Sharad Joshi Part 8 (3)

Repor tofRapi dRur alAppr ai salofSal t pr oducersi n Nawa waBl ockofNagaurDi st r i ct

Submi mi t t edby

Cent r ef orComm mmuni t yEconomi mi csandDev el opme ment Consul t ant sSoci et y ( CECOEDE DECON ON) Pl o tno :159160,I ndus t r i al& I ns t i t ut i o nalAr e a,Si t apur a,Jai pur -302022, Raj ast han,I ndi a Phno.911412771488/2770812/329483436

FaxNo. :911412770330 Emai l :cecoedecon@i ndi at i mes. com/ m/ sharad_j p1@sancharnet . i n

Report of Rapid Rural Appraisal of Salt producers in Nawa Block of Nagaur District Background As per the worldwide estimates presented by WHO in 2005 with respect to 126 countries Iodine defciency disorder is a major public healt health h prob proble lem m in Indi India a As per per !ati !ation onal al "amil amily y Heal Health th #ur$e #ur$ey y %!"H# %!"H#&2 &2'' only only 50 50( ( o) the the hous househo ehold lds s in Indi India a us used ed ade* ade*uat uatel ely y iodised salt& salt with 15 ppm iodine +onsumption o) iodised salt is much less pre$alent amon, lower income ,roups %-5(' #alt iodisation in$ol$es mi.in, o) an iodine compound with salt in a simple operati ration on It produce uces no chem hemical reactio tions /he e*uipment re*uired )or salt iodisation is simple and easy to operate and maintain /he addition o) potassium iodate to salt does not impart any colour taste or odour to the salt ecause o) these characteristics world o$er about 120 countries pro$ide iodised salt access to the population and about 100 countries ha$e le,islation on iodised salt

Overview of Salt Production Ind Indian salt indus ustr try y has made treme emendo ndous pro,ress since nce independence independence today India ran third in the production production o) salt ne.t to 3#A 3#A and and +hin +hina a With ith 20 mill millio ion n tones tones prod produc ucti tion on in 20 2005 05 it contributes 4( o) world production omestically about 6 million tones o) salt ,o )or human and animal consumption and about 4 million tones used )or $arious industrial applications One One o) the the sali salien entt )eat )eatur ures es o) the the Indi Indian an #alt #alt Indu Indust stry ry is the the e.istence o) a $ery lar,e number o) small salt producers about 1100 out o) total o) about 1-000 It is needless to say that the

FaxNo. :911412770330 Emai l :cecoedecon@i ndi at i mes. com/ m/ sharad_j p1@sancharnet . i n

Report of Rapid Rural Appraisal of Salt producers in Nawa Block of Nagaur District Background As per the worldwide estimates presented by WHO in 2005 with respect to 126 countries Iodine defciency disorder is a major public healt health h prob proble lem m in Indi India a As per per !ati !ation onal al "amil amily y Heal Health th #ur$e #ur$ey y %!"H# %!"H#&2 &2'' only only 50 50( ( o) the the hous househo ehold lds s in Indi India a us used ed ade* ade*uat uatel ely y iodised salt& salt with 15 ppm iodine +onsumption o) iodised salt is much less pre$alent amon, lower income ,roups %-5(' #alt iodisation in$ol$es mi.in, o) an iodine compound with salt in a simple operati ration on It produce uces no chem hemical reactio tions /he e*uipment re*uired )or salt iodisation is simple and easy to operate and maintain /he addition o) potassium iodate to salt does not impart any colour taste or odour to the salt ecause o) these characteristics world o$er about 120 countries pro$ide iodised salt access to the population and about 100 countries ha$e le,islation on iodised salt

Overview of Salt Production Ind Indian salt indus ustr try y has made treme emendo ndous pro,ress since nce independence independence today India ran third in the production production o) salt ne.t to 3#A 3#A and and +hin +hina a With ith 20 mill millio ion n tones tones prod produc ucti tion on in 20 2005 05 it contributes 4( o) world production omestically about 6 million tones o) salt ,o )or human and animal consumption and about 4 million tones used )or $arious industrial applications One One o) the the sali salien entt )eat )eatur ures es o) the the Indi Indian an #alt #alt Indu Indust stry ry is the the e.istence o) a $ery lar,e number o) small salt producers about 1100 out o) total o) about 1-000 It is needless to say that the

success o) #alt Iodisation pro,ramme hin,es on the contribution o)  these small salt producers  /he recorded production o) iodised salt durin, 2005 was 784 mill millio ion n tones tones and the dome domest stic ic su supp pply ly was 7 767 67 mill millio ion n tones tones Abou Ab outt 18 180 000 000 0 tonn tonnes es was was e.por .porte ted d /he /he *ual *ualit ity y moni monito tori rin, n, repor eports ts )rom )rom the the prod produc ucti tion on sour source ces s and and cons consum umin in, , cent center ers s indicate about 0 percent con)ormin, to the statutory standards laid under 9re$ention o) "ood Adulteration Act /here is a wide $ariation in the iodised salt access across the country the salt producin, and adjoinin, states ha$e less access while the adjoinin, states ha$e about 40( access

Category

Description

+ate,ory I

> 100 acres

+ate,ory II

> 10acres and ? 100 acres

+ate,ory III

#ocieties

+ate,ory I=

3nreco,ni;ed ? 10 acres

#ome 10-7 units in India produce produce salt About hal) a million million acres o) land has been allocated )or salt production o) which -00000 acres ha$e been de$eloped /he units ha$e been classifed into )our cate,ories ran,in, )rom more than 100 acres %+ate,ory I' to :unreco,ni;ed units< o) less than 10 acres %+ate,ory I='

Salt production in Rajasthan  /he state o) @ajasthan contributes to as much as 8&10 percent o)  the total salt produced in the country and enjoys third position a)ter ujarat and /amilnadu @ajasthan has no land connected with the sea or ocean and most o) the salt is produced )rom the subsoil and lae brines #ambhar 9achabadra and idwana are the major lae sources )or brine 9resently salt is bein, produced in about 100 salt units out o) which 1500 are small salt manu)acturin, units o) less than 10 acre area @ajasthan with an area o)  appro.imately -7-000 s* m with )a$ourable ,eo,raphical conditions has ,ot a ,ood potential )or the production o) salt #alt is mainly produced in and around the places lie 9halodi !awa Buchaman #ujan,arh 9aran udha idwana 9achbadra etc where subsoilClae brine is a$ailable )or salt production  /he yield o) salt $aries maredly in these areas as has been demonstrated in the ,raph below

"i,ure&1  /hou,h due to its ,eo,raphical position @ajasthan is a suitable place )or the production o) salt in the country due to the lac o)  pro.imity to se most o) the salt is produced )rom subsoilCunder,round brines /he composition and density o) the subsoilCunder,round brines in @ajasthan is site specifc coupled with a,e and depth o) the well %brine source' In case o) the subsoilCunder,round brines the well brine mainly contains sodium ions in the )orm o) their chlorides sulphates carbonates and bicarbonates with calcium ma,nesium lithium borates phosphates bromides iodides arsenates etc in insi,nifcant amounts  /he )re*uent sand storms occurrin, in the @ajasthan state contribute to the hi,her insoluble impurities in salt /he salt produced in @ajasthan is reported to be o) 45&4( purity with respect to !a+l and the presence o) impurities such as sulphate and trace metals alon, with insolubles mae it unft )or $arious industrial applications Out o) the total salt produced most o) the salt ,oes )or human consumption and a small *uantity produced by #ambhar #alts Dimited ,oes to industries and e$en some salt is bein, e.ported to nei,hbourin, countries lie !epal hutan etc

Production of odised Salt in Rajasthan  /he yield o) salt has declined )rom 2007 to 2005 due to climatic )actors aEectin, the *uality o) subsoil brine Howe$er the e.pected yield )or 2006 is close to the a$era,e o) 200- and 2007 @ajasthan has been achie$in, the tar,ets o) production o) salt o$er the years as demonstrated in the table F ,raph below

 !ear

Re"ned

2002007

601 627

#nre"ne d 5741 542-

$otal 6042 657

2005

66

208

887

All "gures in %&&& tonnes

"i,ure&2

Salt Production in Nawa !awa is the oldest and the most important center o) salt production in @ajasthan #ambhar Dae is the main source o) salt production in !awa #ambhar Dae has an area o) about 1-5 Bm %40 Giles'

  Out o) the total lae area only -0 miles area is used )or #alt 9roduction #alt production area o) !AWA is about 180Acre In !awa area salt production was started in =iram #amwat 608 In the be,innin, salt manu)acturin, was done by collection o)  water and its e$aporation Dater on in, o) odhpur introduced the plot method )or salt production A)ter that ritish emperors had also )ollowed the same process but they had paid more attention towards the *uality o) salt In present times 9lot method is )ollowed by e$ery salt producer !awa was the frst place where salt production was initiated in @ajasthan /he only source o) subsoil brine here is )rom the submersible pumps set up adjoinin, the #ambhar Dae rine )rom these bore wells is transported throu,h pipelines to the salt pans -& 7 m away )rom the lae boundary #alt is produced )rom the months o) #eptember to Gay with each production cycle tain, -& 7 months 9roduction is stopped in the monsoon months due to una$ailability o) sun li,ht and poor *uality o) brine /he !a+l content o) #alt produced in !awa drops below 46( a)ter the month o) Garch

Salt 'ar(s e)ore establishin, any salt wors the )ollowin, points are taen into consideration&  /opo,raphy o) the land at the selected site  /he nature and *uality o) the soil and brine  /he meteorolo,ical parameters pre$ailin, in the re,ion  #ur)ace e.posure )or solar e$aporation o) the brine  9rotectin, the salt wors )rom any natural calamities  Annual rain)all • • • • • •

ependin, upon the source o) the brine %Dae brineCsubsoil or under,round brine' and its initial density used in salt manu)acture lar,e areas are re*uired to brin, the concentration o) the brine to a sta,e o) salt production #o the lands should be sli,htly at an ele$ated le$el and should ha$e proper contour %,radients' )or natural brine ow and the soil should be o) imper$ious nature /his

will a$oid intermittent pumpin, o) brine which is a proper desi,n o)  salt wors A common salt )arm has sections lie reser$oirs condensers crystalli;ers salt heapin, plat)orm bunds channels and approach roads etc !o o) condensers are decided accordin, to the initial density o) the brine As a ,eneral rule the initial density o) the brine should not be less then 2&250 eJ Howe$er in ,eneral subsoil brine in the density ran,e o) 6&200 eJ is a$ailable in @ajasthan Kach condenser is installed - inch below the pre$ious one so that brine can ow continuously When brine intensity ,oes up to 26 de,ree it is the sta,e o) salt )ormation Here the brine is a$ailable in the )orm o) crystals now salt is collected in the small cone shape heaps #alt is then collected on bunds by labourers and sent )or )urther processin, lie ,rindin, crushin, iodi;ation and paca,in,

)oderate conditions for co((on salt production Sun light* Intensity o) sunli,ht aEects the process o) salt )ormation As intense the sunli,ht crystalli;ation o) salt will be )aster Air + ,ree-e .ow* As hi,h the speed o) air ow salt )ormation will be )aster /u(idity* Humidity is also one important )actor in #alt )ormation I) atmosphere is more humid salt )ormation will tae place slowly I) humidity is less salt )ormation will be )aster $e(perature* As hi,h the temperature salt )ormation will be )aster •

•

•

•

Abo$e conditions production

Salt Production

increases

the

e$aporation

and

)ast

salt

Season Cost of salt Winter 20&25 days #ummer 8&10 days 20 @sC*uintal

Production

period

20&25 @sC*uintal 15&

Simple Common Salt Manufacturing Unit Con.

Con.

Con.

Con.

Con.

Con.

Con.

Con.

Con.

Condens er

+hannel C

C

C

C

C

C

C

Bunds

C

C

C

+hannel - Bore well

Production 0 On an a$era,e salt production is about 1200&1800 *uintal C bi,ha in !awa area In ,eneral it is obser$ed that per de,ree 100 *uintel salt is produced

Rapid Rural Appraisal @apid @ural Appraisal %@@A' has its ori,in and application in rural de$elopment&related research It is an emer,in, methodolo,y to impro$e the cost&eEecti$eness timeliness and *uality o) rural de$elopment&related research or @@A may describe as a systematic acti$ity desi,ned to draw in)erences conclusions hypotheses or assessments includin, the ac*uisition o) new in)ormation durin, a limited period o) time

O,jectives of the study1 Beepin, abreast o) )ollowin, basics o) the @@A e.ercise we desi,ned a comprehensi$e e.ercise to meet the defned objecti$es /he objecti$es were toL •

Identi)y )actors that limit iodisation o) salt in the project areaM

•

Identi)y probable benefciaries o) the projectM

•

Identi)y the major problems is bein, )aced by these salt producersM

•

Identi)y community structures and or,ani;ations )or salt producers throu,h which their participation and initiati$e could be enhancedM

•

#tudy local maretin, systems and fnd opportunities )or current projectL

 Speci"c techni2ues used1 urin, the @@A e.ercise )ollowin, techni*ues were used to ,et the rele$ant and desired in)ormation )rom diEerent stae holders o) the project which will play a $ital role to understand the real ,rassroot )acts and circumstances o) the project area and selection o) tar,et benefciaries o) the project 1 /he teams tried a ranin, techni*ue on basis o) production capacity o) salt producers and e.perience with iodisation /his techni*ue was use)ul in identi)yin, the diEerent socio& economical ,roups in a $illa,e without any discrimination related to caste re,ion ,ender or other discriminati$e issues 2 /he use o) semi&structured inter$iew not only allows respondents to elaborate their ideas but it also in$ites team to pay more

attention to desi,n conte.t specifc inter$entions - rawin, relationship chart o) respondentsJ raw salt suppliers business chains and relationships in

approach )or current project plant owners and their are clearly indicatin, the the project area

)ethodology1 Study area /his rapid rural appraisal o) Identifcation o) common salt producers was conducted in  $illa,es in the !awa bloc o) the !a,aur istrict /he research team be,an by constructin, a conceptual )ramewor that pro$ided a clear outline o) the comple. relationships amon, salt production and its iodisation concerned problems a$ailable local maret and socio&cultural )actors in the study area Techniques of data collection /eam used the )ollowin, in)ormation ,atherin, techni*ues asL semi structured inter$iews o) diEerent stae holders accordin, desi,ned )ormats direct obser$ations and )ocus ,roup discussion Mode of data collection /eam members directly interacted with diEerent stae holders such as common salt producers %lease holders' iodised salt plant owners baners and line departments "inal endnote was prepared a)ter analysis and comparison study o) primary and secondary data Results+ outco(es1 @apid rural appraisal conducted in the  $illa,es out o) 10 salt producin, $illa,es 10 salt producin, $illa,es come under !a,aur and Ajmer districts o) @ajasthan Out o) these 10 $illa,es  $illa,es come in the !awa bloc o) !a,aur district which is the bi,,est salt producin, area in @ajasthan #tatus o) salt production in the salt producin, $illa,es is as )ollowsL

Status of Salt production in salt producing villages

3illage

Su, district

District

No4 of   lease holder s

Salt producti on+ Acre in )$

$otal Area

!awa Gohanpur a Bhahari o$indi urha  abdina,a r @ajas Aau

!awa !awa

!a,aur !a,aur

85 -5

86 14

45 2-5

$otal annual salt producti on in )$ 8-850 7765

!awa !awa !awa !awa

!a,aur !a,aur !a,aur !a,aur

-4 18 74 220

0 12 116 172

65 150 670 -050

5-550 14050 7270 7--100

!awa Bishan,ar h Bishan,ar h Bishan,ar h

!a,aur Ajmer

22

1-8-

275 1150

-2585 45750

Ajmer

85

68

275

16660

6

65

7470

#inodiya  ha,

Ajmer  /otal

55-

520

Gap o) #alt producin, area o) !a,aur district is as depicted belowL

=illa,e wise in)ormation collected throu,h "ocus roup iscussion are as )ollowsL

3illage*5urha

5eneral infor(ation1 urha $illa,e ha$e 602 households ha$in, total population about -858 out o) this 1461 are male and 184 are )emale Household si;e o) the $illa,e is 60 #e. ratio o) $illa,e is 46 /here is no urban population Diteracy rate o) $illa,e is 615( etailed in)ormation about salt production and )acilities at $illa,e le$el are described belowL

%4

Category wise list of salt producers 6with average salt production per annu(7

As per the criteria set )or the cate,ory wise selection o) the salt producers there is no salt producer producin, iodi;ed salt K$ery salt producer is comin, in the cate,ory o) the small salt producer /otal 21 small salt producers are identifed thou,h this e.ercise Dist o) the small salt producer is attached as

Anne8ure*% 2

Average salt production in salt per ,igha

A$era,e salt production in the urha $illa,e is about 00&800 Nuintals per bi,ha Annual Income o) salt producers $aries )rom @s 12500 to @s 2 lacs A$era,e annual income is @s 1 lac

94 Category wise infor(ation1 a)

"acilities a$ailable )or commercial salt production 6SSP7 Dand rine  /ube well • • •

• • • •

Gotor Klectric connection #mall house at salt )arm K*uipments used in common salt production

b' 9roblem )aced by salt producersL

c'

$ypes of pro,le(s

SSP 6:7

)SP 6:7

Klectricity

45(

0

rine Nuality

70(

0

rinin, Water

48(

0

@epairin, o) plots 65(

0

"inance

85(

0

@oad /ransport

100(

0

Dist o) sill re*uirin, up ,radation

$ypes #alt iodisation

SSP 6:7 -0(

)SP 6:7 0

9aca,in,

-5(

0

Garetin,

10(

0

Gaintenance o) e*uipment

20(

0

55( Dina,e de$elopmen 25(

0 0

Ktc •

•

t Gana,emen t

;4 Salt producers perspective on %&: of support cost #alt producers are ready to contribute 6&10( o) the total support cost a)ter #H )ormation