Sesion 3 Estructuras_Cristalinas
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esgructiras...
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Semana 03 Estructuras cristalinas Estructura cristalina de los sólidos. Posiciones, direcciones direcciones y planos reticulares.
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ESTRUCTURA CRISTALINA
Material en estado liquido
Colada en molde
Solidificación - Metales
Material sólido
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Estructuras Cristalinas Los modelos de estructuras cristalinas a partir de unidades esf!ricas ya habían sido propuestas antes del siglo XVII . Kepler, Hooke y Huygens fueron algunos de los científicos que sugirieron que los cristales estarían compuestos de en unidades idénticas empaquetadas arreglos tridimensionales. A partir de estas ideas, Haüy , en el siglo XVIII , obtuo e!presiones matem"ticas para los "ngulos entre las caras de un cristal, compuesto de un empaquetamiento regular de unidades. Estos "ngulos tuieron gran aplicación en la clasificación de los minerales. #in embargo, las medidas precisas de los parámetros de red sólo pudieron ser determinadas en el siglo XX con el adenimiento de ese fant"stico instrumento basado en la difracción de los rayos X
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REDES ESPACIALES ESPACIALES Y CELDA UNIDAD #eg'n la distribución espacial de los "tomos, mol(culas o iones, los materiales sólidos pueden ser clasificados en: Cristalinos% compuestos por "tomos, mol(culas o iones organi&ados de una forma periódica en tres dimensiones. Las posiciones ocupadas siguen una ordenación que se repite para grandes distancias atómicas )de largo alcance*. Amorfos% compuestos por "tomos, mol(culas o iones que no presentan una ordenación de largo alcance. +ueden presentar ordenación de corto alcance. Los gases y líquidos, no presentan una cristalinidad o periodicidad en su estructura. Los sólidos, tanto los metales, cer"micos o polímeros pueden o no e!hibirla. E&em'lo% un metal, que normalmente es cristalino, cuando es enfriado de modo e!tremadamente r"pido desde el estado líquido es amorfo )idrio met"lico es mas duro que el acero y puede doblarse sin romperse - //*. //*. La sílice )#i0 * puede e!istir como idrio amorfo )sílica fundida* o como cristal )cristobalita o tridimita*. 1na característica esencial de un cristal, es la distribución de sus "tomos en forma periódica en las tres dimensiones del
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Estructura cristalina Es el con%unto de puntos regularmente distribuidos de manera tal que cada una de ellas tiene un id(ntico entorno de ecinos. La red de puntos constituye el esqueleto sobre el cual se constituyen las estructuras cristalinas que presentan los sólidos cristalinos. +uede haber un "tomo, ión o mol(cula en cada punto de la red, pero no es imprescindible. +or e%emplo, cada punto de la red puede estar en el centro de un grupo de 2 unidades )"tomos, iones o mol(culas*.
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Estructura cristalina #i definimos la base como un "tomo o con%unto de "tomos, la estructura cristalina queda definida como: "#$ !"IS%&LI& !"IS%&LI& ' B&S# ( #S%")!%)"& !"IS%& !"IS%&LI& LI&
1na base de "tomos est" unida o ligada a todo punto de la red, siendo todas las bases id(nticas en composición, distribución y orientación. La figura muestra cómo se forma una estructura cristalina mediante la adición de una base a todos los puntos de la red:
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Puntos reticulares de una red cristalina en dos dimensiones
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ESTRUCTURA CRISTALINA Es una forma solida, en la que los constituyentes: "tomos, iones o mol(culas3 est"n dispuestos de forma ordenada, con patrón
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Celda unitaria + celda 'rimiti*a 1na cel*a uni+aria, es aquella que llenar" todo el espacio mediante adecuadas repeticiones de operaciones de traslación . Es decir la cel*a uni+aria, es la menor subdiisión de una red geom(trica de puntos que tiene características generales de toda la retícula. La geometría de una cel*a uni+aria puede ser descrita por tres ectores a) 0) y c, llamados ectores base de la red, y por los "ngulos entre ellos 6, 7 y γ . 1n no*o cualquiera )u, , 8*
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SISTEMAS CRISTA CRISTALIN2S LIN2S 3 RE4ES RE4 ES 4E 5RA 5RAAIS AIS 1na red geom(trica de puntos puede ser descrita por la repetición de una celda unitaria conenientemente elegida. El nmero *e cel*as *i-eren+es con las que puede describir una red tridimensional de puntos es limitado. Los cristalógrafos han demostrado que hay sólo ./ -ormas posi0les *e cel*as que por sucesias traslaciones pueden generar una red. Estas ./ re*es geom1+ricas pueden sime+r2as 3 sis+emas re+iculares. =ada celda de estos > sistemas se
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Clasi!caci"n de ret#culos espaciales de en sistemas cristalinos Sistemas cristalinos
Lon1itudes a6iales + án1ulos intera6iales
Bravais
Retículos es'aciales
C/0ico
8 e&es i1uales) en án1ulos rectosa 9 0 9 c) 9 9 9 #:;
C/0ico sim'le o 'rimiti*a C/0ico centrado en el cuer'o C/0ico centrado en las caras
Tetra1onal
8 e&es en án1ulos rectos) dos de ellos i1uales-
Tetra1onal Tetra1onal sim'le o 'rimiti*a
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ES$RUC$URA DE L%S &E$ALES Los metales en 'eneral se cristali(an en las estructuras CC) *CC +
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