Shetelig, Viking Antiquities in Great Britain and Ireland

m ''I

ft

IT'

iti'l'

Hi)!!,

'

Hf,

:/J3LbA sword was found

Reading about a of Ihe engine-sheds, about two to three feet below the surface of the ground. When found it was bent into the curve of the ribs of a horse the skeleton of which was upon it, just as if the fall of the horse had bent it. The sword wais double-edgied, and the point was central; when found the hilt, which was of ivory, was in a very good condition; but the greater part almost immediately crumbled away. The bones of both man and horse were quite perfect. The pommel and guard of the sword are formed of a metal resembling pale copper, inlaid with silver, the former being omameoited with what appear to be imperfectly executed figures of men and animals«. in

hundred yards from the end

June 1831,

in the ballast pit at

Grave Finds

12

Judging fram the

illuistna'tLcp,

the omiamenit

may

miost

probably be claEsed

as a typical spyecimen of the Norse-Carolingian »gripping-beast« style of the

A

sword-guard of cast silver and partly gilt shows a decoraand style. It was found in Halland, Sweden (Stockholm Mus. Inv. nr. 6214). The sword seems to be lost. The association of the sword with skeletons of man and horse is best explained on the theory of a Scandinavian interment.

early 9th century.

tion of similar design

Literature:

Proc. S. A. L. Ill (1864—67) p. 461.

Magdalen Bridge, Oxford. (Ashmolean Museum 1886. 443

A pair of

spear-head, shield-boss, spur, bones of

men and

the river Cherwell at Magdalen Bridge.

The date of the

and the

—

47).

stirrups with imlaid decoration of scrollwork, a horseshoe, shears,

association,

Literature:

if

reliable,

Archaeologia

may

vol. 71

indiicate a

(1920—21)

horses, were found 1884 in stirrups

is

9th century;

Scandinavian interment. p. 253.

Walthamstow, Essex (British Museum). of iron rivets from a vessel. Mr. Kendrick of the British Museum; has kindly supplied the following itaiformaticn: A Viking ship was foimd in ICOO in the Lea valley between Tottenham and Walthamistow measuring about 40 feet in length. It is said to have been overturned with a skeleton lying beneath her, this accompanied by a well-known Viking sword figured by Sir Guy Laking, European Arms and Armour I, fig. 20; and by R. E. Mortimer Wheeler, London and the Vikings, fig. 15. Here the locality is given as Enfield in the river Lea, near London. The sword is now in the Prince Ladislaus Odescalchi Collection at Rome. The blade is two-edged, the handle of Jan Petersen type C (Wheeler type II), dating from the first half of the 9th century. The peculiar arrangement of the burial, with the vessel overturned over the body, is known from a small number of graves in Norway, see Shetelig Osebergfundet I, p. 238, cf. Undset in Foreningen til norske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring, Aarsberetning 1872, p. 8 9.

Some fragments

—

Santon Doionham, Norfolk (British Museum). Sword of the form Rygh 505, Jan Petersen type L (Wheeler type V), the guard and the pommiel both curving outwards fromi thai grip, amd the lobes of the pommel being distinct. No traces of silver decoration are now left. The blade is tapering. Fig. 1. b) A pair of tortoise bronze brooches of the type Rygh 652 654, being a)

—

the ordinary Scandinavian form of the 10th century.

Grave Finds

13

Fig.

Sword from at

1.

a grave

Santon Downham. Norfolk.

The swoind is Anglo-Saxon, but 14 specimeins of this type have been found in graves in Norway, where they are staited to diate from the seoonid hialf of the 9th oenlury. The aissociaftioiru suggests la double interment of a man ainld ai

woimiain in onei grave.

Literature: Archaeologia, vol. L., p. 531; B. M. Guide to

Anglo-Saxon Antiquities,

p. 94.

Pembroke, Wales. Ship fo'unid at the miouth of Uie Usk, described by Octavius Morgan, F. S. A. Between Dhie mouths of the rivens Usk and Ebbw the

workmen

'eingaged in excavaiting pondis at a dock

of the side of an ancient ship, which waisi retaiined in an upright posiition by shiarpened rough oak stakes driven into the soil beneath. The vessel found was clinker-built with Orak planks, of no

dfeooveiried a portion

'gnneiat

thickness,

inani mails,

fastened together with

which

hiad all perished, the

broad-headled

metal having

There were also occasional Between the planks lainge holes to receive trenaiills. some of the caulking was found, which was of diark wool. Nothing like pitch ajjpears to have been found. A shipbuilder lanid the miaster of the dock, who examined the remains, stated that there were traces of ribs oni the inner side of the planking, which were evidently about two anid a half inches in width. The vessel may have been about taevemty feet long, aind from seventeen to twenty feet broad; and apparently it was constructed mioire for spaed than strength as it must have been only isililghtly put together. The wood was what is termed Dantzic timber, the Bngilish oak being closer, harder and more compact; and the vessel conisequently must have been of foreign build.

beien ooiniverted into oxide.

Grave Finds

14

Fig. 2.

Axe-head from the churchyard oi Repton.

Derbyshire.

Mr. Morgan conclud&d from all these circumstainces that it was most probably a vessel which formed part of one of the Danish fleets which invaded that part of the country on several occasions. The excavation took place in a portion of the coiastlaind containing a number of Scandinavian place-names.

The spot is now more than half a mile distant from the river Ebbw, and more than a mile from the Usk. The fragments of the boiat seem to be lost, and no other antiquities are reported as found on the same occasion. It is not unlikely however that the discovery represents the scanty remains of a Norse burial arranged in a ship, that had been long ago robbed of its other equipment. Tlie workmen assumed that the ship

bad been brought

into position

to

form a kind of dam or

embankment. Literature:

Proc. Royal Archaeological Institute, June 1878.

Repton, Derbyshire.

Viking axe-head, probably from a grave, found at Repton. Large axe-head of the type Rygh fig. 561, Jan Petersen, type E (Wheeler type V) found October 1923 at the Saxon church of Repton. The late Professor Baldwin Brown gave the following report of the discovery. At Repton there is a late Saxon church which replaces an earlier one that is said to have been destroyed by the Danes when they wintered at Repton in 874. Cloise to the comer of the present Saxon chancel, which has below it a crypt that embraces remains of the older church, there came to light an iron axe-head at a

depth of five feet below the ground. Fig

2.

Gr av e F ind The

iron

is

badly corroded and the socket ini

covers the second half of the 9th century.

No

were

broken, but the type

is

recognizable, exactly like the illuistration

15

s

Rygh's

aitlas.

is

clearly

The type

chiefly

definite indications of a burial

noticed' at the discovery, but a certaih

number

of similar cases give

reason to believe that burials in the churchyards were not unknown to the

Norsemen

settling in Britain.

Nottingham (British Museum Tr. 158). a) Sword of Jan Peterisen type X, badly corroded and

pioint

of blade

misising.

The poimmel of another sword. Unusually large spear-head of the winged Carolingian type (Jam Petersen type C D). The point and the ediges are damaged by corrosion, but the length is still 62.2 cms. Spears of this type are very common in Norwegian graves of the 9th century. Fig. 3. b) c)

—

Literature: Archaeological Journal, VIII, p. 425. Here, the spear

ded as found together with sworfs

in

two burials

at

is

recor-

Nottingham. The associa-

tion of the three items is given according to thfe catalo'gue of the

museum.

——

Camphill near Bedale, Yorkshire (British Musieum 1875, 4 3 169). Sword of the Wallimigford type, Jan Petersen type L, Rygh, fig. 505. The blade is fragmentary and the pommel is missing. Spear-head of the long

and slender form characteristic of the later Viking period. The two pieces were acquired as found together, though with no further information about the discovery. The aissooiation, if reliable, may suggest a Nonse grave of the late 9th century.

Fig. 4.

Northallerton, I.

M.

Yorkshire

(National

Museum

of

Antiquities,

Edinburgh

1).

One

of a pair of bronze tortoise brooches of the type

by 5 cms. wide. Four of the

kiniobs

are

miisising,

Rygh

652, 8 cms. long

but otherwise, the brooch

is

in

a perfect state of preservation. Tlie brooches were reported as found with a skeleton near Northallierton, but mo further information is available. Fig. 5.

Claughton Hall, near Garstang, Lancashire (Claughton Hall), Grave discovered 1822. a) Pair of bronze-gilt tortoise-brooches of the type Rygh 652, the normal Scandinavian type of the 10th century. Fig. 6.

A

and nielloed ornamented mount that measures IV, inches converted into a brooch by the addition of a hinged pin. It is oval in shape, has a projection at one end for the reception of two fastening b)

silver-gilt

in length,

now

16

Grave Finds Fig. 3.

Sword and spear-head, found in two burials at Nottdngiham.

Grave Finds Fig. 4.

Sword and spear-head found together

at Cainphil

near Bedale. Yorkshire,

2

—

Viking Antiquities IV.

17

Gr av

18

e

F ind s

and two other rivet-holes, one of which has been mutilated, in the middle of the slightly waisted sides. It is hollowed underneath, while the upper surface bears a cast ornament consisting of three pairs of flower-like scrolls and a pair of curving leaves, all tied by heavy bindings on to a central stem, the whole being in relief against a sunken field. Probably of Carolingian metal work. rivets,

Two

c)

glass beads.

The site was a low mound of sand about half a mile to the east of the main road between Preston and Lancaster, 10 miles north of Preston. The mound in all probability was a Bronze Age barrow, since the finds included a stone axe-hammer of a well-known Bronze Age type, and a cinerary um (now lost) containing burnt bones. Tlie Viking Period remains, described above, were found in a wooden chest at a depth of two or three feet below the surface, and certainly belonged to a secondary burial in the mound. An iron axe, an iron hammer, a sword, and a spear-head are said to have been found on the same occasion, but are now missing. Literature: T. D. Kendrick, The Clauigthon Hall Brooches, Saga Book of the Viking Society, vol. XI. part II (1935) p. 117.

Rampside, Lancashire (Municipal Museum, Barrow-in-Furness). sword of the simplest form, having the hilit with straight cross-pieces and no capping to the pommel, Rygh, fig. 489, Jan Petersen type M (Wheeler

A

type

I).

The sword was

founjd

iini

Rampside churchyard, and probably repreThe type

sents an instance of a Norse burial in a then existing churchyard. of the

sword

Ormside

assigned to the second half of the 9th century.

is

Literature:

Year Book

near

of the Viking Club

Ajjpleby,

Westmoreland

24—98) The Ormside Burial. Sword of the simple form Rygh,

I,

1909, p. 57.

(The

Tullie

House

Museum,

Carlisle.

a)

ler type

I), haivinig

fig.

489, Jan Petersen type M.

the hilt with two straight cross-pieces.

is 35V'2 inches,

the blade 31 inches, two'-edged,

by the sexton

in getting

it

The

(Whee-

total length

somewhat corroded and broken

out.

6%

inches in diameter by BVa inches high, of marked conical form rising directly from a plain flanige, IV^ inches wide, irregularly b) Shield-boss,

pierced for attachment to the shield. c)

Fragment of an iron

Three nails remain.

rod, IIV'2 inches long, semitubular in section,

pierced with four rivets at regular intervals of d) Small iron knife, now lost.

The grave was found digging 1898.

It

in the

churchyard

at

21/2

Ormside

and

inches.

in the course of grave-

contained a skeleton, which wais not disturbed, accompanied

Grave Finds

Fig.

5.

19

Tortoise brooch from Northallerton, Yorkshire.

by the antiquities described above. The nature of the site precluded a full examination, but the grave does not seem to have been more richly furnished. The date, as given by the sword, should be the second half of the 9lh century. This is not contradicted by the form of the shield-boss. The same type of shield-boss is predominant at Kilmainham, and is known also from Norse graves in Coloinisay and Islay. Most probably it is an Irish type adopted by the Norse settlers in these regions. Literature: A Catalogue of Objects of the Viking Period in the Tullie House Museum, Carliisle. By Dr. J. D. Cowen. The Cumberland and Westmioreland Antiquarian and Archaeological Soc. Transactions, vol. XXXIV,

New

Series, 1934.

—

Proc. S. A. L.

XVII

(1898), p. 194.

Hesket-in-Forest, near Carlisle, Cumberland (The Tullie Oarliisle

RF 389—420) The Hesket

House Museum,

Burial.

Sword, 36i4 inches long, the blade broken in two and the point missing. The guard is encased in silver plating engraved with a ring-chain pattern: a similar casing appears to have melted from the pommel-bar. The pommel-knob is missing. Jan Petersen^ type 0, with the five-lobed pommel. Rygh, fig. 507 (Wheeler type IV). b) Spear-head, \TU inches long, the tip missing. Down the socket, which a)

Grave Finds

20 is

closed and unortnamented, are at least seven pairs of rivet-holes.

Several

bronze rivets reimiain insiide the socket. Jan Petensen type I, Rygh, fig. 521. c) Spear-head 11 inches long, bent in the niiididile. Spaced at intervals along the closed socket are at least six groups of close-set rings in low relief, each group pierced by a pair of rivet-holes. A single bronze rivet correctly centred projects on each side of the socket. Jan Petersen type F. diiaimeter, broken in two and diaimatged d) Shields-boss c. Si^ inches by fire. e) Axe-head TU inches long of the type Rygh, fig. 561. Jan Petersen

m

type

E (Wheeler

f)

type V).

Bit 2 inches

over

all,

of iron formerly plated with bronze,

been dissolved by the action

which has

of fire.

g) Buckle 2 inches wide, rectangular, wanting the tongue, with a small angular projection from the centre of one of the longer sides. h) Buckle 2^U inches long over all, circular, wantitig the tongue. The

buckle-plate to hold the end of the strap i)

is

still

attached.

Sickle Sli inches long.

k) Whetstone

4:V-2

inches long, with square section.

Bone comb and comb-case fragmentary, the largest piece, Wg inches when complete. The back and case carry bands of angular interlacing, and spandrels at the ends are filled with 1)

long, probably about 10 inches long

crosshatching.

m)

A

pair of spurs,

now

lost.

This burial was uncovered 1822 in the course of road widening operations within a mile of Hesket-in-the-Forest. The grave had been cov^ered by a cairn of stones about 22 feet in diameter, and among the stones uncovered by the

roadmen were fragments

of several querns.

The

cairn provided evidence

of careful construction, the burial deposit being covered by large stones set close

together,

disposed.

and these

in

turn covered

The remains were found

by smaller stones, regularly

lying within a circle

some 14

feet

in

diameter, in a layer of burnt matter which contained charcoal, bone? and ashes, and which rested directly upon an apparently untouched bed of very fine dry sand.

The

precise disposition, however, of the several objects

was

clear that most of the objects have passed through great from the condition of the iron and the silver plating of the hilt of the sword. In places the silver has run into small pellets, and on the pommel-bar it has almost entirely disappeared. Possibly the same applies to the bronze plating of the bit. In addition some of the objects have been intentionally damaged before burial. The sword was bent nearly flat, once across the middle of the blade, and again near the point; one of the spears

not noticed.

heat, as seen

It is

Grave Finds

Fig. 6.

Pair of tortoise brooches from

was purposely custom

is

very

21

tlie C'laiisjliton

Hall burial, Lancashire.

had received a fierce dint. This Norwegian Viking graves after cremation (0. Rygh,

bent, amid the shield-boss

oommon

Om

in

—

den jTigre Jemalder Norge, Aarb. f. nord. Oldk. 1877 pp. 181 190, 1-10). The comb alone had not been exposed to the heat of the pyre, a feature which is known from similar graves in Western Norway, especially in Nordfjord (e. g. the ship burial of Myklebostad, Eid, Lorange, Samlingen av Nonisfce Oldsaiger Bergens Museum, p. 155 and a grave at Bo, Ereim, B. 6688). Literature: Dr. J. D. Cowen. A Catalogue of Objects of the Viking Period in the Tullie House Mutseum, Carlisle, The Cumberland and Westmoreland, Antiquarian and Archaeological Society's Transactions, vol. XXXIV, New i

fig.

i

Series, 1934.

Workingtov, Lake

Sword 31 still

1

J

District,

Cumberland.

inches long, bent and broken.

The pommel, tang and guard The pommel is

remiain pretty complete and continous with the blade.

Grave Finds

22

dome-shaped, and the guard

W—X

is

straight,

5^4

inches long.

Jan Petersen's

Remains of the scabbard are rusted on to the blade. The sword was found in making a road about 80 yards north of the Derwent, on a gravel bank called Oysterbanks. No further information types

of the 10th century.

about the circumstances of the find miakes

it

is

available, but the character of the site

most likely that the sword had been deposited with a Viking

in-

terment. Literature:

Saga Book

of the

Viking Club

III, p. 302.

Cambois, Bedlington, Northumberland (British Museum). a) A circular brooch with bronze border relief and the centre of sunk enamel having the figure of a bird with a branch in its beak. b) A bone comb of Scandinavian type, with whiphandle. Found together in a barrow near Bedlington. Literature: Brit. Mus. Anglo-Saxon, Guide, p. 101, fig. 121.

m

Ballaugh,

Isle

of

Man

(National

Museum

of

Antiquities,

Edinburgh

L. B. 5).

A

fragment of a sword consisting of the hilt and part of the blade, dug up from a depth of six or seven feet in gravel in the village of Ballaugh. The type is Jan Petersen L (Wheeler V) the pommel-knob now missing. The sword is badly corroded, the blade broken and defective. Length of the fragment 29.5 cms. the guard 9 cms. An iron Sipeiar-head was associated with the sword, and very likely the deposit repreisents a burial in a low biarrow. The spear-heiad cannot now be traced. in 1824

Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. X, p. 567;

The Journal

of the

Manx Museum

III, p. 235.

Jurby, Isle of Man. Part of a Viking sword with straight guards and a three-lobed

was found

in digging a grave in the parish churchyard.

the vicar, but the type Literature:

is

clear from a sketch

The Journal

Kirk Michael,

Isle of

of the

Manx Mus.

Man (The Manx

made

It

pommel

was re-interred by

at the time.

Ill, s. 235.

Museiun, Douglas, Reg. No. 3743).

A

slender iron socketed spear-head, belonging to Jan Petersen type K. The surface has been much damaged; and the base of the socket, the edges

and point of the blade are wanting. It was found when digging a grave Literature:

The Journal

of the

in

Michael Churchyard, April 1885.

Manx Museum.

Vol. Ill, p. 235.

G r av

e

F ind

23

s

Old Kirk Braddan, Isle of Man (The Manx Museum). of a Viking sword with guard and pommel missing out of a grave on the north side of Kirk Braddaii churchyard.

The upper part

dug

,

Literature:

St.

The Journal

Maughold,

of the

Man

Isle of

Manx Museum

(National

III, p. 235.

Museum

of Antiquities,

Edinburgh

L. B. 6).

A of

St.

portion of the hilt end of a sword which was dug up in the churchyard Maughold in September 1824. The type is Jan Petersen L (Wheeler V).

Leuigth of the fnaigment

pommel knob

raisising.

ais

now preserved

The

16.3 cms., the

guard 10 cms. The

find very likely represenits an

example of a

Viking burial in a Christian Churchyard. Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot, X, p. 569.

The Journal

of the

Manx Museum^

Vol. Ill, p. 235, ibid.

Knoc-y-doonee, Atjre, Isle of

Man (The Manx Museum, Douglas

Reg.

No. 2774)'.

mound on Knoc-y-doonee. over 36 inches long, with remains of decayed wood of the scabbard. The blade is two-edged, the hajidle of the type Jan Petersen X, Rygh 501, the pommel dome-shaped and straight guard. It is much rusted Grave-find from a

a)

Sword, a

little

and broken in several places.

—

18 inches long, badly rusted and now fragmentary. Axe-head, 7Y2 inches long by 5 inches across the cutting edge, witii remains of its wooden handle in the socket. The type is Jan Petersen G, Rygh 565, the .symmetrical axe, Wheeler IV. The blade is mioderately b) Spear-head, 17 c)

expanded, and there have been spur-projections at the socket. d) Fragments of a shield-boss, sufficient: to show that it was plain of cup form, measuring 7 inches by S^i, with a flat rim 1 inch wide and having

wood adhering. Type Rygh 562. e) Bowl of iron, 15 inches by 5 inches deep, with rounded base. The sand adhering with the rust showed distinct impressions of canvas round the mouth. Rygh 731. f)

Hammer

of cross-plane type, 5 inches long

Rygh 394 but

high.

g) Smith's tongs.

h)

Rygh, i)

Two fig.

iron

3''^4

by

1 inch

wide and IVi inch

more dumpy.

15' j inches long, of a type

still

in use.

Rygh

390.

knives with bone handles, measuring 7^4 inches and 5 inches.

407.

remains of leather straps: two D-shaped triangular link 2' inches by 3I4; Y-shaped inches by 3; a broken piece of iron 3' by 2^ j.

Harness links

links, 21

the present specimen

o

of iron, with

inches high by

l'/„;

i

1

G r av

24

e

F ind

s

k) Fingheaded pin of bronze, the rimg IVo inch diameter. ring is broken off and the pin

though 1)

it

is

broken

at the hinge.

One side of the The ring looks as

had been omament-ed with enamel.

Two

pairs of bronze strap protectors, each pair connected by a ring,

and ornamented with a simple engraved pattern of

—

and short strokes. Two foldied strap-protectors about 3 inches long. Three plain strap-ends. Two plain studs, set in leather, ^4 inch diameter. All of bronze and evidently a set of belt 'mountings. A siomewhait sionilair set wais f ounid imi a Viking grave at Kilorain Bay, Colonsay (p^art II, fig. 30), tliough of more elaborate work. m) Very small bronze-fragments, possibly from the bridle. n) Lead weight for a fishing line, 4 inches long by IVs inch across the squane base. It is pierced' at the top for euspiension on the line, anid diagonally below for attachment of a mood. o) About 300 iron rivets from a boat, most of them having decayed wood attached. They measure from lH inch to 21/2 inches long; one was 3 inches, and a few were 3^4, 4 and 5 inches. The round grass-covered moimd on Knoc-y-doonee was 51 ft. diameter, the height above the level of the field between 7 and 8 ft.; of this however 12 inches to 24 inches was due to removal of the sand around the base.

—

Above

the original surface

stones at 2 to 3

ft.

was revealed a layer 6

lines

—

ft.

8 inches thick, of small

below the grassy surface of the mound. This proved

to be

the edge of a vaulted covering, rising gradually to the centre and protecting

the contents buried under this part of the mound. This roofing of small stones had been sprinkled with pieces of broken white shore-pebbles from the size of a walnut to that of a goose's egg, possibly to bind and consolidate the material before heaping the sand over

it.

The iron rivets were found scattered in a high brown layer of decayed wood at the base of the mound. To judge from the position of the rivets the boat had been some 28 to 30 ft. long by 6 to 8 ft. wide; its height, as indicated by the rivet first found which was in the covering layer of small stones, might have been about 3 ft. It was placed roughly in the centre of the mound, the stem pointing towards siouth-west. The weapons, the bronze pin and buckles, fraigments of a leather strap with bronze mountings (1) were found close together in the middle of the boat. The brown layer here was coated with flakes of a black finely-powdered substance, possibly decayed animal matter;

two small fragments of a human skull were recovered. At a point 5 ft. south-west of these was the ironi bowl with one of the knives alongside of it. A foot farther forward was the hammer, the smith's tongs, another knife and the weight for a fishing line. Close to the stem a number of small boulders had been piled into a little heap, 20 inches in diameter and 15 inches high. At the other end close to the stem, were found some greatly and from

this

Grave Finds

25

decayed fragments of horse's bones, as well as some iron buckles, links, and fragments of harness. To north-west, outside the boat, was a patch about 15 inches in diameter of flakes of soft decayed animal matter en a iloor of pebbles intentionailly arranged. All the finds were on the original surface. In every respect the grave was arranged according to normal Norwegian customs of the unburnt boat-buriais (e.g. Johs. Boe: En batgraiv fra Sogn. Sma meddelelser fra Bergensidiistriktet II, Berg. Mus. Arbok 1930). Literature: P. M. C. Kermode. Ship-burial in the Isle of Man, The Antiquaries Journal,

X

(1930), p. 126.

Ballachrink, Jurby, Isle of

Man (The

Mainix Museiumi,

Douglas Reg. No.

3741_42). a)

The upper part

ward curving)

hilt

of the blade of

an iron sword, with a cresoentic (down-

guard.

b) Base of a socketed

irioin

spear-head with wings on the socket. in a now destroyed barrow,

The two fragments were found about 1880

one of a pair side by side on the ridge of Ballachrink. A note by the late S. Tellet, of Ramsey, states that they were found »in a flagged cist« in the barrow, and that a perforated stone disc was also found with them. Literature: B. R. S. Megaw, Weapons of the Viking Age found in Man.

Dr. F.

The Journal

of the

Manx Museum,

vol. Ill (1937), p. 234.

Ballelby, Kirk Patrick, Isle of Man.

—

Oswald noties (Manx Socilety, vol. V, pp. 77 78) that ~^^Mr. Evan Gell, of Ballelby, Dalby informs me that on digging into a mound of earth on his (i.e. about 1850) a complete human skeleton with a halberd or battle-axe by its side, was found and distinct traces of its haft visible, which he forbore to disturb«.

farm, about eight or ten years ago

Literature:

The Joumial of

Megaw, Weapons of the Viking Age found Manx Museum, vol. Ill, p. 235.

B. R. S.

the

Malew Parish Churchyard, Isle J. G. Cumming notes (A Guide short time prior to that date (1854) in a grave« in

Literature:

;

of

in

Man,

Man.

to the Isle of

Man

1861, p. 87) that a

two Soandiniavlan swords were discovered

Malew Churchyard. B. R. S. Megaw, The Journal

of the

Manx Museum,

Vol.

IV, p. 13.

John's Kirk German, The Isle of Man. Oswald notes (Manx Society, Vol. V, p. 198) that Mr. Frank Metthews, of Glen Moar, opened a cist on the Peel side of the well-known megalithic cist St.

Grave Finds

26 in the roiadside at

Tynwald

Hill.

than the megalithic one, and that

He it

states that the cist

was much smaller

a battle-axe, a stirrup and a

contained

handful of beads of various colours, shapes and sizes The find is lost. It appears that a fraigmentary Viking sword in the Manx Museum was .

found

in the

same

field.

The sword has

a slightly curved guard, but in the

present state of preservation tlie type is not clear, though probably related to Jan Petersen type P, with traces of silver ornament on pommel and guard. Literature:

Journal of the

Balladoyne

Megaw, Weapons Manx Museum, Vol. Ill, p. B.

R. S.

Churchyard,

St.

John's,

of the Viking

Age found

in

Man,

235.

Isle

of

Man (The Manx Museum,

Douglas). a) Iron

sword with straight guard and pommelbar

of similar form, all

without ornament as far ais can be judged in its present condition. Part of the wooden grip remains. The sword is now 32 inches in lenigth, but roughly 4 inches of the blaidie are missing. Jan Petersen type M., Wheeler type I. b) A slender spear-head, Jan Petersen type K, very rusty and broken across the socket: 20 25 inches in length. A thin iron disc is attached to the

—

and inside the socket are fragments of some fine-woven linen fabric which has been bound twice round the point of the wooden spear-shaft. Traces of a coarser fabric adhere to the face of the blade and the exterior socket,

of the socket. c)

Shield boss, low and bowl-shaped, 6 inches in diameter across the

flange.

The

were founid in a cemetery comprising some 32 Christian burials, all of them lined and roofed by slate flags and containing extended skeletons, but no other relics. The iron objects were found on the same general level as the slab-lined graves, but with no trace of slabs or coffin. The sword and the shield-boiss were found within two or three feet of the spear-head, but their precise relationship cannot be ascertained. The find no doubt represents a burial in a grave excavated in the sand, without aide- or oover^slabs. Posisibly the grave was originally pirovided with a wooden coffin, as was often the case with similar graves in Norway. Literature: B. B. B. Megaw, The Journal of the Manx Museum, Vol. IV, objects

p. 12, pi. 125.

II.

GOLD AND SILVER

GOLD AND SILVER. Soberton, Hants (British a)

A

b)

A

Museum

51, 3

—13).

Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide, pi. Ill, 5. plain gold finger-ring ornamented with stamped circles, ill. ibid,

plaited gold finger-ring,

Brit.

ill.

pi. Ill, 4.

The two

rings

the period of

were found together

Edward

the oonfessior

in association with coins dating

till

from

William, and thus deposited during

the latter half of the 11th cent. Tlie first ring with double twisting

is

typical

Scandinavian.

Hamsaij churchyard, Sussex (British Museum). A plaited gold finger-ring, like the specimen from Soberton. Borner, near Falmer, Sussex (British Museum).

A

plaited gold finger-ring, like the specimen

Literature:

The Archaeological Journal,

from Soberton.

Vol. XIX, p. 28, with illustration.

Witley, Surrey.

Ring of gold formed by the twisting together of thick and thin strands of gold.

Weight 65 grains.

Literature:

Proc. S. A. L. Vol.

II, p.

88

cf.

The

Archaeiologioal Journal.

Vol. VI, p. 58.

Aldgate

A

Str.

opposite Christ Church, Oxford (British

Museum).

plaited gold finger-ring, like the specimen from Sobsrton.

The ring was found as a labourer working in a field struck a lump of and upon the lump breaking in half the ring appeared. There was nothing except the gold riing there, and no other object of antiquity in the clay,

neighbourhoud. Literature: Proc. S. A. L.

Weston Turville, Bucks

A

Vol.

(British

plaited gold finger-ring.

XIV,

p. 221.

Museum).

G

30

I

d a n d S

i

I

V e r

Thaxted, Essex (British Museum).

A

plain gold finger-ring, resembling the second from Soberton.

Literature:

The Archaeological Journal, Vol. XI,

p. 57.

Harwich, Essex (British Museum).

A

gold finger-ring plain and thick, with ornamenit of stamped lozenges.

West BergJwlt, Essex

A

(British

Museum).

plaited gold finger-ring.

Literature:

Proc. S. A. L.

Vol.

II, p.

247.

Wendover, Essex (British Museum). plaited gold bracelet, formed by twisting together thick and thin strands of gold, ill. Brit. Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide, pi. Ill, 7.

A

Red Wharf Bay, Anglesey (In private pO'Ssession). Three of them bear a decoration formed by mietal stamps, two or three stamps having been used in each instance. The forth shows a simple design produced by one serrated stamp, while the fifth has merely been cross-stamped with a chisel-shaped tool. The ends of the first three have been blunted, but those of the others are tapered. The armlets were found in the courise of operations when limestone was being quarried on the north ooaist of Anglesey for the works of the Manchester Ship Carnal, towards 1900. The cliff at this spot is about 50 ft. high. Dinorben quarry,

at

Five penannular silver armlets.

Authentic details of the discovery are not available. Literature:

The Antiquaries Journal, Vol. VIII,

p. 359.

Chester (Chester Museum).

A

plaited gold finger-ring, like the specimen from Soberton.

Goldsborough Church, near Knaresborough, W. R. Yorkshire (British Museum). Fig. 7. a) A perfect example of the »thistle« brooch of silver with pin-head and hoop-terminials brambled.

b) The hoop of a penannular brooch of silver with disc terminals and animal formis on the edge. c)

Fragment of the

terminial

from a penannular brooch

of

silver

of

Viking date. d)

A number

of pieces of scrap-silver, including fragments of brooches,

bracelets, ingots etc.

Gold and Silver

Fig.

7.

Silver brooches

31

and fragments from hoard, Goldsborough, Yorlishire.

The deposit is dated about 925 by Cufic coinis struck at Samarkand and Tashkent by the first four princes of the Samanid dynasty, half an offeringpenny« of King Alfred aind a coin of his son Edward. Literature: Brit. Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide p. 108, fig. 133. V. C. H. Yorks. II, pi. I.

Hungate, York (The Yorkshire Museum).

A

plaited gold finger-ring.

York (The Yorkshire Museum). Broad silver armlet with convex front and hallow back, the tapering ends united in a knot. The omiament of the front consists of a moulded string of beads alomg the middle and, on each side, a double row of impressions made by a special punch. Fig. 8. Beeston Tor cave, Staffordshire (British Museum).

Two

late

Saxon nielloed disc-brooches.

Gold and Silver

32

A

few pieces of gold. About 50 silver coins. The deposit dates about 871

—

74.

Literature: Kendrick, Viking Period Antiquities in England. Transactions

of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, 1933,

p. 47.

Cuerdale, near Preston, Lancashire (British Museum). Hoard of nearly 1000 oz. of sihier lamid about lOCCO silver coins. Fig. 9 12. a) The silver ingots of which ten specimens are illustrated by Haic-

—

kins, are of very different forimis

3I4 inches long, IVs wide, and

%

ainid diimiensiioras.

thick, they

Sotnie

have been cast

are oblong, about in a mould, prob-

ably of metal, but perhaps of baked clay, as traces of cracks appear on the

under-side of siome of them, which provies also that sieveral ingots have been cast in the same mould; the surface of others shows that some of the moulds

were marked with a

cross.

These ingots are not adjusted

to

any particular

same mould varying much in weight, some weighing between 3900 and 4000 grains. For the ingots of smaller size also metal moulds seem to have been used, but by far the greater number of these have been cast in rude hallows formed in sand by the finger, or perhaps a stick; these vary in weight from upwards of 2000 grains to less than 100, and in size from 4^2 inches long to 1 2 inch. There are also mere humps of silver dropped upon a flat surface, and weighing from about 12 to 70 grains. weight, those cast eveni in the

In many instances these ingots and drops have been hammered on two sides, some times on four. The ingots have frequently been cut into pieces of

various dimensions and weights. b) Small silver armlet probably not quite finished, having been merely

hammered

into form, the edges

traces of the

hammer,

it

is

and sides

still

rough and sharp, and retaining

also entirely without ornament.

It

is

perfectly

broad in the middle, becoming gradually narrower towards the extremities, where it terminates in blunt roimd ends. c) 32 fragments of similar flat silver armlets. The armlets of this description vary in breadth at the middle from ^4 of an inch to IM and perhaps more; it is probable that they did not quite encircle the arm, the ends being, when wo'mi, at some distance from each other. But sometimes the ends were elongated, and rounded into the form of a thick wire, and twisted together into various forms. These armlets are generally ornamented, and it miay be observed that all most all the ornamients, upion the various articles discovered in this find, are produced by punching with tools of various forms. The patterns are numerous, but the forms of the punches are very few, the variations being prc-duced by combining the forms of more punches than one, or by placing the same oir differently formed punches at flat,

G Fig.

ol d

and

S

i I

33

V e r

8.

Silver armlet,

found in York.

a greater or less distance from each other, or by varying their directions. Tlie foillowinig fragments are discribed

a

by Hawkins:

The ornament consists of straight lines, made by a punch resiemblimg very blunt chisel. The centre part of the armlet is a square blank filled with c.

1)

diagonal lines placed crosswise, the rest of the surface bearing a dense series of lines which pass directly across the piece. c.

2)

The decoration

sisting of straight lines

is

of the

same

paittem as

with holes intersperred,

on the

first

fragment, con-

struck by a round-poin-

ted punch. c.

3)

The

desigrt oonisists of diouble lines along the

edges of the piece, and

a zigzag pattern of double lines filling the space between them.

The

chisel-

shaped punch which has been used, has had one side of the edge cremated, the other smooth. c. 4) The punch used on this piece has had a triangular point; and, trianigles conjoined at their bases having been' struck side by side, parallel rows of sunk lozenges have been produced. c. 5) The ornament has been made by a similarly shaped punch, but the parallel rows of triangles are not placed base to base so as to form lozenges, being separated by a narrow strip of metal; the opposed angles of these sunk triangles form parallel raised zigzags alternating with the narrow lines. c. 6) This fragment has been decorated in a mianner similar to the preceding, but by a slight change in the position of the punch marks, a series of lozenges or a zigzag line is produced in the ornament, and the straight line between the patterns has been separated into two by the blow of a chiselshaped punch. c.

7,

c.

9)

3

—

8)

Two

fragments, both decorated by a punch curved like a gouge.

Complete armlet, broad and

Viking Antiquities IV.

flat,

having the ends rounded like a

Gold and Silver

34

thick wire and twisted togetlier into a double knot.

small square end, and the orniament verse or oblique lines.

is

formed by a

The punch has had

series of

blows

a

in trans-

Armlet formed of a narrow ribbon, closed by a double knot and c. 10) ornamented by annular punches, the circles being dispersed without much regard to order. c. 11) Small fragment of ain armlet decorated by a similar punch, but of smaller size. The circles have been so disposed as to produce a somewhat regularly arranged pattern, consisting of a series of lozenges with groups of

four circles in the centre of each. c.

12)

Small fragment of an armlet ornamented by annular and heart-

shaped punches. Small fragment. The punch is only heart-shaped. c. 14) Small fragment. The pattern is rather confused, but it seems to have been formed by a punch having a smiall hole in the centre of a rather broad angular area, the blows having been struck so near together that the c.

13)

pattern forms parallel sunk lines, with irregular indented edges, and a row of raised circular spots along the middle. c.

15)

Fragment. The punch has had four holes, which gives the pattern

the appearance of a series of ovals, with four raised points in the centre of each. c.

16) Small fragment.

The punch

is

eggshaped, with a dot in the centre; ais to form a kind of quatrefoil

four of these have been struck close together, so pattern inclosing four dots. c.

17)

Small fragment bearing a pattern formed by the use of three

punches, one like a blunt chisel, one small triangular, and one triangular inclosing three circular holes; these larger triangles are placed point to point so as to leave between them plain lozenge-shaped spaces. c.

18) Small fraigment.

The only punch used

is

triangular, with one hole

in the centre. c.

19) Small fragment.

The punch

is

lozengenshaped, witli one large hole

in the centre. c.

20)

Fragment comprising the one half of an armlet with blimt rounded

end, ornamented with two double series of sunk triangles separated by a

formed by a triiainigular punch including three holes, and the central line by repeated blows from a small square punch. c. 21) Small fragment, the ornament produced by a punch of an irregular crescent form; the impriessioms have been joined at the ends, producing rudely waved lines, not very graceful. c. 22) Fragment oompriising nearly the one half of an armlet with tapering, pointed ends. Along the centre rums a line oompoised of triangles, inclosing dotted line.

Tlie pattern

is

Gold and Silver

Fig. 9.

Selection from silver hoard, Cuerdale, Lancashire.

35

Gold and Silver

36

form a series of hourglaiSiS-S'liaped forms. Along the edge runs a line of small circles. The narrow end is ornamented by a row of lozenges formed by the spaces left between the pointed ends of the triangular punches. c. 23) Small fragment of an armlet decorated by an irregularly quatrefoil three pioinls, arranigied in pains,

laipex

to-

apex, so

ais

to

punch, with a hole in the centre.

Fragment of armlet. The pattern is partly formed by triangnlar punches inclosing three points, and by lines of net-work, the meshes of which are lozenge-shaped, formed by well-arranged impressiions of small c.

24)

plain triangular punches. c.

25)

Fragmient of armlet.

The pattern

is

formed by a double row of

impresisions by a punch of irregular shape, inclosing one hole at the rounded

end, the other end of the form being shaped like a crescent. c. 26) Fragment comprising the tapering end of an armlet, terminating a small hook. The pattern is formed by a double row of conical punches, the apices placed inwards, so as to leave a raised zigzag ribbon between the

in

impressions. c.

by

27) Small fragment.

The pattern is formed by two rows of impressions combined with a circle, and placed at a

a punch, in the shape of a lozenge

distance one row below the other. c. 28) Fragment of armlet. The pattern is formed by a pmich of similar shape to the preceding, placed so as to produce a raised zigzag ornament, at each point of which is an anulet. A simall border runis along the edige of the armlet, formed by a series of contiguoiis blows from a blunt-pointed punch. c. 29) Small fragment, presenting a rather complicated pattern, formed by small square, triangular, and circular punches, combined to build a zigzag ornament resembling that noticed in the preceding. c. 30) Small fragment of a narrow armlet, stamped with a small sharpish chisel, with an ornament called the pseudo-meander. c. 31) Fragment of armlet. The pattern is formed by two punches, a circular and a semicircular one, so arranged as to form something like a

flower. c.

32)

Flat fragment, possibly

not

by small have somewhat the appearance

of an

blunt chiselshaped punches, so arranged as to

armlet, decorated

of foliage, dlisposeid cross-wise, land formiiinig a lozenge-shaped pattern.

d)

Tliree

fragments

of

silver-armlets,

much thinner than the preceding

type,

ribbon-shaped,

but

hammered

and miade concave towards the arm,

convex of course to the outside; the erndB of these terminate in thick wires twisted or hooked together. d. 1) Fragment comprising the one half of an armlet, the end terminating in a small hook. The pattern is formed by a triangular punch, inclosing four

Gold and Silver

jij££z:.:_^_,^ Fig. 58.

Bone disc from

tlie

City of

Thames, London.

Fig. 59.

Bone pin from the Thames. Loudon

'

Finds ^rom Old Cities

92 Literaliire:

Lx)ndon Vol.

I,

Guildhall Catalogue 1908,

p. 125, nr. 174, pi.

XCIX,

4.

V. C. H.

p. 169.

Museum

The Thames, London

(British

Pin

and decorated with incised foliage ornament

of bone, pierced,

Ringeriike style.

Literature:

1893). in the

Fig. 59.

Brit.

Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide,

p.

113, fig. 140.

London (Guildhall Museum). Portion of bone pin, pierced and engraved with an interlaced ornament forming a kind of union knot. Literature: Guildhall Catalogue 1908, p. 122, nr. 118, pi. LII, 1.

Leadenhall Street, London (London Museum 13556). Pin of bone, pierced and enigraved with a somewhat rough but characteristic floral design in the Ringerike style. Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 49, fig. 27.

Abchurch Lane, London (London Museum 14527). Pin of bone, pierced and engraved with simplified form of the union knot. Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 49, fig. 28.2.

London (London Museum 1666). bone, pierced and engraved with a typical union knot resembling

Bell Alley,

Pin of

a fleur-de-lis.

Literature:

Wheeler, London and the Vikings

p. 50, fig. 28.3.

London (Guildhall Museum 3901).

Comb of bone, of the Norse Viking type, with single row of teeth, the bar ornamented with incised diagonal lines, imperfect. Literature: Guild'hall Catalogue 1906, p. 122, nr. 106, pi. LV, 14. London

(British

Museum).

Comb

of bone, with incised interlacing pattern, fraigmentary. Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 52.

Liverpool Street, London (Lordcn

Mu?eum

Bone comb-case of the saime type as

The Thames

A

at

1670).

fig. 62.

Fiilham, London (London

Museum A

weaver's reed of the usual Viking type.

24367).

Finds from Old Cities Fiig.

93

60.

Part of Viking sword,

found

York

(British

Comb

of

bone

Museum, A. witii single

in

York.

S. 2. 19).

row

of teeth, in case of bone, the

whole cam-

piete in perfect condition. Fig. 62.

York (The Yorkshire Museum).

Two swords Fig. 60.

of the type R. 509. Jan Petersen type

— A winged

Caroliinigian spear-head.

X

of the 10th century.

Finds from Old Cities

94

Fig. 61.

Weight

for a

CUHord

Street. York.

line,

fisliin:,'

York (The Yorkshire Museum). Bronze chape of a sword scabbard, with an open, zoomorphic design, termimiating in a conventionalized animal head, which attached the chape to the niateria4 of the scabbard. The pattern is of the Jellings style, 10th century, and presents the well known subject of an animal and serpent interlaced, like Manadisblad 1903—5, p. 206. Viking, vol. I, Oslo 1937, p3. XXVIII, fig. 1. b) Axe-head approaching the type R 554, Jan Petersen type K, of the 10th a)

century. c)

Fragiments of a bone casket with ornamentation of dots and concen-

tric rings.

d) Small strip of bone with a simple ring-and^ot pattern, possibly be-

longing to the casket.

Found 1906 with

a

number

of

more

indefinite objects during exravaticns

for buildinig purposes in the city of York, a

few yards from the

teft

bank

of

the Ouse.

Literature: S.

Dr. G. A. Auden, Man., 1907, No. 94.

Reginald Smith, Proc.

A. L. 2 Series, XXII.

York (The Yorkshire Museum). Ring-headed bronze pin of the same types as several specimens found in Viking graveis in Scotland and Norway. b) Slender arrow-head of good Viking type R. 539. c) Bronze bowl of the type R. 726. d) Iron knife with bone handle. The handle is diecorated with incised lines forming cross-hatching, triangles, and swastika friezes. 5 iron knives without handle. Clifford Street,

a)

e)

Two

stycas of the kings

Eadred and Ethelred.

Finds from Old Cities

Fig. 62.

f)

A

Comb

of

95

bone, York.

small leaden cross with the impression of a styca in the centre.

g) About 30 combs of bone, all of the long and slender type with a single row of teeth, and some 15 bone plates for similar combs in unfinished state of manufacture.

h) About 120 pins and bodkins of bone.

The

miajority of the pins terminate

and in some cases with carved Four of the pins have the head shaped like a faceted knob.

in a flat triangular head, with a perforation'

omaiments.

Five coarse piercers of bone. k) 13 bone-skates of the type commonly found in the old cities of Norway, Sigurd Grieg, Middelalderske Byfund fra Bergen og Oslo, 1933, p. 264. 1) 6 points of stag's horn worked in a shape that would possibly lerve as i)

branches for horse's

bits.

m) A considerable quantity of pieces ked like refuse or raw miateriail from

of stag's horn, roughly cut worikishops.

A number

ml

wor-

of coarse,

pointed implements of stag's horn and bone. n) Part of the handle of a wooden spoon with ornament of incissd lines

forming a plaited pattern. o) Fragment of a hemispherical implement of dark glass, used for pressing

seems of linen R. 446. p) Different glass beads of the kind commonly found in Norse graves of the Viking period. Lumps of glass, apparently from other objects destroyed

by

fire.

q)

beads r) s)

A

raw material, and partly as an unfinished state of manufacture. About 30 spinning whorls of bone and stone. A fine draugthsman of dark stone. in

oonsidtenable quantity of amber, partly as

F

98

i

n d

s

f

r

m Old

C

it

i

e s

Fig. 63.

Brooch York.

t)

Heavy weight

of inciiiod lines.

of silver,

for a fishing line, of black stone with plaited

ornamant

Fig. 61.

These miscellaneous series

of antiquities

were

operations in Clifford Street in the years 1883

collected during digging

—85.

Most of the pifcss ara

not of distinct Scandinavian types, but evidently the find as a whole goes back to the 10th century

when York was

a centre of Viking

dcminaUon.

York (The Yorkshire Museum). Ring-headed pin of bronze of the commcn Viking type.

'Nessgate, a)

b)

A number

of

c)

Chess-man

of jet with cleft top, decorated with a simple rlrg-ard d

bone bodkins. t

pattern.

Found on

the site of the Coach

&

Horses Hotel, Nessgate, 1904.

Coppergate, York (The Yorkshire Museum).

About 30 combs of bone. One of them, of the same type as bears an unfinished runiic inscription. b) A bone plaque with ornaments of Anglo-Saxon style. c) A number of various bone objects. The antiquities were collected durimg exoavatiians 14 feet deep a)

fig. 62,

in

Cop-

pergate.

York (The Yorkshire Museum). Circular brooch of silver with amimial omiamient of the Jellinge style. Fig. 63. A sword-guard of whale's bone, resemiblimg Jan Petersen type M.

Chess-man of bone.

Finds from Old Cities

t,T.

Fig. 64.

7

—

Viking Antiquities IV.

^

*

Implement

of stag's

liorn,

York.

97

98

Finds from Old Cities

Fig. 65.

Bronze book-dasp, Lincoln.

Fig. 66.

Sword from Canwich Common, Lincoln.

Finds from Old Cities

99

York (Private possession). Sculptured implement of stag's horn, the broad end terminating in an animal's iiead and tlie surface decorated with different designs of lozenges, twist and ring, and key pattern, recalling the ornament of the older runic crosiseis

of the Isle of Mian.

Fig. 64.

Lincoln (British Museum). a)

Bone case

b)

A

for a comb, bearing a rtmic inscription:

similar hone case for a comb. pieces were found in Lincoln 1851 in fenny

The two

Great Northern Railway now

Literature: George Stephens, Brit.

soil, just

where the

stands.

Mus. Aniglo-Saxom Guide,

The Old-Nothem Runic Monuments

I,

p. 223.

p. 117.

Lincoln (British Museum). Bronze book-clasp with open-work 11th century.

and

ornament of the Urnes slyle, late Similar clasps are recorded from Milton-next-Sittingboume

Petetrborougih.

Literature:

Brit.

Fig. 65.

Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide,

p. 104.

Canwich Common, Lincoln (Britiish Museum). Sword of Jan Petersen type Q, but pommel different. The blade has an illegible inscriptioini

River

Witham

Large iron

at

oif

silver inliay.

Fig. 66.

Lincoln (British Museum).

stirrup.

River Witham at Lincoln (City and County Museum of Lincoln). Small spear-head, the form related to the type R. 523, thoiigh not very distinctive. Very large stirrup with inlaid scroll ornament. These pieces were found 1787 during dredging operations in the river between Kirkstead and Lincoln, together with a niimt>er of otlier objects dating from different ages.

VIKING ANTIQUITIES

ON THE CONTINENT OF WESTERN EUROPE

VIKING ANTIQUITIES ON THE CONTINENT OF WESTERN EUROPE. As a supplemient

to the recondis of Engliish

Viking

amitiquities

oomplled by

Herr Anathon Bjern in 1925, the Committee decideid to add a survey of adiacent ooumitries of the Continent. The task was confined within the frontiems of Holiianid, Beiligium, Noirmiandy and Brittany, and the districts along the watercourses of the rivers of NoTthem Franoe, cairespioodinig fimdis

in

as being the -sceine of Viking activity most intiimateily connected with cantemporary events in the British Lsles. The regions further south and east, such as Aquitaine and the Rhine country, were thus not included! in the plain. pnovidte thfe informiations desired, the imdensigned Shetelig miade a voyaige in Frawoe 1927, visiting the local museumis and collections of anti-

To

museumi at Saint-Germain At the same time Dr. Johs. Boe searched the muiseums of Holland and Belgium for Vikimg relics. Dr. Sigurd Grieg placed at the Committee's disposal the notes from his previous travels in North Germany, which, however were not found to comprise materials within

quities in the said pTOvinces, besides the national

and the

prinoipail

museums

in Paris.

the scope of the present review.

As we had

to expect, the continental amitiquities of interest to

our research

pro'ved to be few and scattered, and the following record does in no

way

pretend to completeness. We only hope that list will be supplied from other hanidis and, in all oases, that the survey obtained may be found a contribution of some value to the study of Viking ocoasiional

additions to our

archaeology.

We wamrt very gratefully to acknowledge the valuaible help we have recei^^d from oiur colleaigues in charge of the different museumis. We are especially indebted to Dr. J. H. Holwerda of the Rijksmuseum at Leiden, Dr. A. E. van Giffen of the Gronlingen Museumi, M. Jaques Breuer of the Royal at Brussels, M. Louis Deglatigny president of the Antiquarian Commission at Rouen, M. Salomon Reinach of the Natioinal Museiun at Saint-Germain, Capitadne R. Villemin of the Army Museum in Paris.

Museums

Haakon

Shetelig.

GRAVE FINDS

GRAVE

FINDS.

Antum, Gem. Ezinge, Groningen, Holland (Museum a)

A

sword of

point of the c)

Groningen 1906

Diamiascened sword with short guand, and oorrespomdiing cross-piece

of the triiangular pommigl, Jan Petensen type H,

b)

of

blaidie

simi'lair

formi,

much

fig.

83.

—

Fig. 67.

daimiaiged, part of the

pommel and

missing.

Lange and bnoad spear-head, 46,5 cms. long. The blade bears a dama-

scened herriing-bione pattern. d) A pointed spear socket (?) 17,6 e)

Stirrup of the type R. 588.

f)

Spear-head,

g)

Shield-boss,

now now

omis. long.

lost. Lost.

Found in asisiociation with skeletons of man and horse in the warf Antum, between Gannwerd and Aduiarderzijl. The find is illustrated by Holger Arhman, Schwedten und das Karolingische Reich, Stockholm 1937, pi. 69. The sword there presented as the second sword of Antum (to the right in the plate) is, by Dr. van Giffen, stated to be the sword of Jutwerd, Gm. Zandtt, our fig. 77. The same mistake is repeated by Herbert Jankuhn, Eine Scihwertfomm aus Karolingischer Zeit, in Offa Band 4. II, Kiel, p. 160, fig. 1. I

(Eure) France (Musee des Anitiquites, Rouen, 1870, nr. 1251). A pair of bronze tortoise brooches, like Jan Petensen, Vikin'getidens Smykker, fig. 41, a type dating from about the middle of the 9th century. Fig. 68. Found 1865 at Pitres, where the Andelle meets the Seine, close to tlie east of the Gallo-Roman crypte of La Pierre de Saint-Martin. Tlie brooches Pttres

by a workman extractimg gravel, in association witli human bones and fragments of ancient pottery. The brooches were presented to the museum by M. Luzurier de la Martel. Literature: Bulletin de la Commission des Antiquites de la SeineInferieurei, tome II. Dieppe 1871, pp. 28 30. Leon Coutil, Armes et Parures Soandinaives trouvees a Rouen, Oissel (Seine Inferieiure) et Pitres (Eure). Extnait de Millenaire de la Normandiie 911 1911, Rouen 1913.

weire diisoovered

—

—

Grave Finds

108

Fig. 68.

Tortoise brooch

found

Fig.

at Pitres.

67.

Two ewords from Groningen.

the grave at Antuni,

Grave Finds L'lle to the

de Groix (Morbihan) France (Musee

Musee des Antiquites

Contents of

tlie

Naitioiniales,

shiip-burial of L'lle

109 die

Kemuz,

later tnansiferred

Saiiiit-Germiain-en-Laye).

de Groix.

The guard and

the cross-piece of the poimmtiel of a sword, of the fivePetersen 0. Both pieceis lare of iron plated with silver and lobed type Jam decorated with a peculiar scroll patterini, ooimposeid of ribbons filled with dots, resemWinig Jan Peterisen fig. 105 (an alimost identioal ornaiment has a)

been disolosed on the sword V. Scanty b)

fraigmnentis

Fragment

J.

G.

fig.

419).

Fig. 69.

only of the blade are extant.

of the

guard of a sword of

iron, with plain

bronze inlay,

and three-lobed poimimel of the saime sword, Jan Petersen type R. c) The ferrule of a sword's scabbard, of bronze, with opein-work omament preisisnting the fi)gTire of a bird with wings spread. Fig. 70. See T. J. Ame, Einige Schwert-Ortbander axis dbr Wiikimgerzeit, figg. 15 17, Opmscula Mon-

—

telio dioata 1913.

d) Simiall fragmients of three siyear-heads, one of them of Jan Petersen type I. R. 522. e) Fragments of two axes, both of them apparently of Jan Petersen type G.

Fragments of 8 arrow-heads of iron, R. 539. g) Fragments of 21 shield-bosses all of them badly broken and defective. The majority are of the regular Norse type R. 562, hemaspherical, with a flat rim fasteineid to thie board by four rivets, and with a slight contraction between the boss and' the rim. Fig. 71. Four of the biosses present forms never found in Soandiinavia. The bioiss itself iis plain and ronnided, somewhat steeper than the hemisphere. In two of them the rim is provideid with six pointed projections, each of them with three rivets, while two others have the rim proviided with eight rounded projeotionis, each of them likewise bearing three rivets. Fig. 72. One fragment of a rim shows a densely set series of rivet-holes and the border finiely indented. and the border fineiy indented. h) Fragment of the blade of an iron knife. f)

i)

k) j)

Small iron anvil, R. 393.

Hammer-head

of iron.

Pair of smith's tongs, R. 391.

Iron auger, R. 418, and fragment of a larger rod, possibly another auger. m) Implement for wire-drawing, R. 398, or perhaps more likely for miaking mails, viz. a flat piece of iron pierced by a series of holes of 1)

different size. n) o)

Fragment of two iron awls. Fragment of a socketed celt

(?) of iron, R. 401.

p) Small buckle of bronze, resembling R. 605. Fig. 73.

Grave Finds

no

Fig. 69.

Fragments

of

sword.

L'lle

de Groix.

Grave Finds

Fig. 71.

Shield-bosses of Scandinavian type. L'lle

Fig.

111

de Groix.

70.

Bronze ferrule

of

a scabbard. L'lle

de Groix.

Fig. 73.

Buckle L'lle

of bronze.

de Groix.

Fig.

72.

Shield-bosses of Contiiieiital (?) types. L'lle de Groix.

9

Grave Finds

112 q.

5 plain buckles of iron, 5 onus, wide, profoiably belonging to a horse's

harness. r)

Whetstone of

schist, 11 cms. long, of regular

square section, with a

hole for suspension at one end. s) A set of 19 draghtsmen of bone, R. 474, aind 2 dice, R. 475.

Gold finger-ring, maide of a tliick plain string, tapering towards the which are joiined by a double kjniot. (Fig. 74). ends u) A number of minute pressed gold leaves and fragments of fine gold filaments that most probably were applied for tlie decoration of a dress. v) Two silver plaques, in thfe' form of an oblong triangle, the square base bearing three ismall holes for rivets, and the point terminating in a small hook. Probably a kind of clasps for the dress. Length 6,4 cms. w) Friagments of a plaited chain of silver wire, like the chain from BalMnaby, Islay (Viking Antiquities 11, p. 39, fig. 18. Montelius. Svenska Fomsaker 628), two beads of silver filigree and otiher small silver beads. A silver button. Remains of silver plating from some other object. x) Fragments of a penannular brooch of bronze. y) Bronze bowl, with slightly oonivex bottom, the side outwards sloping, aind projecting rim. Close to the boittomi a crack has been repaired by a small bit of bronze fastiened with a rivet. The bowl is 27 cms. wide, 8 cms. hiigb. A similar bowl has been found in a grave at Glappestad, Norway (B. 4844), illustratied by Jan Petersen in the present work part V, fig. 110. z) Fragments of a bronze bowl of about the same size as the preceding specimien. When see-n in situ it seemed to be provided with e^ars which were, however, not to be found amiong the fragments after the transport. aa) Cauldron of iron sheet, 40 cms. higih, 16 cms. wide, with flat bottom and projecting rim. bb) Fragments of an irom chain, composed of narrow links, each 5,5 cms. t)

—

long.

Possibly for the saispension of the cauldron.

Fragmemtt of a oircular iron mounting, 7,6 cms. wide, possibly for the edge of a small bucket or a cup. dd) Fragmienit of bronze, a thick oblong plaque, 2 cms. wide at the defective lower end, upwards narrowing to 1,5 cms., where it terminates in a solid string of circular section, sligilitly curved. At the tnamisition between the plaque and the string, there lare two laiteinal projections and, on the front side, a projecting animial he^ad. The frcmlt shows traces of a linear ornament and of enamel. It is most probably a piece of Irish metal-work, but the destination of the object can not be ascertained. Fig. 75. ee) A kind of an escutcheon of bronze, 8 cms. high, 7 cms. wide, in the shape of a broad lozenge, decorated with a central boss surrounded by an equally raised circle. In the corners three rivets, with convex decorated cc)

Grave Finds

113

Fig. 74.

Gold finger-ring. L'lle de Groix.

Fig. 75,

Bronze fragment with enanie! L'lle de Groix

heads, fasten the apiplique to an inner sheet of bronze, possibly the remains of siQime kind of vessel.

A

number pe M, and fine damasoened blade. Well preserved, the grip restored with modern leather.

No report

of the discovery.

Rouen, probably in the Seine. of Jan Petersen type Y

Sword

No

(Bibliotheque Municipale, Rouen). (fig.

131).

—

Fig. 83.

report of the discovery.

Rouen, probably

Sword

in the Seine.

(Muisee des Antiquites, Rouen, nr. 102).

in excellent state of preservation, with short

heavy semispherioal pommel with separate cross-piece. decoration.

No

report of the discovery.

amd thick guard and

No

traces of inlaid

Single Antiquities

126

Eouen, probably in the Seine. (Musee des Antiquites, Rouen, nir. 103). Sword, in gemerail ohaipacler much like Jan Petersen type H, though the cap of the pommel is different, thicker, and not pointed upwards. The blade is damascened. Fig. 84.

No report

of the discovery.

Rouen, probably in the Seine. Large, spear-head in

(Musee des Antiquites, Rouen).

exce'llenit statei

of preservation, of the early Viking

type, R. 520.

No report

of the disoovery.

Rouen, dredged from the Seine. (Musee des Antiquites, Rouen). Winged) Carolingilan spear-head, one of the largest specimens of this type ever fbund. Tlie variety of the form goes to indicate that the spear probably is of Norse origin.

No report of the lump of rust on the

disooivery, but river-sand

and shells

still

adhere

to

a

socket.

Rouen, probably in the Seine. (Musee dies Antiquites, Rouen, nr. 61). Wingeid Caroilinigiian spear-head, 30,5 cms. long, most probably of Norse

make.

No

In almiost perfect state of preiser-vation. report of the discovery.

(Musee des Antiquites, Rouen). Large spear-head of the winged Carotingiian type, possibly of Norse Part of the socket is miissiinig. Dredigeid from the Seine near Oissel, 1883. Oissel, dep. Seine-Inferieure.

Rouen.

origiin.

(Musee des Antiquites, Rouen).

Open armlet of bronze, tiiiok and heaivy, with square-cut ends. Decorated with incised wavy lines across the outside. Recorded as found somewhere in the dep. Seine-Inferieure. The type is Baltic, not properly Scanidiinaiviain:, and like Aspelin, Antiquites du Nord Finno-Ougrien (Helsingfors 1877—1884), p. 271, fig. 1351, and p. 302, fig.

1624.

If relally

been

found

in the regiiion of

Rouen, the armilet must be

Normandy by the Normans. It miuseum of Rouen piosisesses ailso' a pair

regiardled

should' be noted, however, that the of small tortoise brooohes of late Baltic typie, said to have been acquired from Norway (or perhaps from Danmiark) in 1840, but the provenance can not be certified. The same reserviation must then apply ateo to the armlet. as bavinig

birouight to

ij

ingle Antiquities

127

D

f 1

Fiff.

Rouen.

83.

Vi"

84.

Rouen.

/

'

V

'

.".»

2777-

T^V^ /

1

r •:••

Fig.

85.

•:••

••:.)l

Nantes.

Fig. 80.

From

(Sketches

by the

editor.

Nantes.

Single Antiquities

128

Vernon, dep. Eure. (Musee d'Evreux). of Jam Petersien type H. of regnlar outline, but pomimel of the rare variety with blunt top, not pointed. The Swoind is complete amd tolerably

Sword

well preserved.

Found during

—

and

60,

tlie

construction of the bridge of the Seine at

preiseinted to the

Vernon 1850

muiseum by M. Mezy de Bellegarde 1882.

Port-Villez, near Vernon, dep. Eure. (Formerly in the Collection G. Vedie, Evreux, Mer in the posisessiiion of M. Lamiray, rue Chiartraine, Evreux, and still bearing a nr. 325). Sword of Jaim Petersen type X, ponnmieil rather large and thick with square top.

The

blaide is

broken 40

Otherwise the sword

omis.

from the guard, and the rest of

it

is

missing.

tolerabiy well preserved.

The number quoted iis said to refer to some exhibition where the sword had been lent by M. Vedie.

Foumd siomal

is

at Port-Villez.

Parville, dep. Eure.

occa-

(Musee d'Evreux).

Sword of Jan Petersen type X,

ooraiplete

and well preserved.

M. Fortier's property, by his gardener (A label attached to the sword gives a reference to: Amalvinus

Fouinid at Parville, in the forest of

M. Aquin.

Andreas canonicus,

p. 69).

Les Andelys, dep. Eure. (Musee des Antiquites

Naitionales, Saint-G'er'miain-

en-Laye, nr. 46357).

Axe

of Jan Petersen type G. R. 555.

a portion of the edge hlas been broken

Dredged from the Seine

at

In good state of preservation^ but

off.

Les Andelys.

Paris, dredged from the Seine. (Collection Orville). Sword, apparently, to conclude from the description given by M. Orville, of Jan Petersen type H. R. 494. Dredged from the Seine, 1868. Literature: Cte R. de Rochebrime, Une Epee Carlovingienne, Vannes 1908, p. 14. (Extrait de la Revue du Bais Poitou).

(Musee Camavalet). Sword, dating from the tramisition period abiout 800, Jan Petersen type A. In Musee Camavalet there are further 7 specimens of the winged Carolingian spear-heads, two of them^ possibly of Norse origin. Paris.

Found

in Paris.

Single Antiquities Paris.

129

(Zeuigbaus, Berlin, 11.91).

Jan Petepsein type X, with wooden scabbard and a silver-gilt mountnig lor tlie girdle. Found near Paris. Literature: Holiger Arbman, Schweden and dais Karolinigisohe Reich, Stock-

Sword

holm

of

1937, pp. 173, 228.

Nantes, in the Loire.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes,

nr. 148).

Sword of Jan Petersen type E. Poiminiel miissing. The guard and the pommelbar ,are decorated with a lozenige-pattem of simiall circular depressions and tlie surface is densely grooved for silver platiimg. Of the damascened blad:e

a

smiall fragimiemt only survives.

Fig. 85.

Dredgeid fromi the Loire in Nantes, at the confluence of the Chezine, and presenteid to the museumi by Madame Perdriel.

(Musee Archeologique, Nanites). Sword of Jan Petersen type H, in good state of preseirvation. The guard and pomniiel are densely grooved io receive a plating of bronze or silver Fig. 86. which hias now dliaappearad, see Jan Peler'sen pi. I, fig. 2. Dredged from the Loire, at the islanid Bieoe. Literature: G. Durville. Les epe&s Normiandes de I'lle de la Biece, Bulletin de la Societe archeologique et historique de Nantes et de la LoireInterieure, 68, 1928, p. 121. Quoted from Holger Arbman, Schweden und das Kafolingisohe Reich, Stockholm 1937, p. 223. Nantes.

—

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes, nr. 149). Sword-pommel of cast bronze, thick and heavy, with traces of a coating sioime white metal as an iimitation of silver. The type is three-lobed and Nantes.

of

zoomorphic, the

The

central lobie

lines.

No

being vigorously modelled as two animal-heads. decorated with a kind of rimg-and-chain knot of incised

Siiide-lobeis is

The whole specimen

is typical of the

Norse Borre-style of decoration.

repoil of the discovery.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes). Jan Petersen type X, fig. 129, with slightly curved guard ai.d small piommel, without decoration. The blade is broken and point missing. The survivimig part of the blade bears a damascened inscription, mow much damaged. In the calalcgue the letiers are deciphered as I N G E L R D, but the readiinig is dubious, and the traces now visible miiight, perhaps more Nantes.

Sword

of

probably, suiggest the naniie

Dredged from the Loire 9

—

Viking Antiquities IV.

V L F B E R T H. in

Nantes, off the island Mabon.

Single Antiquities

130 Nantes.

Sword

(Musee Archeologique, of

Jan

hemisphericail

Petersieii

Nanteis).

type X, with short and straight guard, and nearly

pommel. The blade

is

brokein and the greater part of

it

now

missing.

No report

of the disoo'very, but miosi probably

According to G. Durville,

I.e.

from the Loire

in

Nantes.

9 swords of this type have oomis from the

Loire at the Island Biece.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes, nr. 151). Jan Petersen type X. The guard is stnaight and narrow, the large with flatteinieid sides anid broiad top. The sword is rather pommel certainly a Prankish weapon. Most probably from the Loire in Nantes. Nantes.

Sword

Nantes.

of

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes).

Similar sword of Jan Petersen type X.

The pommel

is

with flat sides, and broader at the top than at the base.

unusually large

In excellent state

oi preservation.

Most probably from the Loire Nantes.

at Nantes.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes).

Fine spear-head, Jan Peters-en type F. R. 529, 52 cms. long, in excellent state of preservaitiom.

Dredged from the Loire,

off the port of Nantes.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes). Spear-head, Jan Petersen type F. R. 529, 33 cms. long, with damiascened

Nantes. blade.

Most probably from the Loire in Nantes.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes). Spear-head of the type R. 517, 48 cmi3. long. The spear may be of Norse origin, though the type is originally Fnankish. In the same museum there are three spear-heads of the wimged Carlovingian type, all certainly of Prankish make. Nantes.

Loire-Inferieure. (Musee Archeologique, Nantes, nr. 147). Jan Petersen type X, with narrow straight guard and pominT?!

Saffre, dep.

Sword

of

taperiing to the top.

The sword was

The blade bears the damascened

inscription

dreidged from the river Issac at Saffre.

INGELRD.

t

Single Antiquities

131

(Collection Rochebrune). Jan Peterisem type H. The iguiaird and Hie poimmelbiar are plaljed with a striated ooveiring of 'gold and silver; (?), the pcmimel now miBsing. The blade is dainiiaiscened. Found iin the river Sens, a tributary of the Erdne, on the property of the

Lelasseur, dep. Loire-Inferieure.

Sword

farm

oi

Lelaisseur.

Cte R. die Rochebume, Une Epee Oarlovingie'nne. (Extrait Revue du Bas Poitou). Vannes 1908. In the Roohebrune Collectiion theT'e iis alsiO' a maignifioeinl Franikisih sword of Jan Petersen type X, with "silver inlay on ignard and pomimel, and the blade bearing the inscription Ragondl Com. It was dreidged from the river Chiarenite, 1881, at Tnaillebourig, dep. Oharente-Inferieuiie. See: Collections du Cte R.de Rochebrune, Les Armies^ Saint-Cyr-en-Talmiondlais (Vendee), Fontenay-MLiterature:

dte la

Comte, 1912,

p. 24.

Vendee, dep. Vendee. (Muisee de FArmee, Paris, J. 3.). Sword, Jan Petersen type M, exceptiionally well preserved. Fo'Vmd in a ford, in the river Vendee.

ABBREVIATIONS.

—

Aarboger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Kjobenhavn. Catalogue of Bergens Museum. B. Bergens Museums Arbok, Berg. Mus. Arb. Guide to Anglo-Saxon British Museum. B. M. Guide Aarb.

f.

n.

Oldk.

Historic,

—

— — Antiquities. 1923. Jan Petersen — De Norske Vikingesverd, Videnskapsselskapets Kristiania 1919. Hist.-Filos. Klasse, No. Skrifter R. or Rygh — O. Rygh, Antiquit^s Norv^giennes, Christiania 1885. H. — Victoria County Histories. V. Wheeler — R. E. Mortimer Wheeler, London and the Vikings. 1.

II.

C.

London Museum Catalogues: No.

I.

London

1927.

I

INDEX OF PLACE-NAMES Abchurch Lane.

Casterton. 46.

Halland. 12.

Aldersgate Street. 86.

Charente. 131.

Amiens. 125.

Chelsea. 87.

Hallum. 117. Haltan Moor. 45.

Anglesey. 30.

Chester. 30, 69.

Antum.

Claughton Hall.

Appleby.

92.

107.

15.

Clifford Street. 94.

18.

Appels. 124.

Colchester. 60.

Austin Friars. 86.

Colonsay. 19.

Ayre

Coppergate. 96. Cuerdale. 32.

23.

Harbuck. 74. Harwich. 30. Heelsum. 120. Hensden. 124. Hesket-in-Forest. 19.

Ballacamaish, 53. Ballachrink. 25.

Hitchin. 68.

Dacre. 46. Dendre. 120, 124.

Balladoyne. 26. Ballaugh. 22.

Hungate.

31.

Derwent. 22.

Dimmock's

Ballelby. 25.

Bank

Hammersmith 87, 90. Hampton Court. 85. Hamsay. 29.

of England. 81.

Barnes. 90. Basingstoke. 11. Batterseae. 87 88.

74.

Duurstede. 120.

Islay.

19.

Issac.

130.

Jurby. 11. 15, 53. Jutwcrd. 117.

Bedale. 15.

Bedlington. 22.

Icklingham. 60. Ipswich. 60.

Dinorben. 30. Douglas. 51.

Durham.

—

Cate. 69.

Beeston Tor cave. 31.

Ebbw. 13. Edmonton.

Bell Alley. 92.

Elbeuf. 125.

Knaresborough. Kennet. 58.

Bicce. 130.

Ely 64—67.

Borner. 29.

Kew

Enfield. 12. 60.

Kilmainham. 19. Kirk Andreas. 53. Kirk Braddan. 2i. Kirkby Lonsdale. 46. Kirk Malew. 74. Kirk Michael. 22.

Braham's Farm.

64.

60.

Engelbert. 117.

30.

bridge. 85.

Brentford. 78. Bo, Breim. 21.

Escaut. 124.

Cambridge. 68. Cambois. 22.

Palmer.

Camphill. 15.

Ferwerd. 117.

Kirk Patrick.

Frome. 57. Fulham. 92.

Kirkstead. 99.

Garstang, 15. Gent. 124. Goldsborough. 30.

Lake District. 21. Lakenheath Warren.

Canning Town.

Ezingc. 107.

89.

Canterbury. 59.

Canwich Common. Carlisle.

2').

Farndan Church.

71.

Kirkoswald. 50. 25.

Knoc-v-dooncc.

1.^.

99.

19.

Carran's Wharf. 88.

Cass ny Hawin. 74.

Lancaster. 18, 45.

61.

Index

134

a

I

c e

-

N

am e s Tilehurst. 58.

Oxford. 12, 29, 59. Oysterbanks. 22.

Lanchester. 74.

Lea

of P

valley. 12, 6U.

Thames Thames

Leadenhall Street, 9Q, 92.

Ditton. 85. Street. 85.

Lelasseur, 131.

Paris. 128, 129.

Les Andely.s. 128. L'lle de Groix. 109.

Parville. 128.

Lincoln. 99.

Penrith. 46.

Thaxted. 30. The Nappin. 53. Tottenham. 12. Tower. 85, 87, 88.

Liverpool Street. 92. Locmaria. 113.

Pitney. 57.

Traillebourg. 131.

Lode. 69.

Port-Maria. 113.

London.

Pembroke.

Pitres.

13.

107.

Port-Villez.

77, 92.

128.

Putney Bridge.

Mabon.

12.

Melle. 124,125.

Reading.

Mildenhall. 60.

Red Wharf Bay.

Monk's Abbey.

71.

Repton.

58.

Romsey. 58. Ronaldsway.

Mottisfont. 58.

Rouen. 125,126.

Myklebostad.

30.

14.

Morbihan. 109.

Moorfields. 89.

Santon Downham. Schoonande. 124.

Nord fjord.

46.

Northallerton. 15. 15.

Soham.

St. Martin's-le-Grand. 90.

Oissel. 126.

Maughold.

23.

Ormside. 18. Ouse. 64.

46.

78.

West Bergholt. 30. West Ham. 11. West Stow Heath. 60. Weston Turville. 29.

Wijk. 120. Winchester Cathedral. 57. Wisbech. 61.

Witham.

71, 99.

Witherslack. 74. Witley. 29.

Warkington. 21.

Stratford. 59.

Oasterhesselen. 120.

Orton Scar.

57.

Wickelen. 124.

64.

Somerset House. 86. Stanground. 61. Stanton Harcourt. 59. St. John's Kirk German. 25. St.

85.

Whitehall. 86.

Soberton. 29.

21.

Nottingham. Norwich. 61.

12.

Smithfield. 90.

Norddijk. 117.

Waaxens. 117. Walthamstow. 12, Wandsworth. 78. Waterloo Bridge. Wendover. 30.

Saffr6. 130.

Newark. 71. Newbiggin Moor.

Vendte. 131. Vernon. 128.

Wareham. 74.

21.

Nantes. 129, 130. Nessgate. 96.

69.

13.

Vauxhall. 81.

Rampside. 18. Raven's Willow. 61. 11,

Upware.

26.

85.

129.

Magdalen Bridge. Malew. 25.

Hill.

Usk.

Preston. 18, 32.

Lorient. 113.

Tynwald

York. 31, 93—98.

Tate Galery. 85. Temple. 77, 78. Termonde. 120, 124.

Yssel. 120.

Zandt. 117.

»

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