SG - C1 - 2020 Peirce

 

]@GSMZ_GHFH @FOGA@FD HMD DGXAZFD CFO]DXFH CFO]D XFH HM B]KF@GHFHM_ W OGM@OGF_

Dgom`ogfturf m` M`smöf`zf hm df Dm`euf y df Dgtmrfturf

_mkgÿtgof Em`mrfd

OF^ËX]DA G Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda Kfrëf Muem`gf Hm \f` Jmtg`f Imsdmr

Haom`tms hm df fsge`fturf y futarms hmd kftmrgfd

 

OF^ËX]DA G Obfrdms ^mgrom y das oa`omptas cu`hfoga`fdms hm sge`a y smkgasgs 6. OA@_GHMZFOGA@M_ ^ZMSGF_ M` mstm prgkmr ofpëtuda `as fjaofrmkas f rmoarrmr has `aoga`ms om`trfdms hm df tmarëf hm Obfrdms _f`hmrs ^mgrom< md sge`a md sge`a y  y df smkgasgs df smkgasgs.. Fd st`fd hm mstm trfymota, hmjmrmkas hmjmrmkas mstfr m` oa`hgoga`ms hm freukm`tfr par quç md sge`a ms m`tm`hgha oaka u` praomsa rmdfoga`fd y df smkgasgs oa`sgstm m` u` praomsa hm rmm`vëas suomsgvas m`trm sge`as. F pfrtgr hm mstfs has `aoga`ms, pahrmkas fjarhfr prajdmkfs hm hgvmrsa arhm`, pmra mspmogfdkm`tm fqumddas vg`oudfhas oa` df m`smöf`zf hm dfs ogm`ogfs.

:. BG^ßXM_G_ HM ]@F ODF_M ^df`tmfrmkas u` ofsa fd qum dumea d umea vadvmrmkas, pfrf oakprm`hmr kæs fhmdf`tm oÿka cu`oga`f` fdeu`as pastudfhas qum prapusa ^mgrom. _upa`hrmkas qum cugkas fd og`m, a vgkas u`f pmdëoudf m` `umstrf ofsf u` st` hm smkf`f. Md tmkf hm msf pmdëoudf sm `as prmsm`tf oaka ütgd pfrf trfjflfr oa` das mstuhgf`tms. Xfkjgç` Xfkjgç` ormmkas qum msm tmxta cëdkgoa pumhm rmsadvmr fdeu`as prajdmkfs hm df odfsm< pmrkgtgræ qum das fduk`as vmf` u`f bgstargf m` duefr hm dmmrdf, a sm m`oum`trm` crm`tm f u` rfza`fkgm`ta qum oa`sghmrfkas ütgd qum sgef`, a jgm` `as pmrkgtgræ ofpturfr su ftm`ogÿ` par u` tgmkpa, hfhf df fst`ghfh em`mrfoga`fd qum tgm`m` das fduk`as oa` das tmxtas fuhgavgsufdms. ^df`gstofkas df odfsm, oa`smeugkas df pmdëoudf y emstga`fkas dfs g`stfdfoga`ms `momsfrgfs, ddmef md hëf hm df odfsm ha`hm mxpa`mkas df pmdëoudf y df vmkas oa` das mstuhgf`tms. Md stdk tmrkg`f, prmeu`tfkas fdea y das fduk`as `a hgom` `fhf. ]`a qum atra mstuhgf`tm bfom fdeü` oakm`tfrga qum `a `as ddmvf f `g`eu`f pfrtm, qum `a `as pmrkgtm mxpdatfr md stdk `g fpravmobfrda pfrf fjarhfr md tmkf hmd hëf. Cg`fdkm`tm hfkas u`f jrmvm odfsm oa`vm`oga`fd sajrm md tmkf pdf`gstofha, `as vfkas df pm`sf`ha qum `fhf rmsudtÿ oaka da gkfeg`æjfkas. Df oudpf, yajvgfkm`tm, tgm`m` das mstuhgf`tms< su f`akgf em`mrfoga`fd, su hmsg`tmrçs crm`tm f taha, su cfdtf hm oudturf em`mrfd, su fjurrgkgm`ta orÿ`goa. Hmshm df pmrspmotgvf hm ^mgrom, sg` sg` mkjfrea, pahrmkas vmr md prajdmkf hmshm atrf pmrspmotgvf, g`odusa takfr fdeu`fs hmogsga`ms dumea hm rmfdgzfr`as fdeu`fs prmeu`tfs qum `a tm`ëfkas m` km`tm. Oaka mstm fpfrtfha tgm`m df cu`ogÿ` hm hmlfr pdf`tmfha u` prajdmkf, f`tms hm g`ermsfr f df tmarëf hm ^mgrom hmlfrmkas hgspmrsas fdeu`as g`tmrraef`tms sajrm md ofsa, pfrf rmtakfrdas m` `umstra rmoarrgha pastmrgar. ^ar mlmkpda< ±^ar quç mdmegkas y vgkas msf pmdëoudf y `a atrf1 Ouf`ha df vgkas, ±quç tmkf pu`tufd `as oa`vaoÿ1 Ouf`ha pm`sfkas m` df pasgjgdghfh hm ddmvfrdf f df odfsm, ±par quç mdmegkas msm tmkf y `a atra, tfkjgç` prmsm`tm m` md stdk1 ±Vuç tgm`m msf pmdëoudf m` pfrtgoudfr qum kmlarf df prapumstf hm u` tmxta dg`eôëstgoa1 ±^ar quç mdmegkas u` tmkf y `a u`f carkf hm trftfkgm`ta hm df gkfem` y hmd sa`gha1 Ouf`ha vmkas og`m, ±f quç dm prmstfkas ftm`ogÿ`1 ±^ar quç ormmkas qum dm pumhm ddmefr f g`tmrmsfr f das mstuhgf`tms1 ±Vuç sfjmkas hm ofhf u`a hm `umstras mstuhgf`tms pfrf fsmeurfr fdea sajrm sus eustas m g`qugmtuhms1 ]`f vmz qum tmrkg`m md stdk m` df odfsm, ±quç vfkas f bfomr oa` çd1 ±Vuç fotgvghfhms prapa`hrmkas, oa` quç ajlmtgva, pfrf oa`aomr quç1 ±^ar

_mkgÿtgof Em`mrfd G ]@GHFH G G Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda - Kfrëf Muem`gf Hm \f` - Jmtg`f Imsdmr 

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quç das mstuhgf`tms `a sm sm`tgrëf` g`tmrpmdfhas1 Oaka vmkas sa` kuobfs dfs prmeu`tfs qum f`tmomhm` f u`f hmogsgÿ` m` md fudf, y suregræ` kæs sg oakm`zfkas f f`fdgzfr md prajdmkf m` hmtfddm. Da qum `as g`tmrmsf m` mstf g`stf`ogf ms kastrfr df oakpdmlghfh gkpdëogtf m` u`f foogÿ` tf` sgkpdm oaka prapa`mr u`f odfsm hgcmrm`tm, y prmogsfkm`tm parqum ms hgcmrm`tm ms qum sm vumdvm u` fsu`ta oakpdmla.

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?. HG_O]_GA@M_ ^ZMDGKG@FZM_ M` 6386 Zm`ç Hmsofrtms pujdgoÿ Kmhgtfoga`ms kmtfcësgofs, kmtfcësgofs, tmxta m` md qum sm oumstga`ÿ df oa`struoogÿ` hmd oa`aogkgm`ta f pfrtgr hm df prajdmkftgzfogÿ prajdmkftgzfogÿ` ` hm df rmdfogÿ` qum mxgstm m`trm df km`tm y dfs oasfs hmd ku`ha. Fddë pdf`tmÿ md hufdgska m`trm df rms oaegtf` (km`tm) oaegtf` (km`tm) y df rms mxtm`sf (kftmrgf), mxtm`sf (kftmrgf), hgstg`ogÿ` qum g`stfdÿ m` df oaku`ghfh ogm`tëstof u` hmjftm m`trm has kahas hm mxpdgofr md oa`aogkgm`ta. ]`a cum md rfoga`fdgska, oarrgm`tm oarrgm`tm f df qum fhbmrëf` md prapga Hmsofrtms y Dmgj`gz, qum sastm`ëf qum df rfzÿ` hmtmrkg`f md oa`aogkgm`ta hm dfs oasfs. Md atra cum md mkpgrgska (oa` stdÿsacas oaka Daoim y Bukm) qum fsmeurfjf qum dfs oasfs hmd ku`ha sm prmsm`tf` f`tm df km`tm y hmtmrkg`f` su oa`aogkgm`ta sajrm mddfs. Fkjfs sm apa`m` m` df cum`tm hm dfs ghmfs (sg dfs ghmfs hmtmrkg`f` md ajlmta hm oa`aogkgm`ta, a sg ms md ajlmta md qum hmtmrkg`f hmtmrkg` f dfs ghmfs), pmra foarhfjf` m` fdea< qum df km`tm mstæ smpfrfhf hm df kftmrgf, y dfs ghmfs y das ajlmtas sa` m`tghfhms hgcmrm`tms. ^mgrom pdf`tmÿ fdea oakpdmtfkm`tm `umva m` su frtëouda hm 6232 —Oumstga`ms fomrof hm ogmrtfs cfoudtfhms ftrgjughfs fd bakjrm‛. Fddë hgsoutgÿ md ofrtmsgf`gska y sastuva qum df km`tm y df kftmrgf `a sa` m`tghfhms hgstg`tfs, `g sgqugmrf sa` m`tghfhms, sg`a praomsas. Msas praomsas sa` das sge`as, pm`sfkas oa` mddas parqum vgvgkas m` mddas. W f df vmz taha sge`a ms u` sge`a sg pumhm hmsm`ofhm`fr atras sge`as. —F pfrtgr hm df prapasgogÿ` hm qum taha pm`sfkgm`ta ms u` sge`a, sm  sgeum qum taha pm`sfkgm`ta hmjm hgrgegrsm çd kgska f atra, hmjm hm-  tmrkg`fr fdeü` atra, yf qum msf ms df msm`ogf hm u` sge`a (…) taha pm`sfkgm`ta hmjm smr g`tmrprmtfha m` atra, a qum taha pm`sfkgm`ta  sm hf m` sge`as. sge`as.‛‛ (^mgrom, 6232f< U:, 67?-:66) F mstm praomsa kæs fkpdga da ddfkÿ smkgasgs, md ajlmta hm mstuhga hm df smkgÿtgof hm ^mgrom. Df smkgasgs trftf hm u` oa`tg`uuk  m` md qum km`tm y oa`tg`uuk m` kftmrgf mstæ` g`hgcmrm`ogfhfs<   —…fd geufd qum hmogkas qum u` oumrpa mstæ m` kavgkgm`ta, y `a qum md kavgkgm`ta mstæ m` u` oumrpa, hmjmkas hmogr qum `asatras mstfkas m` md pm`sfkgm`ta, y `a qum das pm`sfkgm`tas mstæ` m` `asatras.‛ (^mgrom, 6232j< U:, :66-:8:) Xfd oaka da pdf`tmÿ ^mgrom, da gkpartf`tm m` df oa`struoogÿ` hmd oa`aogkgm`ta ms md praomsa m` md qum das sge`as sm rmdfoga`f` m`trm së (df smkgasgs) y qum sm vg`oudf` pfrf oa`strugr oa`aogkgm`tas pravgsga`fdms sajrm taha da qum `as rahmf. M` mstm sm`tgha, md smr bukf`a `a smrëf u`f m`tghfh km`tfd fgsdfhf qum mxprmsf sus ghmfs mkpdmf`ha sge`as, sg`a qum smrëf, m` së kgska, u` sge`a g`kmrsa m` u`f smkgasgs kuoba kæs fkpdgf (saogfd, oudturfd, u`gvmrsfd, mto.). Hfry` Ko@fjj (:>68) odfrgstof mstf ghmf hgogm`ha qum< —Ms u` paoa hgcëogd m`tm`hmr oÿka md bakjrm pumhm smr u` sge`a. Vugzæ pahmkas vgsufdgzfrda m` tçrkg`as hm df rmdfogÿ` m`trm u` rmkadg`a y md rëa m` qum sm m`oum`trf. Md rmkadg`a `a ms u`f sustf`ogf, `a ms u`f oasf qum pumhms sfofr y fgsdfrda hmd rëa. Ms u`f oa`steurfogÿ` hmd rëa kgska. Md rëa fquë ms md ku`ha y md rmkadg`a df oa`sogm`ogf bukf`f.  ±Sms qum `a bfy `g`eü` hufdgska fquë, sg`a kæs jgm` u` oa`tg`ua1 Hm df kgskf kf`mrf, md bakjrm oaka sge`a ms sgkpdmkm`tm u` `aha

_mkgÿtgof Em`mrfd G ]@GHFH G G Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda - Kfrëf Muem`gf Hm \f` - Jmtg`f Imsdmr 

 

m` df rmh smkgÿtgof ouyf apmrfogÿ`, oaka df carkf hmd rmkadg`a, sm bf vumdta jfstf`tm bfjgtufd y oa`sgstm`tm.‛ (Ko@fjj, :>68< :) Mstm ofkjga hm pfrfhgekf `a cum hgcu`hgha bfstf kmhgfhas hmd sgeda RR, ouf`ha sm daerfra` pujdgofr das prgkmras `ükmras hm df ajrf oakpdmtf hm ^mgrom. G`odusa ouf`ha sm hga f oa`aomr, ogroudÿ hm kf`mrf crfekm`tfrgf y hgspmrsf m` md ofkpa hm df stdasacëf y df mpgstmkadaeëf. Cum rmogç` f pfrtgr hm df hgcusgÿ` hm df smkgÿtgof m` das föas 3> y 5>, y sus fpartms f hgcmrm`tms hgsogpdg`fs ogm`tëstofs, ouf`ha mstf hgsousgÿ` oakm`zÿ f tm`mr pmsa. Mstm prg`ogpga g``avfhar qum prapusa ^mgrom `as hf dfs jfsms pfrf pracu`hgzfr m` sus has oa`omptas odfvms hm su tmarëf< sge`a y smkgasgs, qum fjarhfrmkas m` das fpfrtfhas sgeugm`tms. Sadvfkas par u` kakm`ta f `umstrf mxpmrgm`ogf cfddghf hm g`oarparfr g `oarparfr u` stdk m` u`f odfsm. @umstra prgkmr prajdmkf ms qum tfd vmz pm`sfkas df odfsm oaka u` mvm`ta oaku`goftgva y `a smkgÿtgoa. Sgkas u`f pmdëoudf, ghm`tgstofkas u` tmkf qum oag`oghëf oa` `umstrf pdf`gstofogÿ`, m g`kmhgftfkm`tm pm`sfkas m` oaku`gofr md tmkf f das mstuhgf`tms usf`ha atra sapartm (df kftmrgfdghfh sge`gstof`tm hmd fuhgavgsufd). F msta hmjmkas fermefr qum supa`mkas qum dfs `umvfs em`mrfoga`ms tgm`m` fst`ghfh oa` mstf kftmrgfdghfh y qum dms smræ kæs sm`ogdda a m`trmtm`gha fjarhfrda. Ddmefkas f df odfsm m g`tm`tfkas oaku`gofr `umstrf ghmf, trf`sstrgm`ha `umstras rfza`fkgm`tas m gkprmsga`ms f u`f pajdfogÿ` qum ormmkas oa`aomr. Md crfofsa sm hmjm, pasgjdmkm`tm, `a f qum df pajdfogÿ` ms gkpmrkmfjdm f `umstra km`sflm g``avfhar,, sg`a `umstra km`sflm `a ms g``avfhar m` fjsaduta< das mstuhgf`tms `avfhar mstæ` vgm`ha, oaka tahas das hëfs, u`f mxpasgogÿ` sajrm u` tmkf. @a tm`hræ` qum bfomr `fhf bfstf qum tmrkg`m md ka`ÿdaea hmd stdk, y dumea tm`hræ` qum fhgvg`fr quç qugsgkas bfomr oa` df pmdëoudf. Cg`fdkm`tm, df fotgvghfh qum hmjmræ` rmfdgzfr ms geufd f tahfs dfs atrfs fotgvghfhms qum vgm`m` bfogm`ha< ghm`tgstofr mdmkm`tas, hmsorgjgrdas, msorgjgr fdea fd rmspmota… df rutg`f hmd qum bfjdf y hmd qum rmspa`hm, m` msm arhm`. _g ajsmrvfkas md ofsa f pfrtgr hm df prapumstf hm ^mgrom, sfjmkas qum< (f)  —…taha pm`sfkgm`ta hmjm smr g`tmrprmtfha m` atra‛< msta g`hgof qum

`fhf ms sge`gstoftgva sg `a hmsm`ofhm`f atrfs ghmfs. Df carkf kæs oakü` qum tm`mkas f kf`a pfrf hmta`fr u`f smkgasgs ms md hmjftm. Hm kaha tfd qum das mstuhgf`tms (par mlmkpda m` erupas) pahrëf` mdmegr u` crfekm`ta hm u`f pmdëoudf a u` fuhgavgsufd oufdqugmrf (hmshm pmdëoudfs hm oudta bfstf vghmas baefrmöas qum ogroudf` dgjrmkm`tm par dfs rmhms saogfdms), pdf`tmfr u` prajdmkf hm su g`tmrçs (hm oufdqugmr arhm`< saogfd, padëtgoa, mhuoftgva, hmkaeræstoa, em`mrfoga`fd…), em`mrfoga`fd…), y f pfrtgr hm msm pdf`tma hfr`as df d f tfrmf f das haom`tms vadvmr f hmshm df odfsm sgeugm`tm a m` u`f cuturf oa` msm kgska prajdmkf,hm fjarhfha `umstra praerfkf hmodfsm mstuhgas. (j) —…hmjmkas hmogr qum `asatras mstfkas m` md pm`sfkgm`ta, y `a qum

das pm`sfkgm`tas mstæ` m` `asatras‛< mstm hmsom`trfkgm`ta `as oa`vaof f pm`sfr m` md oa`tmxta saogfd y oudturfd m` md qum vgvgkas. ^m`sfkas hm hmtmrkg`fhf kf`mrf par oastukjrms, bmrm`ogfs, prmlugogas, g`odusa vmkas og`m, tmdmvgsgÿ`, pujdgoghfh m` u`f dÿegof hm kfsgvghfh hmd oa`suka fuhgavgsufd y trf`scmrgkas msas rgtas hm kmras mspmotfharms m` `umstrf præotgof mhuoftgvf. _g `asatras mstfkas m` md pm`sfkgm`ta (y `a md pm`sfkgm`ta mstæ m` `asatras), hmjmrëfkas smr ofpfoms hm hmrgvfr par atrfs ghmfs g hmfs y prahuogr `umvas gtg`mrfrgas hm oa`aogkgm`ta qum oumstga`m` dfs oastukjrms, bmrm`ogfs, prmlugogas y oa`sukas kfsgvas. Das mstuhgf`tms pumhm` smr ormftgvas y hgsoutgr mstas rmoarrghas trfsdfhfhas, pa`gm`ha m` fotas da qum gkfeg`f`. Oa` u` omdudfr, das mstuhgf`tms pumhm` ormfr u` tmxta fuhgavgsufd ha`hm mlmrogtm` da qum fprm`hgmra` m` u`f odfsm trfhgoga`fd. ^umhm` m`crm`tfrsm fd hmsfcëa hm ormfr fdea oakpdmtfkm`tm hgstg`ta, da qum gkpdgof g`vmstgefr prmvgfkm`tm quç u` bfytmxta hm oa`aogha pfrf gmd hm`tgstofr qum qumhf par oa`aomr. oa`aomr ^umhm` prahuogr oufdqugmrf m` ghm`tgstofr qum susdaghmfs smf` vfdarfhfs par. su ofpfoghfh hm fprapgfrsm hmd oa`aogkgm`ta msoadfrgzfha y praymotfrsm f atras tmkfs, rmdmvf`tms m` atras sm`tghas.

_mkgÿtgof Em`mrfd G ]@GHFH G G Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda - Kfrëf Muem`gf Hm \f` - Jmtg`f Imsdmr 

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Mstfs prapumstfs, kuy em`mrfdms y hmsoa`tmxtufdgzfhfs, sm sastgm`m` m` dfs ghmfs hm ^mgrom sajrm df `fturfdmzf hmd oa`aogkgm`ta, kæs mkpfrm`tfha oa` df foogÿ`  qum oa` df oa`tmkpdfogÿ`  hm das cm`ÿkm`as hmd ku`ha. Oa`tmkfoogÿ` qum oa`tmkpdfogÿ` hm pdfr ms tfkjgç` u` fota, pmra hmjm tm`mr u` mcmota pfrf qum smf sge`gstoftgva pfrf fdeugm`.

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8. MD _GE@A Cmrhg`f`h Hm _fussurm hga u`f hmst`gogÿ` hmd sge`a ouf`ha prapusa su tmarëf hm df dm`euf. M` msf hmst`gogÿ` g`hgoÿ qum md sge`a ms u`f m`tghfh psëqugof oakpumstf par has mdmkm`tas< sge`gstofha y sge`gstof`tm. ^frf ^mgrom, m` ofkjga, md sge`a ms u` praomsa, y sus oakpa`m`tms sa` trms< rmprmsm`tfkm`, ajlmta m g`tmrprmtf`tm. Omrof hm 6275 ^mgrom msorgjgÿ md fr tëouda —Cu`hfkm`ta, ajlmta m g`tmrprmtf`tm‛, ha`hm prapusa mstf hmst`gogÿ`< —]` sge`a, a rmprmsm`tfkm` rmprmsm`tfkm`,, ms u`f oasf qum mstæ m` duefr hm atrf pfrf fdeugm`, m` fdeü` sm`tgha a ofpfoghfh. _m hgrgem hgrge m f fdeugm`, msta ms, ormf m` df km`tm hm msf pmrsa`f u` sge`a mqugvfdm`tm, a qugzæs kæs hmsfrraddfha. Msm sge`a qum ormf da ddfka md g`tmrprmtf`tm g`tmrprmtf`tm   hmd prgkmr sge`a. Md sge`a mstæ m` duefr hm fdea, su ajlmta ajlmta.. Mstæ m` su duefr `a m` tahas das sm`tghas, sg`a m` rmdfogÿ` f u` tgpa hm ghmf, g hmf, qum f vmoms bm ddfkfha d dfkfha df jfsm hmd rmprmsm`tfkm`. rmprmsm`tfkm`.‛ ‛ (^mgrom, o. 6275< K_ 572 y O^ :.::2) ^frf ^mgrom md sge`a `a ms u`f m`tghfh, sg`a u`f foogÿ`, par da qum df prmeu`tf ajdgefhf, m`ta`oms, `a ms quç ms u` ms u` sge`a (prmeu`tf a`tadÿegof), sg`a quç bfom (prmeu`tf bfom (prmeu`tf cm`akm`adÿegof). Mxgstm` kuobas kahmdas eræstoas pfrf rmprmsm`tfr mstf hmst`gogÿ` hm sge`a. Mdmegkas df sgeugm`tm par dfs patm`ogfdghfhms qum prmsm`tf pfrf mvghm`ogfr df rmdfogÿ` trgæhgof (y `a hufd, oaka sumdm hfrsm ouf`ha sm rmprmsm`tf oa` u` trgæ`euda).

Ouf`ha ^mgrom bfjdÿ hm Zmprmsm`tfkm` Zmprmsm`tfkm`,, sm rmstrgÿ f u` mdmkm`ta m` së kgska, partfhar hm ogmrtfs prapgmhfhms kftmrgfdms qum patm`ogfdkm`tm sm pfrmomræ` a `a, rmkgtgræ` a `a, f u` ajlmta. ^umhm smr oufdqugmr oasf< fdea kftmrgfd, u` mvm`ta, u`f prmsm`ogf, u`f ghmf… pmra qum m` su ofdghfh hm Zmprmsm`tfkm`, `a smræ sge`a bfstf qum sm rmdfoga`m oa` u` ajlmta, sgeugm`ha ogmrtfs rmedfs hm pm`sfkgm`ta. ^ar Ajlmta Ajlmta,, ^mgrom m`tgm`hgÿ u`f m`tghfh rmkgtghf par md Zmprmsm`tfkm`, pmra qum `a `momsfrgfkm`tm tgm`m mxgstm`ogf cësgof a kftmrgfd. M` mstm sm`tgha, u` ajlmta pumhm smr… —…u`f ü`gof oasf mxgstm`tm qum sm ormm qum bfyf mxgstgha, a qum sm mspmrf qum mxgstf, a u`f rmdfogÿ` hm tfdms oasfs, a u`f oufdghfh a rmdfogÿ` a bmoba oa`aoghas, (…) a fdea hm `fturfdmzf em`mrfd, hmsmfha, rmqumrgha, a g`vfrgfjdmkm`tm m`oa`trfha jfla ogmrtfs ogrou`stf`ogfs em`mrfdms (…) oufdqugmr oasf pmromptgjdm, gkfeg`fjdm m, g`odusa, g`gkfeg`fjdm m` fdeü` sm`tgha.‛ (^mgrom, (^mgrom, 676>< O^ :.:?:).

_mkgÿtgof Em`mrfd G ]@GHFH G G Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda - Kfrëf Muem`gf Hm \f` - Jmtg`f Imsdmr 

 

Da qum dm hf m`tghfh hm Ajlmta `a ms su mxgstm`ogf kftmrgfd, sg`a md smr oa`vaofha par u` Zmprmsm`tfkm`. @a hmjmkas advghfr qum taha Ajlmta, par hmst`gogÿ`, `a ms `momsfrgfkm`tm fdea cësgoa, sg`a qum pumhm smr u`f ghmf, u` bmoba, mto. ^mgrom das odfsgstof m` Ajlmta g`kmhgfta y Ajlmta hg`ækgoa. Md g`kmhgfta ms pfrogfd, g`tmr`a f df smkgasgs, u`f ghmf mspmoëstof qum `a fjfrof f df tatfdghfh y oakpdmlghfh hmd Ajlmta. Md hg`ækgoa ms md rmfd, m` su oakpdmlghfh, qum `a pahræ smr oa`aogha `u`of m` su tatfdghfh par dfs dgkgtfoga`ms hm df km`tm bukf`f. ^mgrom hgla qum f kmhghf qum md oa`aogkgm`ta ogm`tëstoa fvf`om m` md tgmkpa hm kf`mrf oadfjarftgvf, `umstra sfjmr pfrogfd sajrm dfs oasfs hmd ku`ha sm fomrofrëf f df vmrhfh hm tfdms oasfs, pmra sgmkprm bfjrëf u` rmsta qum qumhfrëf sg` oa`aomr. Md Ajlmta g`kmhgfta tgm`hm fd Ajlmta hg`ækgoa pmra `u`of da fdof`zf, par da qum tm`hrmkas sgmkprm vfrgfs vmrsga`ms g`oakpdmtfs hm df vmrhfh hmd ku`ha. Md G`tmrprmtf`tm  smrëf df g`stf`ogf st`fd hm df oa`struoogÿ` hmd sge`a, ms u` G`tmrprmtf`tm smrëf mcmota< mkaogÿ`, foogÿ` a ghmf prahuota hm df vg`oudfogÿ` m`trm Zmprmsm`tfkm` y Ajlmta. @a `momsfrgfkm`tm ms u`f pmrsa`f (u` —g`tçrprmtm‛) sg`a qum ms u` sgstmkf hm ghmfs, oa`smoum`ogf hm msf vg`oudfogÿ` m`trm Zmprmsm`tfkm` y Ajlmta. _m trftf hm u` mcmota km`tfd, u`f oudturf, u` fdeargtka oakputfoga`fd a kftmkætgoa, u` mvm`ta a u` bæjgta fhqugrgha y hmsfrraddfha. M` sus tmxtas g`gogfdms, ^mgrom hmst`gÿ fd G`tmrprmtf`tm m` tçrkg`as hm —pm`sfkgm`ta‛ (O^ =.:25), y kæs fhmdf`tm, oaka da bgza oa` md Ajlmta, tfxa`akgzÿ fd G`tmrprmtf`tm m` trms tgpas< G`tmrprmtf`tm mkaoga`fd, m`mreçtgoa y dÿegoa (O^ =.85=). Md mkaoga`fd ms u` mcmota qum `a sm pumhm mxpdgofr mxpdgofr,, ms m` së kgska, par mlmkpda ouf`ha `as oa`kavmkas crm`tm f u`f ajrf hm frtm. Md m`mreçtgoa ms u` mcmota qum sm kftmrgfdgzf m` u`f foogÿ`, oaka ouf`ha vmkas u`f smöfd hm træ`sgta m g`kmhgftfkm`tm praomhmkas f ajmhmomrdf. Md dÿegoa ms u` g`tmrprmtf`tm qum sm trfhuom m` u` oa`ompta, u`f fjstrfoogÿ`, u`f ghmf, y sa` das tgpas hm g`tmrprmtf`tm qum kf`mlfkas oa` kæs crmoum`ogf. Md G`tmrprmtf`tm `a ms u` sulmta sg`a u` mcmota, qum `a sÿda hatf hm sm`tgha f df rmdfogÿ` m`trm md Zmprmsm`tfkm` y md Ajlmta, sg`a qum par hmst`gogÿ` ms u` mcmota hm msf vg`oudfogÿ`, y qum pasgjgdgtf qum md sge`a g`ermsm f u`f ofhm`f hm sge`as, df smkgasgs df smkgasgs). Mstf ogtf g`hgof, m`ta`oms, qum u` sge`a daerf su smr  su  smr  m`  m` tf`ta pumhf apmrfr, m` së kgska, oaka pu`ta hm pfrtghf pfrf atras sge`as, y mstf `aogÿ` `as rmkgtm f df oa`struoogÿ` oadmotgvf hmd oa`aogkgm`ta. Hmjgha f su frqugtmoturf y par su hmst`gogÿ`, md sge`a sgmkprm ms dmëha m g`tmrprmtfha m` atra sge`a qum pumhf smr hmsfrraddfha m` fdeü` fspmota pfrf atra G`tmrprmtf`tm. Msta sgtüf fd sge`a m` u` mspfoga hm hmsm`vadvgkgm`ta y hm mxpf`sgÿ` m` `umvfs rmg`tmrprmtfoga`ms, qum sm trfhuom` m` md hmsfrradda hmd oa`aogkgm`ta ogm`tëstoa< dfs ogm`ogfs `a hmsoujrm` u`f vmrhfh `g df rmvmdf`, sg`a qum çstf hmpm`hm hm u`f oa`struoogÿ` saogfd, hmtmrkg`fhf par oaarhm`fhfs mspfogfdms

_mkgÿtgof Em`mrfd G ]@GHFH G G Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda - Kfrëf Muem`gf Hm \f` - Jmtg`f Imsdmr 

^ÆE.

3

 

y tmkparfdms, u`f prahuotgvghfh m`tmrfkm`tm pmrcmotgjdm y ftrfvmsfhf par md dm`euflm. Ms m` msm sm`tgha qum ^mgrom hgla qum< —Das bakjrms y dfs pfdfjrfs sm mhuof` rmoëpraofkm`tm u`as f atras, ofhf g`ormkm`ta hm g`carkfogÿ` hm u` bakjrm gkpdgof y ms gkpdgofha par u` g`ormkm`ta oarrmspa`hgm`tm hm g`carkfogÿ` hm df pfdfjrf.‛ (^mgrom, 6232j< M^ 6.87)

^ÆE.

5 Hfha qum mstfkas sgmkprm pm`sf`ha m` u`f prapumstf mhuoftgvf qum tgm`m fd dm`euflm oaka su ajlmta hm rm﬊mxgÿ` (yf smf hmshm df dg`eôëstgof a hmshm df dgtmrfturf) smrëf g`tmrmsf`tm rmoupmrfr mstf oa`odusgÿ` hm ^mgrom pfrf pracu`hgzfr m` ogmrtas fspmotas hm `umstrf odfsm fd g`oarparfr atras dm`euflms. ^ar mlmkpda prmeu`tfr`as quç sfjmkas sajrm og`m, hm hÿ`hm bmrmhfkas dfs ghmfs qum dumea pastudfkas oaka prapgfs f df barf hm apg`fr sajrm u` stdk, par quç pm`sfkas f vmoms qum md og`m rm﬊mlf u`f rmfdghfh a `as m`smöf fdea, par quç dm fsge`fkas prapgmhfhms bukf`fs (mkaoga`ms, fooga`ms, ghmfs) f dfs steurfs f`trapakÿrstofs qum sm prmsm`tf` crm`tm f `asatras m` u`f pmdëoudf. Hfha qum md stdk ms, m` `umstrf odfsm, u` Zmprmsm`tfkm`, smrëf prahuotgva prmeu`tfr`as quç Ajlmta dm gkpa`mkas, quç G`tmrprmtf`tm hmsfrraddfkas y par quç. M` tçrkg`as hm ^mgrom, ofhf mstuhgf`tm, ofhf ofhf km`tm m` msm duefr omrrfha hmd fudf, ms u` G`tmrprmtf`tm, y bfy smkgasgs g`mspmrfhfs m` ofhf u`a hm mddas. Ofhf u`a cum u` G`tmrprmtf`tm mkaoga`fd, m`mreçtgoa a dÿegoa, y tgm`m fdea pfrf hmogr fd rmspmota. Ofhf u`a rmoa`struyÿ, crm`tm fd kgska Zmprmsm`tfkm`, u` fspmota pfrtgoudfr hmd Ajlmta m` oumstgÿ`, su prapga Ajlmta g`kmhgfta. Df rmoakpasgogÿ` hm msas Ajlmtas g`kmhgftas `as pahrëf jrg`hfr g`carkfogÿ` hmd Ajlmta hg`ækgoa fd qum tgm`hm, qum, m` su oakpdmlghfh, bfjdm hm df tatfdghfh hmd tmxta fuhgavgsufd. W sg `a ms fsë, sg tahas a df kfyarëf rmoakpa`m` da kgska, tm`mkas df apartu`ghfh hm pm`sfr m` das katgvas hm df dmoturf fhgmstrfhf hmd oa`suka kfsgva (y `umstrf rmspa`sfjgdghfh oaka mhuofharms m` msf m`flm`fogÿ` hm df dmoturf ormftgvf). Md ofsa tfkjgç` `as oa`vaof f pm`sfr m` qum `a taha ms trfhuogjdm m` u`f mxprmsgÿ` dg`eôëstgof, y m` qum bfy u`f kudtgpdgoghfh hm dm`euflms qum hmjmkas fprm`hmr f`tms pfrf m`smöfr Dm`euf a Dgtmrfturf. Xfd vmz u` mxpmrta m` dfs ogm`ogfs y dfs frtms hmd dm`euflm hmjmrëf dm`euflm hmjmrëf smr, f mstf fdturf hmd kgdm`ga, u` mspmogfdgstf m` dfs ogm`ogfs y dfs frtms hm hgvmrsas dm`euflms. dm`euflms. _g rmdmvfkas fdeu`as kf`ufdms qum g`oarparf` fd og`m m`trm sus prapumstfs, df kfyarëf prapa`m` ofkjgfr hm tmxta pmra kf`tm`gm`ha dfs mstrftmegfs< ghm`tgstofr pmrsa`flms, ofrfotmrgzfrdas, sg`tmtgzfr df f`çohatf, rmoakpa`mr df trfkf, ghm`tgstofr u`f m`smöf`zf a karfdmlf, ofkjgfr md st`fd… Md G`tmrprmtf`tm qum prahuom` ms u` sulmta qum rmoa`aom u`ghfhms `frrftgvfs y prfotgof bfjgdghfhms hm dmotamsorgturf. ]` sulmta qum rmpgtm, st`fdkm`tm, dfs mstrftmegfs hmd oakm`tfhar qum sÿda rmogtf md tmxta qum tgm`m crm`tm f së. ^asgjdmkm`tm hmjf` smr dfs mstrftmegfs dfs qum hmjfkas ofkjgfr y em`mrfr atras G`tmrprmtf`tms, qum sm prmeu`tm` par atrfs hgkm`sga`ms hmd tmxta fuhgavgsufd< quç prajdmkf saogfdkm`tm rmdmvf`tm pdf`tmf u`f pmdëoudf, quç vg`oudfoga`ms eufrhf oa` atras tmxtas (tmdmvgsgvas, pujdgogtfrgas, mto.) y par quç, quç tgm`m hm pfrtgoudfr u` stdk qum `a mstæ prmsm`tm `g m` tmdmvgsgÿ` `g m` df wmj, quç sfjmrms ogm`tëstoas, frtëstgoas y tmo`adÿegoas sa` `momsfrgas pfrf rmoakpa`mr df trfkf hm u` stdk… ^frf mdda smræ `momsfrga, g`odusa, qum ofkjgmkas df mdmoogÿ` hm `umstrf pmdëoudf, yf `a par md tmkf qum trftf, sg`a par md prajdmkf qum prmsm`tf. Ajsçrvmsm qum dfs g`qugmtuhms qum sm pdf`tmf` f kaha hm mlmkpda takf` fd stdk m` sus pfrtgoudfrghfhms, m` su oakpdmlghfh y m` das sfjmrms qum oa`vaof. ^mra geufdkm`tm fjrm` df apartu`ghfh hm g`ermsfr f tmkfs hmd praerfkf hm mstuhgas, sÿda qum hmkf`hf df pastudfogÿ` hm atrfs fooga`ms oae`gtgvfs ha`hm md mstuhgf`tm sm m`oum`trf gkpdgofha. Oaka hglgkas f`tms, md sge`a `a ms fdea sg`a qum bfom fdea, fdea, m` mstm ofsa, em`mrf G`tmrprmtf`tms. Da qum prapa`mkas ms qum msas G`tmrprmtf`tms pumhf` smr oa`vaofhas pfrf df oa`struoogÿ` oadfjarftgvf y fotgvf hm sfjmrms. Fd rmspmota ms ütgd smöfdfr dfs gkpdgof`ogfs qum praymotf Ge`foga Zmha`ha sajrm md oa`ompta hm smkgasgs ddmvfha f df vghf oa`ormtf hm df prahuoogÿ` hmd oa`aogkgm`ta<

_mkgÿtgof Em`mrfd G ]@GHFH G G Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda - Kfrëf Muem`gf Hm \f` - Jmtg`f Imsdmr 

 

—^mgrom rakpm oa` df trfhgogÿ` kahmr`f, pfrf df qum md pm`sfkgm`ta ms fdea prgvfha y msoa`hgha hmd rmsta hmd ku`ha. _g md pm`sfkgm`ta y df oa`ogm`ogf sa` mddas kgskas praomsas smkgÿtgoas, `a pumhm` rmsghgr m` dfs km`tms g`hgvghufdms, sg`a m` df mstruoturf sëe`gof püjdgofkm`tm foomsgjdm m` y par df qum `as oaku`gofkas.‛ (Zmha`ha, :>>=< 6)

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2

=. _MKGA_G_ Md rmoarrgha prapumsta bfstf mstm pu`ta hmlf u` oa`lu`ta hm g`qugmtuhms qum pahrëfkas rmtakfr. rmtakfr. M` prg`ogpga, vgkas oÿka ^mgrom oumstga`ÿ df d f ghmf ofr tmsgf`f hmd sulmta oaka u`f m`tghfh pm`sf`tm, fgsdfhf hmd ku`ha, y prapusa pm`sfrda oaka u` sge`a. Df gkpdgof`ogf hgrmotf hm mstf ghmf hmd smr bukf`a oaka u` sge`a, ms qum sus ghmfs `a sa` prapgfs, sg`a qum mstæ` hgspmrsfs m` u`f g`stf`ogf qum da oa`tgm`m, qum ^mgrom ddfkÿ smkgasgs. Dfs ghmfs, m` së, `a mstæ` m` u`f km`tm, sg`a qum hgrmotfkm`tm `a mstæ` m` `g`eu`f pfrtm< dfs ghmfs fotüf`, bfom`  oasfs, y dfs bfom` mstfjdmogm`ha rmdfoga`ms. bfom` oasfs, M` mstm sm`tgha, da qum ddfkfkas —km`tm‛ ms u`f smrgm hm G`tmrprmtf`tms qum sm hmspdgmef` m` md tgmkpa, vgm`m` hmshm u` pfsfha (dfs bmrmhfkas sg` prmeu`tfr hmkfsgfha), fotüf` m` md prmsm`tm (dfs fotufdgzfkas m` `umstrf vghf oatghgf`f) y sm praymotf` f u` cutura (dfs trf`scmrgkas pfrf qum sm rmpdgqum`). Mstfkas m` u`f km`tm qum ms u` oa`tg`ua bgstÿrgoa hm G`tmrprmtf`tms. F hgcmrm`ogf hm Hmsofrtms, pfrf qugm` md sulmta smrëf u`f m`tghfh pm`sf`tm (rms (rms oaegtf`s), oaegtf`s), ^mgrom sastuva qum md smr bukf`a ms md prahuota hm u`f pastudfogÿ`, msta ms, md rmsudtfha hm u`f mxtm`sf ofhm`f hm sge`as (bmobas, m`u`ogfhas, ghmfs), qum cumra` kahmdf`ha su mxpmrgm`ogf m` md ku`ha. Msta eufrhf u`f g`tmrmsf`tm stdgfogÿ` oa` df tmarëf hm Dfof`, m` df qum md sulmta smrëf md prahuota hmd sge`gstof`tm, ms hmogr, hm u`f oa`oftm`fogÿ` hm m`u`ogfhas qum cumra` ormf`ha rmprmsm`tfoga`ms sajrm md së kgska. Hm bmoba, m` `umstrfs g`tmr vm`oga`ms oaka mhuofharms, kuobfs vmoms ormmkas qum mstfkas crm`tm f sulmtas oa`steurfhas hm f`tmkf`a, ouf`ha m` vmrhfh mstfkas `asatras kgskas, oa` `umstras fotas y `umstrfs pfdfjrfs, oa`struym`ha u`f sujlmtgvghfh. Msas G`tmrprmtf`tms hmspdmefhas m` md tgmkpa oa`steurf` pmrkf`m`tmkm`tm mstm sge`a qum ddfkfkas smr ddfkfkas  smr bukf`a. bukf`a. Da kgska aourrm oa` das ajlmtas hmd ku`ha. M` df GG Eumrrf Ku`hgfd, Fdf` Xurg`e pm`sÿ m` u`f kæqug`f qum puhgmrf hmoahgstofr km`sflms ogcrfhas, jfsæ`hasm m` fdeargtkas oakpdmlas y m` u`f mxtrföf oa`ompogÿ` hm df g`tmdgem`ogf. _us hmsofjmddfhfs ghmfs cumra` rmsgstghfs m` su çpaof, bfstf qum praermsgvfkm`tm cumra` mstuhgfhfs m` hgvmrsas ofkpas, em`mrf`ha u` ærmf ogm`tëstof m` së kgskf y sm`tf`ha dfs jfsms hm da qum bay ddfkfkas —g`tmdgem`ogf frtgstogfd‛. Bfom kmhga sgeda df pfdfjrf —oakputfharf‛ `a sge`gstofjf `fhf, y bay msf pfdfjrf ms ofsg u`f mxtm`sgÿ` hm `umstra aref`gska. M` km`as hm u` sgeda, u` sgkpdm vaofjda oaka çstm sm g`sorgjgÿ m` u`f smkgasgs, ha`hm su usa rmgtmrfha hgsmöÿ bæjgtas hm g`tmrprmtfogÿ` qum, fotufdkm`tm, sm sastgm`m` par së sadas. Xf`ta md smr bukf`a oaka das ajlmtas hmd ku`ha mxgstm`, prmogsfkm`tm, parqum mstæ` g`sorgptas m` u`f smkgasgs qum das oa`steurf y dms fpartf fpar tf sm`tghas. W m` mstf smkgasgs ms cu`hfkm`tfd df g`tmrvm`ogÿ` hm das atras. ^msm f qum `as pmrogjgkas oaka sulmtas oakpdmtas, hgstg`tas y hgcmrm`tms hmd rmsta, fd geufd qum df pfdfjrf —oakputfharf‛ hmjmkas `umstra sm`tgha f u`f ofhm`f bgstÿrgof hm G`tmrprmtf`tms. W m` msf kgskf trfkf hm sge`as a smkgasgs bgstÿrgof m` df qum `as g`sorgjgkas, `a sÿda sakas bay, sg`a qum tfkjgç` `as trf`scarkfkas m` md tgmkpa< fd smr sge`a, atras sge`as `as g`tmrprmtfræ`. @as praymotfkas bfogf atras sge`as cuturas, oaka u` sge`a geufd a kæs hmsfrraddfha. Ms m` mstm sm`tgha qum md fprm`hgzflm pahrëf smr m`tm`hgha oaka u` kakm`ta m` df smkgasgs y `a oaka u` sfjmr orgstfdgzfha m g`kutfjdm. ]` kakm`ta qum `a sÿda sm vg`oudf oa` sus praomsas f`tmomhm`tms sg`a qum, par hmst`gogÿ`, sm praymotf f cuturfs rmoa`steurfoga`ms, f `umvfs aref`gzfoga`ms

_mkgÿtgof Em`mrfd G ]@GHFH G G Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda - Kfrëf Muem`gf Hm \f` - Jmtg`f Imsdmr 

 

smkgÿtgofs, f patm`ogfdms smkgasgs fü` `a aourrghfs. Hfha msta, pahmkas fstrkfr qum md fprm`hgzflm `a ms u` oa`aogkgm`ta fhqugrgha m` u` prmsm`tm, sg`a qum ms u`f cu`ogÿ` par suomhmr, suomhmr, u`f oa`hgogÿ` hm pasgjgdghfh pfrf u`f smkgasgs cuturf. ^frf ^mgrom, md oa`aogkgm`ta ogm`tëstoa ms u`f oa`vm`ogÿ`, u` foumrha sajrm da qum u`f oaku`ghfh oa`sghmrf vmrhfhmra m` u` kakm`ta hfha hm df bgstargf.

^ÆE.

M` mstm pf`arfkf, ha`hm md fvf`om m` dfs cra`tmrfs hmd oa`aogkgm`ta pumhm smr m`tm`hgha oaka u` fprm`hgzflm, md vfdar hm u`f bgpÿtmsgs ogm`tëstof mstfrëf hfha `a sÿda par su ofpfoghfh hm mxpdgofr das bmobas, sg`a par su patm`ogfdghfh pfrf em`mrfr `umvfs mxpdgofoga`ms, pdf`tmfr prajdmkfs g``avfharms y pmrkgtgr `umvas hmsoujrgkgm`tas. F msta hmjmkas fermefr qum msf prapgmhfh hm df ogm`ogf oaka oa`struoogÿ` saogfd oakpdmlgzf da qum pahmkas m`tm`hmr oaka fprm`hgzflm. Da qum ddfkfkas —oa`aogkgm`ta‛ `a oa`sgstgrëf m`ta`oms m` u` bfddfzea a hmsoujrgkgm`ta hm u` sulmta fgsdfha, sg`a m` u` sgstmkf hm ghmfs qum sm oa`vaof` pfrf foarhfr mstfhas hmd sfjmr m` oaarhm`fhfs tmkparfdms y mspfogfdms mspmoëstofs. W hfha qum pfrf ^mgrom md bakjrm y md u`gvmrsa carkf` pfrtm hm u`f kgskf g`tmdmoogÿ` m` trf`scarkfogÿ`, md oa`aogkgm`ta pahrëf m`tm`hmrsm oaka df kftmrgfdgzfogÿ` hmd u`gvmrsa qum mstæ oakprm`hgç`hasm f së kgska. Ouf`ha md sulmta fprm`hm fdea, m`ta`oms, mstæ g`sorgjgç`hasm m` msf smkgasgs u`gvmrsfd, praymotæ`hasm fsë fd oa`ogmrta hm das sfjmrms cuturas qum fü` `a bf mxpmrgkm`tfha. ^ar m`hm, ouf`ha u` sulmta fprm`hm `a mstæ —takf`ha‛ fdea hm u` sgstmkf hm sge`as, sg`a qum mstæ g`sorgjgç`hasm m` u`f frqugtmoturf hm sfjmrms f`tms hmsoa`aoghf, mstæ cu`oga`f`ha m` u`f `umvf g`tmdgegjgdghfh, mstæ pfrtgogpf`ha hm da qum md u`gvmrsa sfjm (y sfjræ) sajrm së kgska. Mstf pfrtgogpfogÿ` m` df qum sm g`sorgjm md sulmta ouf`ha fprm`hm, m`oum`trf su vfdar m` da gkprmvgsgjdm. Ms prmogsfkm`tm m` da gkpm`sfha, m` dfs carkfs `umvfs qum ofhf sulmta pastudf (^mgrom, 6225< O^ 6.?28), ha`hm sm m`oum`trf md emrkm` emr km` hmd oa`aogkgm`ta qum sm g``avf y sm trf`scarkf. Cg`fdkm`tm, oa` mstm `umva kfroa tmÿrgoa hm trfsca`ha, `as qumhf prmeu`tfr`as par `umstrf orÿ`gof hmd hmsm`of`ta fd g`tm`tfr ddmvfr u`f pmdëoudf f df odfsm hm Dm`euf y Dgtmrfturf. Hmjmrëfkas pahmr ghm`tgstofr quç G`tmrprmtf`tms `as carlfra` f `asatras oaka mhuofharms. _g mstfkas dmym`ha  og`m, dmym`ha og`m, y mstfkas m`smöf`ha f dmmr y prahuogr `umvfs ghmfs m` `umvas dm`euflms, a sg kgrfkas  og`m, y `umstrf kgrfhf ms df kgskf qum md mspmotfhar f`ÿkgoa kgrfkas og`m, hm pmdëoudfs y mstfkas m`smöf`ha f rmprahuogr carkfs g`hustrgfdms hm oa`suka. Hmjmrëfkas prmeu`tfr`as sg mstfkas g``avf`ha g``avf`ha df  df odfsm lu`ta f das mstuhgf`tms a sÿda m`trmtm`gm`ha sÿda m`trmtm`gm`ha fd  fd püjdgoa. Hmjmrëfkas pahmr prmeu`tfr`as sg mstfkas msom`gstof`ha md dëkgtm hm `umstras g`tmrmsms m` df rmprahuoogÿ` hm u`f carkf rmpmtghf hm hfr odfsms, a sg `umstrf odfsm sm prmsm`tf oaka u`f apartu`ghfh pfrf pm`sfr md dm`euflm hm u`f pmrspmotgvf kæs fkpdgf. Xahf smkgasgs sm g`gogf m` u` sge`a prmvga< pfrf mstm ofsa m` pfrtgoudfr, df smkgÿtgof hmd og`m sm acrmom oaka u` G`tmrprmtf`tm hmsfrraddfha par vfrgas mspmogfdgstfs bfom fdeu`as föas. _m trftf hm u` sgstmkf hm oa`aogkgm`tas qum mstæ` mspmræ`ha`as pfrf bfomr hm `umstrfs præotgofs hm m`smöf`zf u`f mxpmrgm`ogf g``avfharf, `a sÿda pfrf bfomr , hmsfrraddfr odfsms g`tmrmsf`tms, sg`a tfkjgç` pfrf acrmomr bgpÿtmsgs `umvfs sajrm dfs ogm`ogfs y dfs frtms g`sorgptas m` atras dm`euflms, prmogsfkm`tm oa` das qum pm`sfkas y trfjflfkas f hgfrga.

3. DMOX]ZF_ HMZGSFHF_ Hfhf df mxtm`sgÿ` hm df prahuoogÿ` hm Obfrdms ^mgrom, m` mstm ofpëtuda hmlfkas kuobas tmkfs pm`hgm`tms. Das tmxtas qum rmoakm`hfkas f oa`tg`ufogÿ` pmrkgtm` fkpdgfr hgobas rmoarrghas. •

Ofstföfrms, U. (:>>5)< —Df smkgÿtgof hm ^mgrom‛ m` Obfrdms _f`hmrs ^mgrom. Zfzÿ` m g`vm`ogÿ` hmd pm`sfkgm`ta prfekftgstf. prfekftgstf . F`tbrapas, @¼ :6:, pp. 6?:-6?7.

_mkgÿtgof Em`mrfd G ]@GHFH G G Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda - Kfrëf Muem`gf Hm \f` - Jmtg`f Imsdmr 

7

 

•

•

^mgrom, Ob. Ob. _. (6278)< —±Vuç ms u` sge`a1‛ m` O^ :.:26, :2= y :75-?>:. Xrfh. ]xëf Zgvfs, 6777. ^mgrom, Ob. _. (o. 627?-67>?)< —Md goa`a, md ë`hgom y md sëkjada‛ m` O^ :.:58-?>2. Xrfh. _frf Jfrrm`f, :>>=.

^ÆE.

•

•

^mgrom, Ob. _. (625?)< —Ofpëtuda S. S. Vum df d f sge`gstofogÿ` hmd pm`sfkgm`ta rmsghm m` su rmcmrm`ogf fd cutura‛ m` K_ ?7:. Xrfh. Luf` ^fjda _mrrf, :>>5. ^mgrom, Ob. Ob. _. (67>?)< —@akm`odfturf y hgvgsga`ms hm dfs rmdfoga`ms trgæhgofs, bfstf ha`hm mstæ` hmtmrkg`fhfs‛ m` K_ =8>. Xrfh. Kfrëf Cmr`f`hf Jm`gttg, :>>3.

]`f cum`tm hm oa`sudtf pmrkf`m`tm hm sus tmxtas sm m`oum`trf m` df wmj hmd Erupa hm Mstuhgas ^mgromf`as hm ^mgromf`as hm df ]`gvmrsghfh hm @fvfrrf< bttp>5)< —Df smkgÿtgof hm ^mgrom‛ m` Obfrdms _f`hmrs ^mgr-  om.. Zfzÿ` m g`vm`ogÿ` hmd pm`sfkgm`ta prfekftgstf. F`tbrapas, @¼ :6:, om pp. 6?:-6?7. 4 bttpsmkg%O?%J?tgof%:> hm%:>O._.%:>^mgrom.phc1hd;6.0 ^mgrom, Ob. _. (6232f)< —Oumstga`ms fomrof hm ogmrtfs cfoudtfhms ftrgjughfs fd bakjrm‛ m` U :. 67?-:66. Xrfh. Ofrkm` Zugz< —Vumstga`s Oa`omr`g`e Omrtfg` Cfoudtgms Odfgkmh car Kf`‛. ^mgrom, Ob. _. (6232j)< —Fdeu`fs oa`smoum`ogfs hm ouftra g`ofpfoghfhms‛ m` U:, pp. :66-:8:, O^ =.:38-?65 y M^ 6.:2-==. Xrfh. Smrgoft, Lasç (6722)< Obfrdms _. ^mgrom. Md bakjrm, u` sge`a (Md prfekftgska hm ^mgrom).. Orëtgof< Jfromda`f. ^æes. ?7-=5. ^mgrom) ^mgrom, Ob. Ob. _. (6225)< —]`f oa`lmturf pfrf md fomrtgla‛ m` O^ 6.?=8-863. Xrfh. Cmr`f`ha O. Smvgf (6775)< Obfrdms _. ^mgrom. Msorgtas stdasÿstoas. stdasÿstoas. Kçxgoa< Md Oadmega hm Kgobafoæ`. ^æes. :>6-:8?. ^mgrom, Ob. _. (o. 6273)< —Df dÿegof hm dfs kftmkætgofs< u` g`tm`ta hm hmsfrraddfr kgs oftmearëfs hmshm hm`tra‛ m` O^ 6.865-=:>. Xrfh. Cmr`f`ha O. Smvgf, 6775. ^ujdgofhf m` Obfrdms _f`hmrs ^mgrom. Msorgtas stdasÿstoas, stdasÿstoas, pæes. :8=-:76. —Xbm Daego ac Kftbmkftgos9 f` Fttmkpt ta Hmvmdap ky Oftmeargms crak Ugtbg`‛. ^mgrom, Ob. _. (o. 6275)< —Cu`hfkm`ta, ajlmta m g`tmrprmtf`tm‛ m` K_ 572, O^ :.::5-::7 y :.888`6. Xrfh. Kfrgduz Zmstrmpa, :>>?. ^mgrom, Ob. Ob. _. (676>)< —Das sge`as y sus ajlmtas‛ m` Kmf`g`e. O^ :. :?>:?:. Xrfh. Kfrgduz Zmstrmpa, :>>?. Zmha`ha, G. (:>>=)< _ge`gstofha, g`tmrprmtf`tm y kmhgfogÿ`. ]`f fpraxg-  kfogÿ` f df oaku`gofogÿ` m` Obfrdms _. ^mgrom. ^mgrom . _mkg`frga hmd Erupa hm Mstuhgas ^mgromf`as. ]`gvmrsghfh hm @fvfrrf. :>>=

_mkgÿtgof Em`mrfd G ]@GHFH G G Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda - Kfrëf Muem`gf Hm \f` - Jmtg`f Imsdmr 

6>

 

Efstfdhmdda, Hf`gmd   _mkgÿtgof em`mrfd < kftmrgfd hm mstuhga mstuhga / Hf`gmd Efstfdhmdda 9 Kfrëf Kfrëf Muem`gf Muem`gf Hm \f` 9 Jmtg`f Imsdmr.. - 6f mh. - _f`tf Cm < ]`gvmrsghfh @foga`fd hmd Dgtarfd, :>6=. Imsdmr M-Jaai.   G_J@ 752-725-37:->3=-> 6. _mkgÿtgof. :. Mhuofogÿ`. ?. G`vmstgefogÿ`. G`vmstgefogÿ`. G. Hm \f`, Kfrëf Muem`gf GG. Imsdmr, Imsdmr, Jmtg`f Jmtg`f GGG.   Xëtuda OHH 8>6.86

_mrgm< Kftmrgfd hm Mstuhga hmd Om`tra Kudtgkmhgfd hm Mhuofogÿ` f Hgstf`ogf ]`gvmrsghfh @foga`fd hmd Dgtarfd Smrsgÿ`< :>6= Gkprmsa m` _f`tf Cm, Frem`tg`f, Lu`ga Lu`ga hm :>6=

Mhgtar Zmspa`sfjdm< ]`gvmrsghfh @foga`fd hmd Dgtarfd Jv.. ^mddmerg`g :5=> - ?>>> _f`tf Cm Jv Xmd.< >?8: - 8=5666>

Df rmprahuoogÿ` tatfd a pfrogfd hm mstf ajrf m` oufdqugmr carkf, `a futargzfhf par das mhgtarms, vgadf das hmrmobas rmsmrvfhas. Oufdqugmr utgdgzfogÿ` hmjm smr prmvgfkm`tm sadgogtfhf f df ]`gvmrsghfh @foga`fd hmd Dgtarfd.