Sexual Intercourse

 

Sexual intercourse Fo Forr other activities, [11][17] though the transmission risk is significantly reduced during non-penetrative sex,[18][19] safe sex practices are advised.[11] Various Vario us jurisdicti jurisdictions ons have placed restrictive laws against certain sexual acts, such as incest as  incest,, sexual activity with minors minors,, extramarital sex, sex, prostitution,  prostitution, sodomy,  sodomy, rape  rape and  and zoophilia. Religious  beliefs also play a role in personal zoophilia.   Religious beliefs decisions about sexual intercourse or other sexual activity, such as decisions about virginity about  virginity,,[10][20] or legal and sexuality vary  vary public policy matters.  Religious views on sexuality significantly between different religions and sects of the same religion, though there are common themes, such as prohibition of adultery of adultery.. Reproductive Reproducti ve sexual intercourse between non-human animals is more often termed  copulation, and sperm and  sperm may  may be introduced into the female’s reproducti reproductive ve tract in non copuvaginal ways among the animals, such as by cloacal by cloacal copunon-human  mammals,, mating  mating and  and copSexual intercourse in the missionary the  missionary position position , , the most common lation. For most non-human mammals  sex position , by Édouard-Henri Avril  human sex human position ,[1][2] depicted by Édouard-Henri  (the most fertile peulation occur at the point of estrus of  estrus (the riod of time in the female’s reproductive cycle), which of  successful impregnati impregnation on..[21][22] Sexual intercourse intercourse, or  coitus or  copulation, is princi- increases the chances of successful However, bonobos  bonobos,, dolphins and  dolphins and chimpanzees  chimpanzees are  are known pally the insertion and thrusting and  thrusting of  of a male’s penis male’s  penis,, usu- However, ally when erect when  erect,, into a female’s vagina female’s  vagina for  for the purposes to engage in sexual intercourse regardless of whether or and to engage in sex in  sex acts of sexual of sexual pleasure pleasure,,  reproduction  reproduction,, or both.[3] This is also not the female is in estrus, [23] partners. Like humans engaging in sexknown as vaginal intercourse or vaginal sex.[2][4] Other with same-sex partners. [8] forms of penetrative of penetrative sexual  sexual intercourse include penetra- ual activity primarily for pleasure, this behavior in animals is also presumed to be for  by the penis (anal ( anal sex sex),), penetration of the aforementioned tion of the anus the  anus by [24] the mouth by the penis or oral penetration of the fe- pleasure, and a[8]contributing factor to strengthening male genitalia male  genitalia ( (oral oral sex), sex), sexual penetration by the fin- their social bonds. gers (fingering (fingering), ), and penetration by use of a strap-on a  strap-on dildo..[5][6][7] These activities involve physical dildo involve  physical intimacy between two or more individuals and are usually used 1 Beha Behavi vior orss among humans solely for physical or emotional or  emotional pleasure  pleasure and commonly contribute to human to human bonding bonding..[5][8] activity and Human  Human sexuality See also: Human also:  Human sexual activity and A variety of views concern what constitutes sexual inactivity,,[9][10] which can also tercourse or other sexual other  sexual activity impact views on  sexual health health..[11] Although the term Defin finit itio ions ns sexual intercourse, particularly the variant  coitus,  gener- 1.1 De ally denotes penile-vaginal penetration and the possibility of creating offspring creating  offspring (which  (which is the  the   fertilization profertilization  pro- Behaviors termed  sexual intercourse  may be defined by [3] cess known as reproduction), it also commonly de- different words, including   coitus, copulation,  coition   or notes penetrative oral sex and particularly penile-anal intercourse (which is typically shorthand for sexual intersex.[12] Non-penetrativ Non-penetrativee sex sex acts,  acts, such as non-penetrative course). The term  coitus is derived from the Latin  word the  Latin word forms of cunnilingus of cunnilingus or  or mutual  mutual masturbation masturbation,, have been coitio   or  coire, meaning “a coming together or joining [13] termed   outercourse, but may additionally be consid- together” or “to go together"; it describes a variety of ered sexual intercourse.[5][14] The term sex , often a short- sexual activities under ancient Latin names, but usually This artic This article le is prima primaril rilyy abou aboutt hum humans ans.. behaviour ur.. animals, see Animal see Animal sexual behavio

[25] [4][26] intercourse to penile-vaginal hand for  sexual meancan anybe form of sex[15][16] is oftenexclusively termed  vaginal intercoursepenetration,  or  vaginal sex.which Because, can people at risk of refers ual activity. contracting sexually contracting  sexually transmitted infections infections during  during sexual The term vaginal sex, and less often  vaginal intercourse,

1

 

2

 

19th-centuryy painting 19th-centur painting of a couple couple eng engaged aged in vaginal vaginal intercour intercourse, se,  Achille Devéria by by Achille

19th-century erotic  19th-century  erotic  interpretation  interpretation of  Hadrian and    Hadrian  and  Antinous en  Antinous  en gaged in anal intercourse, by Édouard-Henri by Édouard-Henri Avril 

may also refer to any vaginal sexual activity, particularl particularlyy if penetrative if  penetrative,, including vaginal sexual vaginal  sexual activity between lesbian couples. couples.[27][28] Copulation, by contrast, most often means the mating the  mating process  process of non-human animals; it reproductive act  act of is generally defined as the sexually the  sexually reproductive  sperm from  from a male to a femal femalee or sexual protransferring sperm transferring creation between a man and a woman,[29][30][31] but may also denote any sexual activity between opposite-sex or same-sex pairings. pairings.[31] Although the prevalent usages of the terms  sexual intercourse   and   sex   denote penile-vaginal intercourse,[32]

1 BEHA BEHAVIORS  VIORS 

(WHO) states that non-English languages and cultures “use different terms for sexual activity, with slightly differentt meanings”.[16] Various feren Various vulgar  vulgar or  or slang  slang words  words and euphemisms euphemisms are  are also used to describe sexual intercourse   and the or other sexual activity, such as the term  fuck  and [34][35] phrase “sleep together”. Penetration of the vagina by the erect the erect penis  penis is additionally known as  intromission, or by the Latin name  immissio penis (Latin for “insertion of the penis”).[36] Resear Res earch chers ers com common monly ly de defin finee sex sexual ual interc intercour ourse se as penile-vaginal intercourse while using specific terms, such as anal sex  or  or oral sex , for other sexual activities.[37] Scholars Richard M. Lerner and Laurence Steinberg state that researchers also “rarely disclose how they define sex or even whether they resolved potential discrepancies in definitions of sex”.[9] Learner and Steinberg attribute researchers’ focus on penile-vaginal sex to “the larger culture’s preoccupation with this form of sexual activity,” and have expressed concern that the “widespread, “widesp read, unquestioned equation of penile-vaginal intercourse with sex reflects a fa failure ilure to examine systematically'whe cally 'whether therthe the resp responde ondent’s nt’s unde understan rstanding dingof of the ques ques-tion [about sexual activity] matches what the researcher had in mind'".[9] This focus can also relegate other forms of mutual ual sexua se xuall act activ ivit to foreplay or con contri tribut to them the is m  rape is notmut being regarded asityy“real sex,” and limi limit t bute how howe  rape may als alsoo be tha thatt con concep ceptua tually lly con con-defined.[38][39][40][41] It may flating sexual activity with vaginal intercourse and sexual function functi on hinders and limits informati information on about sexual behavior that non-heterosexual that non-heterosexual people  people may be engaging in, or information information about heterosexuals who may be engaging in non-vaginal sexual activity.[39] Vaginal, anal and oral sex, especially their penetrative forms, are the sexual activities most commonly recognized as sexua sexuall inter intercours course. e.[42] While Whilenon-p non-penetr enetrati ative ve and non-penile-vaginal sexual activities might be regarded as sexual intercourse,[5][6][14] they might alternatively be considered a means of maintaining "technical "technical virginity" virginity" or lab labele eledd “ou “outer tercou course rse,” ,” reg regard ardles lesss of an anyy pen penetr etrati ative ve aspects; this more often casebas for sexile-va than for anall sex ana sex. .[43]isVir Virgin ginity itylos losss istheof often ten based edoral on pen penile -vagin ginal al intercourse partly because heterosexual couples may engage in anal or oral sex not only for sexual pleasure, but as ways of maintaining that they are virgins if they have not engaged in the reproductive act of coitus. [43] Similarly, gay larly,  gay men may conside considerr frotting orora ororall sex sex as ways of maintaining their virginities, with penile-anal penetration defined as sexual intercourse and resulting in virginity lo loss ss,, wh whililee othe otherr ga gayy men men may may de defin finee frott rottin ingg or oral oral sex sex as [10][44][45] Lesbians their their mai mainn forms orms of sex sexual ual inter intercou course rse..  as sexual intercourse and may define oral sex or fingering or fingering as [9][10][46] resulting in virginity loss, and may also regard tribadism as a primary form of sexual activity.[2][47] tribadism as Studies regarding the definition of sexual intercourse

sex    and the phrase “have sex” activity can mean any penetrasometimesthe conflict. A 1999 study by the the Kinsey definition of sex based on Kinsey a 1991 Institute random tive and or   non-penetrati or  non-penetrative ve sexual  sexual between two or examined

more people.[15][16][33] The The World  World Health Organization sample of 599 college students from 29 U.S. states; it re-

 

1.2 Bonding Bonding and stimulus stimulus variation variation

ported that ported that whi while le “virtu “virtuall allyy every every col colleg legee stu studen dentt they they sursurveyed considered penile-vaginal intercourse to be sex,” and 19–20% said that anal intercourse was not sex, 60%  cunnilingus) did not said oral-genital contact (fellatio (fellatio,,  cunnilingus) [33][48][49] Similarly, a 2003 study constitute having sex. published in the  Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality focusing on definitions of having sex and noting studies concernin conc erningg uni univers versity ity stud students ents from from the Uni United ted Stat States, es, the Un Unite itedd Kingd Kingdom, om, and Aus Austra tralia lia rep report orted ed that that "[w "[w]hi ]hile le the vast majority of respondents (more than 97%) in these three studies included penile-vaginal intercourse in their definition definiti on of sex, fewer (between 70% and 90%) respondents considered penile-anal intercourse to constitute having sex” and that “oral-genital behaviours were definedassexbybetween32%and58%ofrespondents”. [15] The Centers The  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Prevention (CDC)  (CDC) stated in 2009 that "[a]lthough there are only limited national data about how often adolescents engage in oral sex, some data suggest that many adolescents who engage in or oral al sex sex dono do nott cons consid ider er itto it to be 's 'sex ex';'; ther theref efor oree theymay theymay use oral sex as an option to experience sex while still, in their minds, remaining abstinent”.[50] The specificity of questions concerning sexual activity can additionally affect definitions of sexual intercourse or sexual Another bys 18– the96. Kinsey Instit Insother titute ute sam sample pleddbehaviors. 484 peo people ple, , ran rangin ginggstudy in age ages 18–96. Th Thee study reported that nearly 95% of its participants “agreed that penile-vaginal intercourse meant 'had sex.' But the numbers changed as the questions got more specific”. 11% of respondents based “had sex” on whether the man had achieved an orgasm an  orgasm,, concluding that absence of an orgasm does not constitute “having had” sex; "[a]bout 80 percent perce nt of respond respondents ents said peni penile-ana le-anall inter intercours coursee mean meantt 'had sex.' About 70 percent of people believed oral sex Condom use  use is also a factor, with some men was sex.”[33] Condom stating that sexual activity involving the protection of a cond condom om is not not “rea “reall sex” sex” or “th “thee real real th thin ing”. g”.[33][51][52] One study stu dy rep report orted ed that that old older er gen genera eratitions ons of men (65 or old older) er) in particular particular do nnot ot view sexual ac activity tivity invol involving ving the pro[33] tection of a condom to be sex. This view is common among men in Africa in Africa,,[51][52] where sexual activity involving the protection of a condom is often associated with emasculation because condoms prevent direct penile–to– emasculation because skin genital contact.[51]

1.2 Bondin Bondingg and stimul stimulus us varia variation tion

 

3

ovulation  so that male and female partners concealed ovulation so commonly do not know whether she is fertile at any given moment. One possible reason ffor or this distinct bi biologiological feature may be formation of strong emotional bonds between sexual partners important for social interactions and, in the case of humans, long-term partnership rather than immediate sexual reproducti reproduction. on.[8][53] For humans in particular, cooperative behavior in a community and, by extension, extensio n, sexual activity reinf reinforce orce social bonds between individ indi viduals uals and ma mayy fform orm large largerr socia sociall struc structures tures.. The resulting cooperation encourages collective tasks that promote the survival of each member of the group.[23]

Édouard-Henrii Avril  depiction Édouard-Henr   depiction of a woman a  woman on top position , a  position that is more likely to stimulate the clitoris [1]

Sexual interc Sexual intercour ourse se or oth other er sex sexual ual ac actitivit vityy can enc encomp ompass ass various sexually various  sexually stimulating stimulating factors  factors (phys (physiological iological stimulation   or psychological ulation or  psychological stimulation stimulation),), including different sex ent sex position positionss or the use of sex of  sex toys. toys.[2][6][54] Foreplay may precede particular sexual activities, often leading to sexuall arou arousal sal of the the pa part rtne ners rs and and resu resultltin ingg in the the erection sexua of the penis the penis or  or natural lubrication natural  lubrication of  of the vagina the  vagina..[55] It is also common for people to be as sexually satisfied by being kissed, touched erotically touched erotically,, or held as they are by sexual intercourse.[56] During coitus, the partners orient their hips to allow the penis to move back and forth in the vagina to cause friction, friction, typically with without out fully rem removing oving the penis. In this way, they stimulate themselves and each other, often continuing until orgasm in either or both partners is achieved.[14][57] For human females, stimulation of the clitoris the  clitoris plays  plays a significant nifi cant role in sexua sexuall acti activity vity;; 70–80 70–80% % of wom women en requ require ire direct clitoral stimulation to achieve orgasm,[58][59][60] though thou gh indi indirect rect clit clitoral oral stim stimulati ulation on (for (for exam example, ple, via vaginal intercourse) may also be sufficient (see  orgasm in females). females).[61][62] Because of this, some couples may engage in the   woman woman on top pos positi ition on   or the   coital alignment technique, technique, a technique combining the “riding high” variation of the missionary the missionary position position with  with pressure-

Copulation ranges from a purely reproductive activity to one of emotional emotional bondi bonding. ng. For exa example, mple, sexual inter inter-course and sexual activity in general often play a strong role in human in  human bonding bonding..[8] In many societies, it is normal for couples to have sexual intercourse while using some method of birth of  birth control control (contraception),  (contraception), sharing pleasure and strengthening their emotional bond through sexual activity even though they are deliberately avoiding counterpressure movements performed by each partner pregnancy. [8] in rhythm with sexual penetration, to maximize clitoral [1][6][63] In humans and bonobos and bonobos,, tthe he female undergoes relatively stimulation.

 

4

 

1 BEHA BEHAVIORS  VIORS 

Anal sex involves stimulation of the  anus  anus,, anal cavity, sphincter valve or rectum or rectum;; it most commonly means the insertion of a man’s penis into another person’s rectum, but may also mean pegging mean  pegging,, the use of other sex toys or fingers to penetrate the anus, or anilingus or  anilingus..[64] Orall sex Ora sexcon consi sists stsof of all thesex the sexual ualact activ ivititiesthat iesthat in invo volv lvee the  or anus. use of the mouth and throat to stimulate genitalia stimulate genitalia or

Whena sper sperm m don donor or has hasse sexua xuall interc intercour ourse se wi with th a woman woman who is not his partner and for the sole purpose of impregnating the woman, this may be known as natural insemination , as opposed to artificial insemination, to  artificial inseminati insemination on.. Artificial insemination is a form of  assisted reproductive technology,, which are methods used to achieve pregtechnology For art artiinancyy by artifi nanc artificial cialor or parti partially ally artifi artificia ciall mean means. s.[71] For ficial insemination, sperm insemination, sperm donors donors may  may donate their sperm through a sperm a sperm bank bank,, and the insemination is performed with with theexp the expres resss inten intentio tionn of att attemp emptin tingg to imp impreg regna nate te the female; to this extent, its purpose is the medical equivalent of sexual intercourse.[72][73] Reproductive methods also extend to gay and lesbian coupl cou ples. es. For For gay male pai pairin rings, gs, there is the opti option on pregnancy; cy; for lesbian lesbian coupl couples, es, there is of  surrogate   pregnan donor insemination in addition to choosing surrogate pregnancy. [74][75] Surrogacy and donor insemination remain the primary methods. Surrogacy is an arrangement in which a woman carries and delivers a child for another couple couple or perso person. n. The woman ma mayy be the child child’s’s genetic mother (traditional surrogacy) surrogacy) or she may carry a pregnancy to delivery after having another woman’s eggs transferred to her uterus (gestational surrogacy). Gay or lesbian pairings who want the host to have no genetic

It is sometimes performed theinclude exclusion of all other forms form s of sexual activity, andtomay the ingestion or [2][65] absorption of semen or vaginal fluids. Finger Fin gering ing(or (or digit digital al pen penetr etrati ation on or digit digital al int interc ercour ourse) se) involves the manual manipulation of the clitoris, rest of the vulva,, vagina or anus for the purpose of sexual arousal vulva and sexual stimulation; it may constitute the entire sexual encounter or it may be part of mutual masturbation, foreplay or other sexual activities.[28][66][67]

connection to the child may choose gestational surrogacy surrogac donor.. Ga Gay y male maley and enter into a contract with an  egg an egg donor couples might decide that they should both contribute fertilisation (IVF)  (IVF) process, which semen for an in an  in vitro fertilisation further establishes establishes the couple’s joint intention to become parents.[75] Lesbian couples often have contracts drafted to extinguish the legal rights of the sperm donor, while creating legal rights for the parent who is not biologi biologically cally [76] related to the child.

1.3 Re Repr prod oduct uctio ionn

1.4 Saf Safee sex and cont contracept raception ion

Édouard-Henri Édouard-Henri Avril   depiction of cunnilingus in the life of  Sappho

Sexual intercourse is perhaps 385 million years old, and See also: Coitus also:  Coitus interruptus it is likely that the oldest  jawed fish fish on  on Earth was the [68]

Reproducfirst reproduce by occurs copulation. tion animal among to humans usually with penile-vaginal [69] penetration. Male orgasm usually includes ejaculation includes ejaculation,,  that deliver semen deliver semen con cona series of muscular contractions muscular  contractions that taining male gametes known as sperm as  sperm cells  cells or spermatozoa from from the penis into the vagi vagina. na. The subs subseque equent nt route of the sperm fro from m the vault of tthe he vagina is through the the cervix  cervix and  and into the uterus the uterus,, and then into the fallopian the fallopian tubes.. Milli tubes Millions ons of sperm are pre present sent in each ejac ejaculaulation, to increase the chances of one fertilizing an egg or ovum or ovum (see  (see sperm  sperm competition competition).). When a fertile ovum from the female is present in the fallopian tubes, the male  and gamete joins with the ovum, resulting in fertilization in fertilization and the formation of a new new embryo  embryo.. When a fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, it becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium (the endometrium)) and a pregnancy a pregnancy begins.  begins.[69]

There are a variety of safe of  safe sex methods sex  methods that are practiced by heterosexual and same-sex couples, including non-penetrative non-penetrati ve sex acts,[19][77] and heterosexual couples mayuseoraloranalsex(orboth)asameansof bi birth rth con con-[78][79] trol (contraception). trol  (contraception). However, pregnancy can still oc occu curr wi with th anal anal sex sex or oth other er forms orms of sexu sexual al ac actitivi vity ty if the the penis is near the vagina (such as during intercrural during intercrural sex sex or  or other genital-genital other  genital-genital rubbing rubbing)) and its sperm is deposited near the vagina’s entrance and travels along the vagina’s lubricating fluids; the risk of pregnancy can also occur without the penis being near the vagina because sperm may be transported to the vaginal opening by the vagina coming in contact with fingers or other non-genital body parts that have come in contact with semen.[80][81] Safe sex is a relevant harm relevant  harm reduction reduction philosophy,  philosophy,[11][82]

Unlike most species, human sexual activity not during linked ception. and condoms and  condoms are  are used as a form of safe ded sex for andthe contrato periods of estrus and of estrus Condoms are widely recommen recommended pre and can take place at anyistime vention of sexually of  sexually transmitted infections the reproductive cycle, even during pregnancy.[53][70] infections (STIs).  (STIs).[11][82]

 

1.5 Pr Prev evale alence nce

 

5

According to reports by the National the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and World and  World Health Organization (WHO), Organization  (WHO), correct and consistent use of latex condoms reduces the risk of HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS transmission  transmission by approximately 85–99% relative to risk when unprotected.[83][84] The most effective way to avoid sexually transmitted infecti infections ons is to to abstain  abstain fro from m sexual intercourse, especially vaginal, anal, and oral sexual intercourse.[82]

being what is usually meant when people refer to “having sex” or “sexual intercourse,” is “often the focus of sexuality education programming for youth.”[89] Regarding oral or anal intercourse, the CDC stated in 2009, “Studies indicate that oral sex is commonly practiced by sexually active male-female and same-gender couples of various ages, including adolescents.”[50] The 2010 NSSHB study reported that vaginal intercourse was

Decisionsbyand optionsreasons, concerning control  can be affected cultural such birth as religion, gender [18] roles or roles  or folklore  folklore.. In the predominantl predominantlyy Catholic  Catholic coun countries Ireland tries  Ireland,,  Italy  Italy and  and the  the   Philippines Philippines,,  fertility awareness and ness  and the rhythm the  rhythm method method are  are emphasized while disapproval is expressed with regard to other contraceptive methods.[18] Worldwide, Worldwide, sterilization  sterilization is  is a more com[18] mon birth control method, and use of the intrauterine the intrauterine device   (IUD) is the most common and effective way of reversing contraception.[18][85] Conception and contraception are additionally a life-and-death situation in developing countries, countries, where one in three women give birth before age 20; however, 90% of  unsafe abortions in these countries could be prevented by effective contraception use.[18] In 2004, the Guttmacher the Guttmacher Institute indicated Institute indicated in 2002 that 62% of the 62 million women aged 15–44 are currently using a contraceptive method, that among U.S. women pill is  is the who practice contraception, the birth-control the  birth-control pill most popular choice (30.6%), followed by tubal sterilization (27.0%) and the male condom (18.0%), and that 27% of teenage women using contraceptiv contraceptives es choose con[86] doms as their primary method. A 2006 Kaiser 2006 Kaiser Family Foundation report Foundation  report stated that among sexually active 15to 19-year-olds in the U.S., 83% of females and 91% of males reported using at least one method of birth control during last intercourse.[87] The   National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior The (NSSHB) indicated in 2010 that “1 of 4 acts of vaginal intercourse are condom-protected in the U.S. (1 in 3 among singles),” that “condom use is higher among black and Hispanic Americans than among white Americans and those from other racial groups,” and that “adults usin ingg a cond condom om for inte interc rcou ours rsee were were ju just st as lilike kely ly to rate rate the the sexual extent positively positively in terms of arousal, pleasure and orgasm than when having intercourse without one”.[88]

practiced more than insertive anal intercourse among men,butthat13%to15%ofmenaged25to49practiced insertiv inse rtivee anal inter intercours course. e. Recept Receptiv ivee anal inter intercours coursee was infrequent among men, with approximately 7% of men aged aged 14 to 94 ye year arss old old ha havi ving ng sa said id that that they they we were re a rece recepptive partner during anal intercourse. It said that women engage in anal intercourse less commonly than men, but that the practice is not uncommon among women; it was esti estima mate tedd that that 10% 10% to 14% 14% of wom omen en ag aged ed 18 to 39 yea ears rs old practiced anal sex in the past 90 days, and that most of the women said they practiced practiced it once a month or a few [26] times a year. The prevalence of sexual intercourse has been compared cross-culturally. In 2003, Michael Bozon of the French Institut national d'études démographiques   conducted a cross-cultural study titled “At what age do women and men ha have ve their their firs firstt sex sexual ualint interc ercour ourse? se?.” .” In thefirs the firstt gro group up of the contemporary cultures he studied, which included sub-Saharan Africa (listing  Mali,, Senegal  Senegal and  and Ethiopia  Ethiopia),), Africa (listing Mali the data indicated that the age of men at sexual initiation initiation in thes thesee soci societ etie iess is at la late terr ag ages es than than that that of wome women, n, bu butt is often extra-marital; the study conside considered red the the Indian  Indian subcontinent to continent  to also fa fallll into this group, though data was only available from Nepal from Nepal..[90][91] In the second group, the data indicated families encouraged daughters to delay marriage, and to abstain from sexual activity before before that time. Howe However, ver, sons are encouraged to gain experience with older women or prostitutes before marriage. Age of men at sexual initiation in these societies is at lower ages than that of women; this group includes Latin cultures, both from southern from  southern Europe ( (Portugal Europe Portugal,,  Greece and  Greece  and Romania  Romania are  are noted) and  Latin America America ( (Brazil Brazil,,  Chile  Chile,, and the Dominican the  Dominican from Latin from Republic).). The study considered many Asia Republic Asiann societies to also fall into this group, although matching data was only available from Thailand from Thailand..[90][91] In the third group, age of men and women at sexual initiati init iation on was mor moree clos closely ely matche matched; d; ther theree wer weree two sub-groups, howev however. er. In non-Latin, Cath Catholic olic countrie countriess (Poland Poland and  and Lithuania  Lithuania are  are mentioned), age at sexual initiation was higher, suggesting later marriage and reciprocal valuin valuingg of mal malee and andffema emale le virgin virginity ity.. Th Thee sam samee pa patter tternn of late marriage and reciprocal valuing of virginity was re and Sri  Sri Lanka Lanka.. The study considered considered flected in Singapore in Singapore and China  and Vietnam China and  Vietnam to  to also fall into this group, though northern ern and eas easter ternn Eudat dataa we were re not av avail ailab able. le.[90][91] In north ropean countries, age at sexual initiation was lower, with both men and women involved in sexual intercourse be-

1.5 Pr Preeva vale lenc ncee Penile-vaginal penetration is the most common form of sexual intercourse.[4][26] Studies indicate that most heterosexual couples engage in vaginal intercourse nearly every sexual encounter.[26] The National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavi Behavior or (NSSHB) reported in 2010 that vaginal intercourse is “the most prevalent sexual behavior [26] In amongClint men E. andBruess womenet of agesthat and itethnicities”. 2013, al.allstated “is the most frefrequently studied behavior” and, besides in many cultures

 

6

 

 Switzerland,, fore any union formation; the study listed  Switzerland Republic as  as members of this Germany and the Czech the  Czech Republic [90][91] group. Concerning United States data, national surveys in 1995 indicated that at least 3/4 of all men and women in the U.S. engaged in sexual intercourse by their late teenage ye years ars,, and mo more re than than 2/3 of all sexua sexually lly exp experi erienc enced ed teen teenss [92] had two or more partners. Based on the 2002 Na U.S. tional SurveyofofHealth Familyand Growth, the Department Humanpublished Services, by Services, thethe U.S. average age of first sexual intercourse in U.S. participants aged 15 to 44 was 17.3 years for females and 17.0 years for the National Cenmales.[93][94][95] Special tabulations by the National ter for Health Statistics suggest Statistics  suggest that this figure changed between 2006 and 2010 to 17.1 years for both males and The Centers  Centers for Disease Control and Prevenfemales.[96] The tion (CDC) tion  (CDC) stated that 45.5 percent of girls and 45.7 percent of boys had engaged in sexual activity by 19 in 2002; in 2011, reporting their research from 2006–2010, they stated that 43% of American unmarried teenage girls and 42% of American unmarried teenage boys have ever enThe CDC also also rep report ortss that that gagedin gaged in sexua sexuall inter intercours course. e.[97] The Americ Ame rican an girls girls wil willl mos mostt lik likel elyy los losee their their virgin virginitityy to a bo boyy who is 1 to 3 years older than they are.[97] The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported in 2002 that teenagers are delaying sexual intercourse and other sexual activity until older ages. [98] Between 1988 and 2002, the percentage of people in the U.S. who had sexual intercourse between the ages of 15 to 19 fell from 60 to 46 percent for never-married males, and from 51 to 46 percent for never-married females. [98] Similarly, a 2006 survey conducted by  The Observer  suggested that most adolescents in Britain were waiting longer to have sexual intercourse than they were only a few few year yearss earli earlier. er.[99] Fo Forr ex examp ample, le, it was was rep report orted ed in 200 20022 that 32% of British teenagers were having sex bef before ore the age of 16; in 2006, how howeve ever, r, it was only 20%. The average age a British teenager lost his or her virginity was reportedly 17.13 years in 2002, and 17.44 years in 2006 on average girlswho and 18.06 for having boys. The drop amongforteens reported sexmost was notable 14 and [99] by  YouGov 15-year-olds. A 2008 survey conducted by YouGov for Channel for Channel 4 suggested 4  suggested that 40% of all 14 to 17-yearolds are sexually active, 74% of sexually active 14 to 17year-olds have had a sexual experience under the age of consent, and 6% of teens would wait until marriage before having sex.[100]

2 Heal Health th effec effects ts 2.1 Gen Genera erall ben benefi efits ts In humans, sexual intercourse and sexual activity in gen-

2 HE HEALT ALTH H EF EFFE FECTS  CTS 

sure,[101][102] and decreased risk of prostate sure, of  prostate cancer cancer..[101] Sexual intimacy and orgasms increase levels of the hormone   oxytocin   (also known as “the love hormone”), which can help people bond and build trust. [102][103] A lon long-te g-term rm stu study dy of 3,5 3,500 00 peo peopl plee betwe between en ag ages es 18 and 102 by clini clinical cal neuropsychologist Davi Davidd Wee Weeks ks indi indicated cated that, based on impartial ratings of the subjects’ photographs, sex on a regular basis helps people look significantly chronologically chronologi cally younger.[104]

2.2 Ge Gene neral ral ris risks ks Sexually trans Sexually transmitted mitted inf infectio ections ns (STIs (STIs)) are   bacteria bacteria,, viruses   and  parasites  parasites,, whi which ch are passed fro from m per person son to person person dur during ing sexua sexuall con contac tact,t, espec especia ially lly penetr penetraative tive sexual in interco tercourse. urse. Some, in parti particular cular   HIV HIV   and syphilis, can also be passed in other ways, including from mother to child during pregnancy and  childbirth  childbirth,,  blood products products,, and by shared hypodermic shared hypodermic neethrough blood through dles..[105] Gonococcal dles Gonococcal or  or chlamydia  chlamydia infections  infections often produce no symptoms. Untreated chlamydia chlamydia inf infection ection can lead to fema female le infertility and and ectopic  ectopic pregnancy pregnancy..  Human papillomavirus can papillomavirus  can lead to genital and cervical and  cervical cancers cancers.. Syphilis   can result in  stillbirths   and neonatal deaths. Syphilis  Untreated gonococcal infections result in miscarriages in  miscarriages,, preterm birth preterm birthss and perin perinatal atal death deathss. Infant Infantss bor bornn to mot mothhers with untreated gonorrhea untreated  gonorrhea or  or chlamydia can develop neonatal con conjunctivi junctivitis tis (a  (a serious eye infection), which B can also be transcan lead to blindness.[105] Hepatitis B can [106] mitted through sexual contact. Globally, there are about 350 million chronic carriers of hepatitis B.[107] There are 19 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections every year in the U.S.,[108] and, in 2005, the World Health Organization estimated that 448 million people aged 15–49 were being infected a year with with cur curab able le STI STIss (such (such as sy syphi philis lis,, gon gonorr orrhe heaa and [105] genital tal ulce ulcerr; even even chlamydia). SomeSTIscancausea geni if they do not, they increase the risk of both acquiring and passing on HIV up to ten-fold.[105] HIV is one of the world’s leading infectious killers; in 2010, approximately 30 million people were estimated to have died because of it since the beginning of the epidemic. epidemic. Of the 2.7 million new HIV new HIV infections infections estimated  estimated to occur world worldwide wide in 2010, 1.9 million (70%) were in Africa in  Africa.. “The estimated 1.2 million Africans who died of HIV-related illnesses in 2010 comprised 69% of the global total of 1.8 million deaths attributable to the epidemic.”[109] It is diagnosed is diagnosed by blood tests, tests, and while no cure has been found, it can antiretro etroviral viral drug drugss be contr controlled olled by mana manageme gement nt through through antir for the disease, disease, and patients can enjoy healthy and productive lives.[110] In cases where infecti infection on is suspected, early medical intervention is highly beneficial in all cases. The CDC stated "[t]he risk of HIV transmission fro from m an infected partner

oral sex much less sex,” than the HIV transeral been reported as  by having health benefits as provar- through mission from analis or vaginal but risk that of "[m]easuring  immunity by increasing the body’s ied ashave increased increased immunity duction of antibodies of  antibodies and  and subsequent lower blood lower  blood pres- the exact risk of HIV transmission as a result of oral sex

 

2.3 Duration Duration and genital genital complicati complications ons

is very difficult” and that this is “because most sexually active individuals practice oral sex in addition to other formss of sex, such as vaginal and/or anal sex, when transform mission occurs, it is difficult to determine whether or not it occurred as a result of oral sex or other more risky sexual activities”. They added that “several co-factors may increase the risk of HIV transmission through oral sex"; gums,, genital sores, and the this includes ulcers, bleeding ulcers, bleeding gums presence of other STIs.[50] In 2005, the World Health Organization (WH0) estimated that 123 million women become pregnant worldwide each year, and around 87 million of those pregnancies or 70.7% are unintentio unintentional. nal. Approximatel Approximatelyy 46 million pregnancies per year reportedly end in induced abortion abortion..[111] Approximately 6 million U.S. women become pregnant per year. Out of known pregnancies, twothirds result in live births and roughly 25% in abortions; the remainder end in miscarriage. Howe However, ver, many more women become pregnant and miscarry without even realizing it, instead mistaking the miscarriage for an unU.S. teenage pregusually heavy menstruation heavy  menstruation..[112] The U.S. teenage nancy rate nancy  rate fell by 27 percent between 1990 and 2000, from 116.3 pregnancies per 1,000 girls aged 15–19 to 84.5. This data includes live births, abortions, and fetal losses. Almost 1 million American teenage wome women, n, 10% of all women aged 15–19 and 19% of those who report having had intercourse, become pregnant each year. [113] Britain has been stated to have a teenage pregnancy rate similar to America’s.[114] Sexual activity can increase the expressi expression on of aa gene  gene transcription factor scription  factor called ΔFosB called ΔFosB (Delta  (Delta FosB) in the brain’s the brain’s [115][116][117] reward center; center; consequently excessively frequent engagement in sexual activity on a regular (daily) basis can lead to the overexpression of ΔFosB, inducing an addiction to sexual activity.[115][116][117] Sexual addiction or hypersexuality is of often ten con consi sider dered ed an imp impuls ulsee con con-trol disorder or a behavioral addiction. addiction. It has been linked to atypical levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter. This behavior is characterized by a fixation on sexual inter-

 

7

they engage in sexual intercourse or any vigorous physical exercise that is engaged in on a sporadic basis.[121] Increased risk is temporary with incidents occurring within a few hours of the activity. activity. Regula Regularr exerc exercise ise reduces reduces,, but does not eliminate, the increased risk. [121] In a study in Switzerland of emergency of  emergency department admissions department  admissions for conditions related to sexual intercourse, less than 1% had cardiovascular had  cardiovascular emergencies emergencies,, 10% had trauma had  trauma   and 12% had neurological emergencies whereof the most frequent were headaches (in 49% of neurologica neurologicall emergenhemorrhage (22%)  (22%) and cies), followed by subarachnoid by  subarachnoid hemorrhage [122] amnesia (20%). transient global amnesia (20%).

2.3 Duratio Durationn and genit genital al compli complicatio cations ns time and  and Coitus  Coitus See also: Intravaginal also: Intravaginal ejaculation latency time reservatus Sexual intercourse, when involving a male participant, often ends when the male has ejaculated, and thus the  orgasm..[123] In addipartner might not have time to reach reach orgasm tion, premature tion, ejaculation (PE) is common, and women  premature ejaculation (PE) often require a substantially duration of stimulation with a sexual partner thanlonger men do bef before ore reaching an [55][124][125] orgasm. Masters and Johnson found Johnson found that men took approximately 4 minutes to reach orgasm with their partners; women took approximately 10–20 minutes to reach orgasm with their partners, but 4 minutes to reach orgasm when they masturbated.[55] Scholars state “many couples are locked into the idea that orgasms should be achieved only through intercourse [penile-vaginal sex],” that “the word  foreplay  suggests that any other form of sexual stimulation is merely preparation for the 'main event'" and that "[b]ecause women reach orgasm through intercourse less consistently than men,” they are likelier than men to fake to  fake an orgasm to orgasm  to satisfy their sexual [55] partners.

course behavior' and disinhibition. disinhib ition. It was proposed this 'addictive be classified in DSM-5 as in DSM-5  as anthat impulsive– compulsive behavioral disorder. Addiction to sexual intercourse is thought to be genetically linked. Those having an addiction to sexual intercourse have a higher response spo nse to visual sexua sexuall cues in the brai brain. n. Those seek seek- will typically see a physician for pharmaing treatment ing  treatment will cological management and therapy. t herapy.[118] One form of hyper sexuality is Kleine-Levin syndrome. syndrome. It is manifested by hyp hypersom ersomnia nia and hyp hyperse ersexuali xuality ty and rema remains ins rela relativ tively ely [119] rare. Sexual activity can directly cause death, death, particularly due to coronary to  coronary circulation  circulation   complications, which is sometimes termed  coital death, coital sudden death  or  coital  coronary.[14][120][121] However, coital deaths are signif[120]

People,have especially those who getrisk little icantly rare. exercise, or no physical a slightly increased of Painting of an Indian an Indian couple  couple (a prince and lady) prolonging sextriggering a heart a  heart attack attack or  or sudden  sudden cardiac death when death  when ual intercourse

 

8

 

2 HE HEALT ALTH H EF EFFE FECTS  CTS 

In 1991, scholars from the Kinsey Institute stated, “The truth is that the time between penetration and ejaculatio jaculationn varies not only from man to man, but from one time to the next for the same man.” They added that the appropriate length for sexual intercourse is the length of time it takes takes for bot bothh par partne tners rs to be mut mutual ually ly satisfi satisfied, ed, emp emphas hasiziz “found that 75 percent of men ejaculated ing that Kinsey that Kinsey “found within two minutes minutes of penetration. But he didn't ask if the men or their partners considered two minutes mutually satisfying” and “more recent research reports slightly longer long er times timesfo forr inter intercours course”. e”.[126] A2008surveyofCanadian and American sex American sex therapists stated therapists stated that the average time for heterosexual intercourse (coitus) was 7 minutes and that 1 to 2 minutes was too short, 3 to 7 minutes was adequate and 7 to 13 minutes desirable, while 10 to 30 minutes was too long.[26][127] Anorgasmia is Anorgasmia  is regular difficulty reaching orgasm after ample sexual stimulation, causing personal distress.[128] This is significantly more common in women than in men,[129][130] which has been attributed to the lack of sex of  sex education with education  with regard to women’s bodies, especially in sex-negative sex-negative cultures,  cultures, such as clitoral stimulation usually being key for women to orgasm.[130] The physical structure of coitus fav favors ors penile stimulation over clitoral stimulation; the location of the clitoris then usually necessitates manual or oral stimulation in order ffor or the female to [55] achievee orgasm. App achiev Appro roxim ximate ately ly 25% of wo women men rep report ort [26] difficulties with orgasm, 10% of women have never and 40% 40% or 40–5 40–50% 0% have have eith either er co commhad an orgas orgasm, m,[131] and plained about sexual dissatisf dissatisfaction action or experienced difficulty becoming sexually aroused at some point in their lives.[132] Vaginismus is Vaginismus  is involuntary involuntary tensing of the pelvic flfloor oor musculature, making coitus, or any form of penetration of the vagina, distressing, painful and sometimes impossible for women. women. It is a conditioned reflex of the pubococcygeus muscle, and is sometimes referred to as the   PC  muscle.  Vaginismus can hard to overcome because a if a woman expects to experience pain during sexual inter-

at some time.”[137] Further, “Masters and Johnson speculated that premature ejaculation is the most common sexual dysfunction, even though more men seek therapy for erectile difficulties” difficulties” and that tthis his is because “although an estimated 15 percent to 20 percent of men experience difficulty controlling rapid ejaculation, most do not consider it a problem requiring help, and many women have difficulty expressing their sexual needs”. [126] The American Urological Association (AUA) Association (AUA) estimates that premature ejaculation could affect 21 percent of men in the United States.[138] For those whose impotence is caused by medical conditions, prescription drugs such as   Viagra Viagra,,  Cialis  Cialis,, and Levitra are available. Howev However, er, doctors caution agains againstt Levitra are available. the unnecessary use of these drugs because they are accompanied by serious risks such as increased chance The selective  selective serotonin reuptake inof heart attack.[139] The hibitor   (SSRI) and antidepressant drug  hibitor drug   dapoxetine dapoxetine   has been used to treat premature ejaculation. [140] In clinical trials, those with PE who took dapoxetine experienced enc ed sex sexual ual inter intercou course rse three three to four tim times es longer longer bef before [141] orgasm than without the drug. Another ejaculatio jaculationnrelated disorder is  delayed ejaculation ejaculation,, which can be caused as an unwanted side eff effect ect of antidepressa antidepressant nt medications such as Fluvoxamine as  Fluvoxamine;; however, all SSRIs have ejaculatio jaculation-delaying n-delaying effects, and Fluvoxamine has the least ejaculation-delaying effects.[142] Sexual intercourse remains possible after major medical treatment of the reproductive organs and structur tures. es. Thi Thiss is es espec pecia ially lly ttrue rue for for wo women men.. Eve Evenn after extensive gynecological surgical procedures such as: hysterectomy, hysterectomy ,   oophorectomy, oophorectomy,   salpingectomy, salpingectomy,   dilation and curettage, curettage, hymenotomy  hymenotomy,, Bartholin gland gland surgery,  surgery, abscess removal, vestibulectomy, labia vestibulectomy,  labia minora minora reduction,  reduction, cervical coni cervical conizati zation on,, surgical and radi radiologi ological cal cance cancerr treat treat-ments and chemother chemotherap apyy coitus can continue continue.. Reconstructive surgery remains an option for women who have experienced benign and malignant conditions.[143]

course canintercourse. cause a muscle spasm, which results in [130][133] painful this sexual Treatment of vaginismus often includes both psychological and behavioral techniques, including the use of vaginal of  vaginal dilators dilators..[134] Ad as a medical treatment for ditionally, the use of Botox of  Botox as vaginismus vaginism us has been tested and administered.[135] Painful or uncomfortable uncomfortable sexual intercourse may also be categorized as dyspareunia as dyspareunia..[134] Approximately 40% of males reportedly suffer from some form of erectile of  erectile dysfunction dysfunction (ED)  (ED) or impotence, [136] Premature ejaculation ejaculation has been at least occasionall occasionally. y. reported to be more common than erectile dysfunction, although some estimates suggest otherwise.[124][125][136] Due to various definitions of the disorder, estimates for the prevalence of premature ejaculation vary significantly

2.4 Oth Other er disabili disabilitie tiess

[124][125]

Main article: Sexuality article:  Sexuality and disability Obstacles that those with disabilities with  disabilities face  face with regard to engaging in sexual intercourse include pain, depression pain,  depression,, fatigue, negative fatigue, image, stiffness, functional impair negative body image, ment, anxiety, reduced libido reduced  libido,, hormonal imbalance, and drug treatment treatment or side effec effects. ts. Sexua Sexuall functi functionin oningg has been been regularly identified as a neglected area of the quality of life in patients with rheumatoid with  rheumatoid arthritis arthritis..[144] Fo Forr tho those se that that mus mustt tak takee opo opoid idss for pai painn con contro trol,l, sex sexual ualinin[145] a stroke tercourse can become more difficult. Having a stroke can also largely impact on the ability to engage in sexual

[146] Although disability-related pain, includexample, more thanClinic states, for erectile the the Mayo Clinic  Mayo  states,dysfunction. “Estimates vary, butFor as many as 1 intercourse. ing as a result of cancer of  cancer,, and mobility impairment can out of 3 men may be affected by [premature ejaculation] hamper sexual intercourse, in many cases, the most sig-

 

2.5 Social Social eff effects ects

 

9

Sexual dissatisfaction due dissatisfaction  due to the lack of sexual inter and course is associated with increased risk of divorce of  divorce and [152][153][154] relationship dissolution, especially for men. Some research, however, indicates that general dissatis for men results if their wives flirted wives  flirted faction with marriage with marriage for with, erotically kissed or became romantically or sexually involved with another man (infidelity ( infidelity),),[152][153] and that this is especially the case for men with a lower emotional and composite marital satisfaction.[154] Other studies report that the lack of sexual intercourse does not significantly result in divorce, though it is commonly one of the various contributors to it. [155][156] According to the 2010 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB), men whose most recent sexual encounter was with a relationship partner reported greater arousal, greater pleasure, fewer problems with erectile function, functi on, orgasm, and less pain during the event than men whose last sexual encounter was with a non-relationship partner.[157] For women, there is often a complaint about the lack of their spouses’ spouses’ sexual sponta spontanei neity. ty. Decrea Decreased sed sexual activity among these women may be the result of their perceived failure to maintain ideal physical ideal physical attractiveness or because their sexual partners’ health issues have hindered sexual intercourse.[158] Some women express that their most satisfying sexual experiences entail being connected to someone, rather than solely basing satisf satisfaction action [123][159] With regard to divorce, women are on orgasm. more likely to divorce their spouses for a one-night a  one-night stand or various infidelities if they are in less cooperative or high-conflictt marriages.[154] high-conflic Research additionally indicates indicates that non-married couples who are are cohabiting  cohabiting engage  engage in sexual intercourse more of2.5 Soc Social ial effect effectss ten than married couples, and are more likely to participate in sexual activity outside of their sexual relation2.5.1 2.5 .1 Adul Adults ts ships; this may be due to the "honeymoon " honeymoon"" effect (the newness or novelty of sexual intercourse with the partSome researchers, such as Alex as Alex Comf Comfort ort,, posit three po- ner), since sexual intercourse is usually practiced less the tential advantages or social effects of sexual intercourse longer a couple is married, with couples engaging in sex-

nificant impediments to sexual intercourse for individuals with a disability are psychological.[147] In particular, people who have a disability can find sexual intercourse daunting due to issues involving their their self-concept  self-concept as a sexual being, or a partner’s discomfort or perceived discomf discomfort. ort.[147] Temporary difficulties can arise with alcohol with  alcohol and sex sex,, as alcohol can initially increase interest through disinhibition but decrease capacity with greater intake; however, disinhibition can vary depending on the culture.[148][149] The mentally The  mentally disabled disabled also  also are subject to challenges in participating in sexual intercourse. Women with Intellectual disabilities (ID) are often presented with situations that prevent sexual intercourse. intercourse. This can include the lack of a know knowledgeable ledgeable hhealthcare ealthcare pro provider vider trained and experie rience ncedd in cou counse nselin lingg tho those se with with ID on sexua sexuall interc intercour ourse. se. Those with ID may have hesitati hesitations ons regarding the discussion of the topic of sex, a lack of sexual knowledge and limited opportunities for for sex education. In addition there are other barriers such as a higher prevalence of sexual abuse and assault. These crimes of often ten remain underreported.. Ther ported Theree remains a lack of “dia “dialogue logue arou around nd this populatio popu lation’s n’s huma humann right right to cons consens ensual ual sexua sexuall expr expressi ession, on, undertreatment of menstrual disorders, and legal and systemic barriers”. Women with ID may lack sexual health care and sex education. They may not recognize sexual abuse. Consensua Consensuall sexual intercourse is not always always an option for some. Those with ID may have limited knowledge and access to contraception, screening for sexually transmitted infections infections and cervical cancer.[150]

[8][151] in hu human mans, s, whic which h are not mutual ually ly ex exclu clusi sive; ve; thes these e arethe reWhile productive, relational, andmut recreational. development develo pment of the birth-control pill and other highly effective forms of contraception in the mid to late 20th century increased people’s ability to segregate these three functions, they still significantly overlap and in complex patterns. For example: A fertile couple may have sexual intercourse while contracepting not only to experience sexual sex ualple pleas asure ure(re (recre creati ationa onal), l), but butals alsoo as a mea means ns of emo emo-tional tion al inti intimac macyy (rela (relation tional), al), thus deepe deepening ning thei theirr bond bonding, ing, making their relationship more stable and more capable of sustaining children in the future (deferred reproductive). tive). This coup couple le may emphasi emphasize ze diff different erent aspec aspects ts of sexual intercourse on different occasions, being playful during one episode of sexual intercourse (recreational), experiencing deep emotional connection on another oc-

ual intercourse or other six sexual activity once or twice a [160] week, or approximately to seven times a month. Sexuality in older age also age  also affects the frequency of sexual int interc ercour ourse, se, as older older peo people plegen genera erally lly eng engag agee in sex sexual ual [160] intercourse less frequently than younger people do. 2.5.2 Ad Adole olesce scents nts

Regarding adolescen adolescentt sexua sexuality lity,, sexual sexual inter intercou course rse is us usuually ally for relat relatio ional naland and recrea recreatio tional nal pur purpos poses es as we well. ll. Ho Howw teenage pregnanc pregnancyy is often disparaged, and research ever, teenage ever, puberty for  for children puts suggests that the earlier the earlier onset of puberty pressure on children and teenagers to act like adults befor foree they are emotionally or cognitively ready.[161] Some studies have concluded that engaging in sexual inter-

especially girls,girls withmay higher casion later,pregnancy after discontinuing contralevels ofleaves stressadolescents, and depression, and that be ception,(relational), seeking to and achieve (reproductive, or course more likely reproductive and relational).[151] likelier to engage in sexual risk (such as sexual inter-

 

10

 

course without the use of a condom), [162][163] but it may be that further research is needed in these areas. [163] In some countries, such as the United States, sex States,  sex education and abstinence-only and  abstinence-only sex eeducation ducation curricula  curricula are availabl availablee to educate adolescents about sexual activity; these programs are controversial, as debate exists as to whether or not teaching children and adolescents about sexual intercourse or other sexual activity should only be left up to parents or other caregivers other caregivers..[164] One group of Canadian researchers found a relationship between self-esteem and sexual activity. They ffound ound that students, especially girls, who were verbally abused by teachers or rejected by their peers were more likel l ikelyy than other students to engage in sex by the end of Grade 7. The researchers speculate that low self-esteem increases the likelih likelihood ood of sexua sexuall acti activity: vity: “low “lowselfself-estee esteem m seeme seemedd to explain the link between peer rejection and early sex. Girls with a poor self-image may see sex as a way to become 'popular', according to the researchers”.[165] In India In India,, there is evidence that adolescents are becoming more sexually active outside of marriage, which is feared to lead to an increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS among adolescents, as well as the number of  unwanted pregnancies and nancies  and abortions, and add to the conflict between contemporary social social values. In India, adolescen adolescents ts have relatively poor access to health care and education, and with cultural norms opposing extramarital sexual behavior, “these implications may acquire threatening dimensions for for the society and the nation”.[166] Positive Posi tive views on adolescent sexual intercourse and other sexual behavior among adolescents have also been expressed. Psych Psychiatrist iatrist Lynn Ponton  writes, “All adoles Lynn Ponton writes, cents have sex lives, whether they are sexually active with others, with themselves, or seemingly not at all,” and that viewing adolescent sexuality as a potentially positiv positivee experience, rather than as something inherently dangerous, may help young people develop healthier patterns and make more positive choices regarding sexual activity.[161] Similarly, researchers state that long-term romantic relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life [167] and develop feelingss of self-worth. Overall, positiv feeling positivee romantic relationships tionshi ps among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood[168] and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence.[169][170]

3 ETHICAL, ETHICAL, RELIGIOU RELIGIOUS, S, AND LEGAL VIEWS  VIEWS 

Erotic painting on ancient Greek  kylix    kylix 

tice of sexual intercourse and vary according to religious to  religious and governmental laws. Some governments and religions also have strict designations of “appropriate” and “inappropriate” propria te” sexual behavior, which include restrictions on the typ types es of sex act actss wh whic ichh are per permis missi sible ble.. A histor historic icall allyy [171][172] prohibited prohibi ted or regulated sex act is anal sex.

3.1 Conse Consent nt and sexual off offenses enses Sexual with a person their will, or legalcons consent ent,against , is rape,butmayalso rape,butmayalso without with outintercourse thei theirr informed informedlegal be termed sexual assault ; it is consider considered ed a serious serious crime  crime [173][174] in most countries. More than 90% of rape victims are female, 99% of rapists male, and only about 5% of rapists are strangers to the victims.[174] Most developed countries have age have age of consent consent laws  laws specifying the minimum legal age a person may engage in sexual intercourse with substantially older persons, usually set at about 16–18, while the legal age of consent ranges fro from m 12–20 years of age or is not a matter of law in other countries.[175] Se Sexx wi with th a pers person on unde underr the the ag agee of cons consen ent,t, regardless of their stated consent, is often considered to rape depending  depending on differbe sexual assault or statutory or  statutory rape ences in ages of the participa participants. nts. Some countr countries ies treat [176] any sexacity with person of diminished tal cap capaci ty toagi give ve con consen sent, t, reg regard ardles lesssorofinsufficient age age,, as rap rape. e.men-

3 Ethical, Ethical, religiou religious, s, and legal legal views views See als also: o: Sexua  Sexuall ethi ethics cs,, Reli Religion gion and sexua sexuality lity and Sexual Max Slevogt  depiction  depiction of rape intercourse in English law While sexual intercourse, as coitus, is the natural mode of rep reprod roduct uctio ionn for thehum the human an speci species, es, hum humans ansha have ve int intriri- Scholars state that "[p]rior to the 1970s, rape definicate moral and ethical gui guidelines delines w which hich rregulate egulate the prac- tions of sex often included only penile-vaginal sexual

 

 

3.2 Romantic Romantic relations relationships hips

intercourse”[177] and that if “sex means penile-vaginal intercourse, then rape means forced penile-vaginal intercourse, and other sexual behaviors – such as fondling a person’s genitals without her or his consent, forced oral sex, and same-sex coercion – are not considered rape"; they state that "[a]lthough some other forms of forced sexual contact are included within the legal category of sodomy (e.g., anal penetration and oral-genital contact), many unwanted sexual contacts have no legal grounding as rape in some states”.[41] While Robert Francoeur et al. state that there is a broad “conceptualization of sex, including many kinds of sexual penetration (e.g., penile-vaginal intercourse, fellatio, cunnilingus, anal intercourse, or penetration of the genitals or rectum by an object)" for most definitions of rape,[177] scholar Ken Plumber argues that “the legal definition of rape in most countries is unlawful sexual intercourse which means the penis must penetrate the vagina” andtha and thatt "[o]th "[o]ther er form ormss of sexua sexuall violen violence ce to towa ward rdss wo women men such as forced oral sex or anal intercourse, or the insertion of other objects into the vagina, constitute the 'less serious’ crime of sexual assault”.[38] Another sexual matter concerning consent is zoophilia is  zoophilia,, a   paraphilia   invol involvin vingg sex sexual ual activ activity ity bet betwee weenn human and non-h non-huma umann ani animal mals, s, or a fix fixati ation on on su such ch practice.[178][179][180] Human sexual activity with nonhuman animals is not outlawed in some jurisdictions, but animall abus abusee laws laws or laws laws de deal al-it is ille illega gall in ot othe hers rs un unde derr anima [181] nature.. ing with crimes with crimes against nature

3.2 Roman Romantic tic relationsh relationships ips

11

3.2.1 Sexual orientation orientation and gender

There are various legal positions regarding the definition and legality of sexual intercourse between persons of the same sex or gender. For example, in the 2003 New 2003  New Hampshire Supreme Court case Court case Blanchflow  Blanchflower er v. Blanchflower,, it was held that female flower that female same-sex sexual relations, relations, and same-sex sexual practices in general, did not constitute sexual intercourse, based on a 1961 definition from Webster’s Third New International Dictionary that defines sexual intercourse as coitus; and thereby an accused wife in a divo divorc rcee ca case se wa wass fou ound nd not not gu guililty ty of adultery. adultery.[182][183] Somee cou Som countr ntrie ies, s, such such as Islamic countries countries,, con consi sider dersam sameesex sexual behavior an offense punishable by imprisonment or executio execution. n.[184] 3.2.2 Marriage Marriage and relatio relationsh nships ips

Sexual intercourse has traditionally been considered an essential part of a marriage; many religious customs required   consummation quired consummation of  of the marriage by sexual intercourse, and the fa failure ilure for any reason to consummate the marriage was a ground for annulment for annulment,, which did not require a divorce process. Annulment declaration implied that the marriage was void from the start; for example, there was no marriage in law. Furthermore, continuing sexual relations between the marriage partners is commonly considered a “marital right” by many religions, permissible to married couples, generally for the purpose of reproduction. There is wide variatio variationn with regard to religious or legal opinions about sexual intercourse in marriage: •

  Most Most den denomi ominat natio ions ns of   Christianity Christianity,, inclu includin dingg Catholicism Catholicism,, have strict views or rules on what sexual practices are and are not acceptable.[185] Most Christian views on sexual intercourse are form formed ed influenced by various interpretations of the Bible the  Bible..[186] Sexual intercourse outside of marriage, for exam in some churches; ple, considered a  sin in a sin cases,is sexual intercourse may be referred to in as asuch  sacred covenant ,  holy or as a holy sacrament  between  between husband and wife.[185][186] Historically Historically,, Christian teachings often promoted celibacy promoted celibacy,,[187] although today usually only certain members (for example, cer religious leaders leaders)) of some groups g roups take a vow of tain religious tain celibacy, forsaking both marriage and any type of sexuall or roma sexua romantic nticacti activity. vity.[186] TheBiblemaybeinterpreted as endorsing penile-vaginal penetration as the only form of acceptable sexual activity,[188][189] while other interpretations view the Bible as not being clear on oral sex or other particular sexual behaviors and that it is a personal decision as to whether or not oral sex is acceptable within marriage.[188][190][191] The Bible also prohibits sexual intercourse during menstruation during menstruation..[191]

Lawrence Alma-Tadema depiction  courtship and a marriage a marriage Alma-Tadema depiction of  courtship and  proposal  •

  In The In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Saints,,

 

12

 

or Mormonism or  Mormonism,, sexual relations within the bonds of matrimony matrimony are seen as sacred sacred.. Morm Mormons ons consider sexual relations to be ordained of God for the creation of children and for the expression of love between husband and wife. Members are discouraged from having any sexual relations before marriage, and from being unfaithful to their spouses after marriage.[192] •

•

•

  In Judaism Judaism,, a marr marrie iedd Je Jewi wish sh man man is requ requir ired ed to proprovide his wife with sexual pleasure called  onah (literally, “her time”), which is one of the conditions he takes upon himself as part of the Jewish marriage contract, ketubah, that he gives her during the Jewishwedd ish wedding ing cere ceremon mony. y. In Jewi Jewish sh vie views ws on marri marriage age,, sexual desire is not evil, but must be satisfied in the proper time, place and manner.[193]  Islam views  Islam views sex within marriage as something pleasurable, a spiritual activity, and a duty. [194][195][196] In Shi'ia Islam, men are allowed to enter into an unlimited number of temporary marriages, which are contracted to last for a period of minutes to multiple years and permit sexual intercourse. Shi'ia women are allowed to enter only one marriage at a time, whether temporary or permanent. Wiccans believe that, as declared within the Charge   Wiccans believe the Charge of the Goddess, Goddess, to "Let my  [the Goddess]  worship be within the heart that rejoiceth; for behold, all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals. " This statement

appears to allow one freedom to explore sensuality and pleasure, and mixed with the final maxim Rede   – "26. Eight Eight wor words ds the the within the  the   Wiccan Rede Wiccan Rede fulfill – an' it harm none, do what ye will."[197] – Wiccans are encouraged to be respons responsii-

ble with their sexual encounters, in whatev whatever er variety [198] they may occur. •

•

•

•

•

  Hinduism   has varied views about sexuality, sexuality, but

4 OTHE OTHER R ANIMAL ANIMALS  S 

when children will be created by the power of the mind.[202][203] •

•

Shakers believe that sexual intercourse is the root of   Shakers believe all sin and that all people should therefore be celibate, including including married coup couples. les. Predi Predictab ctably, ly, the original Shaker community that peaked at 6,000 full members in 1840 dwindled to  to   three members by [204] 2009.. 2009  Meher Baba maintained Baba  maintained that “In the beginning of married life the partners are drawn to each other o ther by lus lustt as we wellll as love; love; but butwi with th con consci scious ous and andde delib libera erate te cooperation they can gradually lessen the element of lust and increase the element of love. Through this process of sublimation, lust ultimately gives place to deep love.”[205]

In some cases, the sexual intercourse between two people is see seenn as coun counte terr to reli religi giou ouss la law w or do doct ctri rine ne.. In many many rereligious communities, including the Catholic the  Catholic Church and Church and Mahayana ana Buddhists Buddhists,, relig religio ious us lea leader derss are expec expected ted to reMahay frain from from sexual intercourse in order to devote their full attention, energy, and loyalty to their religious duties.[206] Opposition to   same-sex marriage  is largely based on the belief that sexual intercourse and sexual orientation should be of a heterosexual nature. [207][208][209] The rights,, political, recognition of such marriages is a civil a  civil rights social, moral and religious issue in many nations, and the t he conflicts arise over whether same-sex couples should be allowed to enter into marriage, be required to use a different status (such as a civil a  civil union union,, which either grant equal rights as marriage or limited rights in comparison to marriage), or not have any such rights. A related issue is whether the term marriage should be applied.[210][211]

4 Othe Otherr anim animal alss

article:  Animal sexual behavio  extramarital sex Main article: Animal behaviour ur Hindu society, and in general, perceives perceiv to be immoral shamef shameful. ul.[194] es extramarital See also: Sexual also:  Sexual coercion to  zoology,,  copulation is often termed the Buddhist  ethics, in its most common formulation, With regard to zoology   Buddhist ethics, ho holdsthat ldsthat one one sh shou ould ld ne neith ither er be attach attached ed to nor norcra crave ve sensual pleasure. Faith,, sexual relationships are permit In the Bahá'í the Bahá'í Faith ted only between a husband and wif wife. e.[199]   Unitarian Universalists, Universalists, with an emphasis on strong interpersonal ethics, do not place boundaries on the occurrence of sexual intercourse among consenting adults.[200]  According to the  the   Brahma Kumaris   and and Prajapita  Prajapita Brahma Kumaris religion, Kumaris  religion, the power of lust of  lust is  is the root of all evil and worse than murder. [201] Purity A pair of   lions lions copulating copulating in  in the Maasai the Maasai Mara , , Kenya  Kenya (celibacy) celibacy) is promoted for peace and to prepare for life in forthcoming Heaven on earth for 2,500 years

 

13

5 See also •

  Human sexual response cycle cycle

•

  Semantic field covered covered in Wiktionary

6 Ref Referen erence cess [1] Keath Roberts (2006).   Sex . Lotus Press. p. 145.  ISBN 8189093592.. Retrieved August 17, 2012. 8189093592  houseflies Mating houseflies Mating

process in which a male introduces sperm into the female’s body, especially directly into her reproductive tract.[21][29] Spiders Spiders have  have separate male and female sexes. Before mating and copulation, the male spider spins a smallwebandejaculatesontoit. Hethenstoresthesperm in reservoirs on his large pedipalps large pedipalps,, from which he transfers sperm to the female’s genitals. The females can store [212] sperm indefinitely. Many animals that live in water use external use  external fertili fertilization zation,,  internal fertilization fertilization may  may have developed from whereas internal whereas a need to maintain gametes maintain  gametes in  in a liquid medium in the Late Ordovic Ordovician ian epoch.  epoch. Internal fertilization with many some fish,, and most birds most birds)) vertebrates (such as reptiles as  reptiles,, some fish  copulation (see also hemipenis also  hemipenis),), while occur via cloacal via cloacal copulation mammals copulate many  basal vertebrates mammals copulate vaginally, and many basal reproduce sexually with external fertilization.[57][213] For primitive insects primitive insects,, the male deposits spermatozoa deposits  spermatozoa on  on the substrate, sometimes stored within a special struc courtship involves  involves inducing the female to take up ture; courtship ture; the sperm package into her genital opening, but there is no actual copulation.[214][215] In groups that have reproduction similar to spiders, such as dragonflies as  dragonflies,, males extrude sperm into secondary copulatory structures removed from from their genital opening, which are then used to inseminate the female. In dragonflies, it is a set of modified sternites ified  sternites on  on the second abdominal segment.[216] In advanced groups of insects, the male uses its aedeagus its aedeagus,, a structure formed from the terminal segments of the abdomen, to deposit sperm directly (though sometimes in a capsule called a  spermatophore) into the female’s reproductivee tract.[217] ductiv Bonobos, chimpanzees and dolphins are species known to eng engage agein in het hetero erosex sexual ual beh behavi aviors ors ev even en wh when en the fema emale le is not in estrus, which is a point in her reproductive cycle suitable suitab le for successf successful ul impregnation. These species are also known to engage to engage in same-sex sexual behaviors. behaviors.[23] In these animals, the use of sexual intercourse has evolved beyond reproduction to apparently serve additional social functions (such as bonding).[8]

[2] Wayne Weiten, Weiten, Margaret A. Lloyd, Lloyd, Dana S. Dunn, Elizabet bethh Yost Hammer Hammer(20 (2008) 08)..  Psyc  Psycholog hologyy Appli Applied ed to Mode Modern rn Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century .  Cengage Learning Learning.. Retrieve evedd January 5, pp. 422–423. ISBN 422–423.  ISBN 0495553395. 0495553395. Retri 2012. [3] Sexual intercourse most commonly commonly means penile-vaginal penile-vaginal penetration for sexual pleasure and/or sexual reproduction; dictionary sources state that it especially means this, and scholarly sources over the years agree. See, for exa exammple; •

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•

•

•

•

intercourse”.   Merriam-Webster . Retrieved  “Sexual intercourse”. December 5, 2014.   “Sexual intercourse” Retrievedintercourse”. September. 5,  Collins 2012. English Dictionary.  Richard M. Lerner, Laurence Steinberg (2004). Handbook of Adolescent Psychology .   John Wiley & Sons. Sons. pp pp.. 19 193– 3–19 196. 6.   ISBN 0471690449. 0471690449. Retrieve Retri evedd April 29, 2013. When researche researchers rs use the term  sex , they nearly always mean sexual intercourse – more specifically, penile-vaginal intercourse... course ... The widespre widespread, ad, unquesti unquestioned oned equation equationof of penile-vaginall intercourse with sex reflects a fai penile-vagina failure lure to examine systematically 'whether the respondent’s understanding of the question matches what the researcher had in mind.'  Fedwa Malti-Douglas (2007).  Encyclopedia of Sex  and Gender: A-C .  Macmillan Reference. Reference. p. 308. ISBN 00286 0028659619 59619.. Sexualinter Sexual intercourse course.. [T]he term coitus indicates a nspecific act oforsexual intercourse that also is known know as coition copulatio copulation. n. This 'coming together' is generally understood in heteronormativee terms as the eronormativ t he penetration of a woman’s vagina by a man’s penis.  Irving B. Weiner, W. Edward Craighead (2010). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology   4.   John Wiley & Sons. Sons. p. 1577.   ISBN 0470170239 0470170239.. Retrieve Retri evedd August 21, 2013. Human sexual sexual intercourse, or coitus, is one of the most common sexual outlets among adults. Sexual intercourse generally refers to penile penetration of the vagina...   Clin Clintt E. Bruess Bruess,, Eli Elizab zabeth eth Schroe Schroeder der (2013) (2013).. Sexuality Education Theory and Practice.  Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Publishers. p. 152.   ISBN 1449649289. 1449649289. Retrieve Retri evedd December December 5, 2014. Va Vagina ginall sex is defined as when a penis or sex toy is inserted into a vag vagina ina for pleasure. pleasure. In many cultures around around the world, vaginal sex is what is usually implied when people refer to 'having sex' or 'sexual intercourse.'

 

14

 

6 REFERE REFERENC NCES  ES  the vagina, it is also used to refer to oral intercourse or anal intercourse in which the penis is inserted into the mouth or the anus, respectively. respectively.

It is the most frequently studied behavior behavior and is often the focus of sexuality education programming for youth. [4] Sandra Alters, Wendy Schiff (2012).  Essential Concepts [13]  for Healthy Healthy Living Living.  Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Publishers. pp. 180– 181.   ISBN 1449630626. 1449630626. Retrieve Retrievedd August August 31, 2013. Most heterosexuals are familiar with the notion of 'having sex' or sexual intercourse as vaginal sex, the insertion of a penis into a vagina. Vaginal Vaginal sex, or coitus, is the most common and popular form of intimate sexual activity between partners.

 

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[5]  “Sexual Intercourse” Intercourse”..  Discovery.com.  Discovery.com. Archived Archived from the from the original on original  on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-01-12.

Alternative   Ann O'Leary O'Leary (2002). (2002).  Beyond Condoms: Alternative Approaches to HIV Prevention.  Springer  Springer.. p. 155. ISBN 0306467313. 0306467313. Retrieved August 21, 2013.  Paula Kamen (2000).  Her Way: Young Women Remake the Sexual Revolution.  New York University

Press Press. . pp. 74–77. 0814747337. Retrieved September 5, 2012. ISBN 0814747337.  Jerry D. Durham, Felissa R. Lashley (2000).   The Person With HIV/AIDS: Nursing Perspectives, 3rd  Edition.   Springer Publishing Company Company.. p. 103 103..

ISBN 8122300049 8122300049.. Retrieved January 29, 2012. Go Gopa pall Ch Chan andr draa Kar Kar (200 (2005) 5).. Comp Comprehe rehensi nsive ve Te Textboo xtbookk of Sexu Sexual al Med Medicine icine.   Jaypee [14] Ada P. Kahn, Jan Fawcett Fawcett (2008).  The Encyclopedia of  Brothers Publishers. Publishers. pp. 107–112.  ISBN 8180614050 8180614050.. Mental Health.   Infobase Publishing. Publishing. p. 111.   ISBN Retrieved September 4, 2012. 0816064547.. Retrieved September 5, 2012. 0816064547

[6 [6]] Ni Nila lama madh dhab ab Ka Kar, r,

[7] Virginia Rutter, Pepper Schwartz Schwartz (2011).  The Gender of  [15] Randall, H. E., & Byers, S. E. (2003).  “What is sex? Sexuality: Exploring Sexual Possibilities.  Rowman & LitStudents’ definitions of having sex, sexual partner, and tlefield Publishers. Publishers. p. 76. ISBN 76.  ISBN 0742570053 0742570053.. unfaithful sexual behaviour”. behaviour”.   The Canadian Journal of  Human Sexuality   12: 87–96. Recently, Recently, resea researche rchers rs in in Jared (1991).  (1991).  The Rise and Fall of the Third  [8]  Diamond, Jared the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia Chimpanzee . Radius. pp. 360 pages. ISBN pages.  ISBN 0091742684 0091742684.. have investigated university students’ definitions of having sex. These studies found that students differ in their [9 [9]] Handbook Ric Richa hard rd M. Le Lern rner er,, Psychology La Laur uren ence ce .  John Stei Steinb nber ergg &(200 (2Sons. 004) 4).. opinions of what sexual behaviours constitute having sex of Adolescent Wiley Sons (Pitts & Rahman, 2001; Richters & Song, 1999; Sanders Retrieved ed April 29, pp. 193–196. 193–196.   ISBN 0471690449. 0471690449. Retriev & Reinisch, Reinisch, 1999). While the vast majority majority of respon2013. When researc researchers hers use the the term   sex , they nearly dents (more than 97%) in these three studies included always always mean sexual sexual intercourse intercourse – more specific specifically, ally, penile-vaginall intercourse in their definition of sex, fewer penile-vagina penile-va penil e-vagina ginall intercourse intercourse... ... The widesprea widespread, d, unquesunques(between 70% and 90%) respondents considered peniletioned equation of penile-vaginal intercourse with sex anal intercourse to constitute having sex. Oral-genital bereflects a failure to examine systematically 'whether the haviours were defined defined as sex by between 32% and 58% of respondent’s understanding of the question matches what respondents. the researcher had in mind.' [10] See   page 11 onwards   and pages and  pages 47–49   for views on [16]  “Defining sexual health: Report of a technical consultation on sexual health” (PDF). health” (PDF). World  World Health Organization Organization.. what constitutes virginity loss and therefore sexual interJanuary 2002. p. 4. Retrieved September 5, 2012. In Encourse or other sexual activity; source discusses how gay glish, the term 'sex' is often used to mean 'sexual activity' and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and how the and can cover a range of behaviours. Other languages and majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virgincultures use different terms, with slightly different meanity loss/"technical virginity” by whether or not a person ings. has engaged in penile-vaginal penile-vaginal sex. sex. Laura M. Carpenter of First Sexual  (2005).  Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of “Sexua exually lly Transmitt Transmitted ed Dise Disease ase Surve Surveillan illance” ce”   (PDF). Experiences.  NYU Press. Press. pp. 295 pages. ISBN pages.  ISBN 0-8147- [17]   “S Centers rs fo forr Disea Disease se Contro Controll and Prev Preventi ention on (CDC (CDC). ). 2008. Cente 1652-0.. Retrieved October 9, 2011. 1652-0 Retrieved December 6, 2011. Also see Fact see  Fact Sheet [11]   “Global strategy for the prevention prevention and control of sexually Invitation to Health Brief  Brief  transmitte trans mittedd inf infecti ections: ons: 2006–2015. 2006–2015. Breaking the chai chainn of [18] Dianne Hales (2008).   An Invitation 2010–2011.   Cengage Learning Learning.. pp pp.. 26 269– 9–27 271. 1.   ISBN transmission” (PDF). transmission”  (PDF). World  World Health Organization Organization.. 2007. 0495391921. 0495391921 . Retrieved August 29, 2013. Retrieved November November 26, 2011. [12]

 

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Intercourse”.   Discovery.com.   “Sexual Intercourse”. Discovery.com. Arc Archi hived ved [19] Bhushan Kumar, Somesh Gupta (2014).  Sexually Transmitted Infections.   Elsevier Health Sciences. Sciences. p. 237. ISBN 237.  ISBN  the original on from the from original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 20088131229785. 8131229785 . Retrieved December 6, 2014. 01-12.   Nilama Nilamadha dhabb Kar, Kar, Gopal Gopal Chandr Chandraa Kar (2005) (2005).. [20] Bryan Strong, Christine DeVault, Theodore F. Cohen Comprehe Compr ehensi nsive ve Te Textb xtbook ook of Se Sexua xuall Me Medic dicine ine. (2010).   The Marriage and Family Family Experience: Experience: Intimate Publishers. pp. 107–112.   ISBN Jaypee Brothers Publishers. Relationship in a Changing Society .  Cengage Learning. Learning. p. 8180614050.. Retrieved September 4, 2012. 8180614050  ISBN 0-534-62425-1 0-534-62425-1.. Retrieved October 8, 2011. 186. ISBN 186.  Nancy W. Denney, David Quadagno (2008).   HuMost people agree that we maintain virginity as long as man Sexuality.  Mosby-Year Book. Book. p. 273.  ISBN we refrain refrain from sexual (vaginal) (vaginal) intercourse. But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' [...] 0801663741.. Although 0801663741 Alt hough the term intercourse is usuData indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ally used to refer to the insertion of the penis into

 

15 Life. ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't [28] Human Kinetics (2009).   Health and Wellness for Life 207.  ISBN 0736068503 0736068503.. Retrieved Human Kinetics. Kinetics. p. 207. ISBN had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as October 11, 2013. virgins’ [...] Other research, especially especially research looking looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined  “Copulation”..   Dorland’s Medical Dictionary for Health as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, [29]  “Copulation” Consumers , , 2007/ Consumers 2007/TheFreeDictionary.com TheFreeDictionary.comfo forr various various dichave nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of tionary definitions. definitions. Retrieved September September 6, 2012. hetero heterosex sexualsexua ualsexuall acti activit vityy (e. (e.g., g.,ora orall sex, sex, ana anall se sex, x, or mutual masturbation). [30]  “Copulation”.  “Copulation”.  The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. 2011. Retrieved August [21] Michael Kent (2000).  Advanced biology.  Oxford University Press. Press. pp. 250–253. ISBN 250–253.  ISBN 0199141959 0199141959.. 23, 2013. [22] Showick Thorpe, Edgar Thorpe (2009).   The Pearson [31] Edward M. Barrows (2011).  Animal Behavior Desk Reference: A Dictionary of Animal Animal Behavior, Ecology, and  General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e .  Pearson Education InEvolution .   Taylor Tay lor & Francis Francis. . pp pp.. 12 122– 2–12 124. 4.   ISBN dia.. p. page 17 (xvii). ISBN dia (xvii).  ISBN 8131721337. 8131721337. 1439836515.. Retrieved August 25, 2013. 1439836515  Diamond, Jared (1991). [23] Jared  (1991).  The Rise and Fall of the   Ken Plu Plumme mmerr (2002) (2002)..   Modern Homosexuali Homosexuali-Third Chimpanz Chimpanzee ee. Radius. pp. 360 pages. ISBN pages.  ISBN [32] ties: Frag Fragments ments of Lesbian and Gay Experience Experiencess. 0091742684.. 0091742684 Routledge. pp Routledge. pp.. 18 187– 7–19 191. 1.   ISBN 1134922426. 1134922426.   de Waal, Waal, Frans (1995). “Bonobo Sex and Society”. Retrieve Retri evedd August 24, 2013. [S]ome [S]ome sexual pracScientificc American. pp. 82–86. Scientifi tices are regarded as inherently better (normal, natural, more satisfying) than others, with vaginal inBruce, Bage   Bruce, Bagemihl mihl   (1999).   Biolo Biological gical ExuberExubertercourse privileged as the 'Real Thing.' Such beance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. liefs, influenced by views about sex as ultimately a Macmillan. pages.  ISBN 1466809272. 1466809272. Macmillan. pp. 768 pages. ISBN reproductive function, continue to be perpetuated   Bai Baile leyy NW, NW, Zuk Zuk M (Aug (Augus ustt 20 2009 09). ). “Sam “Sameethrough discourses on sex despite a number of imsex sex sexual ual behav behavior ior and ev evolu olutio tion”. n”.   Trends Ecol. Evol. (Amst.)   24   (8): (8): 43 439– 9–46 46.. portant contradictions. contradictions.  Richard M. Lerner, Laurence Steinberg (2004). doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014 doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014..  PMID 19539396 19539396.. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology .   John Wiley & Sons. Sons. pp pp.. 19 193– 3–19 196. 6.   ISBN 0471690449. 0471690449. [24]  Balcombe, Jonathan (2006). Jonathan  (2006).  Pleasurable Kingdom: AniRetrieve Retri eved d April 29, 2013. When researche resea rchers rs use mals and the Nature of Feeling Good .  Palgrave Macmilthe term  sex , they nearly always mean sexual inlan.. pp. 106–118. ISBN lan 106–118.  ISBN 0230552277 0230552277.. tercourse – more specifically, penile-vaginal intercourse... course ... The widespre widespread, ad, unquesti unquestioned oned equation equationof of [25] “Coitus”.   Merriam-Webster . Retrieved September   “Coitus”. penile-vaginal penile-vagina l intercourse with sex reflects a fai failure lure 6, 2012. to examine systematically 'whether the respondent’s   Nilama Nilamadha dhabb Kar, Kar, Gopal Gopal Chandr Chandraa Kar (2005) (2005).. understanding of the question matches what the reCo Compr mprehe ehensi nsive ve Te Textb xtbook ook of Se Sexua xuall Me Medic dicine ine. searcher had in mind.' Jaypee Brothers Publishers. Publishers. pp. 107–112.   ISBN   See page See  page 11 onwards and onwards  and  pages 47–49 for 47–49  for views 8180614050.. Retrieved September 4, 2012. 8180614050 on what constitutes virginity loss and therefore therefore sex Fedwa Malti-Douglas (2007).  Encyclopedia of Sex  ual intercourse or other sexual activity; source disand Gender: A-C .  Macmillan Reference. Reference. p. 308. cusses how gay and lesbian individuals define virISBN 002865 0028659619 9619.. Sexual Sexual intercours intercourse. e. [T]he term ginity loss, and how the majority of researchers coitus indicates a specific act of sexual intercourse and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical that also is known known as coition or copulatio copulation. n. This virginity” by whether or not a person has engaged 'coming together' is generally understood in hetin penile-vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). eronormativee terms as the penetration of a woman’s eronormativ Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual  vagina by a man’s penis. Experiences.   NYU Press. Press. pp. 295 pages. pages.   ISBN 0-8147-1652-0.. Retrieved October 9, 2011. 0-8147-1652-0  Ada P. Kahn, Jan Fawcett (2008).  The Encyclopedia of Mental Health.   Infobase Publishing Publishing.. p. 111.  Fedwa Malti-Douglas (2007).  Encyclopedia of Sex  ISBN 0816064547 0816064547.. Retrieved September 5, 2012. and Gender: A-C .  Macmillan Reference. Reference. p. 308. ISBN 00286 0028659619 59619.. Sexualinter Sexual intercourse course.. [T]he term and  pages 285– [26] See page See  page 302 for 302  for orgasm information, and pages coitus indicates a specific act of sexual intercourse 286 for 286  for definitions, prevalence and length of sexual inthat also is known known as coition or copulatio copulation. n. This tercourse. Janell L. Carroll (2012).  Discovery Series: Hu'coming together' is generally understood in hetman Sexuality, 1st ed.  Cengage Learning. Learning. pp. 656 pages. eronormativee terms as the eronormativ t he penetration of a woman’s ISBN 1111841896 1111841896.. Retrieved August 25, 2013. vagina by a man’s penis. [27] [27] Harve Harveyy B. Milkma Milkman, n, Kenne Kenneth th W. Wanbe Wanberg rg (2004) (2004)..  Irving B. Weiner, W. Edward Craighead (2010). Pat Pathwa hways ys to Sel Selff-Dis -Discove covery ry and Chan Change: ge: Cri Crimina minall Cond Conduct  uct  The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology   4.   John and Substance Abuse Treatment for Adolescents.   SAGE SAGE.. Wiley & Sons. Sons. p. 1577.   ISBN 0470170239 0470170239.. pp. 254–255. ISBN 254–255.  ISBN 1412906148 1412906148.. Retrieved September Retrieve Retri evedd August 21, 2013. Human sexual sexual inter6, 2013. course, or coitus, is one of the most common sexual  

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“Study: y: Adu Adults lts Can't Can't [41] Pamela J. Kalbfleisch, Michael J. Cody (2012).   Gender  [33] Cox, Lauren (March 8, 2010).   “Stud Agree What 'Sex' Means”. Means” . ABC.com.  ABC.com. Retrieved SeptemSeptemPower and Co Power Commu mmunic nicati ation on in Hum Human an Re Relat lation ionshi ships ps. ber 5, 2012. Routledge Routledge.. p. 153. ISBN 153.  ISBN 1136480501 1136480501.. Retrieved April 30, 2013. [34]   “Fuck”. “Fuck”.  Merriam-Webster . Retrieved March 30, 2013. [42]   “Sexual Intercourse” Intercourse”..   Discovery.com. Discovery.com. Arc Archi hived ved [35]   “Sleep together” together”..   TheFreeDictionary.com TheFreeDictionary.com.. Ret Retrie rieved ved  the original on from the from original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008March 30, 2013. 01-12.   Harvey B. Milkman, Kenneth W. Wan Wanberg berg (2004). [36]  “Intromission”.  “Intromission”.   Merriam-Webster . Retrieved December Pathways Self-Discovery -Discovery and Change: Criminal  Pathways to Self 26, 2012.  

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Conduct and Substance Abuse Treatment for Adolescents.  SAGE.  SAGE. pp. 254–255. ISBN 254–255.  ISBN 1412906148. 1412906148.

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ual intercourse or other sexual activity; source discusses how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity” by whether or not a person has engaged in penile-vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual  Experiences.   NYU Press. Press. pp. 295 pages. pages.   ISBN •

0-8147-1652-0. Retrieved October 9, 2011. 0-8147-1652-0.  Andrew Baum, Tracey A. A. Revenson, Jerome Psychology, Singer (2012).   Handbook of Health Psychology, 2nd Edition.   Psychology Press Press.. pp pp.. 25 259– 9–26 260. 0. 080586461X. Retrieved April 30, 2013. ISBN 080586461X.

[38] Ken Plummer (2002).   Modern Homose Homosexualities: xualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences .   Routledge Routledge.. pp. 187–191.   ISBN 1134922426. 1134922426. Retrie Retrieved ved Aug August ust 24, 24, 2013. [S]ome sexual practices are regarded as inherently better (normal, natural, more satisfying) than others, with vaginal intercourse intercourse privileged as as the 'Real Thing.' Such

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Retrieved September 6, 2013.   Nilama Nilamadha dhabb Kar, Kar, Gopal Gopal Chandr Chandraa Kar (2005) (2005).. Compr ehensi nsive ve Te Textb xtbook ook of Sex Sexual ual Me Medic dicine ine. Comprehe Jaypee Brothers Publishers. Publishers. pp. 107–112.   ISBN 8180614050.. Retrieved September 4, 2012. 8180614050  Nancy W. Denney, David Quadagno (2008).   Human Sexuality.  Mosby-Year Book. Book. p. 273.   ISBN 0801663741.. Although 0801663741 Al though the term intercourse is usually used to refer to the insertion of the penis into the vagina, it is also used to refer to oral intercourse or anal intercourse in which the penis is inserted into the mouth or the anus, respectively. respectively.   Ken Plu Plumme mmerr (2002) (2002)..   Modern Homosexuali Homosexuali-ties: Frag Fragments ments of Lesbian and Gay Experience Experiencess. Routledge. 187–191.  ISBN 1134922426. 1134922426. ReRoutledge. pp. 187–191. ISBN trieved Aug ust 24, 2013. The socialhow construction of 'sex' as August vaginal intercourse affects other forms of sexual activity are evaluated as sexually satisfying or arousing; in some cases whether an activity is seen as a sexual act at all. For example, unless a woman has been penetrated by a man’s penis she is still technically a virgin even if she has had lots of sexual experience.   Ra Rand ndal all,l, H.E., & Byer Byers, s, S.E. (200 (2003) 3)..  “Whatissex? Students’ definitions of having sex, sexual partner, and unfaithful sexual behaviour”. behaviour”.   The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality  12 : 87–96. Recently, researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia have investigated university students’ definitions definitions of having sex. These studies found that students differ in their opinions of what sexual behaviours constitute having sex (Pitts & Rahman, 2001; Richters & Song, 1999; Sanders & Reinisch, 1999). While the vast majority of respondents (more than 97%) in these three studies

 

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Sharon (October (October 19, 2005). 2005).   "'Technica "'Technicall virginity' included penile-vaginal intercourse in their defini- [49] Jayson, Sharon becomes part of teens’ equation”. equation” .  USA Today. Retrieved tion of sex, fewer (between 70% and 90%) responAugust 7, 2009. dents considered penile-anal intercourse to constitute having sex. Oral-genital behaviours behaviours were deCenters fo forr Disea Disease se Confined as sex by between 32% and 58% of respon- [50]   “OralSexandHIVRisk” (PDF). Centers trol and Preventi Prevention on (CDC).  (CDC). June 2009. Retrieved August dents. 30, 2013. 47–49 for  for views   See page See  page 11 onwards and onwards  and  pages 47–49 on what constitutes virginity loss and therefore therefore sex- [51] Jonathan Engel (2009).  The Epidemic: A History of Aids . ual intercourse or other sexual activity; source disHarperCollins HarperCollins.. p. 242.   ISBN 0061856762. 0061856762. Retri Retrieve evedd cusses how gay individuals define virAugust 30, 2013. Many men simply did not like the feel ginity loss, and and howlesbian the majority of researchers of condoms, or associated them with emasculation. They and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical say, 'Unless it’s flesh on flesh, it’s not real sex... virginity” by whether or not a person has engaged in penile-vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). [52] Naomi N. Wekwete (2010).   Adolescent Pregnancy Pregnancy ChalVirginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual  Experiences.   NYU Press. Press. pp. 295 pages. pages.   ISBN

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0-8147-1652-0. Retrieved October 9, 2011. 0-8147-1652-0.   Bryan Strong, Christine DeVault, DeVault, Theodore F. Cohen (2010).   The Marriage Marriage and Family Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Changing Society. Learning. p. 186.   ISBN 0-534-62425Cengage Learning. 1. Retrieved October 8, 2011. Most people agree tha thatt we mainta maintain in vir virgin ginity ityas as long long as we ref refrai rainn from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. ...But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' ... Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have have nev never er engaged engaged in vag vaginal inalinter intercourse course,, have have nonetheless engaged in one or more other o ther forms of heterosexual activity activity (e.g. oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation). ... Data indicate that 'a very very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think t hink of themselves as virgins’.  Robert Crooks, Karla Baur (2010).   Our Sexuality.   Cengage Learning Learning.. pp pp.. 28 286– 6–28 289. 9.   ISBN 0495812943.. Retrie 0495812943 Retrieve vedd Augus Augustt 30, 2012. 2012. NonNoncoital forms of sexual intimacy, which have been called outercourse, can be a viable form of birth control. contr ol. Outercourse Outercourse includes includes all av avenues enues of sexual intimacy other than penile–vaginal intercourse, including kissing, touching, mutual masturbation,

and oral and anal sex. [44] Joseph Gross, Michael (2003).  Like a Virgin.  The Advocate/Here Publishing. pp. 44–45. 0001-8996. Retrieved 2011-03-13.

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[59] Mah K, Binik YM (January 7, 2001). “The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends”.   Clinical  Psychology Review 21 (6): 823–856. doi 823–856.  doi::10.1016/S02727358(00)00069-6..  PMID 11497209. 7358(00)00069-6 11497209. Wo Women men rated rated clitorall sti tora stimu mulat latio ionn as at lea least st somew somewhatmore hatmore import important anttha thann [46] Karen Bouris (1995).   What Parents and Teenage Girls vaginal stimulation in achieving orgasm; only about 20% Should Kno Know w about “Losi “Losing ng You Yourr Vir Virginit ginity”  y” .  Conari  Conari Press Press.. indicated that they did not require additional clitoral stimpp. 133–134. ISBN 133–134.  ISBN 0-943233-93-3. 0-943233-93-3. ulation during intercourse. [47] Jerrold S. Greenberg, Clint E. Bruess, Sarah C. Conklin Kammerer-Doak oak D, Rogers Rogers RG (June 2008). “Female “Female (2007).   Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality. [60] Kammerer-D Sexual Function and Dysfunction”.   Obstetrics and GyJones & Bartlett Learning. 429.  ISBN 0-7637-4148-5. 0-7637-4148-5. Learning. p. 429. ISBN necology Clinics of North America   35   (2): (2): 169 169–18 –183. 3. 9780763741488. Retrieved 2010-12-19. doi doi::10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006 10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006..  PMID 18486835. 18486835. Most [48] Michael R Kauth (2000).  True Nature: A Theory of Sexwomen report the inability to achieve orgasm with vagiual Attraction.  Springer  Springer.. p. 74. ISBN 74.  ISBN 0306463903. 0306463903. Renal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... trieved August 30, 2012. About 20% have coital climaxes... [45] Dolby, Tom (February 2004).   “Why Some Some Gay Men Don't Go All The Way”. Way”.   Out . pp. 76–77. 76–77. Retrie Retrieved ved 2011-02-12.

 

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(2004 ). “A prospecti prospective ve study study of intraindivi intraindividual dual and peer influences on adolescents’ heterosexual romantic and sexual behavior”.   Archives of of Sexual Behavior   33  (4): [185] Daniel L. Akin (2003).  God on Sex: The Creator’s Ideas About Love, Intimacy, and Marriage.   B&H Publishing doi::10.1023/B:ASEB.0000028891.16654.2c. 10.1023/B:ASEB.0000028891.16654.2c. 381–394.   doi PMID 15162084. 15162084. Group.. pp. 291 pages. ISBN Group pages.  ISBN 0805425969. 0805425969. [171] William N. Eskridge Eskridge Jr. Dishonorable Passions: Sodomy [186] Dennis P. Hollinger (2009).  The Meaning of Sex: Christian Ethics and the Moral Life Life.  Baker Academic Academic.. pp. 30– Lawss in America, Law America, 1861–2003. 1861–2003. (2008) Viking Viking Adult. Adult. 33. ISBN 33.  ISBN 0801035716 0801035716.. Retrieved December 9, 2014. ISBN 0-670-01862-7 Western rn Repr Repressi ession on Chad Denton Denton (2014). (2014).  The War on Sex: Weste [172] Noelle N. 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Jones & Bartlett Learning. 515.  ISBN 0-7637-7660-2. 0-7637-7660-2. Learning. p. 515. ISBN 69. ISBN 69.  ISBN 3525604505. 3525604505. Retrieved December 9, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2013. [175] Karen L. Kinnear (2007).   Chil Childhood dhood Sexual Sexual Abuse: Abuse: A [190] Robert G. Barnes, Rosemary J. Barnes (1996).  Great Sex pectations: Finding Lasting Intimacy in Your Marriag Marriagee. Refer Re ference ence Handbook . ABC-CLIO.p.  ABC-CLIO.p. 89. ISBN 89.  ISBN 1-851 1-8510909Zondervan.. p. 66.   ISBN 0310201373. 0310201373. Retri Retrieve evedd DeZondervan 905-0.. Retrieved August 25, 2013. 905-0 cember 9, 2014. [176] [176] Reed, E. J. (1997). (1997). “Crimin “Criminal al Law and and the CapacCapacBetween en the Covers Covers:: Sexu Sexual  al  ity of Mentally Retarded Persons to Consent to Sex- [191] Christo Scheepers (2012).   Betwe  freedom  free dom through the bond of marriage. Strui Struikk Christian Christian Review   83   (4): (4): 799–827. 799–827. ual Activity”.   Virginia Law Review Media. p. 53. 53. ISBN 141532056X  ISBN 141532056X. . Retrieved December doi doi::10.2307/1073749 10.2307/1073749..  JSTOR 1073749 1073749.. 9, 2014. [177] [177] Robert T. Francoe Francoeur, ur, Raymo Raymond nd J. Noonan Noonan,, Be Beldi ldina na [192] Willia William m H. Swatos, Swatos,Pe Peter terKi Kivis visto to (1998) (1998)..  Encyclopedia  Encyclopedia of  Opiyo-Omolo (2004).  The Continuum Complete Interna- [192] Religion and Society .  Rowman Altamira. Altamira . p. 464.   ISBN tionall Ency tiona Encyclope clopedia dia of Sexu Sexuality ality.  Continuum International 0761989560. 0761989560 . Retrieved December 9, 2014. Publishing Group. Group. p. 173. ISBN 173.  ISBN 0826414885. 0826414885. Retrieved April 30, 2013. [193] [193] La Laura ura J. Zil Zilne ney, y, Lis Lisaa Anne Anne Zil Zilne neyy (2009) (2009)..   Perverts and Predators: The Making of Sexual Offending Offending Laws. [178]  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders:  Disorders:  Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. . p p . 7–8.   ISBN Publishers DSM-IV . Washington, DC: American DC:  American Psychiatric Association.. 2000. ISBN ciation 2000.  ISBN 0-89042-025-4. 0-89042-025-4. 0742566242.. Retrieved December 9, 2014. 0742566242 Browning, Martha Christian Christian Green, John Witte. [179] Milner, Milner, JS; Dopke Dopke CA (2008). (2008). “Paraphili “Paraphiliaa Not Otherwise Otherwise [194] Don S. Browning, Sex, marria marriage, ge, and family fami ly in world religi religions. ons. (2006) (2006) Specified: Psychopathology and theory”. In Laws DR & Columbia University Press. ISBN Press.  ISBN 0-231-13116-X O'Donohue WT.  Sexual Deviance, Deviance, Second Edition: The The he Guilford [195] Abdul Rahman bin Abdul Karim al-Sheha. Islamic Perory, Assessment, and Treatment . New York: York: T Press.. pp. 384–418 Press pp.  384–418..  ISBN 1-59385-605-9 1-59385-605-9..  ISBN 9960-4 9960-43-140 3-140-spe specti ctive ve of Sex(2003)Saudi Arabi Arabia. a. ISBN 1 [180] Seto, MC; Barbaree Barbaree HE (2000). (2000). “Paraphilias”. In Hersen M; Va Vann Hassel Hasseltt VB. Aggres  Aggression sion and violence: an introduc introduc-- [196] Fatima M. D'Oyen. The Miracle of Life. (2007) Islamic tory text . Boston: Allyn Boston:  Allyn & Bacon. Bacon. pp. 198–213.   ISBN Foundation (UK). ISBN (UK). ISBN 0-86037-355-X 0-205-26721-1.. 0-205-26721-1 [197] Thompson, Lady Gwen; Wiccan-Pagan Wiccan-Pagan Potpourri ; Green [181] Abigail Abigail Perdue, Perdue, Randall Randall Lockwood Lockwood (2014). (2014).   Animal  Egg, №69; Ostara 1974 Cruelty Crue lty and Fre Freedom edom of Speech: When Worlds Worlds Collide. Press. pp. 6–8.   ISBN 1557536333 Purdue University Press. 1557536333.. [198] [198] Hans Hans Holzer Holzer.. The Truth Truth about about Witch Witchcra craft ft (1971) (1971) Double Double-Retrieved December 9, 2014. day. page 128. ISBN 128.  ISBN 0-09-004860-1 Mayer”..  Gay & Les- [199] Kenneth E. Bowers. Bowers. God Speaks Again: Again: An Introduction [182]  “Blanchflower v. Blanchflower and Mayer” to the Baha'i Faith. (2004) Baha'i Publishing. Publishing.  ISBN 1bian Advocates & Defenders (GLAD). Defenders  (GLAD). December 31, 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2013. 931847-12-6

 

23 [200] John A. Buehrens and Forrest Church. A Chosen Faith: [216] Janet Leonard, Alex Cordoba-Aguilar (2010).  The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals.   Oxford An Introduction to Unitarian Universalism. (1998) BeaUniversity Press. Press. p. 334. ISBN 334.  ISBN 0199717036. 0199717036. Retrieved con Press. ISBN Press.  ISBN 0-8070-1617-9 December 9, 2014. [201] Hodgkinson, Liz (2002).  Peace and Purity: The Story of  the Brahma Kumaris a Spiritual Revolution. HCI. pp. 2– [217] P. J. Gullan, P. S. Cranston (2009).  The Insects: An Out29. ISBN 29.  ISBN 1-55874-962-4 1-55874-962-4.. line of Entomology.  John Wiley & Sons Sons.. p. 124.   ISBN 1405144572.. Retrieved December 9, 2014. 1405144572 [202] Babb, Lawrence Lawrence A. (1987). (1987).   Redempti Redemptive ve Encounters:  Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition  (Comparative Studies Religion and Society). University  ISBNin0-7069-2563-7 0-7069-2563-7. . “Sexual “SexualOxford intercourse intercourse is unPress. ISBN Press. nec necess essary ary for rep reprod roduct uctio ionn becaus becausee the sou souls ls tha thatt ent enter er the world during the first half of the Cycle are in possession of a special yogic power (yog bal) by which they conceive children” [203] Barrett, David V (2001). The New Believers. Cassell & Co. pp. 265. ISBN 265.  ISBN 0-304-35592-5 0-304-35592-5..

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[206] William Skudlarek. Demythologizing Demythologizing Celibacy: Celibacy: Practical Wisdom from Christian and Buddhist Monasticism. (2008) Liturgical Press. ISBN Press.  ISBN 0-8146-2947-4 [207] Naomi R. Cahn, June Carbone (2010).  Red families v. blue famili amilies: es: lega legall polar polariza ization tion and the cre creation ation of cultur culturee. Oxford University Press US. 129.  ISBN 0-19-537217Press US. p. 129. ISBN 4. Retrieved July 29, 2011. [208] Donald J. Cantor (2006).   Same-sex marriage: the legal  and psychological evolution in America.   Wesleyan University Press. Press. pp. 191 pages. ISBN pages.  ISBN 0-8195-6812-0 0-8195-6812-0.. Retrieved July 29, 2011. [209] American Psychologica Psychologicall Association (2004). “Resolution (2004). “Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Marriage” (PDF). Marriage”  (PDF). Retrieved July 29, 2011.  “Marriage: Both Civil [210] Taylor, Pamela K. (July 31, 2009). 2009). “Marriage: and Religious”. Religious”.  The Washington Post . Retrieved July 28, 2011. [211] K. Smith, Susan (July 30, 2009).  2009).  “Marriage a Civil Right, not Sacred Rite”. Rite”.  The Washington Post . Retrieve Retrievedd July 28, 2011. [212] [212] Rupper Ruppert,t, E.E., E.E., Fox, Fox, R.S., R.S., and Barnes, Barnes, R.D. R.D. (2004) (2004).. “Chelicerata: Araneae”.   Invertebrate Zoology  (7 ed.). Brooks/Cole. pp. 571–584. ISBN 571–584.  ISBN 0-03-025982-7 0-03-025982-7.. [213] Edward Edward J. Denecke Denecke,, Jr. (2006). (2006).  New York State Grade 8 Intermediate Level Science Test .  Barron’s Educational Series.. p. 105. ISBN Series 105.  ISBN 0764134337. 0764134337. Retrieved December 9, 2014. Publish[214] M. Yadav Yadav (2003).  Breeding in Insects . Discovery Publishing House. p. 59. ISBN 59.  ISBN 817141737X. 817141737X. Retrieved December 9, 2014. Physio ysiology logy of Inse Insect ct Repr Reproo[215] Franz Franz Engelmann Engelmann (2013). (2013).   The Ph duction: International Series of Monographs in Pure and  Applied Biology: Biology: Zoology.   Elsevier. Elsevier. pp pp.. 58 58–5 –59. 9.   ISBN

1483186539.. Retrieved December 9, 2014. 1483186539

  Glossario di Sessuologia Sessuologia clinica – Glossary of clinical sexology  Janssen, D. F.,   Gr Growin owingg Up Sexually. Sexually. Vo Volume lume I. World Reference Atlas

Lastt One Oness St Stand anding ing””. [204] Chase, Stacey Stacey (July 23, 2006). “The 2006).  “The Las The Boston Globe. [205]  Baba, Meher (1995). Meher (1995).  Discourses. Myrtle Beach: Sheriar Press. p. 109. ISBN 109.  ISBN 9781880619094. 9781880619094.

  The International Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Sexuality

•

  Introduction to Animal Reproduction Reproduction

•

  Advan Advantages tages of Sexual Reproduction

•

intercourse  – the WikiSaurus  Synonyms for sexual intercourse – the WikiSaurus list of synonyms and slang words for sexual intercourse in many languages

 

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8 TEXT AND IMAGE IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIB CONTRIBUTORS, UTORS, AND LICENSES 

8 Text Text and image image source sources, s, contri contributors, butors, and licenses licenses 8.1 8.1 Text •

Contributors:  AxelBoldt,   AxelBoldt, MichaelTinkler,  Sexual intercourse Source:   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse?oldid=666365136 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse?oldid=666365136 Contributors: 

The Epopt, Eloquence, Mav, Robert Merkel, The Anome, Berek, Stephen Gilbert, RoseParks, Malcolm Farmer, Sjc, Rgamble, Ortolan88, Roadrunner, Shii, Anthere, Cayzle, Ktsquare, Zoe, Heron, Zippy, Hephaestos, Rickyrab, Stevertigo, Hfastedge, Spiff~enwiki, Frecklefoot, Patrick, JohnOwens, Paul Barlow, Cprompt, Fred Bauder, Georgec, Ixfd64, Tgeorgescu, AlexR, TakuyaMurata, Shoaler, GTBacchus, Karada, Delirium, Barkingdoc, Anonymous56789, Pcb21, Tregoweth, Ahoerstemeier, Ryan Cable, Theresa knott, Snoyes, Angela, Den fjättrade fjättrade ankan~enwiki, JWSchmidt, Arthur Frayn, Ugen64, Glenn, Tristanb, Evercat, Rl, Rob Hooft, Mxn, Conti, A5, Adam

Bishop, RickK, Reddi,Pakaran, Fuzheado, Andrewman327,Finlay WhisperToMe, Markhurd, CBDunkerson, Furrykef, Jjshapiro, Omegatron, Raul654, David.Monniaux, McWalter,Haukurth, PuzzletChung, Branddobbe, Robbot,Tpbradbury, SecretAgent, Jredmond, Moncrief, Ppe42, Sam Spade, Rfc1394, Academi Academicc Challenger, Rursus, DHN, Hadal, Naelphin, Aetheling, Aetheling, Mushroom, FrankSier, Dave6, Arun, Centrx, Christopher Parham, Marnanel, ShaneKing, Haeleth, Tom harrison, Fastfission, Marcika, Bradeos Graphon, Peruvianllama, Everyking, No Guru, TomViza, Moyogo, Niteowlneils, Jfdwolff, Jason Quinn, Sundar, Saaga, Node ue, Gzornenplatz, Matt Crypto, Rparle, Bobblewik, Kandar, Btphelps, Fys, R. fiend, Antandrus, Beland, Pm, Kusunose, Kaldari, Jossi, Kesac, Phil1988, Rosemaryamey, Cynical, Sam, Joyous!, Jcw69, DanBlackham, Trilobite, Walabio, Kasreyn, Adashie Adashiel,l, Grunt, The Saitou, Shotwell, Mr Bound, Rfl, FFreakof reakofnurture, nurture, Sysy, Econrad, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, 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Alexandrov, v, RPIRED, Natalya, Roland2~enwiki, Roland2~enwiki, OleMaster, Philthecow, Kelly Martin, Zudduz, Bushytails, OwenX, Woohookitty, 2004-12-29T22:45Z, LizardWizard, JarlaxleArtemis, TigerShark, Dandv, AirBa~enwiki, Mathmo, Daira Hopwood, Uncle G, Bratsche, Canaen, Commander Keane, Amitav78, MONGO, Cabhan, Huhsunqu, Zzyzx11, Wayward, The Nameless, SqueakBox, Hihellowhatsup, Graham87, Magister Mathematicae, Keeves, BD2412, FreplySpang, Eteq, RxS, Sjakkalle, Lhademmor, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Syndicate, 2005-03-07T19:40Z, 2005-03-07T20:13Z, Crazyvas, Collins.mc, Strait, Bob A, PinchasC, Tangotango, Specialfriedrice, TheRingess, Soakologist, MZMcBride, Nyeus, ElKevbo, Krash, Remurmur, Sango123, A Man In Black, Teddythetank, Kevmitch, Flarn2006, VKokielov, Marax, Crazycomputers, Pope John Paul II, Who, Chanting Fox, AJR, Hottentot, Kerowyn, RexNL, Gurch, NeoFreak, Mpradeep, Fephisto, Brianmacian, EronMain, Dothefandango, BradBeattie, Le Anh-Huy, Phoenix2~enwiki, Butros, King of Hearts, Haldrik, Ariele, Voodoom, Agamemnon2, Hall Monitor, Gwernol, UkPaolo, The Rambling Man, Chanlyn, Jeffpw, Peter G Werner, Brandmeister (old), Midgley, RussBot, Sarranduin, Icarus3, Trinbago, Bhny, Epolk, SpuriousQ, Jasonglchu, CanadianCaesar, Wavesmikey, Akamad, Stephenb, Kyorosuke, Yrithinnd, Terra Green, Notchcode, NawlinWiki, Wiki alf, Bachrach44, MiracleMan2, NickBush24, Jaxl, Lepidoptera, Robchurch, Augusto maguina~enwiki maguina~enwiki,, Irishguy, Nick, Aleshik, NSA~enwiki, Kazuhite, Xdenizen, Larry laptop, Misza13, Frambaldi, PonyToast, Ma3nocum, PaddyBriggs, Romarin, Scottfisher, Cerejota, Olleicua, PS2pcGAMER, PS2pcG AMER, DRosenbac DRosenbach, h, Haemo, Haemo, Deepak~en Deepak~enwiki, wiki,User2 User27091, 7091, Crisc Criscoo 1492, Kel Kelovy, ovy, Bazoo BazookaJoe kaJoe,, Newagel Newagelink, ink, Emijrp, Emijrp, K.Nevel K.Nevelstee steen, n, Ali K, Cabanes, Imaninjapirate, Imaninjapirate, TheMadBaron, ToneLa, Coldcaff Coldcaffeine, eine, Sd015g, Theda, Denisutku, Jwissick, Pb30, Saizai, GraemeL, CensorshipOfCensorship, Arundhati bakshi, AGToth, Kungfuadam, Lyrl, NeilN, D Monack, Selmo, Vanished user 99034jfoiasjq2oirhsf3, DVD R W, Brentt, That Guy, From That Show!, Tallard, Teo64x, Luk, Ramses the Great, Veinor, Crystallina, SmackBot, FocalPoint, MattieTK, PiCo, Unschool, Honza Záruba, Herostratus, Royalguard11, NaiPiak, Pgk, C.Fred, ParkerHi ParkerHiggins, ggins, Bradtcordeiro, Jrockley, Obfuscation2929, fuscati on2929, Aforsy, Arny, StephenJMuir, PJM, Alosel, Frymaster, Canthusus, BiT, Timotheus Canens, Nil Einne, Shai-kun, Xaosflux, Richmeister, Richmeis ter, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Ohnoitsjamie, Chaojoker, Chaojoker, Ennorehling, Lapsus Linguae, Master Jay, Solyock, Keegan, Trampikey, Trampikey, NCurse, EncMstr, Stevage, Jfsamper, DHN-bot~enwiki, Timmothias, Blagov, Firetrap9254, Gracenotes, JFQ, Androsyn, Zsinj, Zsinj, Kotra, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Kendaniel, Kendaniel, Милан Јелисавчић, Ankur.sinha, Jinxed, OrphanBot, Nerrolke Nerrolken, n, 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8.2 8.2 Imag Images es

 

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  File:Commons-logo.svg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License:  ?  ?  Contributors:  ?  ?  Original  artist:  ?  ?   File:Deveria04.jpg Source:   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Deveria04.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Deveria04.jpg License:  Public   Public domain Contributors:  Contributors:  ?  ? Original artist:  ?  ?   File:Erotic_scenes_Louvre_G13_n4.jpg  Source:   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Erotic_scenes_Louvre_G13_ n4.jpg License:  CC  CC BY 3.0  Contributors Contributors: :  User:Jastrow,   User:Jastrow, own work, 2008-03-15 Original artist:  English:   English:  Pedieus Painter   GFDL Contrib http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Housefly_mating.jpg License:  GFDL   File:Housefly_mating.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Housefly_mating.jpg utors:  Own  Own work Original artist:  Muhammad  Muhammad Mahdi Karim (www.micro2macro.net  (www.micro2macro.net)) Facebook Youtube   File:Indiaerotic8.jpg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Indiaerotic8.jpg   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Indiaerotic8.jpg  License:  Public  Public domain  Contributors:  Kangra  Kangra style, Punjab Punjab hills Original artist:  Miniature  Miniature   File:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_Courtship_-_The_Proposal.jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/ Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_Courtship_-_The_Proposal.jpg   License:    Public Public domain   Contributors:    http://www.allartpainting.com/ courtship-the-proposal-p-17233.html  Original artist:   Lawrence Alma-Tadema Alma-Tadema Contributors:   ?   File:Lion_sex.jpg  Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Lion_sex.jpg  License:  Public domain   Contributors:  Original artist:  ?  ?

  File:Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png  Source:   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png  License:   LGPL by  User:IngerAlHaosului using  using   CommonsHelper. CommonsHelper.  Original artist:  Contributors:  Transferred   Transferred from en.wikipedia from  en.wikipedia;; transferred to Commons by User:IngerAlHaosului

Original uploader was Equazcion was Equazcion at  at en.wikipedia  en.wikipedia

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  File:Paul_Avril_-_Les_Sonnetts_Luxurieux_(1892)_de_Pietro_Aretino,_2.jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/4/4e/Paul_Avril_-_Les_Sonnetts_Luxurieux_%281892%29_de_Pietro_Aretino%2C_2.jpg  License:  Public domain  Contributors:   http://kamas.blogspot.com/2005/05/arte-dos-ocidentes-062.html Original artist:  Édouard-Henri   Édouard-Henri Avril   File:Portal-puzzle.svg  Source:   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License:  Public  Public domain   Contributors:  Contributors:   ? Original artist:  ?  ?

 

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  File:Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_ -_4_symbols.svg   License:    CC BYBY-SA SA 3.0   Contributors:    This   vector vector imag imagee   in incl clude udess el elem ement entss tha thatt have have bee beenn tak taken en or

adapte adaptedd fro rom m this: this: I would appreciate appreciate being  being notified notified if  if you use my work outside Wikimedia.   File:Slevogt_Faun_and_a_Girl.jpg_.jpg Source:  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Slevogt_Faun_and_a_Girl.jpg  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Slevogt_Faun_and_a_Girl.jpg License:  Public   Public domain  Contributor Contributors:  s:   cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl Original artist:  Max  Max Slevogt  File:Édouard-Henri_Avril_(14).jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_ %2814%29.jpg  License:  Public   Public domain Contributors:  ?  ?  Original artist:  ?  ?  File:Édouard-Henri_Avril_(18).jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_ %2818%29.jpg  License:  Public domain  Contributors:  http://www.arterotismo.com/PaulAvril/index.htm  Original artist:  Édouard-Henri Avril  File:Édouard-Henri_Avril_(24).jpg   Source:    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_ %2824%29.jpg  License:  Public   Public domain Contributors:  ?  ?  Original artist:  ?  ?

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8 TEXT AND IMAGE IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIB CONTRIBUTORS, UTORS, AND LICENSES 

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