkhrkf phmhskkn. _uktu mkhrkf pkstjckf bhbjcjaj phn`kruf dk`j bksykrkaktnyk bjskcnyk phrudkfknphrudkfkn tkbpka  nyktk mjaltk-altk, shdkd altk-altk djksknyk thrduak mkckb bhnhrjbk phn`kruf-phn`kruf mkrj cukr, cuk r, shfjn` shfjn``k `k bksykr bksykrkak kaktt kakn kakn thrphn` thrphn`kru kruf f lchf lchf ahdumky ahdumkykkn kkn-ahd -ahdumk umkykkn ykkn mkrj mkrj cukr cukr ykn` ykn` ohnmhrun` bhbdhrjakn mkbpka nh`ktjg. Kcur ahfjmupkn ykn` ohpkt mjaltk-altk, bhn`kajdktakn phntjn`nyk gkatlr wkatu dk`j wkr`k altk, shfjn``k phbdk`jkn wkatu ykn` thcjtj skn`kt phntjn`, untua mkpkt bhn`hekr ahdutufknahdutufkn shtjkp jnmjvjmu, bhn`kajdktakn chdjf mjsjpcjnnyk bksykrkakt mj phraltkkn, mkn lrkn`  phraltkkn ohnmhrun` chdjf djsk bhn`urus mjrjnyk shnmjrj ktku chdjf jnmjvjmukcjsbh. Mkckb kspha   phn`htkfukn thanlcl`j mkn albunjaksj, lrkn` phraltkkn ohnmhrun` chdjf dkja ahtjbdkn`  phmhskkn akrhnk mj phraltkkn thanlcl`j mkn albunjaksj ohnmhrun` dhrahbdkn` ahtjbdkn` mj  phmhskkn.   Nkbun Nkbun kmk kmk eu`k eu`k sjsj sjsj nh`kt nh`ktjg jg bksy bksykrk krkakt akt mj mj phral phraltkk tkkn n ykanj ykanj ahfj ahfjmupk mupkn n ahk`kb ahk`kbkknn kknnyk yk  dhraurkn`, akmkn`akck bksykrkakt phraltkkn tjmka thrckcu bhbjajrakn bkskckf ahk`kbkknnyk akrhnk bhbkn` ahfjmupkn ykn` ohnmhrun` ahkrkf ahmunjkkn skek, mkn chdjf bhn`hekr kbdjsjkbdjsj munjk skek. Kmkck`j ykn` dhrdhmk mkckb bksykrkakt phraltkkn ykanj ahfjmupkn `ltln`

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rlyln`, `ltln` rlyln` mj mkckb bksykrkakt phraltkkn ohnmhrun` aurkn` akrhnk bksykrkakt  phraltkkn chdjf jnmjvjmukcjs.

4. Akrkathrjstja sjsthb albunjaksj bksykrkakt altk

Kmkpun akrkathrjstja sjsthb albunjaksj bksykrkakt altk kmkckf 5 k. Ahfjmupkn ahk`kbkkn dhraurkn` mjdknmjn`akn mhn`kn ahfjmupkn ahk`kbkkn mj mhsk. Jnj mjakrhnkakn bksykrkakt altk chdjf mjsjduaakn mhn`kn uruskn munjkwj.  d. Lrkn` altk pkmk ububnyk mkpkt bhn`urus mjrjnyk shnmjrj tknpk dhr`kntun` mhn`kn lrkn` ckjn (jnmjvjmukcjsbh). o. Yhbdk`jkn ahrek mjkntkrk wkr`k-wkr`k altk eu`k chdjf th`ks mkn bhbunykj dktks- dktks nyktk. m. Ahbun`ajnkn untua bhnmkpktakn phahrekkn eu`k chdjf dknyka mjphrlchf wkr`k altk. h. Ekckn Ekckn pjajrk pjajrkn n rksjln rksjlnkc kc ykn` ykn` pkmk ububnyk ububnyk mjknut mjknut bksykrka bksykrkakt kt phralt phraltkkn kkn

bhnyhd bhnyhdkdak kdakn n

jnthrkasj ykn` threkmj chdjf mjmkskrakn pkmk gkatlr ahphntjn`kn a hphntjn`kn mkrjpkmk gkatlr prjdkmj. g. Ekckn ahfjmupkn ykn` ohpkt mj altk-altk bhn`kajdktakn phntjn`nyk gkatlr wkatu dk`j wkr`k altk shfjn``k phbdk`jkn wkatu ykn` thcjtj skn`kt phntjn` untua mkpkt bhn`hekr ahdutufknahdutufkn shlrkn` jnmjvjmu. `. Yhrudkf Yhrudkfknkn-phr phrudk udkfkn fkn slsjkc slsjkc tkbpka tkbpka mhn`kn mhn`kn nyktk nyktk mj altk-al altk-altk tk shdkd shdkd altk-al altk-altk tk djkskn djksknyk yk thrduak mkckb bhnhrjbk phn`kruf mkrj cukr.   ?. _jsthb Albunjaksj Bksykrkakt Altk

Mhn`kn phrahbdkn`kn jcbu mkn thanlcl`j alntka slsjkc mhwksk jnj tjmka fknyk mjkrtjakn mhn`kn fudun`kn gjsja. ]hanlcl`j albunjaksj mkn jnglrbksj thckf mkpkt bhn`udkf dhntua  alntka tjmka fknyk dkmknjkf, tjmka fknyk mjkrtjakn shdk`kj phrthbukn muk lrkn` ykn` ahbumjkn  dhralbunjaksj kakn thtkpj chdjf cuks bhnykn`aut phrkn thanlcl`j. Kajdktnyk threkmj dhdhrkpk  phrudkfkn mkckb bksykrkakt.   Yhrudkf Yhrudkfknkn-phr phrudkf udkfkn kn bksykr bksykrkakt kakt mkpkt mkpkt bhn`hn bhn`hnkj kj nlrbk, nlrbk, njckj, njckj, plck-p plck-plck lck phrjck phrjckau au bksykrkakt, lr`knjsksj, susunkn mkn strktjgjaksj ahbksykrkaktkn shdk`kj kajdkt mkrj mjnkbjak bksykrkakt ykn` mjtjbducakn mkrj ahbkeukn thanlcl`j mkn jnglrbksj. Fkc thrshdut skn`kt thrcjfkt  pkmk sjsthb albunjaksj pkmk bksykrkakt phraltkkn.

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  Yhnmumua Yhnmumua altk altk skn`kt skn`kt dhrvkrjksj dhrvkrjksj ktku fhthrl`hn fhthrl`hn dkja dkja mkrj mkrj sh`j htnjs, htnjs, ckpkn`kn ckpkn`kn phahrekkn, phahrekkn, tjn`akt phnmjmjakn, shrtk cktkr dhckakn` k`kbk bkupun ahdumkykkn y` mjknutnyk. Fudun`kn slsjkcnyk skn`kt albpchas, bjskc mkrj sh`j phahrekkn, wkr`k altk skn`kt dhrknhak, bhrhak mkpkt  dhrfudun`kn mhn`kn dknyka shakcj lrkn` mjshajtkrnyk mkckb dhrdk`kj ehnjs phahrekkn ykn` mjckauakn. Olntlf, wkr`k altk ykn` dhahrek shdk`kj prkbunjk`k mj shdukf tlal swkckykn, jk kakn kak n dhrfudu dhrfudun`kn n`kn mhn`kn mhn`kn dhrdk` dhrdk`kj kj ehnjs ehnjs tjph tjph bknusj bknusjkk ykn` dhrdhm dhrdhmkk phahre phahrekkn kkn mkn dkfksk dkfksk bhrhak, ahsjduakn bksjn`-bksjn` wkr`k altk mkckb thbpl wkatu ykn` ouaup tjn``j mkpkt bhn`ur bhn `urkn` kn`jj phrfkt phrfktjkn jkn bhrhak bhrhak ahpkmk ahpkmk sh shskb skbkny knyk, k, thr thrbks bksua ua kn``lt kn``ltkk ahcukr ahcukr`kn `knyk yk shnmjr shnmjrj. j. _hfjn``k fkc jtu mkpkt bhbjou sjgkt kouf ktku dhraurkn`nyk rksk slcjmkrjtks slsjkc ahclbpla.   Ahpkmktkn phnmumua altk ykn` dh`jtu tjn``j tjn``j bhn`kajdktakn wkr`k altk mhakt shokrk gjsja tkpj  ekuf mkrj sh`j slsjkc-psjalcl`js, shlckf-lckf threkmj ekrka slsjkc ykn` ouaup mkckb. ]hrekmj  phrdhmkkn ykn` shrjn`akcj skn`kt ekuf thntkn` phnjckjkn slsjkc akrhnk kmknyk phrdhmkkn stktus, ahphntjn`kn mkn sjtuksj shrtk alnmjsj ahfjmupkn altk ykn` bun`ajn dhrdhmk sktu skbk ckjn.   Kajdkt Kajdkt mkrj mkrj dhdhrk dhdhrkpk pk gkatl gkatlrr mjktk mjktks, s, bksy bksykrk krkakt akt phra phraltk ltkkn kn ohnmhr ohnmhrun` un` bhbj bhbjcja cjajj sjsth sjsthb b albunjaksj ykn` thrtutup mjdknmjn`akn mhn`kn bksykrkakt phmhskkn. Bhrhak chdjf bhbjcjf untua unt ua bhn``un bhn``unkakn kakn `km`ht `km`ht untua untua dhralb dhralbunj unjaks aksjj mhn`kn mhn`kn lrkn` lrkn` ckj ckjn n ahtjbd ahtjbdkn` kn` dhrthb dhrthbu u ckn`su ckn `sun`, n`, bhsajp bhsajpun un ekrkany ekrkanykk ouaup ouaup mhakt. mhakt. Tksk Tksk jnmjvj jnmjvjmukc mukcjsb jsbhh ykn` tjn``j tjn``j bhnyhdk bhnyhdkdak dakn n albunjaksj ykn` threkcjn tjmka shhrkt shphrtj bksykrkakt phmhskkn. Mj phmhskkn, bhsajpun ekrka  kntkr rubkf bksjf thrdjckn` skn`kt ekuf, nkbun shtjkp lrkn` mkpkt bhn`hnkc mkn dhralbunjaksj mhn`kn dkja. Dhrdhmk mhn`kn bksykrkakt phraltkkn, bhsajpun bhbjcjaj ekrka ykn` ouaup dhrmhaktkn kntkr  rubkf sktu mhn`kn ykn` ckjnnyk akrhnk ahpkmktkn phnmumuanyk, nkbun bhrhak tjmka thrckcu bhn`hn bhn `hnkc kc ktku ktku ekrkn` ekrkn` dhralb dhralbunj unjaks aksjj ktku ktku dkfakn dkfakn tjmka tjmka skcjn` skcjn` ahnkc ahnkc mhn`kn mhn`kn tht thtkn`` kn``kk ykn`  dhrmhaktkn mhn`kn rubkf. Mkckb ahcukr`k, albunjaksj ykn` threkcjn eu`k bun`ajn tjmka  shjnth shj nthns ns ktku ktku shshrj shshrjn` n` bksykr bksykrkak kaktt phmhsk phmhskkn. kn. Kmknyk Kmknyk lrkn` lrkn` tuk ykn` dhahrek dhahrek bhnjb bhnjbduc ducakn akn aurkn` aur kn`nyk nyk katjvj katjvjtks tks dhrskb dhrskbkk ahcukr ahcukr`k `k shfjn` shfjn``k `k bhn`ur bhn`urkn` kn`jj rksk rksk skcjn` skcjn` bhnykyk bhnykykn`j n`j mkn slcjmkrjtks mkckb ahcukr`k jtu shnmjrj.   _hckjn _hckjn jtu kmknyk kmknyk phn`kruf phn`kruf bhmjk bkssk eu`k bhbphn` bhbphn`krufj krufj mkckb mkckb akjtkn akjtknnyk nyk bhn`udkf bhn`udkf  phrjckau mkn sjakp knka-knka, shdk`jkn knka-knka chdjf suak untua bhckwkn lrkn` tuk, tjmka   pktuf mkn tjmka flrbkt, bhbjcjaj phr`kuckn ykn` dhdks dkfakn ohnmhrun` ahdkdckskn,  dknykanyk phrjckau arjbjnkc ykn` mjtjbducakn kajdkt aurkn`nyk mjmjakn lrkn` tuk ykn` sjdua   dhahrek mkn ckjn shdk`kjnyk.

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  Kmknyk thanlcl`j ykn` dhrahbdkn` phskt eu`k bhnyhdkdakn sjakp kouf tka kouf tjbduc pkmk bksykrkakt phraltkkn, ahphmucjkn thrfkmkp shskbk duaknckf suktu fkc ykn` mjaktkakn phntjn` shphrt shp hrtjj ykn` ykn` threkm threkmjj pkmk bksykr bksykrkak kaktt phmhsk phmhskkn. kn. Bksykr Bksykrkak kaktt phralt phraltkkn kkn chdjf chdjf bhbjcj bhbjcjf f untua  untua  bhbphr bhb phrfkt fktjak jakn n ahdutuf ahdutufknn knnyk yk mjdknm mjdknmjn` jn`akn akn ahdutuf ahdutufkn kn lrkn` lrkn` ckj ckjn n ykn` kmk mjshaj mjshajtkr tkrnyk. nyk. Ahdhrk Ahd hrkmkk mkkn n kckt kckt thanlc thanlcl`j l`j ktku ktku `km`ht `km`ht bhnekm bhnekmjj shsukt shsuktu u ykn` mjk`un mjk`un`akn `akn mj bksykr bksykrkakt kakt  phraltkkn. _hbuknyk mjckauakn mhn`kn bhn``unkakn thanlcl`j untua bhbphrbumkf mkckb bhnekcknj katjvjtks.

=. Bhmjk Albunjaksj Bksykrkakt Altk

Bhmjk albunjaksj Bksykrkakt ]hrmjrj mkrj dhdhrkpk ykjtu shdk`kj dhrjaut5 k. Yhskn- phskn ykn` mjskbpkjakn bhckcuj bkssk dhrsjgkt ubub. d. Dhrckn`sun` sktu krkf. o. Albunjaktlr fkrus bhbphrsjkpakn bkthrj/ jnglrbksj ykn` fhnmka mjskbpkjakn ahpkmk albunjakn mhn`kn shdkja  bun`ajn shdhcub mjshdkrcuksakn bhckcuj bhmjk bkssk. m. Ahauktkn sjkrkn shdukf rkmjl ktku thchvj thchvjsj sj bhckcu bhckcujj kokrk kokrk thrthn thrthntu tu bhckfj bhckfjrak rakn n ahshrh ahshrhbpk bpkakn akn shfjn` shfjn``kn `kn bhbduk bhbduktt phnmhn` phnmhn`kn kn bhnmhn`krakn mkn bhnyjbka.  

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DKD JJJ YHNX]XY   K. Ahsjbpuckn

Bksykrkakt mhsk kmkckf bksykrkakt ykn` dhrthbpkt tjn``kc eekuf kuf mhn`kn puskt gksjcjtks ktku  djsk mjshdut eu`k mhsk, shrtk bksykrkakt ykn` trkmjsjlnkc mkckb dhdhrkpk kspha mkckb ahfjmu ahf jmupknn pknnyk. yk. _jsthb _jsthb albunj albunjaks aksjj bksykr bksykrkakt kakt mhsk mhsk jtu shnmjr shnmjrjj djsk djsk mjc mjcjfk jfktt mkrj mkrj bhmjk bhmjk ykn` mj`unkakn mkn shnj trkmjsjlnkc ykn` sumkf kmk mj akckn`kn bksykrkakt. _hfjn``k bksykrkakt mhskk chdjf mhs chdjf bhn`hnk bhn`hnkcc phntjn` phntjn`nyk nyk fjmup fjmup dhrskb dhrskbk-s k-skbk kbk `unk bhnek` bhnek`kk suktu suktu fudun`k fudun`kn n kntkr  kntkr  shskbk. Bksykrkakt phraltkkn bhrupkakn suktu fjbpunkn phnmumua ykn` dhrthbpkt tjn``kc mj mkckb  puskt ah`jktkn halnlbj, phbhrjntkfkn ahshnjkn, jcbu phn`htkfukn phn` htkfukn mkn shdk`kjnyk. Bksykrkakt altk bhnokrj bktk phnokfkrjknnyk phnokfkrjknnyk rktk-rktk rktk-rktk bhn``unkakn thafnlcl`j ykn` okn``jf, okn``jf, shphrtj shphrtj bhn``unkakn thnk`k bhsjn, albputhr mkn ckjn-ckjn. Bksykrkakt phraltkkn bhbjcjaj ojrj- ojrj ykjtu Yhckpjskn _lsjkc Halnlbj, Jnmjvjmukcjsbh, tlchrknsj slsjkc, ekrka slsjkc, mkn phckpjskn slsjkc. Bksykrkakt Yhraltkkn ohnmhrun` bhbjcjaj sjsthb albunjaksj ykn` thrtutup mjdknmjn`akn mh mhn`k n`kn n bksy bksykr krka kakt kt ph phmh mhsk skkn kn.. Bhrh Bhrhak ak ch chdj djf f bhbj bhbjcj cjf f un untu tua a bhn` bhn``u `unka nkakn kn `km`h `km`htt untua  untua   dhralbunjaksj mhn`kn lrkn` ckjn ahtjbdkn` dhrthbu ckn`sun`, bhsajpun ekrkanyk ouaup mhakt. Tksk jnmjvjmukcjsbh jnmjvjmukcjsbh ykn` tjn``j tjn``j bhnyhdkdakn bhnyhdkdakn albunjaksj ykn` threkcjn threkcjn tjmka shhrkt shhrkt shphrtj shphrtj bksykrkakt phmhskkn. Mj phmhskkn, bhsajpun ekrka kntkr rubkf bksjf thrdjckn` skn`kt ekuf, nkbun shtjkp lrkn` mkpkt bhn`hnkc mkn dhralbunjaksj mhn`kn dkja.

D. _krkn

Mkckb phbduktkn bkakckf jnj, akbj shdk`kj phnucjs tjmka bhbun`ajrj kmknyk ahaurkn`kn mkn ahchbkfkn ahchb kfkn mkckb phbduktkn phbduktkn bkakckf bkakckf jnj. _hfjn``k, akbj bksjf bhbdutufakn bhbdutufakn kmknyk dknyka  arjtja mkn skrkn mkrj pkrk phbdkok. Mkn akbj dhrfkrkp shbl`k bkakckf jnj mkpkt dhrbkngkkt  dk`j phnucjs mkn pkrk phbdkok.

S

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MKG]KT YX_]KAK

Jbkb, _kpkrj Ksy‚krj.;::?. _lsjlcl`j Altk mkn Mhsk. _urkdkyk5 Xskfk Nksjlnkc. Nurumjn. 49;=.

_jsthb Albunjaksj Jnmlnhsjk. Ekakrtk 5 Y]. Tkek@rkgjnml Yhrskmk. Yknueu, Thmj. ;::0. _jsthb Albunjaksj Jnmlnhsjk. Zl`ykakrtk5 Yustkak Yhckekr. Zucjktj, maa. 499?. _lsjlcl`j Yhraltkkn. Zl`ykakrtk5 Ylnla Yustkak El`ek.

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