SIMULATION

Chapter 2 Types of Models and Simulations This chapter continues to build on information presented in Chapter 1 to continue a foundation that should assist in understanding C2 simulations used in training. There are literally hundreds of simulations used in the DoD with a great majority of these being used in the Army. Being able to define the simulations by type will provide a firm understanding of the models that will be used in training C2 processes. Section 2.1 Categorization by End Use According to AR 5-11, Army M&S Management Program, simulations are classified according to the ultimate end use for which the simulation was intended. Where more than one end use can be satisfied by the same simulation, then the dominant and/or most restrictive use of that simulation will apply. The five types of simulations used by the Army are listed and then discussed below. * * * * *

Research and Development Test and Evaluation Production and Logistics Analysis Education and Training 8

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

CATEGORIES BY END USE PRODUCTION AND LOGISTICS

TEST AND EVALUATION - ENGINEERING - DEVELOPMENT TESTING - OPERATIONAL TESTING EDUCATION AND TRAINING - SKILL DEVELOPMENT - EXERCISE DRIVER

ANALYSIS - OPERATIONS SUPPORT - EVALUATION - FORCE CAPABILITY / RQMTS - COMBAT DEVELOPMENTS

Figure 2.1 - The Five Types of Simulations Recognized by DA

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Section 2.2 Research and Development Simulations Simulations used for research and development include all those that are used for both the design and development of equipment and weapons systems. Also included are those used for "pure" research. Excluded from the research and development simulations are those employed to evaluate the performance of a piece of equipment or weapons system in the context of combined arms combat operations; however, these simulations are included in one of the other categories. Section 2.3 Test and Evaluation Simulations Test and evaluation simulations are those that augment and complement various stages of testing in the material acquisition process. In development and operational testing, the augmentation provided by simulations is primarily that of providing a representation of certain external factors and situations which cannot be produced in reality for a myriad of technical and/or other reasons. Test and evaluation simulations are further divided into three subcategories: engineering, developmental testing, and operational testing. * Engineering. Engineering. Engineering simulations are used in the investigation of electrical, physical, and mechanical phenomena that is normally associated with the functioning of a particular item in the engineering context. * Developmental testing. testing. Simulations employed in developmental testing are used primarily to augment testing of end items that function in the environment during development. Human Factors (man-machine interface) testing is included in simulations used for developmental testing. * Operational Testing. Testing. Simulations used to augment the testing of end items that undergo formal operational testing fall under the category of operational testing M&S. The simulations used here could be either the same or different M&S as those used in developmental testing. Section 2.4 Production and Logistics Simulations Production and logistics simulations include those applications that assist in determinations of logistics requirements, system productivity assessments, and industrial base appraisals. These simulations support the Army's procurement, transportation, and maintenance of personnel, materiel, and facilities.

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Section 2.5 Analysis Simulations This category of M&S includes almost all of the other M&S in use not included in the above categories. This category is further broken down into two subcategories: operations support and evaluation. * Operations support simulations are employed in the control of daily operations. These operations include routine decision-making support in logistical and administrative areas, as well as tactical and strategic support of decision-making from the operational context. * Evaluation simulations are those that are of an analytical nature that are not directly tied into operational requirements that occur on a daily basis. Evaluation simulations are further divided into two types: force capability and requirements and combat developments. Simulations used in the area of force capability and requirements are employed in situations that support operations and activities focusing on force effectiveness studies, force structure and design analysis, cost analysis, force mix assessments, course of action assessments concerning the distribution of resources, and resource planning. Two commonly known analyses associated with force capability and requirements that are supported with simulations are Training Effectiveness Analysis (TEA) and Cost and Operational Effectiveness Analysis (COEA). The simulations used to support combat development address the development of policy, doctrine, and strategy in the employment of forces. Section 2.6 Education and Training Simulations Simulations used in the education and training category are used primarily in a classroom, seminar setting, or training exercise. They assist in the teaching of certain concepts. These simulations also provide insights and understandings in the use of various procedures, techniques, and tactics. In addition, these simulations focus on conceptual planning at the operational and strategic levels of war and can address operations other than war (OOTW). There are two basic types of education and training simulations: skill development and exercise drivers. * Skill development simulations are in wide-spread use in the training environment from individual to collective training. These M&S can be used to help train individual and crew-member skills on specific items of equipment through team integration skills using multiple items of equipment used in the field environment. These simulations can also be employed to address staff and procedural skills in a structured C2 environment. * Exercise driver simulations are employed to assist in training field organizations and their staffs. These are used primarily as C2 exercise drivers training commanders and their staffs at echelons from company to echelons above corps (EAC). Although they are most often used in and closely associated with command 9

post exercises (CPXs) they can, in addition, support and augment field exercises by representing either friendly forces or opposing forces or both. The reader is reminded that the focus of this handbook is Education and Training Simulations. This chapter categorized the types of simulations used by the Army by end use. The Education and Training Simulations, as the focus of this handbook, should be distinguished from the other simulation types so the proper tool will be used in training. Although attempts exist to conduct training and to draw training conclusions from some of the other models, training can best be conducted by using training simulations. This handbook concentrates on C2 training simulations and will use the term "training simulations" to refer to "education and training M&S" categorized above by end use.

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