Shall, Should, Will, Would, Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Ought to and Used To

There are 13 Modals including the Semi Modals. Out of them shall, them shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, migh t, mus must, t, oug ought ht to to and  and us used ed to are alwa always ys anom anomalous alous.. Dare Dare and  and need  need are are ano anomal malous ous whe when n use used d as auxiliaries and not anomalous when they are used as principal verbs. Auxiliary or helping verbs are used before infinitives to add a different meaning. The following auxiliaries are called Modal Auxiliaries or Modals.

Modal Auxiliaries

Meanings / Functions

ca n

ability permission re!uest possibility

could

ability formal re!uest possibility

sh al l

futurity willingness intention suggestion insistence

should

obligation necessity expectation advisability

will

willingness intention prediction insistence

would

willingness habitual action in the past probability wish desire

ma y

permission possibility wish purpose concession

might

permission possibility concession reproach

mu s t

necessity prohibition compulsion obligation deduction certainty probability

Quasis / Semi Modals

Meanings / Functions

ought to

moral obligation probability certainty advice necessity duty fitness

u se t o

discontinued habit

need

necessity obligation "used in negative and !uestions#

dare

defiance challenge boldness "used in negatives and interrogatives#

$se can and could to say that someone is able to do something or %an and could are also used for as&ing for information or help for offering something and for suggesting something.

•

'e can play the play  the piano.

•

can ( can  ( infinitive "can do ) can play ) can come# etc.

Positive and Negative do * ) we ) you ) they ) he ) she ) it

can

play

can not

come see

Question do+ can

* ) we ) you ) they ) he ) she ) it

play+ come+ see+

•

* can play the play the piano. My brother can play the piano too.

•

,ancy can speak -nglish speak -nglish but she can not spea& atin

•

Can you change your change your dress+

•

/ohncy and ,ancy can not come to come to the party next wee&

•

0ou can borrow my pen if you li&e

•

Can you Can  you ride ride a  a bi&e+

•

* ran as fast as * could

•

,ancy could not come to come  to the party because she was ill

•

Mom said * could have ice have  ice cream after my dinner

•

* could lend you lend you my cric&et ball

$se can and could to say that someone is able to do something or %an and could are also used for as&ing for information or help for offering something and for suggesting something.

•

'e can play the play  the piano.

•

can ( can  ( infinitive "can do ) can play ) can come# etc.

Positive and Negative do * ) we ) you ) they ) he ) she ) it

can

play

can not

come see

Question do+ can

* ) we ) you ) they ) he ) she ) it

play+ come+ see+

•

* can play the play the piano. My brother can play the piano too.

•

,ancy can speak -nglish speak -nglish but she can not spea& atin

•

Can you change your change your dress+

•

/ohncy and ,ancy can not come to come to the party next wee&

•

0ou can borrow my pen if you li&e

•

Can you Can  you ride ride a  a bi&e+

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* ran as fast as * could

•

,ancy could not come to come  to the party because she was ill

•

Mom said * could have ice have  ice cream after my dinner

•

* could lend you lend you my cric&et ball

$se may may to  to as& if you are allowed to do something or to give someone permission to do something.

•

*t may rain "erhaps it will rain# 2 *t might rain "erhaps it is raining or it will rain# may or may  or might ( might ( infinitive "may "may go)  go) might might go  go ) may may play  play ) might might play  play etc.#

be * ) we ) you ) they ) he ) she ) it

may "not# may  "not#

go

might "not# might  "not#

play come

0ou can use may  or  or might  may/might 4 may/might  4 it is possible that something will happen. •

* may go to go to the cinema this evening.

•

* might go to go to the cinema this evening. "4 perhaps * will go#

•

lease may * see your tic&et+ may/might 4 may/might  4 as& if you are allowed to do something and to tell someone that they are allowed to do something.

•

May * borrow your pen+

•

lease may * see your tic&et+

•

May * sit here+

•

ut your purse away or it might get stolen

The negative is may not  or  or might not  •

* might not go to wor& tomorrow. "4 perhaps * will not go#

•

She may not come to the party. "4 perhaps she will not come#

$se must when you thin& it is necessary or very important to do something 

•

The windows are very dirty. * must clean them.

•

*t is a fantastic film. 0ou must see it.

•

5e must go to the ban& today. 5e haven6t got any money.

•

0ou must mail this letter today. must ( infinitive "must do) must see etc.#

do * ) we ) you ) they ) he ) she ) it

must

go stop rite

must is present  of future  •

5e must go to the ban& now.

•

5e must go to the ban& tomorrow. 7or the past  "yesterday / last eek etc.# we use had to ( infinitive "had to go ) had to do ) had to rite etc.#  * had to go to the ban& yesterday. 84 *t was necessary for me to go the ban&9. 5e had to wal& home last night. There was no bus. must not * mustn!t do it 4 it is important not do it. it is a bad thing to do

•

* must hurry. * must not be late.

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0ou must not wal& on the grass. Need not * need not do it 4 it is not necessary to do it. * do not need to do it 

•

* need not clean the windows. They are not dirty.

•

0ou need not go to the ban&. * can give you some money. 5e can also say do not need to """ 4: need not.

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* don!t need to clean the windows.

•

0ou don!t need to go to the ban&.

"Someone# should do something 4 it is a good thing to do or the right thing to do 

•

A&bar should go to bed earlier. 'e usually goes to bed very late and he6s always tired.

•

*t is good film. 0ou should go and see it.

•

5hen you play tennis you should always watch the ball. should ( infinitive "should do ) should write etc.#

do * ) we ) you ) they ) he ) she ) it

should

go

shouldn!t

stop rite

Shoult not 4 *t6s not a good thing to do or it6s not the right thing to do

•

enin should not go to bed so late.

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0ou wor& all the time. 0ou should not ork so hard. $se ill when you are order or as&ing someone to do something.

•

•

5ill you please shut up. 5ill * carry the bag for you. $se ould when you are as&ing or re!uesting someone to do something.

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5ould you pass me that pen please+.

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5ould you li&e one more drin&+.

•

5hich pen would you li&e+

Modal verbs with examples

LI STOFSYNONYMS Abr oad  -Ov e r s e a s Accor d  -Agr eement Admi t   -Co nf e s s Agr ee  -Consent Al i ke  -Same Al l ow  -Pe r mi t   -Quant i t y Amount Angr y  -Mad Answer   -Re s p o n s e Ask  -I nqui r e At t i r e  -Dr e ss Away  -Ab s e n t Awf ul   -T er r i bl e n f a n t Baby-I Be aut i f ul   -Pr et t y Bec omi ng  -Fi t t i ng Beg  -I mpl or e Begi n  -Commen c e Bel l y  -St o ma c h Bi g-Lar ge -Wei r d Bi z ar r e  Bl ank  -Emp t y Br ave  -Bol d Br oad-Wi de Buck et   -Pai l Busy  -Ac t i v e Ca l a mi t y  -Di s as t er -Swe et s Candy  ddl e Ce nt e r-Mi Change-T r a n s f o r m

-Mai nl y Chi efly  -Pi c ky Choosy  Cl ose-Sh u t Col l e ct   -Ga t h er Compl et e  -T ot al Confine  -Res t r i c t Conf use  -Mi x e dUp Cons i de r a t e  -Tho ug ht f u l -Opp os i t e Cont r a r y  Cor r ect   -Ri ght Cunni ng-Cl e v e r Dash  -Spr i nt Daybr eak  -Dawn De di c at e d  -Co mmi t t e d Del i ber at e  -Pl a nn ed -Fr a gi l e Del i cat e  De st i ny  -F at e Di s cl os e  -Re v e a l Di scount   -Reduc t i o n Di s gr a c e  -Shame Eager   -Ke en El e va t e  -Rai s e -Huge Enor mous  Enqui r e  -I nv es t i gat e Ev al ua t e  -As s e s s Ev i l   -Ba d Ex ac t l y  -Pr ec i s el y Except   -Apar tFr om Ex i t   -L ea v e -Addi t i onal Ext r a  Fai r-Un bi a s ed Fa l s e  -Unt r ue Fa mous  -Renowned

-Gr e at Fant ast i c    -Qui c k Fast Fi ni sh  -Co mp l e t e F or me r l y  -Pr ev i ous l y For t una t e  -L uc k y Fun  Ent er t ai ni ng F unc t i on  Oper at e Funny  -Amu s i n g -Tr as h Gar bage  Get   -Rec ei v e Gl ad-Happy Gl i t t er   -Spar k l e Good  -Fi ne Gr ab  -Sei z e Gr umbl e  -Gr o us e   -Cor r i dor Ha l l Handsome  -Go odL oo k i n g Ha ppi l y  -For t unat el y Har d-Di ffic ul t Hazar d  -Danger He l p  -As si s t Hi nt   -Ti p -Enor mous Huge  Hur t   -I nj ur e Hur r y  -Ru s h I gnor e  -Sn u b I l l   -Si c k I mi t at e  -Mi mi c I mmedi at e  -I ns t ant l y   -Aff e c t I mpact I mpar t i a l   -Neut r al I mpor t ant   -Si gni fi cant I nc ons i de r a t e  -Tho ught l es s

-Not or i ous I nf amous    -Co nt a mi n at e I nf ect I nf or ma l   -Casual I nnocent   -Ha r ml e s s I ns pe c t   -Ex a mi n e I nst r uct i ons  -Di r ec t i ons I nsuffici ent   -I nadequat e I nt el l ect ual   -Me nt a l   -Smar t I nt el l i gent I nt end  -Mean I nv ent or y  -St oc k I nv oi ce  -Bi l l J e al ous  -En v i o us Job-Wo r k Joy  -Del i ght -Chi l d Ki d  Ki nd  -Be ne v o l e nt L e a r n  -Me mo r i z e Le t ha l   -De ad l y Li s t e n-Hear Li t t l e-Sma l l L o t s  -Many n d Lovi ng-Fo Loyal   -Fai t hf ul L uc i d-Cl ear Mad  -Cr a zy Make  -Bui l d Ma i nt a i n  -Pr es er v e Maybe  -Pe r h ap s -As s e mb l y Me e t i ng  Mi l d  Gent l e Mi s e r y  -Di s t r es s Moder n  -Co nt e mp or a r y

-Fi l m Movi e  -L oc a l Na t i v e  Necessar y  Es s ent i al Near   -Cl os e New  -Re c e n t Ni c e-Pl e a s an t Noon  -Mi d da y Not i f y  -I nf or m -Many Numer ous  Odd  -St r ange Ol d  -Mat ur e Or nament   -Dec or at i on Out goi ng  -F r i endl y Over l ook  -Mi s s Over see-Sup er v i s e   -Sec t i on Par t Par t i cul ar   -Sp ec i fi c Pe r c e pt i on  -I ns i ght Per f ect-Fl a wl es s Possi bi l i t y  -Oppor t uni t y Pr a i s e  -Compl i ment Pr o vi de  -Suppl y -T r embl e Quak e  Qui t e  -Fai r l y Ra i s e  -Li f t Real   -Ge nu i n e Re c ei v e  -Get Regr et   -Remor se Rel i abl e  -De pe nd ab l e t Remar k-Commen Renew  -Res ume Respond  -Repl y Rest   -Rel ax

al t h y Ri c h-We -St one Rock  Rude  -I mpol i t e Sad  -Unhappy Sa f e  -Se cu r e Scar ed  -Af r a i d See-L oo k Se l e c t   -Ch o os e   -Me an i n gf u l Si gni fic a nt Si nc er e  -Honest Sl e e py  Dr o ws y Sl i m  -Se n de r St eady  -Fi r m St op  -Ce a s e Suggest   -Pr o po s e -Cer t ai n Sure  Symbol i ze  -Re p r e s e nt Tal k-Speak Temper   -Mood Tempor ar y  -T r a ns i t or y Thi nk  -Po n de r Ti ny  -Sma l l -Co nv e r t T r a n s f o r m  T r us t wor t hy  Rel i abl e Tr y  -At t emp t Unc ommon  -Unusual Uncook ed-Ra w Under   -Bel ow Unf or t una t e  -Unl u ck y -Ut i l i z e Use  Us ua l l y  -Gener al l y Vague  -I ndi s t i nc t Vanqui sh  -Conquer

-Di ff er V a r y    -Huge Vast Want   -Des i r e Weak  -Feebl e Wi t hs t a nd  -Res i s t Y e l l   -Sh o ut

The words ;do6 and ;ma&e6 are often confused. 5hile they are similar there are differences between them that must be noted.  ;eside6 means ;by or at the side of6. 7or example 'e stood beside his new car proudly. As a preposition ;besides6 means ;in addition to6 or ; apart from6. 7or example 5hat are you wor&ing on besides the research pro=ect+ As an adverb it means ; furthermore6.As in ; 'e was not selected because he did not have a good grasp of his concepts. >esides he did not seem very &een.6  As mentioned above the distinction between the two words is sometimes ignored. ; >esides6 can never mean ;at the side of6 but ; beside6 is often used in place of ; besides6. This can lead to misunderstanding though? the sentence;There was no one beside him in the hall6could mean that ; he6 was all by himself or that there was no one next to him.

The difference between these two words is a very simple one. They are the past tenses of two different verbs.  ;>ought6 is the past tense of ;buy6 * bought a new car last wee&.  ;>rought6 is the past tense of ;bring6 * brought him a glass of water. The difference can be remembered easily too as ;bring6 shares its first two letters with ;brought6 ";br6#.

The &ey difference between ;can6 and ;may6 is that ;can6 tal&s about ability and ;may6 tal&s about permission. CAN %an is used in two cases

To tal& about ability. •

2 * can finish my homewor& by B pm.

•

2 %an you finish your homewor& tonight+

To as& or give permission informally. •

2 %an * use your pen+ "To a friend#

•

2 0ou can use my pen. "To a friend#

MA May is generally used to as& or give permission formally. et us ta&e a situation between a student and a teacher. •

2 May * drin& water+

•

2 Teacher 0es you may.

et us ta&e a situation between two strangers. •

2 May * borrow your pen+

•

2 0es you may.

 ;%omplement6 and ;compliment6 are sometimes confused because they are pronounced the same and have very similar spellings. >oth function as noun and verb but are !uite distinct in meaning. As a noun ;compliment6 refers to an expression of esteem admiration or praise. 7or example to call someone handsome)beautiful is to pay him)her a compliment and the verb refers to this action ie the paying of a compliment. On the other hand as a noun the ;complement6 of something supplies what that something is missing ie completes or perfects it. 7or example wine can be said to complement a meal.

‘ Woul d’ ,‘ s houl d’ and‘ c oul d’ ar eaux i l i ar yver bs ,meani ngt hatt hei rf unc t i oni st oas si s tmai nv er bs .Forex ampl e,i nt he s ent enc e,‘ Iwoul dl i k et omeethi m’ ,‘ l i k e’ i st hemai nv er bt hati sas si s t edb y‘ woul d’ .Theycanbedefi nedast hepas t t ens esr es pec t i v el yofwi l l ,s hal l an dc an,buteac hhasman yus est hats ome t i mesev ene xpr es st hepr es entt ens e.I t i si mp or t antt ob eabl et od i ff er ent i at ebe t weent het hr ees oasno tt ou set hem i nc or r ec t l y . Wes hal l di s c us ss omeof t h ec o mmonf un ct i o nso ft h et h r e ewor d she r e . Woul d 1 .T oa skqu es t i o ns : Wo ul dy oul i k et os eet h ed oc t o r ?=Doy ouwa ntt os eet h ed oc t o r ?

2.Wi t h‘ who’ ,‘ what ’ ,‘ when’ ,‘ wher e’ ,‘ why ’ ,‘ how’ : Ho wwo u l dher e a c t ? Whatwoul dshedo?

I nbot hs ent enc es ,‘ woul d’ i smor eorl es si nt er c hangeabl ewi t h‘ wi l l ’ . 3.T omak epol i t er eques t s : Iwoul dl i k emor es al a d,pl eas e.=Iwantmor es al ad,p l eas e. 4 .T os h owad i ff er e ntr e sp on sei ft h ep as th adb ee ndi ff er e nt : Iwoul dha v edones omet hi n gi fIh adk no wny ouwer ei nt r oubl e.=Idi dn' tk nowt haty ouwer ei n.Thi si swh yId i dno t doan yt hi ngt oh el p. 5.T oe xpl ai nanout c omet oahy pot het i c al s i t uat i on: Wer eIt owi nami l l i ondol l ar s ,Iwoul dgoonawor l dc r u i s e.=I fIwi nami l l i ondol l ar s ,Iwi l l goonawor l dc r u i s e. 6.T os howhabi t u al pas tac t i on: Th ed ogwo ul dho wl wh en ev e ri t so wn erwo ul dl e av ei ta l o neath ome .

Thi nkof‘ woul d’ as‘ di d’ . 7 .T os h owp r e f er e nc eb et we ent woc h oi c es ,u s edwi t hr at h ero rs o on er : Iwoul ds oonerf ac et hepuni s hmentt hanl i eandes capei t .=Ipr ef ers peak i ngt het r ut ht ol y i ng. 8.T os howi nt e nt i on: Hes ai dhewoul ddoi t .=Hes ai di twashi si nt ent i ont odoi t . Shoul d 1.T oas kques t i ons( i ti sgener al l yi nt er c hangeabl ewi t h‘ ought ’ i ns uc hc as es ) : Sh o ul dIs u b mi tmya s s i g n me n tn o w?=Am Is u p p o s e dt os u b mi tmya s s i g n me n tn o w? 2.T os howobl i g at i on : Yo us ho ul db r u shy ou rt ee t ht wi c ead ay . Her e,t oo,‘ s houl d’ c anber epl ac edwi t h‘ oughtt o’ ,buti nt hi scont e xti ti sus edt omak eaper s uas i v es t at ement . 3.T oex pr es sahy pot het i c al s i t uat i on: Sh ou l dy ouwi s ht odos o,y o uma y . =I fy o uwi s ht odos o,y o uma y . 4.T oex pr es swhati sl i k el y : I fy out ak et hehi ghwa y ,y ous houl db et h er ei nt woh our s . Her e,‘ s houl d’ meanss omet hi ngl i k e‘ pr obabl ywi l l ’ . Coul d 1 .Ast h ep as tt e ns eo fc an : Th er ewa sat i mewh enIc o ul dr u nami l ewi t h ou tb r e ak i n gas we at . 2 .T oa skqu es t i o ns :

Co ul dIs u b mi tmya s s i g nme ntn o w?=Am Ia l l o we dt os u bmi tmya s s i g nme ntn o w? 3.T os howpos si bi l i t y : Youc oul ddoal otbet t er .=Youhav et hepot ent i al t odoal otbet t er . 4.T oe xpr es st ent at i v enes sorpol i t enes s: Ic o u l dbewr o n g.=Ima yb ewr o ng .

Thewor ds‘ d ai r y ’ and‘ di ar y ’ ,whi l eha vi ngs pel l i ngst hatar ec onf us i ngl ysi mi l ar ,h av enoc ommonmeani ngs . ‘ Dai r y ’ wor k sasana dj ec t i v e,meani n ga ny t hi ngt hati sder i v edf r om mi l k ,a ndanoun,meani nganes t a bl i s hmentt hat pr oduc esdai r ypr oduc t s .Iam al l er gi ct odai r ypr oduc t s . ‘ Di ar y ’i sanoun,r ef er r i ngt oawr i t t enr ec or dofone’ sper s onal ex per i enc es .Iwr i t ei nmydi ar yev er yni ght .

Ad ou bl ene ga t i v ei swh ent won eg at i v e su se di nase nt e nc ec a nc el e ac ho t h ero utt oma k eapo si t i v e .Thi smus tn ot b emi s un der s t o odt ome ant h atdo ubl en eg at i v e sar ea na c cep t e dgr a mma t i c al d ev i c e ;t h eyar egr a mma t i c al l y i n co r r ec ta ndmu s tn otb eus e d. Howdoesonea voi ddoubl eneg at i v es ?I ti squi t es i mpl e.Whe nus i ngt heneg at i v ef or mo fav er b( e. g. ar en ’ t ,don ’ t , won’ t ,et c ) , donotf ol l owi tupwi t hanegat i v edet er mi ner / quant i fi er( e. g.nowher e,not hi ng,nev er ,et c ) . Cons i dert he f ol l owi ngs ent enc es : -Th eyar en ’ tg oi n gn owh er e . -The ydon ’ tdono t hi ng. -Th eywo n’ tn ev e rs t o p. Al l oft hea bo v eempl o yt hed ou bl enega t i v e,a ndar eh en cegr ammat i c al l yi nc or r ec t .For mer l y , t hedo ubl eneg at i v e wasad ev i c ef oremphas i s ,butt heeff or tt omak eEngl i s hc onf or m gr ammat i c al l yt of or mal l o gi chasr en der edi t unac c ep t abl et o da y .Lo gi c al l y , t hemea ni ngso ft h eabo v es ent enc es ,de duc edbya ppl y i ngt hef or mul anega t i v e+ negat i v e=pos i t i v e,ar e: -Th e yar ego i n gs o me wh er e .( a r e n’ t+n o wh er e=s o me wh er e ) -Th eydos o me t hi n g.( d on ’ t+n ot h i ng=s o me t h i n g) -Theywi l l s t op.( won’ t+nev er=wi l l ) Thebanonmul t i pl enegat i v esal s oappl i est ocombi nat i onwi t hadv er bss uc hashar dl yandsc ar c el y . I ti st her ef or e r egar dedasi nc or r ec tt os ay ‘ Ic oul dn' thar dl ydoi t ’ or ‘ Thev ehi c l ehassc ar c el ynof uel . ’

‘ Eac h’ and‘ ev er y ’ar edet er mi ner s ,wor dst hatar e‘ us edwi t hs i ngul arnounst oi ndi c at equant i t y ’ .Ther ear edi ff er enc es be t weent het wot hatar ei mp or t antt ogr as pf oru sage,t hou gh.

1 .‘ Ea ch ’i sus edwh ent h er ea r et woo bj e ct s ;h er e‘ e v er y ’ i sno tu se d.Fo re x a mp l e , •

-Hewor emul t i pl eb r a cel e t soneach  h and( not e:s i ngul arnoun) .

•

-Th er ewe r et wooft h em.Th eyeach  c ar r i e db ac k pa ck s ,a ndeachba ck pac k( n ot e:s i ngul arnoun) c ont ai nedi nv al uabl es ouv eni r s .

I nc as et he r ea r emo r et h ant woo bj e ct s ,e i t h ero ft h et woma ybeu s ed . •

-Hewa nt e de ac h/ e v er yi t e mo nt h ec at a l o gu e.

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-Th er ei saba t h r o om i nea c h/ e v er yr oo m. 1 ‘ Ea ch ’c anbeus edasapr o no un ,b ut‘ e v er y ’ c an no t .No t et h edi ff er e nc ebe t we ent h ef o l l o wi n g s e nt e nc e s :

•

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-Thes t udent swer ewai t i ngf o rt h eques t i ons hee t st obehandedo ut .Eac hwasi nas t at eofgr eat n e r v o u s n e s s . -Thest udent swer ewai t i ngf o rt h eques t i onsh ee t st obehandedout .Ev er ys t u den t / o neoft hem wa si n as t at eofgr eatne r v o us nes s .

Cl ear l y ,‘ eac h’ r epl ac est henoun‘ s t udent ’ .‘ Ev er y ’doesnot ;i tr equi r est obef ol l owedbyt henoun,orby‘ oneoft hem’ .

1 Wi t hadv er bs( pr ac t i c al l y ,near l y ,al mos t ,et c ) , onl y‘ ev er y ’i nus ed.I nt hef ol l owi ngs ent enc es ,‘ ev er y ’ c anno tb er ep l ac edby‘ eac h’ : •

-Shek newpr ac t i c al l yev er ydet ai l ofhi sdai l yr o ut i ne.

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-Near l yev er yf r ui tont hec ar twasspoi l t . 1 ‘ Ev er y ’i sus edt or ef ert or epeat ed,r egul arev ent s ,asi nt hef ol l owi ngcas es :

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-Weme e te v e r ys oof t e n

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-Ig etah eal t hc he c k u pd on ee v er ys i xmo nt h s.

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-Ihadt ot ak eawat erbr eakaf t ere ver yot hers et .

I nt hea bo v ee x amp l e sa nda nys i mi l a ri n st a nc e s,‘ e ac h ’c an no tb eu s ed .

T wowo r d sc ommo nl yc on f u sedbyEn gl i s hs p eak e r sar e' e ffe ct ' a nd' a ffe ct ' .‘ Aff ec t ’ i sus e da sav er ban dmea ns‘ t o h av eani n fl ue nc eo n’ a nd‘ Eff ec t ’ i sus eda sano unan dme an s‘ t h er e su l t ’ . AFFECT Th ed r o pp edc a t c hdi dn o t   a ffe c tt her es ul to ft heg ame. Thehea vyr ai nf al l   a ffe c t e d  t hegr ai nsk epti nt heol dwar ehous e. Di dt henoi s eaffect   y o urs l ee p? EFFECT The  e ffe c to ft h et s u nami wa sde v as t a t i n g. Th es i d e  e ffe c to ft h ec o ug hs y r u pwa sdr o ws i n es s . Di dt h en oi s eha v eaneffect   o ny o urs l e ep ? Eff ec ti sal s ous edi nt hee xpr es si ons‘ i neff ec t ’ ,‘ t ak eeff ec t ’ and‘ c omei nt oeff ec t . ’ ‘ I neff ec t ’ meanst o‘ I nf ac t ’ or‘ I nr eal i t y ’ Hi ss i l e nc ewa si ne ffe cta na c ce pt an ceoft h ec r i me . ‘ T ak eeff ec t ’ mea ns‘ t op r o du cea na ct i on ’ Themedi c i newi l lt a k ee ffe c t   i nanh our . ‘ Co mei n t oe ffe c t ’ me an s‘ t oc o mei nt oe x i s t e nc e ’ Thenewsl awscomei nt oeffectn e x tmo nt h .

I ti si mpor t antt ogr as pt hemeani ngsanddi ff er enc ebe t ween‘ ei t her ’ and‘ nei t her ’ s ot hatwedon’ tgetc onf us ed be t weent het wo.Bot hwor dsc anbeus eda spr on ou n,c onj unc t i onandadj ec t i v e;howe v er ,t heu seo f‘ ei t her ’ i s c ons i der edpos i t i v e,whi l et heus eof‘ nei t her ’ i scons i der ednegat i v e. Asadj e ct i v e: ‘ Ei t her ’ i ndi c at esoneort heot her ,orbot h.Forex ampl e: Yo uma yus ee i t h erha ndf o rt h ep ur p os e .=Yo uma yus ey o urr i g hto rl ef th an df o rt h ep ur p os e . Ther ewer et al l hous esonei t hers i deoft her i v er .=Ther ewer et al l hous esonbot hs i desoft her i v er . ‘ Nei t her ’ i ndi c at esnotoneort heot her ;noneoft het wo.Fore xampl e; Nei t hert wi nwasi n vi t e dt ot heweddi ng.=Noneo ft het wi nswasi n vi t edt ot heweddi ng. Aspr onoun: ‘ Ei t her ’ i ndi c at esoneort heot her .Forex ampl e: Bot hbu sesar ehe ad edi nt hatdi r ec t i o n,y ouc ange to ne i t her .=Bo t hbus esar eheadedi nt h atdi r ec t i on,y ouc ang et ononeort h eot her . ‘ Nei t her ’ i ndi c at esnotoneort heot her .Forex ampl e:

Bot hpupswer epur ebr eed,butnei t herdi s pl a yedt hec har ac t er i s t i ct r ai t sofi t sbr eed.=Bot hpupswer epur ebr eed, butnotoneort heot herdi s pl ay edt hec har ac t er i s t i ct r ai t sofi t sbr eed. Asc on j unc t i on: ‘ Ei t her ’ i sus edwi t h‘ or ’ t oi mpl yac hoi c eofal t er nat i v es .Forex ampl e: Yo uc a ne i t h erp l a yont h ec o mp ut e ro rwa t c hTV.=Yo uc a nd oo neoft wot h i n gs :p l a yont h ec o mp ut e ro rwa t c hTV. ‘ Nei t her ’ i sus edwi t h‘ nor ’ t onegat ebot hpar t sofas t at ement .Fore xampl e: Ic anne i t h erpl a yont h ec omp ut e rn orwa t c hTV.=Ic an no tp l a yont hec omp ut erorwa t c hTV. ‘ Ei t her ’ i sal s ous edasanadv er b,t omean‘ al s o’ ,f ol l owi ngnegat i v ee xpr es si ons .Forex ampl e: I fy oudon’ tgo,Iwon’ tgoei t her .=I fy ous t ay ,Iwi l l s t ayal s o. ‘ Nei t her ’ ,ont heo t herhand,i snotus edasanadv er b.

‘ El i c i t ’ and‘ i l l i c i t ’ ar ehomophones ,butt he yha vedi ff er ents pel l i ngsandmeani ngsandonemus tbec ar ef ul about u s i n gt h em. Ont heo neh an d,‘ e l i c i t ’ me anst od r a ws ome t h i ngo uto fs o meo ne ,b yc o ax i n go rp l ea di n go ru r g i n g.Fore x amp l e ,t h e s ent enc e-Hi sf at herwasuna bl et oel i c i tar es pons ef r om hi m ont h emat t ermeanst hatt hef at h erc oul dno te xt r ac t t hei nf or mat i ont hathedes i r edf r om hi ss on. Ont heot herh and,‘ i l l i c i t ’ meansi l l egal ,orf or bi dden.Ex ampl es :Thei r swasani l l i c i tr el at i ons hi pbec aus et hei rp ar ent s wer eoppos edt oi nt er c as t emar r i ages ,orHewast hr owni nt opr i s onf ors muggl i ngi l l i c i tweaponsi nt ot hecount r y .

T oan yl a yman,‘ hear i ng’ a nd‘ l i s t eni n g’ ma yappe art obeoneandt hes amet hi ng,b utt her ei sas ubt l edi ff er enc e b e t we ent h et wowo r d s . Atonel e v el ,t he yar eofc our s eb ot hf unc t i onsoft h eeart hati n vol v er ec ei v i ngs ou ndsandpr oc es s i n gt hem.Howe v er , her ei nl i est hedi ff er e nc e:a nys ou ndt hati sr ec ei v edb yt hee arandn ot e db yt hebr ai nc anbesai dt oha v ebe en ‘ hear d’ ;i ti sonl ywhenac ons ci ouseff or ti smadet ohears omet hi ngt hat‘ l i s t eni ng’ c omesi nt opl a y . Fore x ampl e,i ft hesoundsf r om acon v er s at i o nc ar r yt oy ou,buty oumak en oeff or tt ound er s t a ndwhati sbei n gs ai d, y o umu s ts a yt h aty o u‘ h ea r d’ t hec on v er s at i o n.Ont heot h erh an d,a sso onasy o uma k eac on sc i o use ffor tt o under s t andorpayat t ent i ont owhaty ouar ehear i ng,y ouar e‘ l i s t eni ng’ .Ther ef or e,wedonot‘ hear ’ s ongs ,we‘ l i s t en’ t ot hem ( unl es s,ofc our s e,t heyar es i mpl ypar toft hebac k gr oundandwear en ’ tac t ual l ypa yi ngat t ent i ont ot hem) . I tmus tbenot edt hat‘ hear ’ c anbeus edi npl ac eof‘ l i s t en’ s omet i mes ,but‘ l i s t en’ s houl dnotbeus edi npl ac eof‘ hear ’ . Fore x ampl e,y ouma yt el l s omeonet haty ouhear dwhatheors hesai d,andi ti sunder s t oodt haty ouwer el i s t eni ng, i e,pay i ngat t ent i on.Youwi l l l ear nt hes ev ar i at i onswi t hpr ac t i c ei nc onv er s at i on.

Speak er sofEngl i s hof t enus e‘ I ’ and‘ me’ i npl ac eofeac hot her .Thedi ff er enc ei sac t ual l yv er ys i mpl e.Al l owust o ex pl ai n. Letusbegi nwi t hanex er c i s e.Fi l l i nt hebl ank swi t hei t her‘ I ’ or‘ me’ i nt hef ol l owi ngs ent enc es . _ _wa ntt owa t c hamo v i e . Th i si st h eh ou se_ _wa ntt ob uy . Sudhi rand_ _wi l l got oDel hi . Youand__wi l l p l a yt o da y . Hea s k ed_ _t od r i v e . Sh en e ed st op a y_ _ . Heg a v e_ _t h ek e y . Theans wert ot hefi r s tf ours ent enc esi s‘ I ’ andt hel as tt hr ees ent enc esi s' me' .Thi si sbec aus e‘ I ’ i sapr onounand henc emus tbet hes ubj ec tofav er b( ' I ' i st hefi r s tper s ons i ngul ars ubj ec tpr onounandwi l l al wa ysr ef ert ot heper s on per f or mi ngt heac t i onofav er b) . Ont heot herhand,‘ me ’i sapr o no unt hatmus tbet heobj ec to ft hev er b( mei sano bj ec tpr o no unandwi l l al wa y sr ef er t ot heper s ont hatt heac t i onofav er bi sbei ngdonet o. )

‘ I t s ’and‘ i t ’ s ’ar eof t enmi s t ak enl yus edi nwr i t t enEngl i s h.Ref ert ot hear t i c l eon c ont r ac t i ons:‘ i t ’ s ’ i sac ont r a c t i onf or t hewor ds‘ i ti s ’ .Ont heot herhand,‘ i t s ’i sapos ses si v enoun. Th ef o l l o wi n ge x ampl e swi l l ma k et h eu sa gec l ea r . I T’ S( CONTRACTI ONFOR‘ I TI S’ )

I TS( POSSESSI ON)

I t ’ squi t ehott oday .

Thedogi swaggi ngi t st ai l .

I t ’ sgoi ngt obeal ongday .

Thebabyi ss l eepi ngi ni t sc ot .

Pl eas egobac kt oc l as si mmedi at el y .I t ’ snotr i ght

Thet abl ei sus el es sno w.I t sl egsar ebr ok en.

t os ki pc l as ses .

‘ Los e’ and‘ l oos e’ ar eof t enmi x edu p,a ndt hi si sun der s t andabl ebe caus et her ei sonl yan‘ o ’ofdi ff er e nc ebe t ween t h e m.T he yd on o t ,h o we v e r ,h a v ean yme a ni n g si nc o mmo n . ‘ Loos e’ i sgener al l yus edasanadj ec t i v e,t heoppos i t eoft i ghtorc ont ai ned. Thedogi sr unni ngl oos ei nt hest r eet s . Th es ej e an sar el o os ear o un dmywa i s t . ‘ Los e’ i sav er bt hatmeanst os uff ert hel os sof ,t omi s s. Don ’ tl os et hec ark e y s. Wec a nn ota ffo r dt ol o s et h i sma t c h .

‘ Muc h ’a nd‘ ma ny ’ ar eb ot hd et e r mi n er st h ats u gg es ta nun s pe ci fi edqu an t i t y , wi t hmo r eorl e sst hes ameb as i c meani ng:‘ i ngr eatquant i t y ’or‘ i nl ar genumber ’ .Ther ei s ,howev er ,adi s t i nc t i oni nt hei rus age. ‘ Muc h’ ,not‘ many ’ ,i sus edf orunc ount abl enouns ,whi c har ei ns i ngul arf or m. Idon' tha v emuc hf a i t hi nhi m. Her e,' f ai t h' i sanunc ount abl enou nandhenc e,weus e' muc h' i ns t eado f' man y' . How muchmoneydoyouhavei nyourwal l et ? I nt hi sex ampl e,' mone y' i sanu nc ou nt a bl eno unan dhenc e,weus e' muc h' .No t et hat' dol l ar s ' or' r upees ' ar e c ount abl easwes ay' t endol l ar s 'or' t enr upees ' . Ther ewasmuchcompassi oni nhi svoi ce. He r e ,c o mp as s i o ni sa nu nc o u nt a bl eno unan ds oweus e' mu c h ' a n dn o t' ma n y ' Ont heo t h erh an d,‘ ma ny ’ i sus edf o rc o un t a bl eno un s,wh i c ha r ei np l u r a lf o r m,a ndh er e‘ mu ch ’c an no tb eu se d. Ma nyy oung st e r st o da ya r et a k i ngt oat he i s m. ' Yo ung s t e r ' i sac o un t a bl en ou na ndhe nc e,weu s e' ma ny ' . How manyday sr emai n? I nt hi sex ampl e,' Da y' i sac ount abl enoun. Ther ear emanyobst r uct i onsaheadf orus. He r e ,' Ob s t r u ct i o n' i sac o un t a bl en ou na ndt h i sme an st h atweh av et ou se' ma ny ' a ndn ot' mu ch ' .

Thewor ds‘ o f ’ an d‘ off ’ar eus edsof r equent l yi nmod er nEngl i s ht hatpeopl eof t enconf us et h em.Fore x ampl e,t he s ent enc e,‘ Het ookoffwi t h outawor d’ c oul dbemi s t ak e nl ywr i t t enas‘ Het ookofwi t houtawor d’ ,andt hemeani ng woul dbel os t .Letu sdi s c us st hedi s t i nc t i onsbet wee nt het wowor ds . Thewor d‘ of ’ hassev er al f unc t i ons ,buti ti smos ti nus easapr epos i t i ont hatdenot esv ar i ousr el at i onsdes c r i bedi n t hes ent enc e.Fori ns t anc e,i ti ndi c at esapoi ntofr ec k oni ng:‘ Sout hoft hebor der . ’ I ti sal s oc ommonl yus edt opoi ntout whats omet hi ngi smadeoforwhati tc ont ai ns :‘ Hear tofgol d’ ( t hi si smet aphor i c al ,ofc our s e) ,‘ Cupoft ea ’ .Anot her r el at i onf r equent l ydes cr i bedby‘ of ’ i st hatofpos ses si on,asi n‘ QueenofEngl and. ’ ‘ Off ’i sal s oaver yc ommonwor dwi t hl ar gen umberoff unc t i o nsaswel l ,bu ti ti smos tf r equent l yus edasana dv er bor apr epos i t i on.Asanadv er b,i ti sus edus ual l yt odes cr i beas t at eofdi s cont i nuanc e,ors us pens i on:‘ T ur nofft hel i ght . ’ Asapr epos i t i on,i ti sus edt oi ndi c at et hephy si c al s epar at i onordi s t anc ef r om apos i t i onofr es t ,at t ac hmentoruni on, asi n‘ T ak ei tofft het abl e’ or‘ Thegasst at i oni sj us tofft hec or nerahead. ’

‘ Pr i nc i pl e’ and‘ pr i nc i pl e’ ar eof t enc onf us edbutdonot ,i nf ac t ,s har eanymeani ngs . ‘ Pr i nc i pl e’ i sonl yanounandus ual l yr ef er st oar ul eors t andar d.‘ Thepr i nc i pl esofs oc i al i s m’ ,f orex ampl e,r ef er st o t het enet soft hes oc i al i s ti deol ogy .‘ Mypr i nc i pl espr ev entmef r om t ak i ngs uc hpet t yac t i on’ s ugges t st hatt he s peak er ’ smor al / et hi c al s t andi sagai ns tt heac t i onbei ngs pok enof . ‘ Pr i nc i pal ’ ,ont heot herhand,i sbot hanounandanadj ec t i v e.Asanoun,i thasspec i al fi nanc i al andl egal c onnot at i ons ,buti ngener al us agei tr ef er st os omeonewhohol dsahi ghpos i t i onori si mpor t anti nac er t ai nc ont e xt : ‘ ameet i ngofal l t hepr i nc i pal si nv ol v edi nt hedeal ’ .Asanadj ec t i v ei thast hes ens eof‘ mos ti mpor t ant ’ :‘ Mypr i nc i pal c onc er ni st oge tmyhe al t hbac k ’ .

‘ Se e’ an d‘ wat c h’ ar ewor dst hatar ec ommonl ymi s under s t oodasbei ngi nt er c hangea bl e,butwhi l ebo t hr ef ert ot he opt i cf unc t i on,t he yar eno tonea ndt hes amet hi n g.Th eys t andf ordi ff er entwa y so fus i n gt h ee y e. ‘ Tos ee’ s omet hi ngi ssi mpl yt ol ookati tors poti t ;i tmaybeuni nt ent i onal ,i e,y oumaynothav ebeenl ook i ngf ori t . Exampl e:Isawamanupahead. ‘ T owat c h’ s omet hi ngi sl ookats omet hi ngc l os el yori nt ent l y , gener al l ybec aus ei ti smov i ng.Ex ampl e:Iwat c hedt he mo v i e .

Thewor ds‘ s i nc e’ and‘ f or ’ ar eof t enconf us edb yEngl i s hl anguages peak er s .Ther ei sas i mpl er ul et of ol l owt o d i ff er e nt i a t eb et we ent h eus a geo ft h es et wo wo r d s. SI NCEi sus e dt ot a l kab ou tt i mef r om as pe c i ficpe r i odwh i l eFORi su s edt ot al ka bo ut al e ngt hoft i me. Ihav ebeenl i v i ngi nDel his i nc e11002. Ihav ebeenl i v i ngi nDel hif ort we nt yy e ar s . Ih av ebe ens t u dy i n gs i nc es e v ena. m.t o da y . Ih av ebe ens t u dy i n gf orei ghthour s . Myt u t o rh ast a ug htmes i nc eJ anuar yt hi sy ear . Myt u t o rh ast a ug htme  f orfi v emo n t h s .

I ti seas yt ogetc onf us edaboutt heus ageof‘ s o’ and‘ s uc h’ ,ast hei rs t r uc t ur esar equi t es i mi l ar .Howev er ,t heyar enot o nea ndt h es a mei nt e r msofmea ni n goru sa ge .Fo re x a mpl e ,t hes en t e nc e' Hei ss og oo df r i e nd' i sgl ar i n gl ywr o ng, asi s' Thes kyi ss uc hbeaut i f ul t oda y' .Thedi ff er enc ec anbei l l us t r at edus i ngas i mpl ef or mul a:

1. ‘ So’ i sf ol l owednec es sar i l ybyanadj ec t i v e.I nt ec hni c al t er ms ,i tt ak est headj ec t i v ephr as e. o

For mul a:‘ s o’ +adj ec t i v e+‘ t hat ’ .

o

Fore xampl e:Themo vi ewass os car yt hatIc oul dn’ twat c hi tt i l l t heend.

o

‘ t hat ’ i sopt i onal .Ther ef or e,t heabo ves ent enc ewoul dwor kj us taswel l wi t hout‘ t hat ’ :Themov i e wass os car y ,Ic oul dn’ twat c hi tt i l l t heend.

2. ‘ Suc h’ i sf ol l owedbyanar t i c l e,t headj ec t i v e,andt hent henoun.I nt ec hni c al t er ms ,i tt ak est henoun p h r a s e . o

For mul a:‘ s uc h’ +ar t i c l e+adj ec t i v e+noun+‘ t hat ’

o

Fore x ampl e:Wec hos es uc has c ar ymo vi et ogof o rt hatIc ou l dn ’ te v enwat c hi tt i l l t hee nd .

o

o

Agai n,‘ t hat ’ i sopt i onal .I f‘ t hat ’ i nt heabov es ent enc ewer et ober epl ac edwi t hac omma,i t woul ds t i l l wor k . Not e:t hear t i c l eaf t er‘ s uc h’ i sus edwhent henouni sc ount abl e;t hati st os ay , wheni ti ssomet hi ng t hatc anbee xpr es s edi nnumber s .Fore x ampl e,‘ c ar ’ ,‘ do g’ an d‘ book ’ ar ec ount abl enouns ,a st her ec an beanumberas s i g nedt oeac h,s uc has‘ 5c ar s ’ or‘ 2d ogs ’ .Forunc ou nt abl en ouns ,s uc has‘ f ood’ ,‘ mi l k ’ or‘ wat er ’ or‘ ai r ’ ,t hear t i c l ei sdr opped.Forex ampl e,

a.

‘ Ihadsuchgoodf oodathomet heot herday . ’

b.

‘ Wewer ebl essedwi t hsuchgoodweat heront het r i p. ’

Bot h‘ s ome’ and‘ an y’ ar eus edt or ef ert oi ndefi ni t equant i t i es ,i . e. ,wheni ti snotnec es s ar yt os pec i f yanumber .For e xampl e,‘ Iwoul dl i k es omemi l k ’i ndi c at est hatt hes peak erwant smi l k ,buti ti sno ts t at edhowmuc hofi theors he want s .Si mi l ar l y , ‘ I st her ean ycak el ef t ?’ d oesno ts pec i f yhowmuc hc ak et hespeak erwant st her et ob e;an yamount wi l l d of ort hepur pos eoft heques t i o n.Th er ear ei mpor t antdi ff er enc esbe t weent h et wot hatmus tb egr as pedf or u s a ge ,h owe v e r . Some ‘ So me ’ i sc ommo nl yus e di na ffir ma t i v es t a t e me nt s ,s u c ha sIwo ul dl i k et oh av es omef u n. ‘ Any ’i shar dl yev erus edi ns uc hs t at ement s ,e x ceptt oemphas i s et hatt hequal i t yoft heobj ec tdoesnotmat t er .For e x ampl e , ‘ Iwoul dl i k ea nyappl es ’ s ugges t st hatt hes peak erd oesnotc ar ewhatk i ndo fap pl est he yar e( i ndi c at i nga des per at en eedord es i r ef orappl es ) ,wh er eas ‘ Iwoul dl i k es omeap pl es ’ d oesno ts ug ges ta ny t hi ngab outt hequal i t y oft heappl esord es per at i onoft h es peak er . Any ‘ An y ’i sc o mmo nl yu s edi nne ga t i v es t a t e me nt s ,s u chas ‘ Wedono th av ean yap pl es . ’ He r e ,‘ s ome ’ma yno tbeus e d. ‘ Any ’i sal s ous edi naffir mat i v es t at ement s ,i ft hes t at ement scont ai nnegat i v ewor dssuc has‘ har dl y ’ ,‘ bar el y ’ ,‘ nev er ’ , ‘ wi t hout ’ ,‘ l i t t l e ’ ,et c .Fore xampl e, ‘ Wehar dl yhav ean yappl es ’ c annotber ewr i t t enas ‘ Wehar dl yhav es omeappl es . ’ I nque st i ons Whi l ebo t h‘ a ny ’ an d‘ s ome ’c anbeus edi nques t i ons ,‘ an y’ i smor ecommonandnat ur al i nt hi sf or m. ‘ Doy o uh av ean yap pl e s? ’ c anber e wr i t t e nas ‘ Doy ouh av eso mea ppl e s? ’ Ho we v er ,‘ s o me ’i sno ta l wa y sap pl i c a bl e. Fore x ampl e,i nt h ec as eof ‘ Doy ouha v ea nyi deawhatt hesc or ei s ?’ ,‘ a ny ’ c anno tber epl ac edby‘ s ome ’ . ‘ So me ’ i smo r ec o mmo nl yu s edi no ff er sa ndr e qu es t s ,s u c ha sWo ul dy o ul i k es o met e a? I fcl auses Bot h‘ s ome ’and‘ an yar ec ommoni n‘ i f ’ c l aus es ,wi t hs i mi l armeani n gs ,asi n‘ I fy oun eeds ome/ a nyas s i s t anc e,f eel f r eet ogi v emear i ng. ’

Th es et wowo r d sa r eamo ngt h emo s tf r e qu en t l yc onf u s edi nt heEn gl i s hl a ng uag e,al t h ou ght h ei rme an i n gsar ev a s t l y di ffer ent . ‘ St at i oner y ’i sanount hatr ef er st owr i t i ngmat er i al andoffic es uppl i essuc haspens ,paper ,c l i ps ,et c . ‘ St at i onar y ’i sgener al l yanadj ec t i v et hati sus edt odes cr i bes omet hi ngt hati snotmov i ng.Fore xampl e,amanwhoi s s t an di ngi nonepl ac ec anbedes c r i beda ss t at i onar y .

Thedi ff er enc ei nt h es pel l i ngsoft het wowor dsc anbeus edt or ememb ert hei rmeani ngs :t hes ec ond‘ a ’i n‘ s t at i onar y ’ c anbet houghtt os t andf or‘ adj ec t i v e’ .I ti sr epl ac edbyan‘ e’ i n‘ s t at i oner y ’ .

Thesi mi l ars oundi ngwor ds‘ t hen ’a ndt han ’c onf us ema nyEngl i s hs peak er sandi fy oufindy our s el fus i ngonef ort he ot her ,pl eas egot hr ought hi sar t i c l e. Thewor d‘ t han ’i sus edt oshowc omp ar i s onandi saconj u nc t i o n( Ac onj unc t i oni sawor dt hatj oi nst wosent e nc es ) .

1.

Adhi ri ss mar t erthanDi n es h .

2.

Homemadef oodi shea l t hi ert hanf as t f ood.

3.

Hei sol dert ha n  you.

Ont heot h erh an d,t h ewor d‘ t h en ’i su se de i t h ert os ho w as eq ue nc eofe v en t so ras en s eo ft i me .Re adt h ee x amp l es c ar ef ul l yt ounder s t and. 1.

I fy ouget f ul l mar ks ,   t h enIwi l l buyyouac ar .

2.

Fi ni s hy ou rho mewor kan d  l l gooutf ordi nner . t he nwewi

3 .

Iwi l l r e ac hh omea tn i g ht .Iwi l l c a l l y o ut h e n.

4.

Iwi l l getf r eeat5.Canwemeett h e n?

No t i c eho wt h efi r s tt wos en t e nc e ss ho was eq ue nc eofe v e nt sa ndt h en ex tt wos ho was en s eo ft i me .Th es p ea k eri n s ent enc e3and4i sr e f er r i ngt opar t i c ul art i me( ‘ atni ght ’ and‘ at5’ ) . onf us ed,t hi nkaboutwhaty ou’ r et r y i ngt os ay / wr i t e.Onl yi fy ou’ r ec ompar i ngwi l l y ouus e‘ t han’ ,f or Not e : -Whenc ev er yot hers i t uat i on,us e‘ t hen’ .

Ma nys pe ak e r st e ndt og etc on f u se db et we en‘ Th er e ’ ,’ Th ei r ’ a nd‘ Th ey ’ r e ’a ndk n owi n gh owt ou set h es et h r e ewo r d s c or r ec t l yi sani mpor t ants t epi nl ear ni ngEngl i s h. Th ewo r d s‘ Th er e ’a nd’ Th ei r ’ ar ehomo ph on es .Ho mo ph on esa r ewo r d st h atar es pe l td i ff er e nt l yb utpr o no un ce dt h e s ame .I ti sac ommo nmi s t a k et or e pl ac eo nef o rt h eo t h er . ‘ Ther e’ al wa ysr ef er st oapl ac e,whet herc onc r et eorabs t r ac t ,wher eas‘ Thei r ’ s howsbel ongi ngorpos ses si on. ‘ They ’ r e,ont heot herhand,i st hes hor tf or m oft heyar e Le t ’ sl ookatt hes ee x ampl esf oreac ho ft hem THERE: Ho wc a na ny o nel i v et h er e ? Let ’ sgot her e.

Ther ewi l l b eapar t yt omor r o w, THEI R: Letusbuyt hei rc ar . Le tusnotgot ot hei rhous e. Re t u r nt h ei rbo ok st o mor r o w. THEY’ RE: They ’ r es i t t i ngt her ei nt hei rc ar . I nt hi ss ent enc e,not i c ehow‘ t her e’ i sus edt os i gni f yapl ac ewher eas‘ t hei r ’ i sus edt os howpos s es si on.Thewor d ‘ t hey ’ r e’ i sac ont r ac t i onoft hewor d‘ t hey ’and‘ ar e’ ands houl dnotbec onf us edwi t h‘ t hei r ’ and‘ t her e’ .

Conf us i onr egar di ngt heus eof‘ t hr ew’ and‘ t hr ough ’ar i s esf r om t hef ac tt hatt heyar ehomophones ,i e,t heyar e pr onounc edt hesamewa y .Asar es ul t ,i ti squi t epos si bl ef oronet obemi s t ak enl yus edi npl ac eoft heot her . Howev er ,t her ei snos i mi l ar i t yi nt hei rmeani ngs : •

‘ Threw’ i st hes i mpl epas tt ens eof‘ t hr ow’ ,whent hel at t eri sus edasav er b. o

meani ng( s ) :t ohur l orc as ts omet hi ngf r om t hehandort opr oj ec tone’ sv oi c e.Het hr ewt hebal l att he s t umps ,l o ok i n gt or u nt h eb at s ma no ut .

•

‘ Through’   i sgener al l yus edasapr epos i t i on.Meani ng,i nbr i ef : o

t oge ti n t os ome t h i n gf r o mo neen do rs i d ea ndco meou tt h eo t he r .Ex a mp l eTh es u nl i g htc omi n g t h r o u g ht h ewi n d owwo k emeu p .

o

t ot r a v el o v erorac r os sori ns omet hi n g.Ex ampl e-Th epl anehur t l edt hr ou ght heai rats uper s oni c speed.

o

t ogop as torb ey ondsomet hi ng.Ex ampl eThef ugi t i v eswentt hr o ught hr eer edl i gh t sbe f or et hec ops fi n al l yc aug htupwi t ht he m.

o

t ogof r o mo net oa no t h ero f ,o rb et we enora mo ngi n di v i d ua lme mb er so fs o me t h i n g.Ex a mp l e T ar z answungt hr o ught het r eesl i k et hef or es twashi snat ur al habi t at ;Th eWor l dCupma yha v e p as s edt hr o ughma nyha nd s,b uti ti sno wI n di a ’ s .

Engl i s hs peak er sar eof t enf oundas ki ngf ort hedi ffer enc e( s )bet weent hewor ds‘ t i l l ’ and‘ unt i l ’ .Thef ac toft hemat t er i s ,howe ver ,t hatwhen‘ t i l l ’ ac t sasapr epos i t i onorc onj unc t i on,t her ei snodi ff er enc ebet weent het wowor ds . T oc l ar i f y ,‘ t i l l ’ hasmul t i pl emeani ngs :i twor k sasanoun,v er b,pr epos i t i onandc onj unc t i on.‘ Unt i l ’ ,ont heot herhand, wor k sonl yasapr epos i t i onandac onj unc t i on;i nt hes ec ap ac i t i es ,bo t hwor dsmeanex ac t l yt hes amet hi n gandar e t husent i r el yi nt er c hangeabl e.‘ Ti l l ’ i sac t ual l yt heol derwor d.‘ Unt i l ’ wasf or medbyt headdi t i ont oi toft hepr efi x‘ un’ , meani ng‘ upt o’ .T oday , ast hefi r s twor di nas ent enc e,‘ unt i l ’ i sgener al l ypr ef er r ed.

I ti sbe s tt ob ec l e aro nt h eme an i n gsoft h es et h r e ewo r d ss oa sn ott oc o nf u s et h em i ne v er y da yus a ge. To ‘ To’ f unc t i onsas

1 . Apr e po si t i o n,i nwhi c hca s ei ta l wa y spr e c ede san ou n,a si nIa mg oi n gt os c ho ol a ndHei sonhi swa y ho me. 2 . Ani n fi ni t i v e ,i nwh i c hc a sei ta l wa y sp r e ce de sav e r b ,a si nIa mg oi n gt os t u dyan dIa mg oi n gt ot a k ea v ac at i on. Too ‘ Too’ f unc t i ons

1 . Asas y no ny mf o r‘ a l s o ’ ,a si nIwo ul dl i k et oc o me ,t ooa ndHewo r k e do nt hep r o j e c t ,t o o. 2 . Asas y non ym f or‘ e x ce ss i v el y ’ ,wher ei tpr ec edesana dj e ct i v eoranadv er b,asi nIam t oot i r edt o c ont i nueorThi spas t r ami i smuc ht oos al t y . Two ‘ T wo’ i st henumbert hatf ol l ows‘ one’ andpr ec edes‘ t hr ee ’ .I thasnoot hermeani ng.

Yo uma yha v ec omea cr o ssma nype op l ei n t r o du ci n gt h ems e l v e sb ysa y i n g,“ Hi ,my s el fHa r i s h. ”Thi si swr o ng . I ns t ead,s ay ,“ Iam Har i s h. ”' Me' ,' I ' and' my sel f ' ar eal l us edt or ef ert ot hes ameper s on( t hatper s oni sy ou)butc annot beus edi nt er c ha ng eabl y . Und er s t andi ngt hei rus agei sani mp or t antpar tofl ear ni ngEngl i s h. Thefi r s tt hi ngt ounder s t andi st hat‘ my s el f ’ i snei t herar epl ac ementf orme,norf orI .Thewor d‘ my s el f ’ i sapr onoun andi sus edt ol a yemphas i s .T ak eal ookatt hef ol l owi ngs ent e nc es .

1. Iwi l l doi t .Iwi l l doi tmysel f . 2 . Ic l e an edt h eh ou s e. Ic l e an edt h eh ou s e  mys el f .

3 . Ifi x e dt h ec ar .Ifi x e dt h ec a r  mysel f . Al l t het hr eee x ampl esmak es ens ea ndmeant hes amewi t horwi t ho utt heus eof‘ my s el f ’ .Ass t at edear l i er ,i ti sus ed onl yf ors t r es sandne v eral one.Al s o,my s el fc anne v erbeus edwi t h‘ me ’ ,whi c hi sano bj ec tpr onoun.

‘ When’ and‘ i f ’ ar ebot hus edwhi l er ef er r i ngt ot hef ut ur e,asi nIwi l l beabl et os eey oui nt heev eni ng whe n  Igetoff wor kandIwi l l beabl et os eei nt hee v eni ng i   Ig eto ffwor k .Th ed i ff er en c eb et we ent h et wowo r d si sv e r yb a si ca nd f eas i l yun der s t ood: •

‘ When’ s houl dbeus edwhi l er ef er r i ngt os omet hi ngt hatonei scer t ai nwi l l happen.The‘ when’ i n‘ Iwi l l beabl e t oseey oui nt heev eni ngwhe n  Igetoffwor k ’i mpl i est hatt hes peak eri ssur et hats / hewi l l getf r eef r om wor k i nt hee ve ni ng.

•

‘ I f ’ s houl dbeus edwhi l er ef er r i ngt os omet hi ngt hatmi ghtormi ghtnothappen.The‘ i f ’ i n‘ Iwi l l beabl et os ee y oui nt h ee v eni ngi   Igetoffwor k ’i mpl i est hatt hes peak eri snots ur et hats / hewi l l getf r eef r om wor ki nt he f ev eni ng;i ti sapos s i bi l i t y ,notac er t ai nt y .

Howev er ,i tmus tbenot edt hat‘ when ’and‘ i f ’ c anbeus edi nt er c hangeabl yaswel l ,i nc as et hes i t uat i onbei ngr ef er r ed t oi spr edi c t abl eorr epet i t i v e.Forex ampl e,t hes ent enc es‘ WhenIam i nCal c ut t a,Is t a ywi t hmyf ami l y ’and‘ I fIam i n Cal c ut t a,Is t a ywi t hmyf ami l y ’ eff ec t i v el ymea nt hes amet hi ng.Anot here x ampl ei s ,‘ Whe ny oul ea v emi l kout ,i t f er ment s ’and‘ I fy oul eav emi l kout ,i tf er ment s ’ .

Th ewo r d s' wh er e ' a nd' we ar ' ma ys ou ndt h es a mebu tt h eyd i ff eri nme an i n g.Ma nyp eo pl ema k et h emi s t a k eo fu s i n g onef ort heo t her .Readt hi sar t i c l et ofi ndoutwhent ous ewhi c hone. Thewor d' wh er e' i sus edwhenas k i n gaq ues t i onr el at edt oal oc at i on .

1.

Wher e  a r ey ougo i n g?

2.

Wher ewi l l weeat ?

3.

Wher edi dyoukeept hemoney?

Ont h eo t h erh an d,t h ewo r d' we ar ' h asac o up l eo fme an i n gs .

I ti sus edt or ef ert oanar t i c l eorc l ot hi ngt hataper s onhasputonori s‘ wear i ng’ .Le tusl ookats omee xampl es .

1.

Wha twi l l y ouweart oda y?

2.

Ar ey ous ur ey ouar e  wear i ngenough?

3.

Wear   s o me t h i ngf a nc y .

Theot hermeani ngoft hewor d' wear ' i st odenot edet er i or at i on( e xhaus t i on)ort opr oduc es omet hi ngb yf r i c t i on.( Pas t t e ns e -wo r n )

1.

I nsuc hweat her ,t i r eswearoutf as t .

2.

Thos ej eansar e  wor n  out .

3.

Wor ki ngi nt hebl az i ngsunc an  wearo utawo r k e r .

UsageofWe' r eandWer e T woo t h erwo r d st h ats ou nds ome wh ats i mi l a ra r e' we ’ r e 'a nd' we r e ' .L etu sl o okath owt h eyar eu se d. Th ewo r dwe ’ r ei sac ont r ac t i on  oft hephr as e' wear e' .

1.

Wea r ego i ngt omor r ow. We’ r eg oi n gt o mo r r o w.

2.

Wea r ewor k i ngt oge t her . We’ r e  wor k i ngt oget her .

3 .

Th er ei sn op oi n tg oi n gi fwear eno tg oi n gt o ge t h er . Ther ei snopoi ntgoi ngi f   we ’ r e  notgoi ngt oget her .

Thewor d‘ wer e ’i sus edt or ef ert os omet hi ngt hath appe ne di nt h epas t .

1.

Wh at o ud oi n g?   wer ey

2.

o ueat i ng ? Wer ey

3.

Wer ey oui nt hi ssc hool ?

Ma nyEn gl i s hs pe ak e r sc o nf u s et h ewo r d s‘ wh o’ a nd‘ wh om’ a ndt e ndt ous et h em i n t e r c ha ng eab l ywh i c hi so f t e n i nc or r ec t . Bo t h‘ wh o’ a nd‘ wh om’ a r ei n t e r r og at i v epr o no un s.Th ek e yd i ff er e nc eb et wee n‘ wh o’ a nd‘ wh om’ i st h at‘ wh o’ i sus e d i npl ac eoft hes ubj ec toft hes ent enc eand‘ whom’ i sus edi npl ac eo ft heobj ec to ft hes ent e nc e. ‘ WHO’ REPLACESTHESUBJ ECTOFTHESENTENCE •

ol dy ou? Whot

•

ssi ngi ng? Whoi

•

Who  want st oeat ?

•

Whohi tSanj i v ?

‘ REPLACETHEOBJ ECTOFTHESENTENCE WHOM’ •

Whom ar ey out al k i ngabout ?

•

Whom i st hi sf oodf or ?

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Wi t h  whom di dy o ug ot ot h ema r k e t ?Whom  di dRaj i vhi t ?

‘ Your ’ i st hes ec ondper s onpos s es s i v eadj ec t i v e,or ,i ns i mpl ert er ms ,i ti sus edt odes cr i bes omet hi ngasbel ongi ngt o y ou.I ti snear l yal wa y sf ol l o we db yanoun.Fore x ampl e, •

-I st h i sy ourwal l et ?

•

-Yourpr es enc eatt h et a bl ei sv er ymu chappr ec i at ed.

•

-Wh ath ap pe ne dt oy ou rf o ot ?

‘ You' r e’ i st hec ont r ac t i onof‘ y ouar e’ andi sof t enf ol l owedbyt hepr es entpar t i c i pl e,i e,v er bf or m endi ngi n‘ i ng’ .For e x a mp l e , •

-You’ r el ook i ngi l l .

•

-You’ r egoi ngt obel at e.

•

-You’ r eaf ool .

Her ei sal i s tofc ol l oc at i onst ohel py ougets t ar t ed: Col l oc at i onsst ar t i ngwi t ht heve r b‘ do’ Domeaf av our Dot h ec o ok i n g Dot h eh o us e wo r k Dot h es h o pp i n g Dot h ewa s h i n gup Doy o u rb e s t Doy ou rh ai r Col l oc at i onswi t ht heve r b‘ ha ve ’ Ha v eag o o dt i me Ha v eab at h Ha v ead r i n k Ha v eah ai r c u t Ha v eah ol i d ay Ha v eap r o bl e m Hav ear el at i ons hi p Ha v el u nc h Hav esympat hy Col l oc at i onswi t ht heve r b‘ br e ak ’ Br e akt hel a w Br e akal e g Br e akapr o mi s e Br e akar ec o r d Br e a ks o me o ne ' sh ea r t Br e akt hei c e Br e a kt h en ewst os o me o ne Br e akt her ul es Col l oc at i onswi t ht hev er b‘ t a ke ’ T a k eab r e ak T a k eac h a n c e T a k eal o ok T a k ear e s t T a k eas e a t T a k eat a x i T a k ea ne x a m T a k en ot e s T a k es ome on e' sp l a c e Col l oc at i onswi t ht heve r b‘ ma k e’ Ma k ead i ff e r e nc e Mak eames s Ma k eami s t a k e Ma k ean o i s e Makeaneffor t

Mak emon ey Ma k ep r o g r e s s Maker oom Ma k et r o ubl e Col l oc at i onswi t ht hev er b‘ c at c h’ Ca t c ht h eb u s Ca t c hab al l Ca t c hac ol d Cat c hat hi ef Ca t c hfir e Cat c hs i gh tof Ca t c hs ome on e' sat t e nt i o n Ca t c hs o me o ne ' se y e Ca t c ht h efl u Col l oc at i onswi t ht heve r b‘ pa y’ Pa yr e s p ec t Payafi ne Payat t ent i on Pa yb yc r edi tc ar d Paycas h Pa yi nt er es t Pa ys o me on eav i s i t Payt hebi l l Pa yt hepr i c e Col l oc at i onswi t ht heve r b‘ k ee p’ Ke e pt h ec h a ng e Ke e pap r o mi s e Ke e pas e c r e t Keepanappoi nt ment Ke epc a l m Ke epi nt o uc h Ke e pq u i e t Ke e ps o me o ne ' sp l a c e Col l oc at i onswi t ht heve r b‘ s av e’ Sav ey our s el ft het r oubl e Sav eel ec t r i c i t y Sa v ee n e r g y Sav emone y Sav esomeoneas eat Sa v es ome on e' sl i f e Sa v es o me t h i n gt oadi s k Sa v et i me Col l oc at i onswi t ht heve r b‘ go’ Gob al d

Goabr oad Goas t r a y Gob ad Gobankr upt Gob l i n d Gocr azy Gofi s h i n g Gomad Gomi s s i n g Goon l i n e Goo uto fb us i n es s Goover seas Goqui et Gos ai l i ng Got owar Col l oc at i onswi t ht hev er b‘ c ome ’ Co meun d era t t a c k Comecl ose Co med i r e c t Comeear l y Comefi r s t Co mei n t ov i e w Comel as t Co mel a t e Comeont i me Comepr epar ed Co mer i g h tb ac k Co met oade c i s i o n Comet oanagr eement Comet oanend Co met oas t a nd st i l l Co met ot e r mswi t h Co met oat o t a lo f Col l oc at i onswi t ht hev er b‘ ge t ’ Ge tt h es a c k Getal i f e Ge taj o b Getashock Ge ta ng r y Ge td i v o r c e d Ge td r u nk Getf r i ght ened Get home Ge tl o s t Ge tma r r i e d Ge tpe r mi s s i on Ge tr e ad y