Sewage Treatment: Priliminary Treatment Units
Short Description
This deals with Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) and their design. It includes details on Bar Screens, Grit Removal Fac...
Description
^rgcele`bry ]rgbtlg`t W`ets Mr. Bjgpbte Q. Xgmmy Qaoffc fi G`grdy b`m G`verf`lg`t ]obpbr W`evgrsety, ^btebcb
Hbr Qargg`s
Qargg`s • Ierst u`et usubccy g`afu`tgrgm e` tog Q]^ • Elpfrtb`t tf bvfem mblbdg tf suhsgqug`t prfagss gqueplg`t b`m e`argbsg fvgrbcc trgbtlg`t rgcebhecety & giigatevg`gss • ^rfvemgm f` aob``gcs abrrye`d tog sgwbdg b`m e`acumg ‑ B hbr rbaj ‑ Hbr rbje`d (acgb`e`d) ibaecety ‑ B pgrifrbtgm pcbtg ‑ ]glpfrbry stfrbdg prfvesef` ifr tog sargg`e`ds • Fitg` ofusgm e` b sargg`e`d aoblhgr (ei prfvemgm f` b` u`mgr drfu`m sgwgr) ‑ Baagss tf tog sargg` ‑ Cg`dto fi tog aoblhgr sofucm hg suiieaeg`t • tf baafllfmbtg tog sargg` b`m tog pgrifrbtgm pcbtg • tf ibaecetbtg acgb`e`d fi tog bpprfbao aob``gc
‑ Temto fi tog aoblhgr sofucm e`acumg • cb`me`d b`m wfrje`d spbag ifr tog wfrjgr
Qpbag ifr tglpfrbry stfrbdg fi tog sargg`e`ds
Qargg`s Bpprfbao aob``gc; ‑ Qofucm obvg b strbedot bpprfbao ‑ Dret b`m ogbvy lbtgrebcs sofucm `ft baaulucbtg getogr bogbm fi fr ifccfwe`d tog sargg` mure`d usg
Hbr sargg`/hbr rbaj (b sargg` weto pbrbccgc hbrs/rfms) ‑ Hbrs; toeaj`gss, mgpto b`m cg`dto ‑ Qpbae`d hgtwgg` hbrs b`m spbagr hbrs • 87-7> ll (ifr lb`ubc sargg`s) b`m 27-47 ll (ifr lgaob`eabc sargg`s) ‑ Qpbagr hbr; cfabtgm hgoe`m (b`m pgrpg`meaucbr tf hbrs) fut fi tog wby fi tog ce`gs fi tog rbjg b`m wgcmgm tf tog hbrs ‑ B`dcg fi e`ace`btef` e`ace`btef` fi tog sargg`; 1>-=7 irfl tog vgrteabc ifr lb`ubc sargg`s b`m >-1> ifr lgaob`eabc sargg`s
^grifrbtgm mrbe`bdg pcbtg es prfvemgm bt tog tfp fi hbr rbaj ifr tglpfrbry stfrbdg b`m mrbe`bdg fi rbje`ds Gvg` wog` icffmgm tog sgwbdg sofucm pbss tf tog ftogr semg f`cy torfudo tog hbr sargg`
^grifrbtgm mrbe`e`d pcbtg
^brbccgc hbr Qpbae`d hbr
Qemg vegw
Irf`t vegw
]fp vegw
Hbr Qargg` Qargg` b`m ^grifrbtgm Mrbe`e`d ^cbtg
Qargg`s; Acbsseieabtef` Acbsseieabtef` • Afbrsg sargg`s (9-27> ll); ‑ Wsgm tf prftgat pulps, vbcvgs, pepgce`gs b`m ftogr bppurtg`b`ags irfl mblbdg fr acfdde`d ‑ Hbr sargg`s - twf typgs - ob`m acgb`gm sargg`s sargg`s b`m lgaob`eabccy acgb`gm sargg`s ‑ Aobe` mrevg` lgaob`eabc sargg`s; Irf`t acgb` - irf`t rgtur` typg: Irf`t acgb` - hbaj rgtur` typg b`m Hbaj acgb` - hbaj rgtur` typg
Xgaeprfabte`d rbjg typg hbr sargg`s: Abtg`bry sargg` ‑ Xgaeprfabte`d
• Ie`g sargg`s (39 ll); ‑ usubccy usgm bitgr tog afbrsg sargg`s tf prftgat tog prfagss gqueplg`t ‑ Qtbtea wgmdg werg, mrul fr stgp typgs: Af`te`ufus hgct sargg` • Learf sargg`s (37> learf`s) ‑ usgm pre`aepbccy ifr tog rglfvbc fi ie`g sfcems irfl tog trgbtgm giicug`t
Qargg`s; Mgsed` Af`semgrbtef`s • Cfabtef` - e`stbccgm bogbm fi dret aoblhgrs b`m pulps • Bpprfbao vgcfaety; ‑ >.1 tf >.9 l/sga ifr lb`ubc sargg`s ‑ >.1 tf 2.> l/sga ifr lgaob`eabc sargg`s • Ygcfaety torfudo tog hbr sargg`; ‑ sofucm hg 3>.5 l/sga. mure`d pgbj icfw • Hbr wemto; ab` hg 7 tf 27 ll • Hbr mgpto; ab` hg 87-1? ll • Xgatb`ducbr hbrs (bcsf tgbrmrfp b`m trbpgzfembc hbrs) brg usgm - Temgr wemto melg`sef` es f` tog upstrgbl semg • Acgbr fpg`e`ds fr spbae`d hgtwgg` hbrs ‑ 87-7> ll ifr lb`ubc sargg`s ‑ 27-47 ll ifr lgaob`eabc sargg`s • Qcfpg fi tog sargg` irfl tog vgrteabc; ‑ 1>-=7 ifr lb`ubc sargg`s b`m >-1> ifr lgaob`eabc sargg`s Icbttgr b`dcg e`argbsgs sargg` suhlgrdgm brgb
Qargg`s; Mgsed` Af`semgrbtef`s • Ogbm cfss torfudo tog sargg`s; 27> ll ifr lb`ubc sargg`s b`m 27>-9>> ll ifr lgaob`eabc sargg`s • Qargg`e`ds ob`mce`d, prfagsse`d b`m mespfsbc • Qargg` rbje`d lgaob`esl • Mrbe`bdg pcbtg • ]glpfrbry stfrbdg (ofppgrs fr af`tbe`grs) • Xglfvbc, trb`spfrt b`m mespfsbc - Af`vgyfrs/^`gulbtea gkgatfrs lby hg usgm tf trb`spfrt sargg`e`ds • Qargg`e`ds dre`mgr lby hg usgm tf dre`m b`m sorgm tog sargg`e`ds b`m rgtur` tf tog wbstgwbtgr • Qargg`e`ds brg mesaobrdgm mergatcy e`tf b ofppgr fr af`tbe`gr fr e`tf b sargg`e`d prgss • Lgaob`eabc sargg`s; 8 fr lfrg sargg`s brg prfvemgm tf ibaecetbtg sargg` esfcbtef` & lbe`tg`b`ag • Lb`ubc sargg`; ^rfvemgm e` slbccgr Q]^s ‑ Fitg` prfvemgm bs stb`mhy u`ets - usgm bs b` fvgricfw mgveag wog`gvgr tog lgaob`eabc sargg`s brg e`-fpgrbtef`bc
Bpprfbao aob``gc Ie`m wemto b`m scfpg fi tog bpprfbao aob``gc Bssulg mgpto fi icfw mure`d pgbj icfw bs 8/1 rm fi tog wemto Ie`m vgcfaety mure`d bvgrbdg icfw b`m aogaj wogtogr et es 0>.1 l/sga.
^rfvemg 0>.8 l irgghfbrm ifr tog aob``gc
Y X v
2
`
8
. X
2 1
.Q
w. M w 8 M R w. M
8
Y es vgcfaety (l/sga.); >.9 l/sga. ifr mgsed` pgbj icfw ` es Lb``e`ds afgiieaeg`t afgiieaeg`t (>.>27 ifr af`argtg aob``gcs b`m >.>21 ^YA aob``gcs X es oymrbucea rbmeus (l) (rbtef fi icfw arfss sgatef` brgb tf wgttgm pgrelgtgr) Q es scfpg T es wemto fi tog aob``gc (l) M es mgpto fi icfw (l) R es icfw rbtg (l1/sga.)
Bssulg M.1
tb` 8 T M
es e`ace`btef` b`dcg fi sargg` sargg` irfl i rfl ofrezf`tbc T es wemto fi tog aob``gc M es meblgtgr fi tog sgwgr sgwgr •
•
•
•
•
Ei pgrifrbtgm pcbtg es pcb``gm fvgr tog aob``gc hgoe`m tog sargg`, ets ifft pre`t ab` hg 08 telgs tog aob``gc a ob``gc wemto Temto fi tog sargg` aoblhgr ab` hg (1 telgs ets wemto) fr (aob``gc wemto +2.> l), woeaogvgr es cbrdgr Baagss tf tog sargg` sofucm hg g`surgm ^rfvesef` ifr tglpfrbry stfrbdg fi sargg`e`ds sofucm hg lbmg Ifr lgaob`eabccy acgb`gm sargg`s bmmetef`bc spbag ifr tog ibaecety b`m bssfaebtgm lbaoe`gry sofucm hg prfvemgm
Hbr Qargg` Qpgaeieabtef`s Mgaemg f` tog hbrs toeaj`gss b`m mgpto b`m f` tog spbae`d hgtwgg` tog hbrs b`m ie`m tog `ulhgr fi hbrs `ggmgm @ulhgr @ulhgr fi Hbrs Hbrs
Temto fi tog aob``gc ]oeaj`gsshbr Qpbae`d hgtwgg`hbrs
2
Mgaemg tog e`ace`btef` b`dcg b`m ie`m fut cg`dto fi tog hbrs hb rs ‑ M/se`(ӥ) + drfute`d rgquerglg`ts
(ӥ es e`ace`btef` b`dcg irfl ofrezf`tbc)
Mgaemg f` tog spbagr hbrs (`ulhgr, sezg b`m cg`dto) Mgaemg f` tog hbr rbaj drfute`d rgquerglg`ts Mgaemg f` tog pgrifrbtgm mrbe` pcbtg tf hg usgm hgoe`m tog sargg` ‑ Temto ab` hg >.8l pcus wemto fi tog aob``gc ‑ Cg`dto ab` hg 0 8 telgs tog wemto
Ogbm cfss barfss tog sargg` Ogbm cfss torfudo b afbrsg sargg` ab` hg gstelbtgm hy A es mesaobrdg afgiieaeg`t
Y 8 v 8 o C A 8 d 2
(tbjg` bs >.4 ifr acgb` sargg` b`m >.9 ifr acfddgm sargg`) Y es vgcfaety torfudo tog sargg` sa rgg` v es bpprfbao vgcfaety
d es baagcgrbtef` mug tf drbvety
Ifr 7>% acfddgm sargg`s vgcfaety torfudo tog sargg` ab` hg tbjg` bs >.5 l/sga.
Mrfp prfvemgm mfw`strgbl tf sargg` lby hg drgbtgr tob` tog ogbm cfss barfss et wog` acfddgm ifr pgbj icfw af`metef`s 027> ll ifr lb`ubccy acgb`gm sargg`s
Qargg`s Af`trfcs •
Xbje`d lgaob`esls ‑
‑
•
Hbsgm f` meiigrg`tebc ogbm cfss torfudo tog sargg` (lgbsure`d wbtgr cgvgc hfto hgifrg b`m bitgr tog sargg`) Hbsgm f` b telg acfaj (acgb`e`d bt prgmgtgrle`gm telg e`tgrvbcs)
Icfw af`trfc/rgducbtef` ‑
‑
Qcemg dbtgs fr rgagssgs brg prfvemgm e` tog aob``gc, hfto bogbm fi b`m hgoe`m tf ibaecetbtg mgwbtgre`d fi tog sargg` Icfw es mevgrtgm torfudo b hypbss aob``gcs e` cbrdgr e`stbccbtef`s weto tog ogcp fi scemg fr scueag dbtgs
Qargg`s Xgaeprfabte`d rbjg typg hbr sargg`s •
•
•
•
•
•
Xbjg lfvgs tf tog hbsg fi tog sargg`, g`dbdgs tog hbrs b`m puccs sargg`e`ds tf tog tfp fi tog sargg` ifr rglfvbc Bcc pbrts rgquere`d lbe`tg`b`ag brg bhfvg tog wbtgr ce`g b`m ab` hg gbsecy e`spgatgm b`m lbe`tbe`gm Irf`t acgb` b`m irf`t rgtur` igbturg le`elezgs sfcems abrry fvgr Obvg f`cy f`g rbjg b`m og`ag obvg celetgm abpbaety tf ob`mcg ogbvy sargg`e`ds cfbms Oedo fvgrogbm acgbrb`ag es rgquergm tf baafllfmbtg tog rbjg lgaob`esl Dret baaulucbtef` e` irf`t fi tog hbr ab` elpgmg rbjg lfvglg`t
Qargg`s Abtg`bry sargg` •
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•
•
B typg fi irf`t acgb`gm b`m irf`t rgtur` aobe` mrevg` sargg`, hut obs `f suhlgrdgm sprfajgts Xbjg es ogcm bdbe`st tog hbr rbaj hy wgedot fi tog aobe` (cgss sg`setevg tf hbr kblle`d hy ogbvy fhkgats) Luctepcg acgb`e`d gcglg`ts, sofrtgr acgb`e`d ayacgs g`bhcg ob`mce`d fi cbrdg fhkgats (vgry cettcg sargg`e`ds abrryfvgr) Aobe`s brg vgry ogbvy, e`ace`btef` b`dcg fi tog sargg` es oedogr (=1 tf 47) b`m og`ag cbrdg ifftpre`t
•
Kbllgm rbajs ab` abusg lesbced`lg`t b`m wbrpbdg
•
Fpg` mgsed` ab` abusg fmfrs prfhcgl
Qargg`s Af`te`ufus hgct sargg` •
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•
Et es b af`te`ufus sgci-acgb`e`d sargg`e`d hgct tobt rglfvgs ie`g b`m afbrsg sfcems Fvgrobuce`d fr rgpcbaglg`t fi tog sargg`e`d gcglg`ts es telg af`sule`d b`m gxpg`sevg. Qargg` fpg`e`ds lby rb`dg irfl >.7 tf 1> ll b`m og`ag hg usgm bs getogr bs b afbrsg sargg` fr bs b ie`g sargg` Obvg `f suhlgrdgm sprfajgts
Dret Qgpbrbtfrs
Dret rglfvbc ibaecetegs Cfabtgm bitgr hbr sargg`s, bogbm fi wbstgwbtgr sulp b`m pulps ‑ prfvemgm tf ‑ ^rftgat lfve`d lgaob`eabc gqueplg`t irfl bhrbsef` b`m bh`frlbc wgbr (pulps, ag`treiudgs, vbcvgs, hgbre`ds, gta.) ‑ Xgmuag ifrlbtef` fi ogbvy mgpfsets e` tb`js, hbse`s, pepgce`gs, aob``gcs, af`muets, ogbt gxaob`dgrs, gta. ‑ Xgmuag irgqug`ay fi acgb`e`d fi medgstgrs
Mgsed`gm ifr tog rglfvbc fi dret pbrteacgs fi sezg >.27 (2>> lgso) fr >.82 ll (97 lgso) b`m spgaeiea drbvety 08.97 ‑ Qb`m, drbvgc, ae`mgrs, b`m ftogr ogbvy sfcem pbrteacgs obve`d oedo spgaeiea drbvety b`m sgttce`d vgcfaetegs (0 frdb`ea sfcems)
]ypgs fi dret aoblhgrs • Ofrezf`tbc icfw typg ‑ Cf`d dret aob``gcs weto e`icug`t mestrehutef` mestrehutef` dbtg b`m wger bt giicug`t g`m ‑ lfstcy lb`ubc dret rglfvbc ‑ prgigrrgm ifr cfw icfws (32 LCM) ‑ Ofrfzf`tbc dret aoblhgrs (squbrg sobpgm - ibaecetbtgs prfpgr iu`atef`e`d fi rbje`d lgaob`esl ‑ lgaob`eabc dret rglfvbc rgatb`ducbr aoblhgrs! • Bgrbtgm typg ‑ sperbc icfw bgrbtef` tb`j es usgm ‑ prgigrrgm ifr cbrdgr icfws (08 LCM) • Yfrtgx typg ‑ Ayce`mreabc tb`j weto tb`dg`tebc tb`dg`tebc g`try fi icfw argbte`d vfrtgx icfw pbttgr` ‑ Ag`treiudbc b`m drbvetbtef`bc ifrags abusg tog dret tf sgpbrbtg ‑ Dret ayacf`gs (b`m oymrfacf`gs!) ‑ ^rgigrrgm ifr lfmgrbtg icfws (2 ‑ 8 LCM)
Qtfjg―s Cbw b`m ]grle`bc sgttce`d vgcfaety fi pbrteacgs Ifrags bate`d f` b suspg`mgm pbrteacg brg •
Drbvety ifrag
pbrteacg p d
Y p es vfculg fi tog pbrtaeacg
m p Y p 1 8
1
=
•
Hufyb`t ifrag
icuem p d
•
Mrbd ifrag
‑
E`argbsgs weto e`argbse`d spggm zgrf ifr zgrf spggm
A m B p icuem i cuem v p
‑
8
8
Ifr cble`br icfw af`metef`s
m p B p = 8 1 v p m p
8
Qtfjg―s Cbw Qtfjg―s Cbw b`m tgrle`bc sgttce`d vgcfaety fi pbrteacg @gt ifrag fi tog pbrteacg (lb) lbjgs tog pbrteacg tf baagcgrbtg Tog` mrbd ifrag hgaflgs gqubc tf tog `gt fi drbvety ifrag b`m hufyb`t ifrag, baagcgrbtef` fi tog pbrteacg hgaflgs zgrf b`m tog pbrteacg sgttcgs bt af`stb`t vgcfaety (tgrle`bc sgttce`d vgcfaety)
pbrteacg pbrteacg icuem icuem m p v p 1A m icuem icuem = d
Ifr cble`br icfw
p w 8 m p d w v p 2?
Togrg A m
8=
@ X
Togrg @ X
Ifr turhucg`t icfw
p w m p v p 1.11 d w
es
1
@ X
>.1=
v p m p
2.>>1 x 2> -9
Mesargtg ^brteacg Qgttce`d O vt
vt
C vo
Ovo
C R TOv o vo
R TO O R
Qgttce`d tb`js brg mgsed`gm ifr b sgcgatgm mgsed` tgrle`bc sgttce`d vgcfaety (v t) B pbrteacg es af`semgrgm bs rglfvgm ei et tfuaogs tog hfttfl fi tog tb`j Ifr 2>>% sgttce`d rglfvbc, pbrteacgs weto v t tgrle`bc sgttce`d vgcfaety obvg tf hg suribag cfbme`d fr fvgricfw rbtg
vt
R B
R es icfw rbtg B es suribag brgb
E` b sgttce`d hbse` mgsed` sgttce`d vgcfaety, mgtg`tef` telg (OX]) b`m mgpto brg rgcbtgm vt ]b`j mgpto C TO vt Mgtg`tef` Mgtg`t ef` telg O R vt Batubc mgsed` tbjgs e`tf baafu`t tog giigat fi e`cgt b`m futcgt B turhucg`ag, sofrt aerauete`d, scumdg stfrbdg, b`m vgcfaety drbmeg`ts mug tf fpgrbtef` fi scumdg rglfvbc gqueplg`t
Mesargtg ^brteacg Qgttce`d vt
R B
E`meabtgs dret rglfvbc rglfvbc giieaeg`ay es e`mgpg`mg`t fi mgpto b`m mgtg`tef` telg fi tog aob``gc/aoblhgr Mgpto ab` hg rgmuagm ‑ safure`d prfhcgl es b celetbtef` ‑ ofrezf`tbc ofrezf`tbc icfw vgcfaety sofucm hg 3>.= l/sga. E`argbsg fi mgpto fr wemto fi aob``gc rgmuags ofrezf`tbc ofrezf`tbc icfw vgcfaety b`m rgsucts e` sgttce`d fi frdb`eas
Ablp-Qoegcms gqubtef` ifr safur vgcfaety
‟j― mgpg`ms f` tog lbtgrebc hge`d safurgm (>.>= ifr u`edrb`ucbr pbrteacgs b`m >.>9 ifr steajy e`tgrcfajgm lbttgr) ‟ςp b`m ς― brg mg`setegs fi pbrteacgs b`m cequem
Y s
i
? Jdm p
‟m― es pbrteacg meblgtgr
i es Mbray-Tgeshbao Mbray-Tgeshbao ireatef` ibatfr (e`icug`agm hy suribag rfudo`gss b`m rgy`fcms `ulhgr, gta. ‑ typeabc vbcugs >.>8>.>1
Mesargtg ^brteacg Qgttce`d F`cy b irbatef` fi tog pbrteacgs weto tog tgrle`bc sgttce`d vgcfaety 3 mgsed` sgttce`d vgcfaety brg rglfvgm e` tog sgttce`d tb`j vtp vtp es tgrle`bc sgttce`d vgcfaety Irbatef` Irbat ef` rglfvgm vtm es mgsed` tgrle`bc sgttce`d vgcfaety vtm ` vtpe `e vtp e 2 vtm ]ftbc irbatef` i rbatef` rglfvgm _ tm m_ ` vtm `e
e 2
_tm es irbatef` weto tgrle`bc sgttce`d vgcfaety 0v tm m_ es tog irbatef` fi dret weto v tp `e es tog irbatef` fi dret ibcce`d e` tog e to abtgdfry
Ofrezf`tbc icfw dret aob``gcs • Xgprgsg`tbtevg mgsed` mbtb ‑ Ofrezf`tbc icfw vgcfaety; >.87 ‑ >.= l/sga. (>.1) ‑ Ogbm cfss; 1>-=>% fi aob``gc mgpto (19%) ‑ Bmmgm cg`dto ifr e`cgt b`m futcgt turhucg`ag bccfwb`ag; 87-7>% fi batubc cg`dto (1>%) • Bt tog mgsed` ofrezf`tbc icfw vgcfaety ogbvegr dret pbrteacgs sgttcg woecg tog frdb`ea pbrteacgs tg`m tf dgt rgsuspg`mgm • Icfw af`trfc sgatef` bt tog futcgt ‑ ^brbhfcea aob``gc arfss sgatef` es emgbc ei pbrsobcc iculg es usgm ‑ Xgatb`ducbr aob``gc arfss sgatef` es emgbc ei prfpfrtef`bc wger (sutrf wger) es usgm • Obs esfcbte`d dbtg vbcvgs bt tog e`cgt • Obs prfvesef`s ifr mrbe`e`d fut tog wbstgwbtgr b`m lb`ubccy rglfve`d tog baaulucbtgm dret • Icfbte`d fec sgpbrbtef` es fitg` e`tgdrbtgm
>.7 8 2 y x h2 tb` b
h
Rl bx.
Rl e`. O l bx. >.988 d R l bx.
>.7
2.7
b
Rl e`. Rl bx.
8b R =.54b h o 1 8b R A m h8 db o 1 >.7
O l bx. Am vbcug es >.9 tf >.97
>.7
h es tbjg` bs ‟aob``gc wemto ‑ 27> 27> ll―!
^rfpfrtef`bc wger (Qutrf wger)
Ofrezf`tbc icfw dret aob``gcs • Ie`m mgsed` tgrle`bc sgttce`d vgcfaety • Ie`m dret aob``gc suribag brgb ifr tog pgbj icfw af`metef`
vt
Rl b x B
Rlbx es pgbj icfw rbtg B es suribag brgb
• Ie`m icfw arfss sgatef`bc brgb (ifr tog ofrezf`tbc icfw vgcfaety fi >.1 l/sga. ifr bvgrbdg icfw), b`m, ie`m tog dret aob``gc wemto (tbjg wemto tf mgpto rbtef fi 8;2) • Ie`m cg`dto fi tog dret aob``gc (B/T) b`m lbjg bmkustlg`ts ifr e`cgt b`m futcgt mesturhb`ags • Ie`m mgpto fi icfw ifr hfto bvgrbdg bvgrb dg icfw b`m pgbj icfw af`metef`s (tbjg ofrezf`tbc icfw vgcfaety bs >.= l/sga.) • Ie`m dret aob``gc mgpto (bmm tog dret stfrbdg mgpto (>.27 l) b`m tog irgghfbrm tf tog mgpto fi icfw ifr pgbj icfw) • Ie`m mgpto fi icfw ifr tog ofrezf`tbc ofrezf`t bc icfw vgcfaety fi >.= l/sga., bmm irgg hfbrm b`m dret stfrbdg mgpto
Ofrezf`tbc icfw dret aob``gcs • Mgsed` tog prfpfrtef`bc wger bt tog futcgt use`d tog ifccfwe`d gqubtef`
b R A m h8 db o 1 >.7
Am vbcug es tbjg` bs >.9 tf >.97
Wsg R lbx ‑ olbx b`m R bvrd ‑ obvrd vbcugs tf iex b b`m h vbcugs
• Ie`m vgrteabc prfiecg fi tog wger (x vbcugs ifr meiigrg`t y vbcugs) >.7 >.7 8 2 y 2 y x h2 tb` ogrg tb` es e` rbmeb`s b b
• ^rfvemg wger argst cgvgc bt >.27 l (gqubc tf tog dret stfrbdg mgpto) • ^rfvemg mrbe`s, ifr mrbe`e`d fut wbtgr b`m ifr tog dret rglfvgm, b`m esfcbtef` vbcvgs • ^rfvemg ifr tog rglfvbc fi icfbte`d lbtgrebcs (ei mgsergm)
Ofrezf`tbc icfw dret aoblhgrs Qqubrg (fr rgatb`ducbr) ofrezf`tbc icfw dret aoblhgrs ‑
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Qqubrg tb`js weto drfutgm afr`grs E`icug`t es mestrehutgm barfss tog sgatef` fi tog tb`j hy b sgregs fi vb`gs (bmkustbhcg mgicgatfr pcbtgs) b`m dbtgs Tbstgwbtgr icfws e` strbedot ce`gs barfss tog tb`j b`m fvgricfw b wger e`tf tog futcgt Lfstcy mgsed`gm tf rglfvg >.27 ll dret weto 57% giieaeg`ay Xftbte`d, ag`tgr mrevg` rbjg lgaob`esl lfu`tgm f` b hremdg (spb``e`d tog hbse`) rbjgs dret e`tf b semg sulp/ afccgatef` ofppgr Xbjg brls obvg futwbrm rbje`d hcbmgs
Irfl sulp rgaeprfabte`d rbjg lgaob`esl rgsuspg`ms frdb`ea pbrteacgs, b`m af`ag`trbtgs b`m lfvgs up dret f` tog e`ace`g Af`ag`trbtgm dret es wbsogm e` b acbsseiegr (suhlgrdgm rgaeprfabte`d rbjg fr b` e`ace`gm sargw af`vgyfr)
Dret sgpbrbtfr-acbsseiegr •
Xgaeprfabte`d rbjg lgaob`esl sgt e` b` e`ace`gm af`argtg aob``gc bcf`d tog afccgatef` hbse` ‑
Bcc mrevg aflpf`g`ts b`m hgbre`ds brg cfabtgm bhfvg tog cequem cgvgc b`m prftgatgm irfl afrrfsef`
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^utrgsaehcg frdb`eas brg cehgrbtgm b`m wbsogm b`m b rgaycg pulp rgtur`s tog frdb`ea lbttgr e`tf tog mgdrettgm sgwbdg
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Dret sargw acbsseigr; b tuhucbr soggt sobit b`m ogceabc icedot bssglhcy sgt e` b sgleaeraucbr e`ace`gm af`argtg trfudo/aob``gc
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Ayacf`g sgpbrbtfr weto b rgaeprfabte`d rbjg acbsseigr; dret irfl tog afccgatef` hbse` es pulpgm torfudo tog ayacf`g sgpbrbtfr ifr sfcems af`ag`trbte`d b`m mgcevgre`d e`tf tog ofppgr fi tog acbsseiegr ifr wbsoe`d b`m mesaobrdg
Dret Afccgatfr b`m Acbsseiegr
Ayacf`g Dret Qgpbrbtfr b`m Acbsseiegr
Bgrbtgm dret aoblhgrs •
Xgatb`ducbr tb`j weto bgrbtef` hy afbrsg huhhcg meiiusgrs bcf`d f`g semg argbts sperbc icfw pgrpg`meaucbr tf tog icfw ‑
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Dret ofppgr; Cfabtgm bcf`d f`g semg fi tog tb`j, >.5 l mggp, obs stggp scfpe`d semgs Mgsed` e`ifrlbtef` ‑
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Ygcfaety fi rfcc dfvgr`s sezg & QD fi tog pbrteacgs sgtte`d Qtrbtgdeabccy pfsetef`gm cf`detume`bc aeraucbtef` hbiicg mergats tog rftbtef`bc icfw b`m b vgrteabc hbiicg bt tog ibr g`m prgvg`ts icfw sofrt-aerauete`d Tbstgwbtgr es e`trfmuagm e` tog mergatef` fi tog rfcc Tbstgwbtgr lbjgs 8-1 tur`s bt pgbj icfw
Mgsed`gm ifr >.82 ll dret pbrteacgs rglfvbc OX] es 8 tf 7 le`utgs bt pgbj ofurcy icfw Ber meiiusgrs; Cfabtgm >.=7->.9 l bhfvg tog `frlbc pcb`g Temto tf mgpto rbtef; 2;2 tf 7;2 (2.7;2) Cg`dto tf wemto rbtef; 1;2 tf 7;2 (=;2) Ber suppcy; >.8 tf >.7 l1/l.le`.
Gxpb`sef` hy ber sofucm hg af`semgrgm e` ogbm cfss
87>
87>
1>>
87> 87>> 21>>
87>
]uhucbr meiiusgr
247>
8>>>
Qcfpg 2 e` 2> ?>> l
Dret trg`ao
28>> 1>>
9>>l
E`cgt
=>> 1>>
Fvgricfw wger 77>
Mrbe` ifr mgdrette`d
87> 7>>
27>>l
87>
247> Qcfpg 2 e`2>
Mrbe` ifr mrbe`e`d fut tog sgwbdg
Yfrtgx typg dret aoblhgrs b`m Ayacf`g dret sgpbrbtfrs •
]ypg-2 ‑
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Xftbte`d turhe`g lbe`tbe`s af`stb`t icfw vgcfaety b`m prflftgs sgpbrbtef` fi frdb`eas irfl dret OX]; 8>-1> (1>) sgaf`ms ifr bvgrbdg icfw
]ypg-8 ‑
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Tbstgwbtgr g`tgrs b`m gxets tb`dg`tebccy
Yfrtgx es dg`grbtgm hy tog icfw g`tgre`d tb`dg`tebccy bt tog tfp fi tog u`et
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Giicug`t gxets tog ag`tgr fi tog tfp fi tog u`et
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Qezgm tf ob`mcg pgbj icfw rbtgs uptf >.1 l1/sga. pgr u`et
Ayacf`g dret sgpbrbtfrs ‑
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Wsubccy usgm e` e`ace`gm pfsetef` b`m mgcevgr dret tf acbsseigr a cbsseigr Wsgm lfstcy ifr tog sgpbrbtef`/acbsseieabtef` fi dret dret afccgatef` hbse`s fr irfl prelbry scumdg
Dret b`m ets rglfvbc b`m mespfsbc Xglfvbc fi tog baaulucbtgm dret • Xglfvbc ab` hg seluctb`gfus tf fpgrbtef` ‑ Drbh huajgts trbvgce`d f` lf`frbecs ‑ Aobe` b`m huajgt af`vgyfrs ru``e`d iucc cg`dto fi dret ofppgr ‑ Qargw af`vgyfrs, tuhucbr af`vgyfrs, kgt pulps b`m berceits ‑ ]rbvgce`d hremdg dret afccgatfrs
• Xglfvbc ab` hg bitgr tbje`d fii tog dret aoblhgr b`m e`vfcvg ‑ Glptye`d fi tog dret aoblhgr ‑ Lb`ubc rglfvbc fi tog baaulucbtgm dret
Dret aobrbatgresteas b`m mespfsbc ‑ ^rgmfle`b`tcy e`grt b`m rgcbtevgcy mry ‑ Yfcbtecg af`tg`t; 2 tf 79% ‑ Lfesturg af`tg`t; 21 tf 97%
Qpgaeiea drbvety; 2.1 b`m Hucj mg`sety; 29>> jd/l 1
Dret b`m ets rglfvbc b`m mespfsbc • Ei `f dret aoblhgrs prfvemgm b`m ei dret baaulucbtgs e` tog prelbry scumdg tog` ifr rglfvbc ‑ mecutgm prelbry scumdg es pbssgm torfudo ayacf`g mgdrettgr
• Dret sgpbrbtfrs b`m dret wbsogrs brg usgm tf rglfvg frdb`eas ‑ Tbtgr sprbys e` hfto absgs ogcp e` dret wbsoe`d ‑ E`ace`gm suhlgrdgm suhlgrdgm rbjg - `gagssbry bdetbtef` es prfvemgm ifr frdb`eas rglfvbc woecg tog dret es rbesgm f` e`ace`g tf mesaobrdg pfe`t ‑ E`ace`gm sargw ‑ ceits tog dret up tog rblp
• Dret mespfsbc ‑ ]rb`spfrt tf cb`miecc b`m stbhecezg weto celg prefr tf cb`miecce`d (!) ‑ E`ae`grbtg tog dret weto ftogr sfcems ‑ ^`gulbtea af`vgyfrs ifr af`vgye`d dret fvgr sofrt mestb`ags
Gqubcezbtef`
Icfw Gqubcezbtef` Mblpe`d fi vbrebtef`s e` wbstgwbtgr icfw rbtgs b`m strg`dto (HFM, gta.) - lby lby hg hg `ggmgm `ggmgm tf •
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fvgraflg fpgrbtef`bc prfhcgls elprfvg pgrifrlb`ag fi tog mfw` strgbl prfagssgs rgmuagm pgbj icfws b`m sofaj cfbms, b`m mecutgm e`oehetfry suhstb`ags ifr hefcfdeabc trgbtlg`t rgmuag sezg b`m afst fi mfw`strgbl trgbtlg`t ibaecetegs ‑
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Mesbmvb`tbdgs fi gqubcezbtef`; •
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E`argbsgm abpetbc afsts b`m cb`m rgquerglg`t Bmmetef`bc fpgrbtef` b`m lbe`tg`b`ag lbe`tg`b`ag rgquerglg`t Fmfurs prfhcgl
Gqubcezbtef` typgs; •
E`ce`g gqubcezbtef`; Bcc icfw pbssgs torfudo gqubcezbtef` tb`j ‑
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Hgttgr ifr baoegve`d af`stetug`t af`ag`trbtef` mblpe`d
Fii ce`g gqubcezbtef`; f`cy icfw bhfvg tog t og prgmgtgrle`gm celet es mevgrtgm e`tf gqubcezbtef` tb`j ‑
^ulpe`d rgquerglg`ts brg le`elezgm
Mgsed` Af`semgrbtef`s Togrg tf cfabtg b` gqubcezbtef` ibaecety6 Fptelul cfabtef` vbregs weto ‑
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Aobrbatgresteas fi tog afccgatef` systgl Tbstgwbtgr tf hg ob`mcgm Cb`m rgquerglg`ts b`m bvbecbhecety ]ypg fi trgbtlg`t rgquergm sflg lby `ft rgquerg ‑
E`-ce`g fr fii-ce`g gqubcezbtef` woeao sofucm hg usgm6 Gqubcezbtef` Gqubcezbtef` bogbm fi tog prelbry sgttce`d; mglb`ms lexe`d (b`m bgrbtef`) tf prgvg`t mgpfsetef` fi sfcems b`m fmfur prfhcgls Gqubcezbtef` Gqubcezbtef` hgtwgg` tog prelbry trgbtlg`t b`m tog sgaf`mbry trgbtlg`t; ab` abusg igwgr prfhcgls weto sfcems mgpfsetef` b`m saul baaulucbtef` Hgttgr dret rglfvbc ibaecetegs lust prgagmg tog gqubcezbtef` tb`js
Mgsed` Af`semgrbtef`s Gqubcezbtef` tb`j vfculg •
Aulucbtevg e`icfw mebdrbl es usgm tf ie`m tog vfculg ‑
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^cft aulucbtevg e`icfw bdbe`st telg fi tog mby Af``gat stbrte`d b`m g`me`d pfe`ts hy b strbedot ce`g tf fhtbe` aulucbtevg bvgrbdg futicfw pcft Mrbw twf tb`dg`ts tf tog aulucbtevg e`icfw pcft (f`g bhfvg b`m tog ftogr hgcfw), pbrbccgc tf aulucbtevg bvgrbdg futicfw pcft b`m tbjg vgrteabc mestb`ag hgtwgg` tog 8 tb`dg`ts bs tog gqubcezbtef` tb`j vfculg Bt tog cfw pfe`t fi tog tb`dg`t, tog hbse` wecc hg glpty, glpty, b`m bt tog oedo pfe`t fi tog tb`dg`t, tog tb`j wecc hg iucc
Aulucbtevg `gt icfw mebdrbl ab` bcsf hg usgm ‑
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Quhtrbat bvgrbdg ofurcy futicfw irfl tog ofurcy e`icfw tf dgt tog `gt icfw ^cft tog aulucbtevg `gt icfw bdbe`st telg
]bjg tog vgrteabc mestb`ag hgtwgg` tog cfwgst b`m tog oedo pfe`ts bs tog gqubcezbtef` tb`j vfculg
Gqubcezbtef` vfculg
Mgsed` Af`semgrbtef`s Batubc vfculg vfculg fi tog gqubcezbtef` gqubcezbtef` tb`j es cbrdgr (hy 2>-8>%) •
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Af`te`ufus fpgrbtef` fi bgrbtef` b`m lexe`d gqueplg`t mf `ft bccfw aflpcgtg glptye`d fi tog hbse` Hbse` lby bcsf rgagevg pcb`t rgayacg strgbls Af`te`dg`ay es `ggmgm ifr tbje`d abrg fi u`ifrgsgg` aob`dgs e` icfw rbtgs b`m icfw vbrebtef`s lby rgquerg irgghfbrm ‑
Dgflgtry fi tog gqubcezbtef` tb`j •
Mgpg`ms f` tog bvbecbhcg cb`m brgb b`m f` wogtogr tog gqubcezbtef` es e`-ce`g fr fii-ce`g ‑
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Gcf`dbtgm mgsed`s brg bvfemgm
Mgpto mgpg`ms f` cb`m bvbecbhecety, drfu`mwbtgr cgvgc b`m tfpfdrbpoy Irgg hfbrm mgpg`ms f` tb`j sezg b`m we`m af`metef`s E`cgt b`m futcgt brg brrb`dgm tf le`elezg sofrt aerauete`d fitg` luctepcg e`cgts b`m futcgts brg usgm Ifr hgttgr baagss ifr acgb`e`d, irf`t g`m cfbmgrs b`m luctepcg aflpbrtlg`ts brg prgigrrgm ‑
Gqubcezbtef` tb`j/hbse`
Mgsed` af`semgrbtef`s Gbrtog` hbse`s, fr af`argtg fr stggc tb`js ab` hg usgm Baagss, acgb`e`d acgb`e`d b`m sbigty sofucm hg af`semgrgm af`semgrgm e` tog mgsed` fi gqubcezbtef` tb`js Fpgrbtef`bc bppurtg`b`ags ‑
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Ibaecetegs ifr icusoe`d b`y sfcems b`m drgbsg tobt lby tg`m tf baaulucbtg f` hbse` wbccs Oedo wbtgr tbjgfii ifr rglfve`d icfbte`d lbtgrebc b`m ifbl Tbtgr sprbys tf prgvg`t baaulucbtef` b`m bem ifbl rglfvbc Qgpbrbtg fmfur af`trfc ibaecetegs (afvgrgm gqubcezbtef` hbse`s!) lby bcsf hg `ggmgm
^ulp b`m pulp af`trfc systgl ‑
^ulpe`d ibaecetegs brg usubccy rgquergm getogr hgifrg fr bitgr tog gqubcezbtef` tb`j hgifrg es prgigrrgm ifr drgbtgr rgcebhecety Icfw lgbsurglg`t mgveags b`m icfw rgducbtef` mgveags lby hg rgquergm f` tog futcgt tf lf`etfr tog gqubcezgm icfw •
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Mgsed` af`semgrbtef`s Lexe`d b`m bgrbtef` rgquerglg`ts Xgquergm tf hcg`m tog af`tg`ts b`m prgvg`t sfcems mgpfsetef` •
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Icfbte`d bgrbtfrs, ei usgm, lby `ggm b le`elul fpgrbte`d cgvgc fi 2.7 tf 8 l fi tog tb`j B af`argtg pbm hgcfw tf le`elezg grfsef` lby hg `ggmgm e` gbrtog` hbse`s ^fwgr rgquerglg`t ifr lexe`d lby hg e` tog rb`dg fi >.>>= tf >.>>? jT/l1 (wog` ]QQ es 382> ld/C) E` absg fi lgaob`eabc bgrbtfrs vfrtgx ifrlbtef` sofucm hg bvfemgm (prfvemg hbiicgs e` aeraucbr tb`js!) ]og bgrbtfrs lby rgquerg cfw cgvgc sout fii af`trfcs Bgrbtfrs ab` hg hg gqueppgm weto cgds fr mrbit tuhgs ifr rgste`d f` f` Bgrbtef` es rgquergm tf prgvg`t sgptea sgptea b`m fmfrfus af`metef`s Ber rgquerglg`ts ifr bgrfhea af`metef`s af`metef`s es >.>2->.>27 l 1/l1.le` Meiiusgm bgrbtef` systgls ab` hg usgm ifr lexe`d b`m bgrbtef` ‑
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Elpbat fi Icfw Gqubcezbtef` f` Qtrg`dto Qtbrt bt tog pfe`t fi telg t elg wog` tog tb`j es bt rgsemubc vfculg Aflputg tb`j cequem vfculg bt tog g`m fi gbao telg pgrefm Yfculg bcrgbmy prgsg`t e` tog tb`j bt tog hgde``e`d E`-icfwe`d mure`d tog pgrefm Fut-icfwe`d mure`d tog pgrefm Aflputg bvgrbdg af`ag`trbtef` e` tog tb`j Mevemg pfccutb`t cfbm (bcrgbmy prgsg`t + bmmgm mure`d tog pgrefm) weto giicug`t vfculg (bcrgbmy prgsg`t + bmmgm mure`d tog pgrefm) - E`stb`tb`gfus lexe`d es bssulgm ogrg Aflputg lbss cfbm fi tog pfccutb`t mure`d tog pgrefm Qofw tog giigat fi gqubcezbtef` f` pfccutef` cfbm tf tog G]^ Drbpoeabccy: fr hy rbtefs, suao bs, pgbj tf bvgrbdg fr tf le`elul, le`elul tf bvgrbdg fr tf pgbj: fr Qtb`m. mgv. ‑
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Elpbat fi icfw gqubcezbtef` f` strg`dto
Xgsemubc Yfculg b`m Qtrg`dto Gqubcezbtef` •
Xgsemubc vfculg es usubccy prfvemgm tf prftgat tog bgrbtef`/lexe`d gqueplg`t prfvemgm Ei et e`argbsgs strg`dto gqubcezbtef` bcsf e`argbsgs Gqubcezbtef` tb`js ab` bcsf hg mgsed`gm ifr strg`dto gqubcezbtef` Ie`m icfw gqubcezbtef` vfculg ]bjg meiigrg`t rgsemubc vfculgs b`m aflputg tog cgvgc fi strg`dto gqubcezbtef` baoegvgm Aoffsg tog le`elul rgsemubc vfculg bt woeao tog rgquergm strg`dto gqubcezbtef` es baoegvgm ‑
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Gqubcezbtef` hbse`s ab` hg mgsed`gm ifr strg`dto gqubcezbtef` f`cy hut `f icfw gqubcezbtef` ‑
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Cequem vfculg e` tog gqubcezbtef` hbse` es lbe`tbe`gm af`stb`t ]og e`icfw es bclfst hbcb`agm hy tog futicfw - bcc tog t og e`icfw icuatubtef`s brg rgicgatgm e` tog futicfws
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