Simulado Bernoulli 03 2021 - Dia 2
July 10, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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\iauf \ia ufb bhm < “ ^r mv mvb b II G_BAG KBLIMKBF HM GK\IKM AÉHIM ^ZMSB HG LIÀKLIB\ HB KBXWZGPB G \WB\ XGLKMFMEIB\ ^ZMSB HG ABXGAÂXILB G \WB\ XGLKMFMEIB\
:>:2
G\XB ^ZMSB \MAGKXG ^MHGZ \GZ B^FILBHB B ^BZXIZ ^BZXIZ HM HIB ::/>7/:>:2, ::/>7/:>:2, Î\ 2>*. FGIB BXGKXBAGKXG BXGKXBAGKXG B\ IK\XZWÅ×G\ \GEWIKXG\ 2
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qugst÷gs kuagrbhbs hg 92 b 2?>, hispmstbs hb sgeuiktg abkgirb0
2> Zgsgrvg
ms aikutms cikbis pbrb abrlbr sgu LBZXÌM-ZG\^M LBZXÌM-ZG\^M\XB. \XB. Ms rbslukoms g bs abrlbå÷gs bssikbfbhbs km LBHGZKM HG RWG\X×G\ kìm sgrìm lmksihgrbhms kb bvbfibåìm.
b. bs qugst÷gs hg kðagrm 92 b 2 sìm rgfbtivbs î ârgb ârgb hg Abtgaâtilb g subs Xglkmfmeibs.
2: Smlà
Lmkcirb sg m sgu LBHGZKM HG RWG\X×G\ lmktéa b qubktihbhg qubktihbhg hg qugst÷gs g sg gssbs qugst÷gs gstìm kb mrhga agklimkbhb kb ikstruåìm bktgrimr. Lbsm m lbhgrkm gstg`b iklmapfgtm, tgkob qubfqugr hgcgitm mu bprgsgktg hivgreàklib, lmaukiqug bm bpfilbhmr hb sbfb pbrb qug gfg tmag bs prmvihàklibs lbjávgis. Gslrgvb g bssikg sgu kmag kms gspbåms gspbåms prüprims hm LBZXÌM-ZG LBZXÌM-ZG\^M\XB \^M\XB lma lbkgtb gscgrmerâcilb hg tiktb prgtb. Kìm hmjrg, kìm babssg kga rbsurg m LBZXÌM-ZG\^M\XB, LBZXÌM-ZG\^M\XB, pmis gfg kìm pmhgrâ sgr sujstituáhm. ^brb lbhb lbhb uab hbs qugst÷gs mj`gtivbs, mj`gtivbs, sìm bprgsgktbhbs bprgsgktbhbs 7 mpå÷gs ihgkticilbhbs ihgkticilbhbs lma bs fgtrbs , , , g . Bpgkbs uab rgspmkhg lmrrgtbagktg î qugstìm. Wsg m lühiem prgsgktg kgstb lbpb pbrb prggklogr m lbapm lmrrgspmkhgktg lmrrgspmkhgktg km LBZXÌM-ZG\^M\XB. Lma sgu ZB (Zgeistrm (Zgeistrm Blbhàailm), Blbhàailm), prggklob m lbapm lbapm lmrrgspmkhgktg bm lühiem hm bfukm. \g m sgu ZB kìm bprgsgktbr 5 háeitms, prggklob ms priagirms gspbåms g hgixg ms hgabis ga jrbklm. Km LBZXÌM-ZG\^M\XB, LBZXÌM-ZG\^M\XB, prggklob prggklob tmhm m gspbåm hgstikbhm î mpåìm gslmfoihb gslmfoihb pbrb b rgspmstb. B abrlbåìm ga abis hg uab mpåìm bkufb b qugstìm, agsam qug uab hbs rgspmstbs gstg`b lmrrgtb. M tgapm tgapm hispmkávgf hispmkávgf pbrb gstbs prmvbs prmvbs é hg liklm omrbs.
*hg blmrhm lma m omrârim hg Jrbsáfib
tgraikbr bs prmvbs, blgkg pbrb lobabr m bpfilbhmr g gktrgeug gstg LBHGZKM HG RWG\X×G\ g m LBZXÌM-ZG LBZXÌM-ZG\^M\XB. \^M\XB. pmhgrâ hgixbr m fmlbf hg prmvb smagktg bpüs hglmrrihbs hubs omrbs hm ikálim hb bpfilbåìm g pmhgrâ fgvbr sgu LBHGZKM HG RWG\X×G\ bm hgixbr ga hgcikitivm b sbfb hg prmvbs kms ðftiams aikutms qug bktglghga m téraikm hbs prmvbs.
2> ^\I (3,? bta), qug vbi pbrb ms gquipbagktms, lmam pmr gxgapfm m cmeìm, pbrb ua kávgf sgeurm g bhgqubhm, prüxiam b >,7 ^\I (>,> Mfáapilm Zybk Lrmusgr ::,7: a 2? bemstm :>23 Aukhibf Kbtbfyb Fismvsdbyb ::,3< a 5 `ukom 29?5 Mfáapilm Ifmkb Jrigsgkid ::,82 a :8 `ufom 29?> Kblimkbf Hbrfbk Zmabki :2,?: a < `ukom :>25
Hispmkávgf ga0 6www.sikhiebs.mre.jr;. Blgssm Blgssm ga0 22 `bk. :>:2 (Bhbptbåìm).
Lmksihgrbkhm qug tmhms ms rglmrhgs tivgrba m agsam êkeufm hg fbkåbagktm g qug ms pgsms pbrtirba bprmxiabhbagktg hb agsab bfturb, qubf btfgtb brrgagssmu b jmfb lma abimr vgfmlihbhg= B Zbkhy Jbrkgs. J Zybk Lrmusgr. L Kbtbfyb Fismvsdbyb. H Ifmkb Jrigsgkid. G Hbrfbk Zmabki.
Rubf b pmrlgktbega hg eâs qug m rgeufbhmr pgraitg sgr trbkspmrtbhb pbrb b abkeugirb= B >,>>7% J >,>23% L >,>35% G >,>?8% J G ZKM WF F I \ I \ XG AB HG G K\ I KM
Hispmkávgf ga0 6www:.uc`c.jr;. Blgssm ga0 2< `bk. :>:2 (Bhbptbåìm).
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
LKBX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB <
RWG\XÌM 97 M båbcrìm é bikhb om`g luftivbhm kb Gspbkob, mkhg lbhb cfmr é lmfoihb î aìm hb abkgirb g km amagktm trbhilimkbf, fmem bpüs m kbslgr hm \mf. Btubfagktg, b abimr pbrtg hb lmfogitb é usbhb pbrb hbr sbjmr g lmfmrihm î lmaihb ga prbtms trbhilimkbis lmam b pbgffb gspbkomfb g b jmuiffbjbissg crbklgsb. ^mr lbusb hb abkgirb lmam é lmfoihm, m båbcrìm é om`g m abis lbrm lmkhiagktm hm aukhm4 pbrb prmhuzir bpgkbs e, sìm kglgssârims 2< aif gstieabs. B amfélufb rgspmksâvgf pgfm bfbrbk`bhm lbrbltgrástilm hm båbcrìm bprgsgktb lbhgib bjgrtb, iksbturbhb, omameàkgb g rbaicilbhb. FG LMWXGWZ, ^.4 JWZZG\MK, @. Ms jmt÷gs hg Kbpmfgìm0 bs 25 amfélufbs qug auhbrba b oistürib. Zim hg @bkgirm0 Ghitmrb Pbobr, :>>3 (Bhbptbåìm).
Lma jbsg kbs ikcmrabå÷gs, b gstruturb qug rgprgsgktb b amfélufb hgslritb é0 B
RWG\XÌM 95 Gxistga vârims amhgfms hg blgfgrbhmrgs hg pbrtálufbs, qug sìm aâquikbs qug fgvba, km iktgrimr hg uab tujufbåìm, cgixgs hg pbrtálufbs bté ua bfvm gspglácilm pbrb qugjrbr ua âtmam, gktrbr ga lomqug lma pbrtálufbs sujbtøailbs mu gktgkhgr b cmrabåìm hg ua abtgribf. M abis rglgktg gxgapfbr hgssg tipm hg aâquikb km Jrbsif é ua aálrmtrmk, prm`gtbhm g lmkstruáhm pmr pgsquisbhmrgs hm Ikstitutm hg Cásilb (IC) hb Wkivgrsihbhg hg \ìm ^bufm (W\^), qug om`g mpgrb lma cgixgs hg gkgreib hg 2,9 AgS ( . 2> “2 da/o (2>5 g 272 küs, rgspgltivbagktg). ‖M bviìm pbrtg hm smfm ga ua êkeufm hg 27 erbus, aghihb gssb qug vbi rghuzikhm hurbktg b sujihb‑, gxpfilb m lmabkhbktg g lmksuftmr télkilm hb BJGBZ, ^bufm Zmjgrtm Bfmksm. Lmksihgrg sgk(27¾) ≏ >,:3 g lms(27¾) ≏ >,95. Hispmkávgf ga0 6www.bjgbr.lma.jr;. 6www.bjgbr.lma.jr;. Blgssm ga0 27 `bk. :>:2 (Bhbptbåìm).
Km ikstbktg ga qug uab bgrmkbvg hglmfb, b sub aâxiab vgfmlihbhg vgrtilbf é abis prüxiab hg B
da/o.
L
5:,? da/o.
H
298,> da/o.
G
:52,3 da/o.
RWG\XÌM 2:7
LO<
Kbs gxpgriàklibs qug gkvmfvga amviagktm, b aghihb hg tgapm sgaprg cmi prmjfgaâtilb g, bssia, sg cgz kglgssârim iktrmhuzir ikstruagktms abis smcistilbhms. Gktrg gssgs ikstruagktms, bs cmtmerbcibs gstrmjmslüpilbs rgvgfba bspgltms qubfitbtivms hm amviagktm hms mj`gtms g pmhga sgr utifizbhbs pbrb gstuhms qubktitbtivms. Wa gxgapfm hg amviagktm lurimsm b sgr bkbfisbhm pmr agim hbs cmtmerbcibs é b qughb hg hubs jmfikobs hg abssbs hicgrgktgs smftbs siauftbkgbagktg g hb agsab bfturb, lmam amstrbhm kb cieurb.
L
H K O
G
RWG\XÌM 2:8
M
RWG\XÌM 2:< Hgpmis hg cukhihb, b abssb vátrgb é fgvbhb î ârgb hm rgcikm, qug tga lmam mj`gtivms priklipbis b rgtirbhb hg jmfobs, : LM g m lmktrmfg hb tgapgrbturb. Bmhgsbir hgssb ârgb, m vihrm, bprgsgktb tgapgrbturb pmr vmftb 2 2>> ¾L, qubkhm é gklbaikobhm pbrb sgr amfhbhm ga ua tbkqug lmktgkhm gstbkom km gstbhm fáquihm. Kb lmktikuihbhg hm prmlgssm hg prmhuåìm, m vihrm, cfutubkhm smjrg gssg agtbf km gstbhm fáquihm, é gstirbhm pmr aâquikbs suspgksbs hgkmaikbhbs tmp-rmffs, qug pmssuga rmhbs lma hgktgs sgeurbkhm bs jmrhbs hm vihrm g rmtbåìm g êkeufms vbriâvgis, cmrabkhm, hgssb abkgirb, uab fbreb fêaikb hg vihrm.
XMZRWGXXM, B. Z. M tgab ‖vihrm pfbkm (tglkmfmeib cfmbt)‑ pbrb b ghulbåìm ligktácilb g tglkmfüeilb. Zgvistb Ruáailb Kmvb kb Gslmfb , v. 25 (Bhbptbåìm).
B lbrbltgrástilb agklimkbhb qug pgraitg qug m gstbkom sg`b utifizbhm km prmlgssm hg prmhuåìm hm vihrm gstâ rgfblimkbhb B î sub gfgvbhb abssb. J L H G
îbmsub sgugfgvbhb gfgvbhmhurgzb. vmfuag. î sub gfgvbhb hgksihbhg. î sub gfgvbhb vmfbtifihbhg.
J G ZKM WF F I \ I \ XG AB HG G K\ I KM
HIB\, A. gt bf. ^rmhuåìm hg Cmtmerbcibs Gstrmjmslüpilbs \ga Fêapbhb Gstrmjmslüpil G strmjmslüpilb. b. Lbhgrkm Jrbsifgirm hg Gksikm hg Cásilb, v. :3, k. 9 (Bhbptbåìm).
Rubf erbkhgzb é rgspmksâvgf pgfm amviagktm hbs jmfikobs sgr lmam bprgsgktbhm= B
Bfturb.
J
Xgapm.
L
^msiåìm.
H
Sgfmlihbhg.
G
Blgfgrbåìm.
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
LKBX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB 2<
RWG\XÌM 2:3 Autbå÷gs kb sgquàklib kulfgmtáhilb hm egkg BE^B BE^BX: rgsuftba kb rbrb sákhrmag hg Jgrbrhikgffi-\gip hm tipm 2, hmgkåb qug sg lbrbltgrizb pgfb busàklib qubsg lmapfgtb hg tglihm bhipmsm hgshg m kbsliagktm. Bs autbå÷gs qug mlmrrga km egkg BE^BX: sìm vbribhbs, pmréa, km Jrbsif, uab hbs abis lmauks é b l.383B;X, uab sujstituiåìm hg bhgkikb pmr tiaikb kb pmsiåìm 383 hb rgeiìm lmhicilbhmrb hgssg egkg, lmkcmrag amstrbhm kb cieurb. \ga autbåìm ga BE^ BE^BX: BX: ((tip tip m sgfv bega)
Lma aut båìm ga BE^ BE^BX: BX: (tipm autbkt g)
\gquàklib hm HKB B
B
E
B
B
\gquàklib hm HKB E
B
B
E
X
X
L
X
X
\gquàklib hg baikmâlihms
Fis
Fis
L
B
B
E
B
B
E
X
B
E
X
X
L
X
X
L
\gquàklib hg baikmâlihms
Fis
^og
^og
^rmtgákb lma :5? bb
Fis
Fis
Lühmk hg pbrbhb
^rmtgákb lma :27 bb
AGFM, A. G. L. gt bf. BE^BX:0 ua egkg, uab fipmhistrmcib. Egkétilb kb Gslmfb, v. 27, k. 2, :>:> (Bhbptbåìm).
B autbåìm hgslritb, rgspmksâvgf pgfb sákhrmag hg Jgrbrhikgffi-\gip, é hm tipm B
ikhuzihb, pmis hgpgkhg hm gstáaufm eàkilm.
J
aissgksg , pmis bftgrb b sgquàklib hms baikmâlihms.
L
kmksgksg, pmis iktgrrmapg prglmlgagktg b sáktgsg prmtgilb.
H
lmkeàkitb, pmis é pbssbhb hg aìg pbrb cifom hurbktg m kbsliagktm.
G
sifgklimsb, pmis b bftgrbåìm hb prmtgákb kìm sg abkicgstb cgkmtipilbagktg.
RWG\XÌM 2:5 Ms cgkütipms hg ua mrebkisam rgsuftba hb iktgrbåìm iktgrbåì m hg sgu egkmab lma m bajigktg. B ailrmjimtb sg lbrbltgrizb lbrbltg rizb lmam ua gfgagktm bajigktbf, m qubf é lbpbz hg amhufbr, bftgrbr mu gxpbkhir ms cgkütipms hg ua mrebkisam. Wab hbs priagirbs erbkhgs surprgsbs é qug m ailrmjimab pmhg bapfibr b lbpblihbhg agtbjüfilb hm omspghgirm. Wa erupm hg ligktistbs gstbhukihgksgs bvbfimu b agtbjmfizbåìm hg uab hrmeb bktivirbf bhaikistrbhb vib mrbf ga lbaukhmkems. Gfgs pgrlgjgrba qug b amfélufb grb prmlgssbhb tbktm pmr gkziabs hg mriega aurikb qubktm pmr gkziabs hgrivbhbs hg jbltéribs hm trbtm ebstrmiktgstikbf. Kmtbvgfagktg, bkiabis sga b ailrmjimtb hgssb rgeiìm bprgsgktbvba agkmr tbxb hg agtbjmfizbåìm g agkmr gcgitm hb hrmeb. ^GZGIZB, X. L. Jimfmeib :>:>0 Euib siktétilm pbrb btubfizbåìm hg prmcgssmrgs (I g II erbus) (Bkâfisgs hihâtilbs smjrg ms abis iapmrtbktgs cbtms ligktácilms hm bkm). p. :9. Lib hm gJmmd. Ghiåìm hm Dikhfg (Bhbptbåìm).
Ga sgrgs ouabkms, qubf mutrm cgkütipm é ikcfugklibhm pmr gssg gfgagktm bajigktbf= B
Hgsgquifájrim hm iktgstikm, pmis bs jbltéribs prmhuzga bktijiütilms.
J
\bðhg hm lmrpm, pmis bs jbltéribs bjsmrvga lmapmstms tüxilms.
L H
Kutriåìm hm mrebkisam, pmis b ailrmjimtb iktgstikbf prmhuz vitbaikb D. Bjsmråìm hg sbis aikgrbis, pmis jbltéribs iktgstikbis cixba m kitrmeàkim.
G
Hiegstìm hg bfiagktms, pmis ms ailrm-mrebkisams hm iktgstikm sìm bgrüjilms.
LKBX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB 28
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
J G ZKM WF F I \ I \ XG AB HG G K\ I KM
RWG\XÌM 2:? Ms cisimtgrbpgutbs utifizba gquipbagktms gfgtrmgfgtrøkilms qug gaitga rbhibåìm gfgtrmabekétilb pbrb m trbtbagktm hg fgs÷gs ga tglihms g üreìms ouabkms. Gktrg gssgs gquipbagktms, m hibtgraib lma mkhbs lurtbs (HML) é ua hms abis utifizbhms pbrb m bqugliagktm hms tglihms prmcukhms hm lmrpm, pmr agim hb iktgrbåìm hb gkgreib gfgtrmabekétilb lma bs amfélufbs hg âeub hm mrebkisam. Bpgsbr hg b rbhibåìm gaitihb pgfm HML sgr kìm imkizbktg g hg jbixb iktgksihbhg, hgvg-sg lmksihgrbr qug m prmcissimkbf pmhg cilbr gxpmstm b gfb pmr auitms bkms. Bssia, lma m mj`gtivm hg vgricilbr m kávgf hg gxpmsiåìm hgssgs prmcissimkbis, aghiu-sg b iktgksihbhg hm lbapm gfétrilm gaitihm, ga cukåìm hb histêklib hb cmktg, pbrb hicgrgktgs abrlbs hg gquipbagktm, lmam bprgsgktbhm km erâcilm. 8>> ) a / S > ( m l :7> i r t é f :>> g m p 27> a b 2>> L
Abrlb 2 Abrlb : Abrlb < Abrlb 8 Abrlb 7
7> >
>
:>
8> 3> Histêklib (la)
?>
2>>
AG\\IB\ gt bf. Gxpmsiåìm gfgtrmabekétilb hg cisimtgrbpgutbs cisimtgrbpgutbs bms lbapms gfétrilm g abekétilm g b gcilâlib hbs ebimfbs hg Cbrbhby Cbrbhby.. Zgv. ^bkba \bfuh ^ujfilb, v. , k. 8, p. 9-22 (Bhbptbåìm).
Rubf abrlb hg gquipbagktm é b abis sgeurb pbrb sgr utifizbhb b >,8 a= B 7 J 8 L < H : G 2 RWG\XÌM 2:9 B jimaglêkilb é b liàklib qug gstuhb m amviagktm ouabkm, utifizbkhm ms priklápims hb aglêkilb. Xmhbvib, Xmhbvib, b sub bpfilbåìm ga brtgs abrlibis bikhb é pmulm crgqugktg, gspglibfagktg pbrb amviagktms hg Duke-Cu. Lma m mj`gtivm hg bkbfisbr m hgsfmlbagktm hb aìm ga ua emfpg hgssb futb, tràs pbrtilipbktgs cmrba rgquisitbhms b emfpgbr uab jmfb hg jbsqugtg usbkhm m amviagktm lmkoglihm lmam ‖pbfab‑. Ms amviagktms cmrba rgeistrbhms hm ikálim bté m ikstbktg qug bktglghg m iapbltm. B vbribåìm hb pmsiåìm hb aìm hg ua hms pbrtilipbktgs, hg blmrhm lma m tgapm, `uktbagktg lma uab rgergssìm pmfikmaibf hg sgeukhm erbu, é amstrbhb km erâcilm. >, Zgergssìm Sáhgm
>,:7 ) a>,:> l ( m ì å >,27 i s m ^
>,2> >,>7 > >
> ,> :
> ,> 8 > ,> 3 Xgapm (s)
>,>?
> ,2 >
^IKXM KGXM, M.4 ABEIKI, A.4 A .4 \BJB, A. A. C. Bkâfisg likgaâtilb hg ua amviagktm hg Duke-Cu0 B iapmrtêklib hg uab bprmpribhb iktgrprgtbåìm iktgrprgtbåìm cásilb pbrb hbhms mjtihms btrbvés hg lêagrbs râpihbs. Zgvistb Jrbsifgirb hg Gksikm hg Cásilb, v. :?, k. :, p. :3.
B blgfgrbåìm hb aìm hm pbrtilipbktg é abis prüxiab hg B >,: a/s:. J >,8 a/s:. L >,3 a/s:. H >,? a/s:. G 2,> a/s:. J G ZKM WF F I \ I \ XG AB HG G K\ I KM
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
LKBX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB 27
RWG\XÌM 2 B cieurb sgeuiktg rgprgsgktb gsqugabtilbagktg ua gxpgriagktm rgbfizbhm ga 29:? pgfm ailrmjiüfmem ikefàs Crghgrild Ericcito (2?55-2982) pbrb ikvgstiebr b trbksaissijifihbhg hb virufàklib hg pkguamlmlms. ^kguamlmlms ^kg uamlmlms fism s hm tipm II IIII
Luftivm
^kguamlmlms ^kg uamlmlms ruemsms hm tipm II
Luftivm
Lbaukhmkem ikmlufbhm
Luftivm
Amrtg hb jbltérib pgfm lbfmr
Lbaukhmkem ikmlufbhm J
B L + Lbaukhmkem amrrg
Lbaukhmkem smjrgvivg
Lbaukhmkem ikmlufbhm H
Lbaukhmkem amrrg
^kguamlmlms fisms hm tipm III rglupgrbhms hm lbaukhmkem amrtm
G
ZMHZIEWGP, A. J. É m HKB! Liàklib Om`g, v. 8, abim :>>8 (Bhbptbåìm).
Lma jbsg km gxpgriagktm, m cgkütipm jbltgribkm gklmktrbhm ga G rgsuftb hb trbkscgràklib hg abtgribf egkétilm pmr agim hg0 B
Xrbkshuåìm.
J
Lmk`uebåìm.
L
Gspmrufbåìm.
H
Lissipbrihbhg. Xrbkscmrabåìm.
G
RWG\XÌM 2 3 S/a. Hispmkávgf ga0 6ottps0//rgvistb 6ottps0//rgvistbpgsquisb.cbpg pgsquisb.cbpgsp.jr;. sp.jr;. Blgssm ga0 2< `bk. :>:2 (Bhbptbåìm).
Rubf b hicgrgkåb hg pmtgklibf kglgssârib pbrb b mlmrràklib hm spritg ga rgei÷gs trmpilbis= B
:,> . 2>: S
J
7,> . 2> . 2>5 S
H
8,7 . 2>2> S
G
3,5 . 2>28 S
LKBX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB 23
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
J G ZKM WF F I \ I \ XG AB HG G K\ I KM
RWG\XÌM 27, Fuligk Luékmt mjsgrvmu pbhr÷gs iklmauks bm gstuhbr b ogrbkåb hg ua egkg hg lmr hg pgfbega ga lbaukhmkems. Hgpmis hg blbsbfbr hmis lbaukhmkems babrgfms, gfg mjsgrvmu qug b prmfg kuklb bprgsgktmu uab prmpmråìm cgkmtápilb kmrabf hg < 0 2. Ga vgz hissm, Luékmt sgaprg mjsgrvmu uab prmpmråìm hg : 0 2, lma hmis lbaukhmkems babrgfms pbrb lbhb lbaukhmkem kìm babrgfm. Luékmt hgtgraikmu gktìm qug b lmr hb pgfbega babrgfb grb b lbrbltgrástilb cgkmtápilb hmaikbktg g, usbkhm lruzbagktms hg tgstg, gfg amstrmu qug tmhms ms sgus lbaukhmkems babrgfms grba ogtgrmziemtms. FMJM, I. Hispmkávgf ga0 6www.kbturg.l 6www.kbturg.lma;. ma;. Blgssm ga0 2> abr. :>:2 (Bhbptbåìm).
Rubf oipütgsg gxpfilb b prmpmråìm cgkmtápilb gklmktrbhb kms lruzbagktms rgbfizbhms pmr Luékmt= B Lmhmaikêklib hm bfgfm lmhicilbktg hg pgfm kìm babrgfm. J Lbrâtgr auftibféfilm hb hgtgraikbåìm hb lmr hb pgfbega. L Ikcfuàklib hg cbtmrgs bajigktbis kb gxprgssìm cgkmtápilb. H Fgtbfihbhg hms egkgs hmaikbktgs qubkhm ga omamziemsg. G Autbå÷gs hgfgtéribs km egkg hgtgraikbktg hm pgfm babrgfm. RWG\XÌM 2> “ iklfusivg lmalogemu m hgsgkvmfviagktm hb prüprib tbjgfb pgriühilb “, kikeuéa b ismfbr ms gfgagktms hgssb lmfukb bté 2?97. DGBK, \. B lmfogr qug qug hgsbpbrglg0 g mutrbs oistüribs rgbis hg fmulurb, bamr g amrtg b pbrtir hg gfgagktms quáailms. Zim hg @bkgirm0 Ghitmrb Pbobr, :>22 (Bhbptbåìm).
B cbaáfib î qubf m tgxtm sg rgcgrg é bqugfb ihgkticilbhb pmr B I. J II. L III. H IS IS.. G S. RWG\XÌM 25 hgz. :>23 (Bhbptbåìm).
Wa gxgapfm hg gfgagktm qug sgrâ btrbáhm pmr ua lbapm abekétilm bprgsgktb lmkcieurbåìm gfgtrøkilb rgprgsgktbhb pmr0 B
2 s : s
J
2s
L
2 s : s
s .
G
7.
ABX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB 2?
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
J G ZKM WF F I \ I \ XG AB HG G K\ I KM
RWG\XÌM 28>
RWG\XÌM 28:
Kms lbktms hg ua gslritürim qubhrbhm, qubhrbhm, cmrba pmsilimkbhms braârims qubhrbhms ieubis. Km gspbåm rgstbktg, cmi utifizbhm ua lbrpgtg hg 8? a: hg ârgb pbrb cmrrbr m pism, lmkcmrag ifustrbhm b sgeuir0
Ga ua fbjmrbtürim qug prmhuz kmvms aghilbagktms, ms ligktistbs gstìm bkbfisbkhm hmis tipms hg jbltéribs, B g J, g b pmssijifihbhg hg usbr uab hgfbs pbrb lmajbtgr b mutrb. Ga hgtgraikbhm gstâeim hb pgsquisb, vgricilmu-sg qug b pmpufbåìm hb jbltérib B btikeiu 999 ukihbhgs g b pmpufbåìm hb jbltérib J btikeiu 777 ukihbhgs hg jbltéribs. Ga sgeuihb, iklfuikhm b pmpufbåìm hb jbltérib J km agsam bajigktg hb jbltérib B, ms ligktistbs kmtbrba qug b pmpufbåìm hb jbltérib B hiaikuáb bté qug pbssmu b sgr 999 “ 777.
8a
Lbrpgtg
Hgssb abkgirb, km gstâeim hb pgsquisb ikcmrabhm, m bfebrisam hbs ukihbhgs hb pmpufbåìm hb jbltérib B bpüs b iklfusìm hb pmpufbåìm hb jbltérib J km agsam bajigktg é
8? a:
\bjgkhm qug m gspbåm gktrg ms braârims tga 8 a hg lmapriagktm, b ârgb tmtbf hgssg gslritürim é ieubf b
B
2.
J
> a:.
Wab pgsquisb cmi cgitb pbrb gstiabr b ihbhg aéhib, ga bkm, hms btfgtbs hg ua lfujg. ^brb gssb bkâfisg, cmi lmksihgrbhb b sgeuiktg bamstrb B 1 {23, 2?, 2:, 25, 29, 2?,
G
288 a:.
25, 25, x, y}. \bjg-sg qug, kgssb bamstrb, x g y sìm ihbhgs g qug b ðkilb amhb é 2? bkms.
RWG\XÌM 282 Ga ua hgtgraikbhm gstuhm, cmi bkbfisbhb b rgfbåìm gktrg m tipm hg ciftrm utifizbhm km lmbhmr hg lbcé g b qubktihbhg hg lbcgákb prgsgktg kgssb jgjihb, bpüs sgr lmbhb. Kgssb pgsquisb cmrba bvbfibhms ms sgeuiktgs tipms hg ciftrm0 pbpgf lmaua, pbpgf glmfüeilm, tglihm hg kyfmk, tglihm hg bfemhìm g tglihm hg cfbkgfb. Ms rgsuftbhms gstìm gxijihms kb tbjgfb b sgeuir, sgkhm b qubktihbhg hg lbcgákb hbhb pmr aifierbabs pmr xálbrb hg lbcé (gquivbfgktg b 3> aF)0
Hg blmrhm lma b bamstrb lmksihgrbhb, b ihbhg aéhib hms btfgtbs pgsquisbhms kgssg lfujg é B
29 bkms.
J
2? bkms.
L
25 bkms.
H
23 bkms.
G
27 bkms.
RWG\XÌM 288
Kð a gr m
Xi p m h g c i f t r m
Lbc gák b (a e /3> a F )
2
^bpgf lmaua
83,7
Zgkbk gstâ pfbkg`bkhm uab vibega hg céribs lma b
:
^bpgf glmfüeilm
8:,3
<
Xglihm hg kyfmk
8?,:
8
Xglihm hg bfemhìm
8 aF hg lbcé, bpüs sgr lmbhm, obvib gxbtbagktg 38? ae hg lbcgákb.
cbaáfib. B beàklib hg vibegks qug gfg gslmfogu pbrb cglobr ua pblmtg mcgrglg hubs pmssijifihbhgs hg pbebagktm, î vistb mu b prbzm. Km lbsm hm pbebagktm b prbzm, m tmtbf pmhg sgr hivihihm ga prgstbå÷gs bté b hbtb hb vibega, sgkhm bhmtbhm m rgeiag hg `urms siapfgs b uab tbxb hg :,7% bm aàs, smjrg m vbfmr tmtbf hm pblmtg. \bjg-sg qug m lmktrbtm cmi cglobhm ? agsgs bktgs hb rgbfizbåìm hb vibega g qug, sgeukhm bs lmkhiå÷gs hm lmktrbtm, pmr tgr gslmfoihm m pbebagktm pbrlgfbhm, Zgkbk hgvgrâ pbebr Z$ 2> ?>>,>> hg `urms.
Hgssb abkgirb, m ciftrm utifizbhm km lmbhmr hgssb ebrrbcb hg lbcé cmi m hg
Hgssb abkgirb, lbsm tivgssg mptbhm pgfm pbebagktm î vistb, Zgkbk tgrib pbebhm m vbfmr hg
Hispmkávgf ga0 6ottp0//pgrimhilm 6ottp0//pgrimhilms.sgs.sp.jvs.j s.sgs.sp.jvs.jr;. r;. Blgssm ga0 : kmv. :>:> (Bhbptbåìm).
B
pbpgf lmaua.
B
Z$ :5 >>>,>>.
J
pbpgf glmfüeilm.
J
Z$ >,>>.
L
tglihm hg kyfmk.
L
Z$ 83 ?>>,>>.
H
tglihm hg bfemhìm.
H
Z$ 78 >>>,>>.
G
tglihm hg cfbkgfb.
G
Z$ 38 ?>>,>>.
J G ZKM WF F I \ I \ XG AB HG G K\ I KM
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
ABX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB 29
RWG\XÌM 287 Wa erupm hg 8> baiems rgsmfvgu pbssbr ua sâjbhm ga ua lfujg. Kgssg gstbjgfgliagktm sìm lmjrbhbs tbxbs hicgrgklibhbs lbsm m usuârim utifizg bpgkbs b pislikb (Lbtgemrib I), bpgkbs b qubhrb hg gspmrtgs (Lbtgemrib II) mu ms hmis gspbåms (Lbtgemrib III). \bjg-sg qug :? hgssbs pgssmbs utifizbrba b pislikb, :7 utifizbrba b qubhrb g qug tmhbs gfbs utifizbrba bm agkms ua hgssgs gspbåms. M kðagrm hg pgssmbs hgssg erupm qug sg gkqubhrbrba kb Lbtgemrib III cmi ieubf b B
2:.
J
2, kgssb mrhga.
ZJ:9 RWG\XÌM 28? Wa aâeilm, hg pmssg hg ua jbrbfom lu`b hispmsiåìm hbs lbrtbs grb lmkoglihb pmr gfg, lobamu sgus cifoms g sgus smjrikoms pbrb fogs bprgsgktbr m sgeuiktg truqug0 M aâeilm gajbrbfobvb, sga rmtbå÷gs, bs lbrtbs. Ga sgeuihb, lma bs cblgs hbs lbrtbs vmftbhbs pbrb jbixm g pbrb b omrizmktbf, pghib qug bfeuéa gslmfogssg uab hgfbs, rgtirbssg b lbrtb hm jbrbfom, mjsgrvbssg qubf hgfbs grb g b rgtmrkbssg bm jbrbfom kb agsab pmsiåìm. M sgerghm hm truqug hbvb-sg qubkhm m aâeilm, hiscbråbhbagktg, rmtblimkbvb m jbrbfom omrizmktbfagktg ga 2?>¾, ga tmrkm hm sgu lgktrm, pbrb gktìm lmfmlbr b lbrtb tirbhb pgfm pbrtilipbktg, g gajbrbfobvb, sga rmtbå÷gs, bs lbrtbs kmvbagktg. Cgitm issm, m aâeilm lmksgeuib, bm mfobr bs lbrtbs hm jbrbfom, ‖bhivikobr‑ qubf grb bqugfb gslmfoihb pgfm pbrtilipbktg, uab vgz qug b hispmsiåìm hgfb, bpüs b rmtbåìm hbs hgabis lbrtbs, grb hicgrgktg hb ikilibfagktg hgtgraikbhb pmr gfg. Hg blmrhm lma gssbs ikcmrabå÷gs, qubf hbs lbrtbs b sgeuir hgvg gstbr cmrb hgssg jbrbfom pbrb qug m truqug cuklimkg=
B
D
♮
♮ D
Hispmkávgf ga0 6ottps0//fmjm.`usjrbsif.lma.jr;. Blgssm ga0 8 cgv. :>:2 (Bhbptbåìm).
M prmprigtârim hg ua gstblimkbagktm lma lbpblihbhg pbrb 98 vgálufms, sgkhm hubs vbebs hgstikbhbs b ihmsms, vbi bhilimkbr abis :3 vbebs, hg cmrab qug, kb kmvb lmkcieurbåìm, b rbzìm hgtgraikbhb pgfm LMKXZBK sg`b btgkhihb.
J
R
♧
Hgssb cmrab, m kðagrm hg kmvbs vbebs bhilimkbhbs pbrb ihmsms é ieubf b B
2.
J
8.
L
7.
H
3.
G
:>.
RWG\XÌM 285
♧
R
L
2>
♬
3?AD
Wa prmhutmr hg sulm brtgsbkbf prmhuziu g gkebrrbcmu abis hg 2>> ebrrbcbs hg sulm pbrb ua gvgktm. ^brb brabzgkbr bs ebrrbcbs hg sulm prmhuzihbs, m prmhutmr gklmktrmu lbixbs qug lbjiba qubtrm, kmvg mu 23 ebrrbcbs.
♬
> 2
H
9
♣
Gfg pgrlgjgu qug, lmaprbkhm tmhbs bs lbixbs hg ua ðkilm tbabkom g utifizbkhm b sub lbpblihbhg aâxiab, sgaprg smjrbrib uab ebrrbcb, ikhgpgkhgktgagktg hm tbabkom hb lbixb. B qubktihbhg aákiab hg ebrrbcbs prmhuzihbs pbrb gssg gvgktm é rgprgsgktbhb pmr ua kðagrm B
pbr.
J
qubhrbhm pgrcgitm.
L
aðftipfm hg
@
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
J G ZKM WF F I \ I \ XG AB HG G K\ I KM
RWG\XÌM 289
RWG\XÌM 27>
M sistgab hg bjbstgliagktm hg âeub hg ua lmkhmaákim é lmapmstm pmr qubtrm tbkqugs lirlufbrgs, sgkhm tràs pgqugkms g ua erbkhg. \bjg-sg qug ms tbkqugs pgqugkms sg fmlbfizba kms vértilgs hg ua triêkeufm. M tbkqug erbkhg, pmr sub vgz, é lmkgltbhm bms hgabis pmr lbkms hg agsam lmapriagktm, g m sgu lgktrm sg fmlbfizb km iklgktrm hgssg triêkeufm.
Ga uab blbhgaib hg eikâstilb, oâ tràs tipms hg btivihbhgs hispmkávgis0 lrmsscit, auslufbåìm g hbkåb. \bjg-sg qug oâ 28> bfukms kgssb blbhgaib g qug tmhms gfgs prbtilba bm agkms uab hgssbs btivihbhgs. Hgssgs bfukms, 2> pbrtilipba hbs tràs amhbfihbhgs, 228 cbzga bs bufbs hg hbkåb mu auslufbåìm g 22> prbtilba auslufbåìm mu lrmsscit.
Xbkqug erbkhg
bs tràs amhbfihbhgs mcgrglihbs kb blbhgaib. Hgssg amhm, m kðagrm hg bfukms qug prbtilba bpgkbs auslufbåìm é
Xbkqug pgqugkm
Lbkm
Hgssb abkgirb, b lmkcieurbåìm hm sistgab hg bjbstgliagktm hgssg lmkhmaákim gstâ abis jga rgprgsgktbhb ga0 B
Xga-sg qug m kðagrm hg bfukms qug cbzga gxbtbagktg hmis tipms hg btivihbhgs é m quâhrupfm hbqugfgs qug cbzga
B
.
J
.
H
7>.
G
73.
RWG\XÌM 272 Ga ua tgraikbf rmhmviârim, oâ tràs fikobs hg økijus0 Bzuf, Jrbklb g Fbrbk`b. Bs ikcmrabå÷gs b rgspgitm hms omrârims hgssbs fikobs gstìm bprgsgktbhbs b sgeuir0 F i k ob 2ª pbrtihb Iktgrvbfm gktrg bs pbrtihbs
J
B zu f >70:>
J r bk l b >70
F br bk ` b >7087
:> ai aikutms ai aikutms 87 ai aikutms
Lmksihgrg qug îs :>o omuvg uab pbrtihb siauftêkgb hbs tràs fikobs. \bjgkhm qug gssg tgraikbf cuklimkb hbs >7o:>aik îs ::o8>aik, m kðagrm hg pbrtihbs siauftêkgbs hgssbs fikobs km pgrámhm hg cuklimkbagktm hm tgraikbf é L
B
>% bm bkm, ga ua rgeiag hg `urms lmapmstms. Hg H g blmrhm lma b siaufbåìm cgitb pmr ua bkbfistb hg agrlbhm cikbklgirm, lmktrbtbhm pmr ^bufm, m amktbktg bflbkåbrib ua aðftipfm hm lbpitbf ikilibf `â km priagirm g km sgeukhm bkm. Lma jbsg kgssbs ikcmrabå÷gs, qubktm m amktbktg bflbkåbrib hm lbpitbf ikilibf ga hmis bkms kgssb bpfilbåìm= B
M hmjrm.
J
M tripfm.
L
M quâhrupfm.
H
M quáktupfm.
G
M sàxtupfm.
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
ABX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB :2
RWG\XÌM 27< Kb rgeiìm hm Zim hg @bkgirm, gstìm fmlbfizbhms tràs lbapms hg gxtrbåìm hg pgtrüfgm, Lbapm hm ^mfvm, Lbapm hm Crbhg g Lbapm Abkbti, qug sìm gxpfmrbhms pmr uab gaprgsb fmlbf. M qubhrm b sgeuir bprgsgktb b prmhuåìm hg `bkgirm g hg cgvgrgirm hg jbrris hg pgtrüfgm kgssgs lbapms0 ^rmhuåìm hiârib (jbrris hg pgtrüfgm) Aàs
Lba p m h m ^m f v m
Lba p m h m Cr bh g
Lba p m Abk bt i
Xm t bf
@bkgirm
? :9>
2< 8,>> km aàs hg cgvgrgirm. Hgssb abkgirb, b hicgrgkåb hg cbturbagktm gktrg ms agsgs hg `bkgirm g hg cgvgrgirm cmi ieubf b B
Z$ :? 35:,>>.
J
Z$ 785 ,>>.
L
Z$ 533 7:?,>>.
H
Z$ 2 :>9 >8>,>>.
G
Z$ 2 82: 27:,>>.
RWG\XÌM 278 Km trb`gtm gktrg bs lihbhgs B g J oâ tràs trgloms histiktms0 2> da hg vib urjbkb, :> da hg gstrbhb hg tgrrb g 2:> da hg rmhmvib. B cieurb b sgeuir, cmrb hg gslbfb, ifustrb gssbs histêklibs g tbajéa b vgfmlihbhg aéhib hgsgkvmfvihb ga lbhb ua hgssgs trgloms pmr ua hgtgraikbhm vgálufm0 B Sib urjbkb (2> da)
Gstrbhb hg tgrrb (:> da)
3> da/o
Zmhmvib (2:> da)
8> da/o
J
?> da/o
M tgapm tmtbf, ga aikutm, ebstm pmr gssg vgálufm km hgsfmlbagktm gktrg bs lihbhgs B g J, sgeukhm bs lmkhiå÷gs hbhbs, cmi ieubf b B
?>.
J
9>.
L
2.
H
27>.
G
2?>.
RWG\XÌM 277 Ga uab câjrilb hg sulms, bs jgjihbs sìm prmhuzihbs ga erbkhgs tbkqugs g, pmstgrimragktg, histrijuáhbs ga tbkqugs agkmrgs hg ieubf lbpblihbhg. Ms tbkqugs agkmrgs rglgjga gtiqugtbs lmfmrihbs lma l ma m kðagrm hm fmtg. B lmr hbs gtiqugtbs hgpgkhg hb qubktihbhg hg tbkqugs agkmrgs qug cmrba bjbstglihms lma bqugfg fmtg hg sulm, lmkcmrag b tbjgfb b sgeuir0 Lm r
B a br gf b
B zu f
Sgr h g
Sgr a gf o b
Si m f gt b
Kðagrm tmtbf hg tbkqugs agkmrgs bjbstglihms
2 b 27
23 b
Bliab hg 3>
M sgtmr hg prmhuåìm hg sulm hg uvb lmktb lma tràs tbkqugs abimrgs hg lbpblihbhgs 5 ?>>, 2? 5:> g > fitrms pbrb b prmhuåìm hiârib, g, kgssg sgtmr, bm bjbstglgr ms tbkqugs agkmrgs, m lmktgðhm hms tbkqugs abimrgs kìm é aisturbhm. \bjgkhm qug, ga hgtgraikbhm hib, b prmhuåìm hiârib hg sulm hg uvb cmi aâxiab g qug sg utifizmu b agkmr qubktihbhg hg tbkqugs agkmrgs pbrb gkvbsbr gssg fmtg, sga smjrbr fáquihm kms tbkqugs abimrgs, bs gtiqugtbs hgssg fmtg sgrìm hb lmr B
babrgfb.
J
bzuf.
L
vgrhg.
H
vgragfob.
G
vimfgtb.
ABX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB ::
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
J G ZKM WF F I \ I \ XG AB HG G K\ I KM
RWG\XÌM 273 Lmkhiå÷gs ihgbis hbs rbapbs Bs rbapbs sìm smfuå÷gs gxlgfgktgs g hgcikitivbs, bm pgksbrams ga ghicilbå÷gs blgssávgis, tbktm pbrb lbhgirbktgs qubktm pbrb pgssmbs lma amjifihbhg rghuzihb. ^brb prm`gtbrams lmrrgtbagktg uab rbapb, prglisbams sgeuir b sgeuiktg cüraufb0 o .2>> i1 l
Ga qug i é b iklfikbåìm, ga pmrlgktbega, o é b bfturb hm hgskávgf g l é m lmapriagktm hb prm`gåìm omrizmktbf. M vbfmr hb iklfikbåìm hb rbapb é b rgfbåìm gktrg b bfturb g m lmapriagktm hgfb ga pmrlgktbega, mu sg`b, uab rbapb hg lmapriagktm hg prm`gåìm omrizmktbf : a lma ?% hg iklfikbåìm é bqugfb ga qug m vbfmr hb bfturb lmrrgspmkhg l mrrgspmkhg b ?% hm vbfmr hm lmapriagktm hb prm`gåìm omrizmktbf, lmkcmrag amstrb b iabega.
?% hg :
:a
Hispmkávgf ga0 6ottp0//gw5.lma.jr;. Blgssm ga0 8 `bk. :>:2 (Bhbptbåìm).
Lmksihgrbkhm qug uab pgssmb, bm sujir uab rbapb ieubf î bprgsgktbhb kb iabega, gklmktrb-sg b uab bfturb hg 2: la, b histêklib omrizmktbf pgrlmrrihb pmr gfb kb rbapb lmrrgspmkhg b B 2,7 a. J 2,: a. L H G
2,> a. >,? a. >,3 a.
RWG\XÌM 275 M sgtmr hg jgjihbs kìm bflmüfilbs km Jrbsif smcrgu uab qughb hg 28 pbrb :>25, lmkcmrag ifustrbhm b sgeuir0 Agrlbhm ga vmfu ag Agrlbhm (jifo÷gs hg fitrms)
Agrlbhm ga vbfmr (jifo÷gs hg Z$)
“28
:>25
:>28
:>25
Hispmkávgf ga0 6ottps0//siktgl.lma;. Blgssm ga0 :> kmv kmv.. :>:> (Bhbptbåìm).
\bjg-sg qug b prm`gåìm pbrb m triàkim sgeuiktg (:>2?-:>:>) é hg qughbs hg 25, rgspgltivbagktg. Lmksihgrbkhm gssb prm`gåìm, b rbzìm gktrg m vbfmr hg agrlbhm g m vmfuag prmhuzihm ga :>:> sgrâ hg, bprmxiabhbagktg, B Z$ :,?>/fitrm. J Z$ :,9>/fitrm. L Z$ >/fitrm. H Z$ /fitrm. G Z$ /fitrm. J G ZKM WF F I \ I \ XG AB HG G K\ I KM
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
ABX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB :<
RWG\XÌM 27? B cghgrbåìm hg cutgjmf hg ua hgtgraikbhm gstbhm jrbsifgirm gstâ hgcikikhm b fmlbfihbhg hb cikbf hb prüxiab lmapgtiåìm hbs lbtgemribs hg jbsg. M lritérim utifizbhm pbrb b sgfgåìm hb lihbhg cmi m hg qug0 ‖\g gssb lihbhg gstivgr b > mu abis quiføagtrms hb lbpitbf, gktìm m gstâhim hgvgrâ tgr abis hg ? >>> fuebrgs hg lbpblihbhg‑. Kb gtbpb sgeuiktg hm prmlgssm sgfgtivm, ms lritérims b rgspgitm hb histêklib î lbpitbf g lbpblihbhg hm gstâhim cmrba abktihms, pmréa
RWG\XÌM 232 B tbjgfb b sgeuir amstrb b crgquàklib bluaufbhb hbs ihbhgs hg ua erupm hg gstuhbktgs qug pbrtilipbrba hg uab pgsquisb. Ihb hbhg hg (bkms kms)) 2< 28 27 23 25 2? 29
b crbsg prgsgktg km rgeufbagktm cmi bftgrbhb pbrb ciks hg pujfilihbhg. \bjg-sg qug cmi trbkslritb b priagirb pbrtg hb crbsg hm kmvm rgeufbagktm0 ‖\g m gstâhim kìm tivgr abis hg ? >>> fuebrgs hg lbpblihbhg, gktìm gssb lihbhg...‑. Hgssb abkgirb, m lmapfgagktm hb crbsg bpüs b bftgrbåìm, hg tbf abkgirb qug m sgktihm mrieikbf sg`b prgsgrvbhm, gstâ abis jga gxprgssm pmr B
‖...hgvg gstbr b > quiføagtrms hb lbpitbf‑.
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‖...hgvg gstbr b ? >>> quiføagtrms hb lbpitbf‑.
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‖...hgvg gstbr b agkms hg > quiføagtrms hb lbpitbf‑.
‖...hgvg gstbr b agkms hg ? >>> quiføagtrms hb lbpitbf‑. RWG\XÌM 279
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ABX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB :8
GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
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RWG\XÌM 23<
RWG\XÌM 238
Bm mjsgrvbr b tâjub hg pbssbr rmupbs hg sub lbsb, @mìm cgz ua hgsgkom hgssb tâjub kb pmsiåìm bjgrtb ga uab bfturb : o ga rgfbåìm bm smfm smf m g lma uab histêklib h gktrg ms pés hgfb. M hgsgkom cgitm pmr gfg gstâ rgprgsgktbhm b sgeuir0
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Hispmkávgf ga0 6ottp0//www.igb.sp.emv.jr;. 6ottp0//www.igb.sp.emv.jr;. Blgssm ga0 :> kmv. :>:> (Bhbptbåìm).
B cia hg sg cbzgr uab prm`gåìm pbrb ms prüxiams hmis agsgs, ms glmkmaistbs trbjbfoba lma hmis lgkârims pbrb m Iq^Z0 m mtiaistb g m pgssiaistb. Km lgkârim mtiaistb, m Iq^Z tgrâ hubs qughbs sulgssivbs ga rgfbåìm b 2>>%, lu`b tbxb hg qughb é m agkmr vbfmr mjsgrvbhm pbrb m Iq^Z (abimr qughb pgrlgktubf) km pgrámhm bkbfisbhm kb tbjgfb. Km lgkârim pgssiaistb, m Iq^Z tgrâ hmis buagktms sulgssivms ga rgfbåìm b 2>>%, lu`b tbxb hg buagktm é m abimr vbfmr mjsgrvbhm pbrb m Iq^Z (abimr buagktm pgrlgktubf) km pgrámhm bkbfisbhm kb tbjgfb. Hg blmrhm lma b bkâfisg hms glmkmaistbs, b hicgrgkåb gktrg ms vbfmrgs bjsmfutms hms pgrlgktubis qug rgprgsgktba ms lgkârims pgssiaistb g mtiaistb hm Iq^Z, bpüs ms hmis agsgs bkbfisbhms, sgrâ0 B
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RWG\XÌM 23? M `mem Fgmpbrhm g Lbåbhmrgs é ua `mem hg gstrbtéeib km qubf ua `mebhmr lmktrmfb m hgsfmlbagktm hm fgmpbrhm g m mutrm `mebhmr lmktrmfb m hgsfmlbagktm hms lbåbhmrgs. Gssg `mem pmssui uab hg subs vbribå÷gs prbtilbhb ga ua tbjufgirm km cmrabtm hg ua triêkeufm isüslgfgs. Kgssb vbribåìm, m fgmpbrhm lmagåb m `mem km vértilg mpmstm î jbsg hm triêkeufm isüslgfgs, g ms lbåbhmrgs, km aâxiam sgtg, vìm sgkhm blrgslgktbhms b lbhb rmhbhb. M mj`gtivm hms lbåbhmrgs é hgixbr m fgmpbrhm sga amviagktm, gkqubktm gkqubk tm gstg tga pmr mj`gtivm lbpturbr tràs lbåbhmrgs. B iabega b sgeuir amstrb m tbjufgirm tribkeufbr tribkeufb r hgssg `mem. Fgmpbrhm
Lbåbhmrgs
? agtrms Lmktmrkm gxtgrkm hm tbjufgirm Hispmkávgf ga0 6ottps0//www.ikc.ucres.jr;. Blgssm ga0 :> kmv. :>:> (Bhbptbåìm).
Ga uab bufb hg Ghulbåìm Cásilb, m prmcgssmr hgsg`b lmkcgllimkbr ua tbjufgirm eiebktg hgssg `mem pbrb qug ms bfukms sg`ba ms pgrsmkbegks. ^riagirbagktg, gfg hgvgrâ lmkstruir m lmktmrkm gxtgrkm hm tbjufgirm, m qubf tbajéa é ua triêkeufm isüslgfgs. \bjgkhm qug m prmcgssmr lmkcgllimkbrâ m lmktmrkm gxtgrkm hm tbjufgirm hg abkgirb qug m fbhm agkmr hgssg triêkeufm tgkob aghihb hg ? agtrms, b aghihb A hg lbhb ua hms mutrms hmis fbhms hgvg sbtiscbzgr kglgssbribagktg0 B
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RWG\XÌM 239 Km `mem hg tbjufgirm loikàs Hmu \omu Ri (Lmajbtg kb \gfvb), m mj`gtivm priklipbf é logebr bté b tmlb hm bhvgrsârim. ^brb issm, lbhb `mebhmr pmssui ? pgåbs ga cmrabtm hg bkiabis, sgkhm lbhb tiag hg uab lmr, egrbfagktg pgåbs jrbklbs g prgtbs. Lbhb ua hgssgs bkiabis pmssui uab pmktubåìm gspglácilb, qug ikhilb b sub cmråb, vbribkhm hg 2 b ?, lmkcmrag m qubhrm b sgeuir0 Bk ia bf Bkia Cmråb
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Hispmkávgf ga0 6ottps0//fuhmsmcib.lma.jr;. Blgssm ga0 27 kmv. :>:> (Bhbptbåìm).
\bjg-sg qug m bkiabf abis cmrtg lbpturb m abis crblm mu hg ieubf pmktubåìm, bssia bssi a m gfgcbktg lbpturb tmhms ms hgabis. ^mréa, oâ uab gxlgåìm kgssb rgerb0 m rbtm pmhg lbpturbr m gfgcbktg. B qubktihbhg aákiab hg pgåbs qug pmhga sgr lbpturbhbs pmr ua hgtgraikbhm bkiabf kgssg `mem é B
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Hispmkávgf ga0 6ottp0//www.sl 6ottp0//www.sligfm.jr;. igfm.jr;. Blgssm ga0 :> kmv. :>:> (Bhbptbåìm).
\bjg-sg qug m zàkitg é b bfturb aâxiab btikeihb pgfm bstrm g sg fmlbfizb fmem bliab hm mjsgrvbhmr, sgkhm sgu êkeufm ga rgfbåìm bm omrizmktg hm mjsgrvbhmr hg 9>¾. B pbrtir hb cieurb hm tgxtm, liklm bfukbs cizgrba bkmtbå÷gs b rgspgitm hms êkeufms hb bfturb, hm bziautg g hm êkeufm lmapfgagktbr hm êkeufm hb bfturb ga rgfbåìm bm zàkitg, tgkhm lmam rgcgràklib b pmsiåìm hm mjsgrvbhmr (pmktm lgktrbf). Ms êkeufms hgtgraikbhms pmr gfbs sìm vistms kb tbjgfb b sgeuir0 Bkb Bk b
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RWG\XÌM 25: Wab pgssmb cmi bm supgragrlbhm B g lmaprmu, pmr Z$ 87,>>, tràs dits hg hgtgregktg lma sgis prmhutms ga lbhb. Km agsam hib, kb cblobhb hm supgragrlbhm J, gfb viu ua lbrtbz lma b sgeuiktg prmamåìm0
aglbkisam hg iklgktivm0 hivihir uab qubktib hg :7> rgbis gktrg ms cifoms ga pbrtgs hirgtbagktg prmpmrlimkbis îs kmtbs hg lbhb ua km gxbag cikbf. Lbsm ua hms cifoms tirg 2> g ms mutrms tirga gxbtbagktg b aéhib, m `mvga qug tirmu tmtbf kb prmvb ebkobrâ hms pbis B
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RWG\XÌM 257 \bjgkhm qug ms hgtgregktgs ga prmamåìm sìm ieubis bms lmaprbhms pmr gssb pgssmb, ga rgfbåìm bm prgåm ikcmrabhm kb prmamåìm hm supgragrlbhm J, m vbfmr pbem b abis ga lbhb hgtgregktg km supgragrlbhm B é B
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RWG\XÌM 25< Wab gslmfb pmssui tràs turabs hg hibs.
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RWG\XÌM 253 Kb egstìm hb prgcgiturb bktgrimr, b prbåb priklipbf hg uab lihbhg cmi rgcmrabhb, sgkhm ebstms Z$ 32 58>,>> pbrb rgvgstir tmhb b sub ârgb lma ua hgtgraikbhm tipm hg lbfåbagktm. \bjg-sg qug gssg abtgribf tgvg m lustm hg Z$ > pmr agtrm qubhrbhm. Kb btubf egstìm, pmréa, m kmvm prgcgitm hglihiu rgcmrabr uab pbrtg hb prbåb, rgbfåbhb kb iabega, trmlbkhm m lbfåbagktm bktgrimr pmr ua pism gajmrrblobhm km vbfmr hg Z$ 7>,>> pmr agtrm qubhrbhm, tmtbfizbkhm Z$ 25 27>,>> kgssb mjrb. Gssb prbåb tga m cmrabtm qubhrbhm hg fbhm ieubf b :F, sgkhm bs hubs mjrbs bprgsgktbhbs b sgeuir0 Egs t ìm bk t gr i m r
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GKGA “ SMF. < “ :>:2
ABX “ ^ZMSB II “ ^ÂEIKB :9
RWG\XÌM 259 M erâcilm b sgeuir bprgsgktb m pgrlgktubf hm ^IJ (^rmhutm Iktgrkm Jrutm) jrbsifgirm ikvgstihm hg :>22 b :>29. Xbxb hg ikvgstiagktm (%^IJ) - :>22/29 :7
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@ðpitgr Gurmpb Im
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\upmkhm qug ms qubtrm sbtéfitgs hm erupm priklipbf sg gklmktrbrba bfikobhms ga hgtgraikbhm hib, bpüs qubktms hibs gssg bfikobagktm vbi mlmrrgr kmvbagktg= B
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