Sextus Empiricus Against the Rhetoricians

SEXTUS EMPIRICUS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY

THE REV. R. G. BURY, LITT.D. J!'ORMERLY SCHOLAR OF TRINITY OOLLlIGlI, OA1lBRIDGIII

IN FOUR VOLUMES

IV

AGAINST THE PROFESSORS

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLXXI

BOOK II

B

npo~

TotS' TTEP~ ypap,p,aTtKfjS' OtE~OOEVOEtUW ~p,w aKoAovOov av E't'T} Ka~ TTEP~ P'T}TOptKfis MYEW, aVOptKWTlpaS' ijO'T} KaOEaTWU7JS' Ka~ TO TTMov ETT' , ~ Kat\ fJ' 'I: r I '\\'" ayopaS' 'T}p,aTWV EEW,TJ

I

7Tpayp;aTa

"

C'\ ,

""

TJ

avv'Top..ws

7TpaYfl,aTa. I

UVfl,.,.,EpOVTa "

,

TTJV ota

,

OVOEV

I

('

yap

(' I

tu,r;Wt 7TE~~ ~OVT~V ,TW:' ~paYfa;wv ,Ot PTJTOpES". OVTE Ka()o TTJV ota EUTtV TJ TOV EA'\TJVt~EW' KOW6V

'..

~

~

,

,

()

~

~

"

() ,

yap TJV TOVTO TWV TTJ uVVTJ Etc!- Kat TatS" EIIEV EpatS" I I " () , \ ,I.. ,.... \. TEXVatS" 7TPOUEXOVTWV. OVTE Ka 0 TTJV ua.,.,wS" Kai. I , , , I . \ I UVVTOfl,WS" Kat EYKaTaUKEVWS" fl,TJvvovuav Ta 7Tpayfl,UTa'

,

I

TOVVUVTtOV

,

..

,

yap

I

~

''',I.. I E7Tt.,.,WVTJfl,a

"'"

7TEpWOOV

'"

Kat

()EIIOVTES" " , , ~ IIEYEW Ot PTJTOpES", KUt fl,TJ .,.,WVUEV .,.,WVaEVTt

uVYKpo6EtV, KUt " " ' KaTaKllwEw, EKKIIEWVTUt

fl,owTlAEvTov otavotav ~ A. ~" TTJS" ua'f'ovS" ufl,a Kat,

58 UVVTd fl,OV nov 7TpaYfl,aTWV EPfl,TJVEtUS".

OOK apu • ~'" ' rKallTjV ' , IIESW , 't PTJTOptKTJS" EUTt TO KUTUUKEVU,:>EW KUt T6 EO '\lYEtV. oo()lvToS" TE To6TOV OOK all TtS'

e'\OtTO

fl,~

T~V

Tota6TTJV cppauw, 7TPWTOV fl,€V

7Tt7TTEW aOT¥ ElS"

'0.'

\

('.....

T~V KOtV~V

fl

~V ,Ets" yap TJfl,WV OVTW E7Tt

TWV

Kat

aVTOt

,

216

OtKaUTTJpLwv,

"~

,

,~

OE. EKEtVOt

ou1

T6

TovfJLov xpfjUW'

0.ta'" EYETat WS ('

f

('/

.

Ot PTJTOpES

KaTaYE'\ai:r()~U€TUt. , 't '()' 7TavTQ-r:E ESEII OVTES TijS E7TEt

!

rhetoric fine speaking and refined phraseology. But as it is, seeing that they do not touch this subject, or if they touch it it is not because of rhetoric, one must declare that fine speech is not peculiar to rhetoric.Again, language of itself is neither good nor bad. A 56 proof of this is the fact that the same language which offends us when spoken by a cultivated and solemn person does not offend us in the least when spoken by the jester cracking jokes. Hence, when the orator is said to be capable of framing fine speech, it is either for the reason that he frames speech which expresses profitable things, or speech which is a form of good Greek, or speech which indicates objects clearly, concisely and competently. But it is not for the 57 reason that his speech indicates things of profit; for orators know nothing about those things. Nor is it because his speech is a form of good Greek; for this is also shared by those who keep to customary usage and the liberal arts. Nor is it because his speech indicates objects clearly, concisely and competently; on the contrary, in their desire to give out their wellrounded periods and concluding clauses, and not to let vowel collide with vowel, and to avoid similar sentence-endings, they preclude themselves from expounding things at once clearly and concisely. Therefore it does not belong to rhetoric to produce 58 fine phrasing and good speaking. And, this being granted, no one will choose a style such as theirs, and that because, firstly, it does not fit in with the common practice; for none of us talks as do the orators in the law-courts, since he would be jeered at. And they themselves, when they come away VOL. IV

H

217

I

SEXTUS EMPIRICUS

8t~TPtf31~

dywvo~

Ka} TOiJ, m:Aa~ Epf.1,TjVEtq..

59 TOV~

K07T~V

AaA ~ , EtV.

Ef.1,7TOtEt TO

7TpO~

aAArJ XPWVTat EtTa Kat ciJ~ ErpTjV 7TPO(J-

7TpO(JOXfj~

f.1,ETo.

p~Topda~

Kat

'~'" f.1,ETaKTEOV OE Ta 7TpOTEpOV 7TpO~ TOV~ avaAoyt(JTLKOV~ TWV ypaf.1,f.1,aTtKWV elp'nll.'va K' 88 ' " ",r , at , L aKTEOV OTt Tfj (JVVTj8E{q. 7TP0(JEKT'OV II.aAA6v '" r E~Tt 8E'AOVTa~ EV'" A' EyELV 7J7TEp TEXVrJ TtVt 7TEptEPYOTEPq.·

60

~ 8E' f.1,ETEIl'8OVTE~ ' , , TOiJ TEIIOV~ " VVV Kat, a7TO T7l'" ~ ' 8 ' " "I' p",TOPLK'TjS 7TOtWf.1,E a Ta~ EV(JTa(JEts. mlALV TO{VVV

TO.

''n

AEK'

f

~

,

I,

(

'\

TEOV WS EL f.1,TjOEV E(JTt p'nTOptK7l~ T'IIOS OV''''' (' \ ~ \ \ "/ -/ , D€V

,

E(JTt pTjTOpLKTj OLa TO mi(Jav TEXVtK~V ggLV 7Tp6~ TL

T~V

TEAOS Aaf.1,f3avELV

•

61

~"

dvarpopav.

•

'e

~

OVXt 8 ' yE e(JTL

Tt PTjTOpUCTj~ TEIIO~, w~ OELSOf.1,EV· Ire

I

('

TEXV, Tj pTjTOptKTj.

TE~

\

OVK apa E(JTt

.....

Ot f.1,EV oilv 7TAEt(JTOt Kat xap{EV-

Tfj~

E(JxaTOV otovTat

PTjTOptKfjS epyov Eivat TO

I IlIaTWva \, , TOV~ Kat' " yap ot 7TEpt" TOV EtS '8' ~'" TO a7TL OVTES ovvaf.1,LV ELpTjKa(JLV aVT~V TOiJ 8to. A6yw 7TE{8E'"v.

'8

\

Kat

7TEt ELV,

('

Ot

,

7TEpt

,......,

TOV

.!::.EVOKpaTTjV

V 7TEL80 ~

8Tjf.1,tOvpyov, " Kat 'ApL(JTOTEIITj~ '\ ovvaf.1,LV ~, v~ ToiJ 8EWPELV " 8 ' 8 ' " TO EV EX0f.1,EVOV 7TL avov. KaL Ap{(JTWV 0 KptTOAao v' '" ~8',t. yVWPtf.1,o~ (JK07TOV f.1,EV EKKEW at 'f'Tj(JLV aVT7l

' TEIIO~ " '" " TO TVXEtV ~ TTjS ~ 7TEt80iJs. Kal, " 7TEt 8W, OE Epll"a ' \,. , " ~ r yopa~ TEIIELOV PYJTOPOS EPYOV ELVat eAEYE , 8' \ 'I" ~, TO TE EV 7TOIILTtKOV T} 0 pY)TWp, ~ '" ~ , -I. ' '\ \, , OOKOVUt }J-Y) ota TY)V TWV 1Tpay}J-aTWV 't'VUW alllla ota T~V TOU P~TOpOS 1TavovpyLav TO. }J-~ 8LKata TOtauTa -I.' 8at· Tep~ O€ ' TOV~ WtWTOV 'c:" "8 ' ~ 't'aw€u 77 aVTOtS ws au €V€,~ 1TBs ns uvvaywvLt€Ta" Ka~ T.ov MBS., Bekk. I ..).C;WV4KtS scripsi: ..).,,'ov lISS., Bekk. (p.o.>.>.ov c;i. Bekk.).

1i

230

cP

AGAINST THE PROFESSORS, II. 85-89 which is the end of a part will not be the end of the whole' but the Orators say that "the advantageous'" is the end of the deliberative ~art of rhetoric; therefore it is not the end of rhetonc as a whole.-Also, that which is the common end of all Art will not be the end of rhetoric alone; but "the advantageous" is t~e ~nd of all art ~ our experience' therefore there IS no end peculiar to . t ory " 86 rhetoric.-It, remains, then, to say t h at "VIC is its end; but this again is impossible. For he who often fails to attain the end of the Art of Grammar will not be a grammarian, and he who often fails to attain the end of the Art of Music will not be a mUSICIan. So also he who fails often to attain the end of the Art of Rhetoric will not be an orator. But 87 the orator is more often loser than victor, and the more so the more capable he is, as those who have an unjust case join in flocking to him. T~erefore t~e orator is not an orator.-Also, he who faIls to attaIn the end of rhetoric will not be praised; but we some' tory," d "VIC times praise an orator when d£ e eate; then, is not the end of rhetoric. Consequently, if rhetoric ha.s neither a subject- 88 matter a which it treats techmcally nor an end to which it is directed,b rhetoric will not exi~t; but, as we have established, it has neither subject-matter nor end; therefore rhetoric does not exist. One may also raise difficulties for the~ based on 89 the parts of rhetoric. The parts ofrhetonc, they say, are " the juridical, the deliberative and ~he laudatory," and of these" the juridical" has Justice for its end, "the deliberative "has the advantageous, a I

Of.§§ 48 if.

• Of. §§ 60 if.

.1..a..op~a"t" cj. Bekk.; ~a..o~O'",,, lISS., Bekk.

281

SEXTUS EMPIRICUS

AGAINST THE PROFESSORS, II. 89-94 and" the laudatory" has the noble. But this is at once open to doubt. For if the juridical purpose is 90 one thing, and the deliberative another, and the laudatory something different, certainly the end of the juridical will not also be the end of the deliberative, and the end of the latter will not be that of the laudatory, and vice versa. Since, then, the end of the deliberative is the advantageous, this will not be the end of the juridical. But the end of the juridical is the just; therefore the just is not advantageous.-And again, just as these parts differ, 91 so also the ends will differ; and therefore, inasmuch as the end of the laudatory is the noble and that of the juridical the just, it is possible for the noble not to be just and the just not to be noble; which is absurd.-Moreover, if persuasion is the end of rhetoric 92 as a whole, but the just of the juridical part, and the advantageous of the deliberative, and the noble of the laudatory, then certainly the just is not persuasive, nor is-the advantageous, nor the noble; and this conflicts with the notion that rhetoric aims wholly at persuasion. Furthermore, in the case of the juridical part, 93 rhetoric will draw the jurors towards its end either by just speeches only or by unjust as well as by just speeches. But if it is by just speeches only, it will be virtue; but what aims at the persuasion of the crowd is not virtue, for it contains much that is rash and misleading; it is not, therefore, of a nature to lead the hearers to its end by just speeches only.-Moreover, if it always pursues justice, no 94 contrary argument will be forthcoming, and when 288

SEXTUS EMPIRICUS

AGAINST THE PROFESSORS, II. 94-97

Tav.r7JS p-ETaS~wKOlJU7JS, TaD S' EvaVTtov II.';' OVTOS ~ I 'I:> \ . I I ,..., oyov OVOE P7JTOp~K7J T~S yEV7JaETa~, WaTE O.,}SE I ~ I:> I I I \1 TaVT[J TO~S O~Kato~S p-0vov XP7JaETa£ floyo~S. Ka~ , '8 \ "" '~I '\ J/~ I P-7Jv ov E TO~S aO~Ko~s, E7Tn aotKOS yEV'YlaETa~ Ka~ dAW TOV"'" EVaVTtoV I 'JI \ I ~ "/ , ' 7T P-7J OVTOS floyov acrVaTaTOS " ~ I " 1 : > " . 1 . I EaTa~. Et7TETa~ apa O~ ap-'f'oTEpWV a.,}T~V {3aSt" \,~ ~ I , \ , I a 7TOflflCP TWV 7TpOTEPWV EaTW aTo7TwTEP0V"

Y

'"JI Ew.

'rt,

\

,

I

(\

EaTa~ yap ap-a apET7J Ka~ KaK£a, a TWV d.SVVa.TWV KaOEWT"'Yl " . I I .. I _ . .,KEV. OV TO£VVV P7JTEOV p-EpOS Ewa£ T£ • ~ I:> \" 1\ " \ I:> P7JTOp~K7JS o~KaV£KOV a TEflOS EXE£ TO otKa~ov. 95IIpos \ ~" " 'I:>/:. \ I:> I yE P-"l.V ~O~S E~P~7JP-~VO~S, E~7TEP V7TOOE~S"a~ TO O£Ka~ov TO~S O~KaaTa~s EV TW O~KaV~KW P-EPE£

MTWP 7TpoTtOE;a~, ?jTO£ ~.,}TOOEV \ • 1\ \ I:> I " Ka~ 0P-oflOYOV TO O~Ka~ov 07TEP • I:> I '" .I..Q I V7TOOE~Kvvaw, 7J ap-'f'£at-'7JT7Ja~p-ov. &.>tAa c/>awoII. \,.\" '" ,..EVOV P-EV OVK av E£7TO~EV" E7T~ TOVTOV yap a.,} TfjS

EaT~

P7JTOP~KfjS .l. I 'f' a W0P-EVOV

I

96

co

C'

aVV~aTaTa£

~aOE~WT~S.

\

\

P7JTOp~KOS

a

~~t7TETa~

\

I

,

flOYOS ,

OVV

TO

avap-c/>~a{37J-nJTov

d.p-c/>~a{37JT~a~p.ov.

a 7TcDtw EaTW a7TOpoV" Toaowov yap d.7TExovaw C',

,

"

....

\,

O£ ns TovvaVT~OV EmXE~pOVVTES T7JV ap-4)£af3~T7Jaw co \, ...., I ,\, ~' Ka~ EK TWV EVaVT~WV av'M'lV E7T~a ~'''''EW

AVEl,V ws , 0 \

\

~

I

97

~

I:>

T7JV

,

TWV

•

\

O~KaaTWV

•• /

I I

,

yvWII.'Y1V. Ka~ .I. ,.../ TOVTOV mans 7J TTEp~ OpaKIiJS 'f'EPOP-EV7J TTapa -o~ \, ~" '\ 'n •. ~S TTOflflO~S ~aTop~a. VEav~as yap TTOUW P7JTOP~KfjS KaTaUXEOE~S TTpoafjAOEv a.,}.,.w TOV p;aO'YI(J"oll.EVOV t, ,.... 0 ' ~, r V'TT I aVTOV p-'~a ov ,owaEw ETTaYYEflfl0P-EVOS, av ~V 7TpWT7JV V£K7JarJ S~K7JV. uvp-c/>wvtas SE YEVOII.EV'YIS \.... I t , ~c 'J.. I "', Kat TOV I-'E~paKtoV £KaV7JV E!) W EP-'f'atvoVTOS 7:S'YI co \ K' i: " , 0' C' "/ "0 ~ I-'e:' opa!) \ aTTnTE~ T?V p-£a OV, a S' d.VTE~EYEV. ap.c/>OTEPO£ SE TTapE~OOVTES Els TO S~KaaT~p~OV ETT£ OflOVVTES

K'

,I.

"

EKPWOVTO,

To~aJ...n

_."

284

• GTE

\ TW£

,

Ka~

\\ ,

A',L

TTPWTOV

'f'aa~

./

TOV

"/

KopaKa

' , , XPTJu0 a£ EmXE~PTJuE!, flEyoVTa ~

I

ws

there exists no contrary speech neither will rhetoric exist, so that on this showing, too, it will not use just speeches only.-Nor, again, will it use unjust speeches, for if so it will be unjust, and as the contrary speech is again non-existent, it will be non-existent. It remains, then, to say that it proceeds by means of both. But this is far more absurd than the former suppositions; for it will be at once virtue and vice, which is a thing impossible. One must, then, deny that there is a juridical part of rhetoric which has justice for its end. In addition to what has been said, if the orator 95 proposes to explain to the judges what is just by the juridical part of rhetoric, the justice which he explains is either evident of itself and agreed or it is disputable. But they will not say that it is evident; for about this no rhetorical speech is composed, since it is undisputed. It remains, then, to say that it is dis- 96 putable. But this again is open to doubt. For those who argue on opposite sides are so far from settling the dispute that they even intensify it by their contradictions and befog the minds of the judges. And there is evidence for this in the story commonly told about Corax. a A young man seized with a desire for rhetoric 97 went to him and promised that he would pay him the fee he would charge, if he should win his first case. And when the compact was made, and the youth was now displaying sufficient skill, Corax demanded his fee, but the other said co No." Both then repaired to the court and had the case tried; and then, it is said, Corax first used an argument of this kind,a Noted Sicilian rhetorician, eire. 460 B.C. The same story is told of Protagoras by Diog. Laert. ix. 56. 285

SEXTUS EMPIRICUS

AGAINST THE PROFESSORS, II. 97-102

'J.!\ , 8 £av T£ VtKTJUTJ Eav TE f'TJ, l\at'EW O.,.,E/,I\£t TOV f'tU OV, 1 ' ' ' ' 1 \ J.()' I:' , , VtKTJuaS' f'EV on EVtKTJUEV, I\Et.,., £tS' OE KaTa TOV J. 1 \1 • \1 " TTJS' uvf'.,.,WVtaS' I\OYOV· Wf'0I\OYTJU£ yap aVTW 0 ~ I~ S ~ I , ()'" \ avnotlCoS' a1700WUEW TOV f'tU OV £av TTJV 17PWTTJV 1 1:'1 .. "() , 'J. !\ , VtKTJUfI otICTJV, TJV aVTO EV vtlCTJuaS' O.,.,E/,I\Et TTJv 98 tmoUXEUW XPEWAVTE'V. 80PV/3TJUd.VTWV S~ TWV I:' A ' 1:'1 \1 'A , R otICaUTWV WS' o£lCata I\EYOVTOS' aVTOV, 17apa/lat'c1v , \ I f , .... ,...., , TOVS' 1\0yOVS' 0 VEav£aS' Tep aVTep E17tXHp Ylf'an, 1:" 8".... u,' " , ct , f'TJOEV f'ETa EtS', EXPTJTO· Eav T£ yap VtICTJUW" J. ' '" 1 () 'J.!\ , .,.,TJUW Eav T£ VtlCTJ w, OVIC O.,.,E/,I\W TOV f'£U 8' OV , I:' K'opalC£, V£KTJuaS' I ,~, I a17000VVat f'EV on EVtlCTJ ua , AEtrP()E~S' lCaTa TOV rijS' uvf'rPwvlaS' AOyOV. f , "~ , , ()' t, \ V17EUX0f'TJV yap a1700WUEW TOV f'£U OV Eav TTJV 17PWTTJV V£K1JUW SlICTJV, AE£rP()E~S' OOIC a170SWuw." . 99 ElS' E170x!JV Ka~ a170plav EA()OVTES' ot StKaUTa~ 1:" , '()' \1 , ota TTJV £UOU EVE£av TWV PTJTOP£KWV I\oywv af'rPo 1 'l: 'R_. \ I:' " J. ' T£pOVS' £!,Et'aI\OV TOV otKaUTTJpwv, E17£""WV'YJuaVTES' '"tEIC KalCOV. . 1C0paKOS' , 't,,, TO KaKOV epov. "

,,,

1

\

Q

A

A

&.

A

,

A

Se

Se

Se

A'

A

A

100

OCoS' SE EUTW 0 17EP~ TOV StKaVtlCov f'EPOVS' AOYOS' .... , ''" \ to \ .... I TO£OVTOS' YEVO£T av Kat 0 17Ept TOV UVf'/30VAEVT£ICOV rt

\

.....

" \ ,

'

wa f'TJ f'aKpTJYOpWf'EV. TO f'EV yap EYKWf'£aUTtICOv \ .... "" ''''' I II ()" UVV Tep Ta£S' aVTatS' a170pta£S' V7TaYEU at, £7£ Ka~' 101 af'E ' '()ooov I:' " " , 1 " EUTW. E17££ yap" OVTE 17aVTES' av()pW170£ 'r ()a£ 8 EI\OVUW "" I:' '\ E'YICWf'£a",EU OVTE E17£ TO£S' aVTOtS', OE' A

,

A' 1r lCal\wS' EYKWf'ta",EW

1\ \

\

'A

'I:' 1

,

TOV f'EI\I\OVTa EWEva£ 'T'YIV TOV , r 1 I:' ' ( ) , •• / EYICWf'£a",of'EVOV o,a EUW· OV 17av SE yE TO lCa(}' "

I

\

"

I

f

,

ETEpOV ICwTJf'a I\TJ7TTOV EUTW ETEpW. lCa, aAAWS' ot pi/TOPES' 00 17apa8ESWKaut Twa 'f'E8080v 8£' .sS' , 1 8 " '" " -,t E£UOf'E a T0170TE lCa£ Twa £YICWf'taUTEOV £UTlv. ,

N

~

\"

t'

....

f

't'

....,

OVIC apa ovvaTOV a170 PTJTOp£K'YJS' vr£WS' EYKwf'ta",EW. 102 TJTO' " "A '" ' 8~'S' OOICOVU' I:' T£ £17' TO£S' f'TJ\ ovuw aya £lva£,

Se

286

that whether he won the case or lost it he ought to receive the fee; if he won, because he had won, and if he lost, in accordance with the terms of the compact; for his opponent had agreed to pay him the fee if he won his first case, so that if he did win it he was thereby bound to discharge the debt. And after 98 the judges had applauded him for speaking justly the young man in turn began his speech and used the same argument, altering nothing: "Whether I win;" he says, " or whether I am beaten, I am not bound to pay Corax the fee; if I win, because I have won; and if I lose, in accordance with the terms of the compact; for I promised to pay the fee if I shou~~ win ~y first case, but if I should lose I shall not pay. The Judges 99 then, thrown into a state of suspense and perplexity owing to the equipollence of the rhetorical arguments, drove them both out of the court, crying " A bad egg from a bad crow! " a To save a long account we may say that the argu- 100 ment concerning "the deliberative" part will be similar to that concerning the juridical. As to the "laudatory," or eulogistic, part, besides being subject to the same doubts, it is also lacking in method. For 101 since not all men wish to be eulogized, nor on the same grounds, he who is going to eulogize well must know the disposition of the person who is being eulogized; but not every emotion in one man is perceptible by another. Moreover, the Orators have not furnished us with any method whereby we may know when and whom we ought to eulogize; it is impossible, therefore, to eulogize properly by means of rhetoric.-Also, the orator will eulogize on account 102 . a A play on the name Corax, which is the Greek for " carrion-crow" (or" daw "). Of. the Latin saying" mali com malum ovum."

287

SEXTUS EMPIRICUS .;:.. €1T2

'"

'"

AGAINST THE PROFESSORS, II. 102-105

"" • ":' " K~E:' ~1I7J ELav ouaw eyKw}.tLaaEL 0 P7J'TWp. OU'TE 0 Em 'Tois }.t~ ovaL, 1TpoaSLa,t.{)ElpEL \ " r' ~ yap 'TOUs eyKW}.t,a~o}.tevous, OV'TE €1T2 'TOis ovaw'

,

'Tois

,

'()

t1,

arVO~L yap 'TafJ-ra, O'TE KaL 'TOis cpL'\oa6cpOLs SLa T7JV aVE1TlKpL'TOV

~~1T'Ta.

OVK

1TEP~

apa

av'TWV }.taX7Jv

Svva'Tal 'Twa

€O'T~V

aKa'Ta-

0

€yKW}.tta'EW

oi 'TE }.t~ E1S6'TES €CP' ors €YKWII.LaO'Tl.ov , \ ,~" 't ~, ,. EO'TW OUOE EyKW}.tLa~ELV OVVaV'TaL' oi SI. y ., .,,, ,,t., , E P7JTOpES OUK Laaaw E't' ors EYKW}.tLa'EW SEi, Ka{)ws 1Tapa-

103 P7J'TWp.

~'1aO}.tEV· ,'Tolvv~ ovS~ €YKW}.tLa'EW Suv'1aOV'TaL. EyKw}.tLaO'TEOV yap cpaaw a1TO yl.vovs Ka~ KaA,\OV