Simulación de Yacimientos de Hidrocarburos

 

[gdunckgû` hj Wckgdgj`tls hj Mghrlkcrburls Nc sgdunckgû` hj yckgdgj`tls js nc dc`jrc hj plhjr prjhjkgr kûdl sj kldplrtcrc u` yckgdgj`tl c`tjs y hjspuçs hj mcbjr sghl pjrilrchl. Z`c vjz lbtj`ghc nc hctc prlvj`gj`tj hj g`aj` g`aj`gjrls gjrls ajliäsgkls, ajûnlals, pjtrlnjrls, JXK5 jstc sjrã sudg`gstrchc c u` sgdunchlr hj yckgdgj`tls jn kucn sj j`kcracrc hj nc tcrjc dãs pjschc, quj js nc hj kcnkuncr y sgduncr.

[gdunchlr hj Wckgdgj`tls hj Mghrlkcrburls Z` sgdunchlr hj yckgdgj`tls js cqujn quj djhgc`tj cnalrgtdls dctjdãtgkls, slnukgl`c `udçrgkcdj`tj ncs hgstg`tcs jkuckgl`js hjn dlhjnl dctjdãtgkl quj rjprjsj`tc` jn yckgdgj`tl y lbtgj`j slnukgl`js cprlxgdchcs hj tcnjs jkuckgl`js. Nls sgdunchlrjs sgdunchlrjs hj pjtrûnjl j` nc cktucnghch rjsujnvj` ncs jkuckgl`js quj jxpngkc` nc hg`ãdgkc iäsgkc quj jxgstj j` u` rjsjrvlrgl pjtrlnjrl (bcnc`kj hj dcsc y njy hj Hcrky). Nc dc`jrc j` quj nls sgdunchlrjs rjprjsj`tc` nls yckgdgj`tls, kl`sghjrc` u`c sjrgj hj bnlqujs g`tjrkl`jktchls quj kl`tgj`j` ncs kcrcktjrästgkcs iäsgkcs hj kchc jtcpc hjn rjsjrvlrgl, csä jn inuol c trcvçs hj jstls js dlhjnchl plr jkuckgl`js hgijrj`kgcnjs pcrkgcnjs quj sj rjsujnvj` kl` dçtlhls `udçrgkls. Kchc  bnlquj l kjnhc sj rjnckgl`c rjnckgl`c c u` vlnudj` hjn yckgdgj` yckgdgj`tl tl y kl`tgj`j` g`ilrdckgû` g`ilrdckgû` slbrj ncs  prlpgjhchjs hj ncs rlkcs rlkcs y nls inughls kcrcktjrästgkls kcrcktjrästgkls hjn yckgdgj`tl yckgdgj`tl..

Iu`kgl`js hj u` [gdunchlr hj yckgdgj`tls Cnau`cs ltrcs hj ncs iu`kgl`js hj u` sgdunchlr js nc hj kcnkuncr prjsgl`js, scturckgl`js y kldplrtcdgj`tls hj plzls c trcvçs hjn tgjdpl, pjrl su usl dãs gdplrtc`tj js jn sgduncr jn inuol hjn yckgdgj`tl. Nls tgpls hj sgdunchlrjs dãs uschls j` jn djhgl sl`? Vjtrûnjl @jarl (Jkngpsj BnckeLgn), ± Kldplsgkgl`cnjs (Jkngpsj Kldplsgtgl`cn), Kldplsgtgl`cn), Xçrdgkls (GDJ])*, ± Suädgkls, ± Cklpnchls kl` dlhjnls? Ajldjkã`gkls, inuol hj inughls j`± tubjräcs VGVJ[GD, g`stcnckgl`js hj supjrigkgj, MW[G[, jtk Jstls sl` cnau`ls hj nls sgdunchlrjs dãs uschls j` jn du`hl, d u`hl, y kchc u`l hj jstls hjstckc` plrquj sl` nls jspjkgcngstcs j` jn ãrjc csga`chc.

Zsl hj u` [gdunchlr hj Wckgdgj`tls Nc utgnghch prg`kgpcn hjn sgdunchlr js jn cyuhcr c nls g`aj`gjrls c kldprj`hjr jn kldplrtcdgj`tl hj nc prjsgû` pcrc plhjr rjcngzcr jstgdckgl`js slbrj ncs tcscs hj prlhukkgû` j` nls rjsjrvlrgls j` iu`kgû` hjn tgjdpl. Nls hctls `jkjscrgls pcrc cngdj`tcr u`c mjrrcdgj`tc hj sgdunckgû`, jxgaj` nc chqugsgkgû` hj u`c arc` kc`tghch hj g`ilrdckgû` ckjrkc hjn rjsjrvlrgl, jstc g`ilrdckgû` js rjklpgnchc plr jxpjrtls pjtrliäsgkls, ajliäsgkls, ajûnlals j g`aj`gjrls hj yckgdgj`tls utgngzc`hl  pcqujtjs hj slitwcrj jspjkgcnjs. jspjkgcnjs.

 

Jstrukturc hj u` [gdunchlr hj Wckgdgj`tls [gauj u` pctrû` kcrcktjrästgkl, jn kucn kl`sgstj hj trjs jtcpcs? Jtcpc 3? Jstc jtcpc sj nj nncdc hj G`gkgcngzckgû`, j` jn kucn sj tldc nc hctc hjn yckgdgj`tl (prlpgjhchjs rlkc-inughl), pcrc lbtj`jr u`c jstgdckgû` hjn VLJ[. 

Jtcpc 2? Jstc jtcpc js hj Coustj Mgstûrgkl, cquä jn sgdunchlr kl` ncs kl`hgkgl`js hj jxtrckkgû` hj mghrlkcrburl (`ÿdjrls hj pjrilrckgl`js, tgjdpl hj jxpnltckgû`, jtk.) mckj nls kãnkunls pcrc  prjhjkgr jn kldplrtcdgj`tl hjn yckgdgj`tl. 

 Jtcpc ;? Jstc jtcpc sj nj nncdc nncdc hj Vrjhgkkgl`js, u`c vjz mjkm mjkml l jn kãnkunl pcrc ncs prjhgkkgl`js, jn sgdunchlr plhrã prl`lstgkcr jn Icktlr hj Rjklbrl.



Mcy quj hjstckcr quj nls rjsuntchls hj scnghc hjn sgdunchlr hjpj`hj` hj nls hctls hj j`trchc, js hjkgr quj sg cn sgdunchlr sj nj sudg`gstrc hctc g`cprlpgchc nl rjsuntchls sjrã` nls dãs gnûagkls j g`klmjrj`tjs plsgbnjs. plsgbnjs. Xcdbgç`, kldl sj hgkml c`tjrglrdj`tj, jn sgdunchlr `l hcrã u`c prjhgkkgû` jxcktc hj nl quj puhgjrc pcscr j` jn yckgdgj`tl, pjrl `ls ckjrkcrc j` arc` djhghc c nl quj sukjhjräc j` nc rjcnghch, ckl`sjoã`hl`ls y cyuhã`hl`ls c djolrcr ncs kl`hgkgl`js hj jxpnltckgû`  pcrc lbtj`jr u` buj` icktlr icktlr hj rjklbrl, hchl quj jstj js u`c hj ncs prg`kgpcnjs djtcs c nncc quj sj qugjrj nnjacr.

Xgpls hj sgdunchlrjs J` nc cktucnghch, jxgstj u`c arc` kc`tghch hj sgdunchlrjs hj yckgdgj`tls, nls kucnjs pujhj` kncsgigkcrsj j` iu`kgû` hj ncs kcrcktjrästgkcs quj rjprjsj`tc`, jn yckgdgj`tl j` jstuhgl l u` prlkjsl iäsgkl quj sj qugjrj rjprlhukgr.

[gdunchlrjs Hgdj`sgl`cnjs Z` yckgdgj`tl pujhj dlhjncrsj kl` nls sgstjdcs hj dcnnchl 6H, 3H, 2H y ;H, j` kllrhj`chcs rchgcnjs l rjktc`auncrjs, hjpj`hgj`hl hj nls lbojtgvls hjn jstuhgl. Jn `ÿdjrl hj hgdj`sgl`js y hj bnlqujs hjpj`hj hj?   @gvjnjs hj hjtcnnj hjtcnnj



  Jxcktgtuh hjsjchc hjsjchc j` jn kldplrtcdgj`tl kldplrtcdgj`tl hjn yckgdgj`tl. yckgdgj`tl.



  Ncs iujrzcs hjn yckgdgj`tl quj sjrã` cprlxgdchcs plr plr jn dlhjnl.



  Nls rjkursls hgspl`gbnjs pcrc rjcngzcr jn jstuhgl (tgjdpl, RRMM, RRMM, jqugpls).



 

C djhghc quj cudj`tc jn `ÿdjrl hj hgdj`sgl`js, bnlqujs y plzls, hj gaucn dc`jrc cudj`tc` nls  prlbnjdcs, sgj`hl jn kcsl kcsl dãs hgiäkgn y sligstgkchl sligstgkchl nc sgdunckgû` duntg duntg bnlquj ;H hj u` yckgdgj`tl yckgdgj`tl kldpnjol. Nc kc`tghch y kcnghch hj HCXC, pjrdgtj hjtjrdg`cr nc sjnjkkgû` hjn tgpl hj sgdunchlr5 `l sgjdprj js buj`l uscr u` [litwcrj dãs pltj`tj kuc`hl tj`jdls quj sgduncr u` kcdpl pjtrlnjrl jnjdj`tcn.

[gdunchlrjs hj kjrl hgdj`sgl`j hgdj`sgl`jss Jstls sgdunchlrjs utgngzc` dlhjnls hj yckgdgj`tl kl`lkghls kldl dlhjnls tc`quj l hj bcnc`kj hj dctjrgcnjs. [l` hj kjrl hgdj`sgl`js hjbghl c quj ncs prlpgjhchjs pjtrliäsgkcs, ncs prlpgjhchjs hj nls inughls y nls vcnlrjs hj prjsgû` `l vcräc` hj pu`tl c pu`tl c nl ncral hj tlhl hjn yckgdgj`tl y sj njs nncdc hj bcnc`kj hj dctjrgcnjs hjbghl c quj nls kãnkunls rjcngzchls sj bcsc` j` u` bcnc`kj j`trj nls inughls quj j`trc` y nls quj scnj` hjn yckgdgj`tl, c trcvçs hj nc sgaugj`tj jkuckgû`? Yi c`tjs hj nc g`yjkkgû` + Yi g`yjktchl ‛ Yi jxtrcähl 4 Yi quj pjrdc`jkj j` jn yckgdgj`tl Hl`hj? Yi? vlnudj` hjn inughl [u usl aj`jrcndj`tj js pcrc jstgdcr jn vlnudj` lrgag`cn hj pjtrûnjl j` jn yckgdgj`tl, nc j`trchc hj cauc y nc prjsgû` hjn yckgdgj`tl. Rjcngzc u` bcnc`kj hj dctjrgcnjs anlbcn hjn rjsjrvlrgl.

[gdunchlrjs hj u`c hgdj`sgû`  [j cpngkc c yckgdgj`tls quj vcräc` j` ngtlnlaäc, j` jstj kcsl, jn yckgdgj`tl kldl u` tlhl `l pujhj sjr rjprjsj`tchl djhgc`tj prlpgjhchjs prldjhgl5 sg` jdbcral, kchc pcrtj sg pujhj, tj`gç`hlsj hls  bnlqujs l kjnhcs. Jn dlhjnl hj u`c hgdj`sgû` sj pujhj cpngkcr sg sj tgj`j u` yckgdgj`tl j` jn quj jn inuol j` u`c hgrjkkgû` js prjhldg`c`tj5 plr jojdpnl, j` nls kcsls hj g`yjkkgû` hj acs j` nc kgdc hj u` yckgdgj`tl, j` nc g`yjkkgû` l j`trchc `cturcn hj cauc plr jn inc`kl hj ltrl yckgdgj`tl.

[gdunchlrjs hj hls hgdj`sgl`j hgdj`sgl`jss  Jn dgsdl c`ãngsgs quj sj utgngzû pcrc jxpngkcr nls dlhjnls hj u`c hgdj`sgû`, pujhj jxtj`hjrsj pcrc nls dlhjnls j` hls y trjs hgdj`sgl`js, jstl js?   Nc jkuckgû` hj bcnc`kj hj dctjrgcnjs, hjskrgbj jn kldplrtcdgj`tl j` kchc kj kjnhc. nhc.



  Nc jkuckgû` hj Hcrky, jn inuol j`trj nls bnlqujs. bnlqujs.



Nc ÿ`gkc hgijrj`kgc js quj nc g`tjrckkgû` hj inuol j` ncs kjnhcs sjrã j` hls l trjs hgdj`sgl`js. Jn dlhjnl hj hls hgdj`sgl`js kl`sgstj j` u`c kjnhc j` hls hgdj`sgl`js y ltrc j` nc tjrkjrc hgdj`sgû`.

 

[gdunchlr 2H (Crjcn) Jstj tgpl hj sgdunchlr sj cpngkc j` yckgdgj`tls hl`hj aj`jrcndj`tj nls jspjslrjs sl` pjqujóls kl` rjspjktl c su ãrjc y `l jxgstj jijktl duy dcrkchl hj jstrctgigkckgû`.

[gdunchlr 2H ([jkkgû` trc`svjrscn)  Kl` jstj tgpl hjChjdãs, dlhjnl sj pujhj sgduncrhjncplhjr kl`gigkckgû` cauc l hjhjtcnnj acs y nls arcvgtckgl`cnjs. tgj`j nc vj`tcoc c`cngzcrhj kl` dcylr nlsjijktls kcdbgls bruskls hj prjsgû` y scturckgû` quj lkurrj` j` nc kjrkc`äc hjn plzl.

[gdunchlrjs hj Xrjs Hgdj`sgl`js Js jn dãs kldpnjol yc quj kuj`tc kl` nc dcylräc hj ncs iujrzcs quj sj prjsj`tc` j` jn yckgdgj`tl5 jstl js, kl`sghjrc chjdãs hj nls jijktls hj bcrrghl crjcn nls jijktls hj bcrrghl vjrtgkcn. Jxgstj` trjs tgpls hj dlhjnls j` trjs hgdj`sgl`js?  J` kllrhj`chcs kcrtjsgc`cs (x, y, z).



  J` kllrhj`chcs kllrhj`chcs kgnä`hrgkcs (r, ν, z).



  Dlhjnl rchgcn hj trjs hgdj`sgl`js. hgdj`sgl`js.



Nls dlhjnls ;H, pujhj` tldcr j` kuj`tc kcsg tlhcs ncs iujrzcs prjsj`tjs j` jn yckgdgj`tl. Kl`sghjrc` nls jijktls hj bcrrghl crjcnjs y arcvgtckgl`cnjs. [g` jdbcral, pujhj` sjr duy hgiäkgnjs  pcrc dlhjncr ij`ûdj`ls nlkcnjs nlkcnjs (tcnjs kldl kl`gigkckgû`) kl`gigkckgû`) hl`hj sj rjqugjrj` bnlqujs bnlqujs duy  pjqujóls pcrc u`c rjprjsj`tckgû` rjprjsj`tckgû` chjkuchc (sj rjqugjrj rjqugjrj „rjig`ckgû` hj kjnhc l argnnc—). argnnc—). [u usl vc pcrc tlhls cqujnnls yckgdgj`tls quj prjsj`tc` u`c ajlnlaäc duy kldpnjoc, quj pujhj hcr  kldl rjsuntchl jn dlvgdgj`tl hj inughls c trcvçs hjn djhgl plrlsl j` vcrgcs hgrjkkgl`js.

[gdunchlrjs plr Xgpl hj Rjkupjrckgû` [gdunchlrjs hj rjkupjrckgû` kl` dgskgbnjs  Nc dgskgbgnghch js jn ij`ûdj`l iäsgkl quj kl`sgstj j` nc djzknc hj hls inughls, sg` quj sj ilrdj j`trj jnnls u`c g`tjricsj. Jxgstj` hgijrj`tjs inughls quj sj g`yjktc` cn yckgdgj`tl bcol jstc kl`hgkgû` y cn jstuhgl hjn jijktl quj prlhukj kchc u`l hj jnnls j` nc rjkupjrckgû` hjn pjtrûnjl sj mckj kl` nc cyuhc hj nls sgdunchlrjs hj rjkupjrckgû` kl` dgskgbnjs. J`trj nls inughls quj sj utgngzc` j` jstj tgpl hj prlkjsls, sj tgj`j`?  Acs j`rgqujkghl



  Bgûxghl hj kcrbl`l, kcrbl`l, KL2



  @gtrûaj`l, @2



 

[gdunchlrjs hj rjkupjrckgû` tçrdgkc Jstj tgpl hj dlhjnls sj utgngzc` pcrc sgduncr jn kldplrtcdgj`tl hj nls yckgdgj`tls suojtls c cnaÿ`  prlkjsl hj rjkupjrckgû` djolrchc, djolrchc, plr djhgl hj dçtlhls tç tçrdgkls rdgkls kuyl lbojtgvl lbojtgvl prg`kgpcn js jn hj  prlplrkgl`cr j`jraäc kcnlräigkc kcnlräigkc cn pjtrûnjl kl` jn jn ig` hj hgsdg`ugr su vg vgsklsghch sklsghch y ickgngtcr su inuol mckgc nls plzls prlhuktlrjs. Jstj tgpl hj dçtlhls pujhj` kncsgigkcrsj j`?  G`yjkkgû` hj inughls kcngj`tjs, quj pujhj` sjr cauc kcngj`tj l vcplr 



 Kldbustgû` g`-sgtu



[gdunchlrjs hj Rjkupjrckgû` Suädgkc Dlhjnc` jn inuol hj inughls y jn trc`splrtj hj dcsc lkcsgl`chc plr ncs g`tjrckkgl`js inughl/inughl y inughl/rlkc tcnjs kldl nc hgspjrsgû`, chslrkgû`, g`tjrkcdbgl hj kctgl`js, inuol `l ‛ `jwtl`gc`l y kldplrtcdgj`tl hj icsjs duy kldpnjols ( trjs l dãs icsjs ).

[gdunchlrjs plr jn @ÿdjrls hj Icsjs Nls sgdunchlrjs hj ckujrhl cn tgpl `ÿdjrl hj icsjs j` jn inughl j` d dlvgdgj`tl lvgdgj`tl hj`trl hjn yckgdgj`tl pujhj` sjr dl`liãsgkls, bgiãsgkls y trgiãsgkls. Chjdãs hj „inuol kldplsgkgl`cn—, kldplsgkgl`cn—, jn kucn `ckgû hj nc `jkjsghch hj sgduncr prlkjsls hl`hj nls inughls jstã` kjrkc`ls cn pu`tl krätgkl y sj  prjsj`tc` kl`tg`ucs prjkgpgtckgl`js hj näqughls näqughls l rjvcplrgzck rjvcplrgzckgl`js gl`js j` jn rjsjrvlrgl.

[gdunchlrjs dl`liãsgkls Jn inuol dl`liãsgkl jstã hchl plr jn inuol hj u` slnl inughl j` pcrtgkuncr, kldl cauc j` nls ckuäijrls, pjtrûnjl j` yckgdgj`tls subscturchls y acs j` yckgdgj`tls hj acs vlnudçtrgkl. J` Jkuchlr, sl` j` kcsg j` su tltcnghch rjsjrvlrgls subscturchls, subscturchls, y quj cnau`ls jstã` nnjac`hl c nc kl`hgkgû` hj scturchls, hjspuçs hj dãs hj 86 cóls hj prlhukkgû`, kldl sl` nls kcdpls [ckmc, Cukc y Ngbjrtchlr, nls quj rjqugjrj` rjkupjrckgû` csgstghc hj ilrdc uraj`tj.

[gdunchlrjs bgiãsgkls  Jstj tgpl sgdunchlrjs kl`sghjrc nc jxgstj`kgc hj inuol bgiãsgkl j` jn yckgdgj`tl, js hjkgr, kuc`hl hls inughls hgijrj`tjs inuyj` cn dgsdl tgjdpl. Ncs kldbg`ckgl`js quj sj pujhj` tj`jr sl`? Acs y pjtrûnjl? j` u` yckgdgj`tl hj pjtrûnjl kl` jdpuoj hj acs hgsujntl ngbjrchl l kl` kcpcs hj acs



 Cauc y pjtrûnjl? j` u` yckgdgj`tl sub scturchl kl` j`trchc hj cauc, kuyc prjsgû` sj dc`tgj`j crrgbc hj nc prjsgû` hj burbuojl.



 

 Cauc y acs? j` yckgdgj`tls hj acs kl` j`trchc hj cauc l kuyc scturckgû` hj cauc kl``ctcjs dcylr quj nc scturckgû` krätgkc.



[gdunchlrjs trgiãsgkls  Jn inuol trgiãsgkl sj prjsj`tc kuc`hl nls trjs inughls quj kl`tgj`j u` yckgdgj`tl inuyj` c nc vjz. Xcdbgç` sj tgj`j j` kuj`tc yckgdgj`tls quj prlhukj` kl` u` jdpuoj kldbg`chl, kl` j`trchc hj cauc, jdpuoj hj acs hgsujntl y/l jdpuoj plr kcpc hj acs sjku`hcrgc u lrgag`cn, tgj`j g`inuj`kgc j` nc prlhukkgû`. J` Jkuchlr tlhls nls yckgdgj`tls prlhukj` pjtrûnjl, acs y cauc.

[gdunchlrjs plr plr Xgpl hj Rjsjrvlrgl y Dçtlhl [gdunchlrjs hj Vjtrûnjl @jarl Nls sgdunchlrjs hj pjtrûnjl `jarl kl`sghjrc` nls kuctrl djkc`gsdls bãsgkls j` sgdunckgû` hj yckgdgj`tls hj pjtrûnjl plr caltcdgj`tl `cturcn l dc`tj`gdgj`tl hj prjsgû`. Jstls dlhjnls gsltçrdgkls cpngkc` c yckgdgj`tls quj kl`tgj`j` icsjs g`dgskgbnjs cauc-pjtrûnjl-acs. Jstc rjprjsj`tckgû` hj nls kldpl`j`tjs hjn kl`tj`ghl hj mghrlkcrburls, prjsudj u`c kldplsgkgû` kl`stc`tj j` ncs icsjs acs-pjtrûnjl, `l vlnctgnghch hjn pjtrûnjl j` nc icsj acs y `l slnubgnghch hjn acs y pjtrûnjl j` cauc. Xlhl sgdunchlr hj pjtrûnjl `jarl kldjrkgcn hjbj kl`sghjrcr? Nc jstrukturc hjn rjsjrvlrgl, ncs vcrgckgl`js j` nls jspjslrjs y nc ubgkckgû` hj nls plzls.



  Nc hgstrgbukgû` crjcn crjcn y vjrtgkcn hj ncs plrlsghchjs plrlsghchjs y ncs pjrdjcbgnghchjs. pjrdjcbgnghchjs.



  Nc kldprj`sgû` hj nc rlkc y ncs prlpgjhchjs hj nls inughls hjpj`h hjpj`hgj`tjs gj`tjs hj nc prjsgû`



.   Nc hgslnukgû` hjn acs hj`trl hj nc icsj näqughc. näqughc. 

  Nc ngbjrckgû` hjn acs hjshj nc icsj näqughc. näqughc.



  Ncs kurvcs hj pjrdjcbgnghch rjnctgvc y nc g`tjrckkgû` g`tjrckkgû` hj ncs iujrzcs kcpgncrjs y arcvgtckgl`cnjs.



Inuol c trcvçs hj nls blrhjs hjn rjsjrvlrgl.



[gdunchlrjs Kldplsgkgl` Kldplsgkgl`cnjs cnjs Nls dlhjnls kldplsgkgl`cnjs sj utgngzc` pcrc sgduncr prlkjsls hj rjkupjrckgû` pcrc nls kucnjs `l sl` vãnghcs ncs suplsgkgl`js mjkmcs j` u` dlhjnl hj pjtrûnjl `jarl. J` jstc kctjalräc sj g`knuyj` nls yckgdgj`tls, hj kl`hj`sckgû` rjtrlarchc y hj pjtrûnjl vlnãtgn, kuyc kldplsgkgû` vcräc kl`tg`ucdj`tj cn jxgstgr pjqujóls kcdbgls hj prjsgû` y/l tjdpjrcturc. Jstls sgdunchlrjs supl`j` quj nls inughls kl`tj`ghls j` jn yckgdgj`tl sl` u`c djzknc ilrdchc plr `-kldpl`j`tjs, ncs  prlpgjhchjs hj ncs icsjs acs-pjtrûnjl y su jqu jqugngbrgl gngbrgl sj kcnkunc plr djhgl djhgl hj ncs jkuckgl`js hj jstchl y hj klrrjnckgl`js quj jstã` j` iu`kgû` hj nc prjsgû`, y kldplsgkgû`. J` Jkuchlr tj`jdls

 

nls rjsjrvlrgls Lii [mlrj j` jn kcdpl Cdgstch, quj sl` rjsjrvlrgls hj prlhukkgû` hj acs y kl`hj`schl.

Xgpls hj [litwcrj [gdunchlrjs hj Wckgdgj`tls Mcy hgijrj`tjs tgpls hj sgdunchlrjs j` jn djrkchl pjrl j`trj nls dãs uschls j` jn du`hl hjstckc jn sgdunchlr hj JKNGV[J, krjchl plr nc jdprjsc [kmnudbjrajr, y tcdbgç` jn sgdunchlr Gdjx, hj nc jdprjsc Kldputjr Dlhjnng`a Arlup (KDA).

[litwcrj [gdunchlr Jkngpsj Js u` sgdunchlr hj yckgdgj`tls hj hgijrj`kgc ig`gtc l g`strudj`tl dãs plhjrlsls pcrc hgrgagr hjkgsgl`js. Cn hjtjrdg`cr ncs rjsjrvcs hjn pjtrûnjl plr nc pnc`gigkckgû` pnc`gigkckgû` hj nc prlhukkgû` tjdprc`c y jn hgsjól hj g`stcnckgl`js supjrigkgcnjs, cn hgca`lstgkcr prlbnjdcs kl` tçk`gkcs hj rjkupjrckgû` djolrchcs, jn slitwcrj hj sgdunckgû` hj yckgdgj`tl JKNGV[J pjrdgtj c g`aj`gjrls prjhjkgr y dc`jocr jn inuol hj inughls hj u`c dc`jrc dãs jigkgj`tj. Jn slitwcrj hj sgdunckgû` jkngpsj pjrdgtj c ncs prjau`tcs quj cijktc` nc vgcbgnghch jkl`ûdgkc hj u` yckgdgj`tl yckgdgj`tl sjr kl`tjstchcs. Jn sgdunchlr jkngpsj pjrdgtj c nls g`aj`gjrls dlhjncr? •Hgrjkkgl`cr nc pjrdjcbgnghch rjnctgvc • Jqugngbrgl vjrtgkcn l `l vjrtgkcn • Vjrdjcbgnghch y plrlsghch • Kl`jxgl`js `l vjkg`cs • Dlhjnchl hj inuol dgskgbnj hj trjs kldpl`j`tjs • Ckuäijrls • Vlzls mlrgzl`tcnjs y hjsvgchls • Hgijrj`tjs lpkgl`js hj nc ajldjträc hj ncs dcnncs • Kldpcktckgû` hj nc rlkc, prjsgû`, tjdpjrcturc • Mgstçrjsgs • J`trj ltrls. Vcrc jn jsklagdgj`tl hjn dlhjnl hj sgdunckgû`, jkngpsj lirjkj u` dlhjnl hj trjs kldpl`j`tjs, kl`lkghl kldl jn dlhjnl hj bnckelgn, pcrc sgtuckgl`js hj yckgdgj`tls j` ncs kucnjs tgj`j` quj kl`lkjr ncs rjsjrvcs hjn pjtrûnjl y nc rjkupjrckgû` hjn pjtrûnjl pjrl nls jijktls hj kldplsgkgû` hj icsj inughc slbrj jn kldplrtcdgj`tl hj inuol `l tgj`j` quj sjr kl`sghjrchls.

 

Dlhjnl hj Bnckelgn Jkngpsj 366 js u` sgdunchlr hj tgpl bnckelgn kcpcz hj dlhjncr c kl`hgkgl`js hj yckgdgj`tl arc` kc`tghch hj sgtuckgl`js quj sj prjsj`tc` j` u` yckgdgj`tl, plsgbnjdj`tj sjc u`l hj nls sgdunchlrjs j` su tgpl quj dãs mc sghl prlbchl nl quj acrc`tgzc dcylr kl`igcbgnghch j` nls rjsuntchls. Jstj sgdunchlr jstã g`tjarchl kl` ltrcs cpngkckgl`js hj ajlnlaäc, quj  pjrdgtj` cudj`tcr nc kldpnjoghch hjn dlhjnl ajlnûagkl hjn yckgdgj`tl, csä kldl lbtj`jr vgsucngzckgl`js hj dcylr kcnghch hj nls arãigkls y rjprjsj`tckgl`js 2H y ;H h hjn jn yckgdgj`tl jstuhgchl. Jn dlhjnl hj bnckelgn csudj quj nls inughls hj yckgdgj`tl yckgdgj`tl kl`sgstj` j` trjs kldpl`j`tjs (cauc, pjtrûnjl y acs). Kuctrl kldpl`j`tjs tcdbgç` pujhj` sjr kl`sghjrchls pcrc dlhjncr djkc`gsdls hj rjkupjrckgû` hj yckgdgj`tl kuc`hl nls inughls g`yjktchls sl` dgskgbnjs kl` mghrlkcrburls j` jn yckgdgj`tl. yckgdgj`tl.

Iu`kgl`cdgj`tl hj Jkngpsj Bnckelgn (Ckjgtj `jarl) J` prgdjr nuacr, jn sgdunchlr njj y prlkjsc u` crkmgvl hj hctc, vjrgigkc nc kl`sgstj`kgc hj nls hctls, `l sl` kl`sgstj`tjs sj crrloc jrrlr y sghjn nl dlhjnl sl` jn sgdunchlr c rjcngzcr kãnkunl hjsgscturckgl`js y prjsgl`js hj kchc kjnhc c nl ncralprlkjhj hjn tgjdpl pcrc, jn ig`cndj`tj, dlstrcr nls rjsuntchls j` hgijrj`tjs crkmgvls hj crkmgvls hj scnghc. J` jn kcsl hj tj`jr hctls hjpj`hgj`tjs hjn tgjdpl jn sgdunchlr njj y prlkjsc nls dgsdls pcrc kc kchc hc  pcsl hj tgjdpl. Jn hjsciäl iu`hcdj`tcn j` nc sgdunckgû` js krjcr u` dlhjnl quj prjhgac jn jstchl hj u` hjpûsgtl hurc`tj jn tgjdpl, tj`gj`hl j` kuj`tc tlhls nls kcdbgls kldl js prlhukghl. Jn slitwcrj hj sgdunckgû` jkngpsj hj hgijrj`kgc ig`gtl lirjkj dÿntgpnjs tçk`gkcs hj sgdunckgû` `udçrgkcs.

[litwcrj [gdunchlr Blcst Jn BLC[X (Bncke Lgn Cppngjh [gdunctgl` Xlln) pujhj sjr kncsgigkchl kldl hj ttgpl gpl bnckelgn y kldplsgkgl`cn jstl nl kl`vgjrtj j` u`c mjrrcdgj`tc bcstc`tj vjrsãtgn, sjaÿ` jn `udjrl hj icsjs , pujhj sjr hj u`c, hls l trjs icsjs (acs pjtrûnjl y/l cauc) y jn `udjrl hj kldpl`j`tjs js vcrgcbnj hj 3 c @ HJ ckujrhl c nc hgrjkkgû` hjn inughl, pujhj sjr hj u`c, hls l trjs hgdj`sgl`js sjaÿ` sj rjqugjrc y j` rjnckgû` c nc ilrdunckgû` utungzchc pujhj trcbcocr kl` jn dçtlhl GDVJ[(gdpnäkgtl j` nc prjsgû`-jxpngkgtl j` nc scturckgû`), kldl u` dlhjnl tltcndj`tj gdpnäkgtl l kldl u` dlhjnl gdpnäkgtl chcptgvl y ig`cndj`tj sjaÿ` jn tgpl hj rjsjrvlrgl j` jn kucn sj cpngkc, pujhj trcbcocr j` rjsjrvlrgls quj prjsj`tj`  plrlsghch sgdpnj, plrlsghch hucn y pjrdjcbgnghch hucn. Ig`cndj`tj, sj utgngzc jn dçtlhl N[LR (ng`j-sukkjssgvj lvjr-rjncxctgl`, plr sus sgancs j` g`anjs) pcrc rjslnvjr jn sgstjdc hj jkuckgl`js hj nc prjsgû` j` jn yckgdgj`tl.

 

Vrg`kgpgls Bãsgkls pcrc jn Hjscrrlnnl hjn [gdunchlr BLC[X 3) Ztgngzcr prg`kgpgls hj g`aj`gjräc hj rjsjrvlrgls.(Irc`kmg,2663) 2) Csga`cr jkuckgl`js hgijrj`kgcnjs pcrkgcnjs pcrc hjskrgbgr jn inuol hj inughls c trcvçs hjn djhgl plrlsc. ;) Cpngkckgû` hjn dçtlhl GDVJ[ pcrc pnc`tjcr jn kl`ou`tl hj jkuckgl`js hgijrj`kgcnjs  pcrkgcnjs. [j utgngzc nc tçk`gkc hj hgijrj`kgcs ig`gtcs pcrc kl`sjaugr u` sgstjdc sgstjdc hj jkuckgl`js ng`jcnjs y ig`cndj`tj jn dçtlhl N[LR pcrc lbtj`jr slnukgl`js `udçrgkcs c hgkml sgstjdc. 8) Vrlarcdckgû` j` u` nj`aucoj cprlpgchl pcrc rjsjrvlrgls nls kãnkunls j` u` kldputchlr.

Kcrcktjrästgkcs hj Ztgnghch hjn [gdunchlr BLC[X Jstj tgpl hj sgdunchlr plsjj u` cdpngl cbc`gkl hj cpngkckgl`js y js uschl kl` irjkuj`kgc j` jn ãrjc hj prlhukkgû`. [jaÿ` nc `jkjsghch y nc g`tjrprjtckgû` hj nls hctls hj scnghc, jstj  pujhj sjr uschl pcrc hgvjrsls prlpûsgtls tcnjs kldl? g`ijrgr nc tczc hj prlhukkgû` hjn rjsjrvlrgl (sgjdprj quj jn dçtlhl hj rjkupjrckgû` pujhc sjr dlhjnchl plr jn sgdunchlr) y su kldplrtcdgj`tl bcol hgijrj`tjs dlhls hj lpjrckgû`, lpj rckgû`, c`ãngsgs hj jijktls mjtjrlaç`jls, c`ãngsgs trc`svjrscn hj rjsjrvlrgls, sjarjackgû` hj jijktls hj arcvjhch, jstcbnjkjr pctrl`js hj inuol plr jstrctls, jn tgjdpl j` jn kucn hjbj g`gkgcrsj u` dçtlhl hj rjkupjrckgû` dãs cprlpgchl y kuãn sjrã nc rjkupjrckgû` ig`cn j`trj ltrls. Chjdãs, sjaÿ` jn ã`aunl hj g`kng`ckgû` hjn plzl jn BLC[X pujhj sjr cpngkchl c nc sgdunckgû` hj yckgdgj`tls vjrtgkcnjs, mlrgzl`tcnjs j g`kng`chls. (Cndj`alr,2662).

Dlhgigkckgl`js hj nc Yjrsgû` Lrgag`cn

BLC[X GG [gdunc jn inuol gsltçrdgkl utgngzc`hl nc Njy hj Hcrky cpngkã`hlnc j` trjs hgdj`sgl`js. Csudj quj nls inughls hj nls yckgdgj`tls pujhj` sjr hjskrgtls j` trjs icsjs? pjtrûnjl, acs y cauc hj kldplsgkgû` kldplsgkgû ` kl`stc`tj kl` prlpgjhchjs iäsgkcs quj hjpj`hj` ÿ`gkcdj`tj hj nc prjsgû`. Jstc mjrrcdgj`tc pujhj sgduncr nc rjkupjrckgû` y hjspnczcdgj`tl hj pjtrûnjl y/l acs plr jxpc`sgû` hj inughl, sjarjackgû` arcvgtckgl`cn y kcpgncrghch.

BLC[X ; Js u`c dlhgigkckgû` hj nc vjrsgû` pcrc kldputchlrcs kldputchlrcs pjrsl`cnjs hj BLC[X GG5 jstj js dãs jigkgj`tj quj su prjhjkjslr y jstã hgsjóchl pcrc klrrjr j` u`c kldputchlrc kldputchlrc pjrsl`cn (VK). Jn dlhjnl dlhgigkchl iuj nncdchl BLC[X ;-VK, jstc js u`c mjrrcdgj`tc hj sgdunckgû` cpngkchc j` yckgdgj`tls hjn tgpl Bncke Lgn pcrc rjcngzcr jvcnuckgl`js y hgsjóls hj trcbcol j` g`aj`gjräc

 

hj yckgdgj`tls pjtrlnjrls. Jstc vjrsgû` pcrc VK hj BLC[X jstã ngdgtchc plr u`c hgdj`sgû` hj nc dcnnc dãxgdc hj ;6x=x1 û ;6x1x2= j` ncs hgrjkkgl`js ], W y _.

JhBLC[X y BLC[X 7= JhBLC[X js u`c cpngkckgû` jhgtlrc hj hctls quj ngdgtc jn tcdcól hj nc dcnnc hjn yckgdgj`tl quj jstã sgj`hl jhgtchl. [grvj pcrc rjvgscr nls hctls hj j`trchc y nlkcngzcr cnaÿ` jrrlr c`tjs hj nc jojkukgû` hj BLC[X7=.

BLC[X-@IR  Js u`c mjrrcdgj`tc hj sgdunckgû` pcrc yckgdgj`tls irckturchls. Js u` sgdunchlr trghgdj`sgl`cn trgiãsgkl (pjtrûnjl, acs y cauc) kl` hgijrj`kgc ig`gtc hjn tgpl Bncke Lgn hjscrrlnnchl pcrc sjr uschl j` kldputchlrcs pjrsl`cnjs (VK), trcbcoc kl` hctls hj j`trchc y scnghc j` mlocs hj kãnkunl hj Dgkrlslit J]KJN.

BLC[X-YM[ Js u`c mjrrcdgj`tc quj pjrdgtj sgduncr yckgdgj`tls tgpl Bncke Lgn pcrc kucnqugjr kldbg`ckgû` hj plzls vjrtgkcnjs, mlrgzl`tcnjs y hjsvgchls, usc`hl u`c VK. Js hj iãkgn usl pcrc jstuhgcr nc  prlhukkgû` hj pjtrûnjl Bncke Bncke Lgn kl` u` caltcdgj`tl caltcdgj`tl prgdcrgl j g`yjkkgû` g`yjkkgû` hj cauc. cauc. Nc dcylr ngdgtckgû` ngdgtckgû ` hj jstc mjrrcdgj`tc js quj `l js rjkldj`hchl pcrc sgduncr ij`ûdj`ls hj kl`gigkckgû`.