Servicio Publico

 

>

VBO\FZUOMNM BNEOCBNA MF UNB N@VU]ËB MF NZF^VOTN  LNEVA]NM MF MFZFEHC

]FUOU TNZN CT]NZ FA ]Ë]VAC MF7  NJC@NMC ]O]VAC7

Acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs mfbckobnmcs nrjotrocs kuboeopnafs fb fa Tfr÷ y su bnturnafzn gurëmoen mf tnsn. :4>0-:4>8

TZF UFB]NMC T TC CZ7    Kn  K nr o ay ayb b K nknbo Cj Cjrf rf`õ `õb b

 NUF  N UF UCZ7 UCZ 7  Kn`. Tntroeon Unb Zckîb

NZF^VOTN - :4>8

 

: O

MFMOEN]CZON7 F a prfsfbtf trnj tr njng ngc c sf ac m mf fmoec moec n Mocs pcr sfr ko `uën fb tcmn fstn aceurn aceur nq quf uf sf aank aankn n vo vomn mn..

 

5

 N  N@ @ Z N M F EO K O F B]C7 B] C7  N ko ko s pnmrfs y hf hfrkn rknbc bcss pcr tc tcmn an pneo pneof fbeo beon, n, nk nkcr cr y mf mfm mo eneo eneoõb õb n ko pfrscbn

OO

 

= OOO

OB]ZCMVEEOÕB Fa Fstnmc fs fa pcmfr pcaëtoec quf fstî cr`nboznmc pnrn ntfbmfr nsubtcs mf obtfrïs  p÷jaoec. Fb ffaa Tfr÷, bufstrc Fstnmc fs ÷boec y mfsefbtrnaoznmc, mf sefbtrnaoznmc, fb fa sfbtomc quf fxostf ub rfpnrtc mf pcmfrfs9 mfbtrc mf fstn ecbefpeoõb fa Fstnmc mfa Tfr÷ sf fbeufbtrn cr`nboznmc fb trfs bovfafs mf `cjofrbc7 fa `cjofrbc bneocbna, acs `cjofrbcs rf`ocbnafs y acs `cjofrbcs acenafs. Enmn ubn mf fstns obstnbeons mf `cjofrbc rfnaozn mftfrkobnmns netovomnmfs quf rfquofrfb lobnbeonkofbtc, netunakfbtf an probeopna lufbtf mf ob`rfscs mfa Fstnmc fs fa trojutc. Fb fa Tfr÷ sf tofbf an eansoloeneoõb tropnrtotn mf acs trojutcs quf sfrënb, acs okpufstcs, tnsns y ecbtrojueocbfs, euyn nmcpeoõb fb ans bcrkns rfvostf mf ubn okpcrtnbtf trnsefbmfbeon gurëmoen, so tcknkcs fstn eansoloeneoõb acs nrjotrocs fstîb ecbsomfrnmcs eckc tnsns, y sf fbtofbmf quf sf mfjf pn`nr pcr ub sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec quf sf rfeojf mf lcrkn obmovomunaoznmn pnrn enmn ecbtrojuyfbtf. Acs `cjofrbcs acenafs n trnvïs mf crmfbnbzns kuboeopnafs tofbfb an lneuatnm ecbstotueocbna mf erfnr y fstrueturnr acs nrjotrocs kuboeopnafs. Hnstn fa nþc :446, ans mostobtns kuboeopnaomnmfs prcvobeonafs y mostrotnafs mfa Tfr÷ fb kïrotc n su pctfstnm trojutnron vfbënb mftfrkobnbmc fa ecstc `acjna mfa sfrvoeoc sob tfbfr fa mfjomc sustfbtc, bc fxpaoenjnb mf knbfrn eanrn enmn ubc mf acs fafkfbtcs quf eckpcbfb fa ecstc mfa sfrvoeoc, nmfkîs fa erotfroc usnmc fb fsn ïpcen pnrn ecjrnr moehc sfrvoeoc frn an enpneomnm ecbtrojutovn (jnsîbmcsf fb fa vnacr y usc mfa prfmoc) fb ctrcs enscs bc sf fstnjafeën quf erotfroc sf utoaoznjn, aaf`nbmc n erfnrsf ubn `rnb nkjo`ñfmnm rfspfetc n fstf tfkn. Fstns lcrkns mf mftfrkobneoõb y mostrojueoõb mfa ecstc sf knbtuvc hnstn fa >0 mf n`cstc mfa :446, lfehn fb an euna sf pujaoeõ fb fa Monroc Cloeona ‑Fa Tfrunbc‛ Tfrunbc‛ an sfbtfbeon mfa ]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna rfenëmn fb fa Fxpfmofbtf B· 465-:44=-NO/]E (quf fs cjsfrvnbeon cjao`ntcron) n trnvïs mf an euna sf mfeanrn an obecbstotueocbnaomnm mf ans crmfbnbzns fkotomns pcr an Kuboeopnaomnm Mostrotna mf Kornlacrfs. N trnvïs mf fstn sfbtfbeon fa ]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna mostob`uoõ mcs okpcrtnbtfs kckfbtcs pnrn an mftfrkobneoõb mf acs nrjotrocs, pcr ub anmc sf rfloroõ n an lcrkn eckc

 

6 O\

sf mfjën fanjcrnr y lognr acs ecstcs mf acs sfrvoeocs y pcr ctrc anmc n acs erotfrocs quf sf mfjënb usnr pnrn mostrojuor tnafs ecstcs fbtrf tcmcs acs ecbtrojuyfbtfs. Zfspfetc mf an fstrueturneoõb c fanjcrneoõb mf acs ecstcs mf acs sfrvoeocs, fa ]rojubna yn nsukën ac eckpaoenmc quf rfsuatnjn rfaneocbnr acs ecstcs mf acs sfrvoeocs fb lcrkn obmovomuna pcr enmn ecbtrojuyfbtf fb pnrtoeuanr, y fstc sf mfjf n quf acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs quf sf  jrobmnb ecb fa bckjrf mf nrjotrocs tofbfb enrîetfr `fbfrna eckc ac fstnjafef an  gurosprumfbeon mf bufstrc ]rojubna Losena B´ :0056 mf lfehn 40/>4/>??5, fstnjafeoõ fstn jafeoõ quf7 ‛… acs sfrvoeocs quf prfstnb ans kuboeopnaomnmfs, quf sf rftrojuyfb ecb ub nrjotroc, scb mf enrîetfr `fbfrna, pufstc quf jfbfloeonb n an sceofmnm ecbsomfrnmn fb su ecbgubtc, so fs kntfronakfbtf okpcsojaf su movosoõb fb ubomnmfs vfbmojafs, pufstc quf pcr su bnturnafzn bc hnjrën knbfrn mf mftfrkobnr fb quï knbfrn jfbfloeon n enmn vfeobc…‛. Tcr ac quf bc sofkprf sf pcmrî vfroloenr fstn ecbtrnprfstneoõb flfetovn mf sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec obmovomunaoznmc, rfecbceofbmc quf fa enk enkobc obc ecrrfetc frn fa mf lognr acs ecstcs tctnafs mf acs sfrvoeocs quf sf prfstnb pnrn auf`c prcpcbfr an lcrkn quf n su pnrfefr pumofrn sfr rnzcbnjaf pnrn su mostrojueoõb. Fb ac quf rfspfetn n an mostrojueoõb mfa ecstc n enmn ecbtrojuyfbtf, fa ]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna pfrunbc fb an sfbtfbeon nbtfs kfbeocbnmn, fstnjafeoõ ub enkjoc tctna fb an lcrkn eckc mfjfrën flfetunrsf fa trnsanmc mfa ecstc, pufs n su fbtfbmfr nhcrn sf mfjën ecbsomfrnr fa ‑sfrvoeoc flfetovnkfbtf prfstnmc‛ pcr ans kuboeopnaomnmfs kuboe opnaomnmfs n sus ecbtrojuyfbtfs, fxostofbmc ubn ecbtrnrofmnm fb acs nrtëeuacs mf bufstrn af`osaneoõb trojutnron kuboeopna, yn quf tnkjoïb nprufjn an prfstneoõb mf sfrvoeocs mf knbfrn  pctfbeona, mostcrsocbnbmc fa trojutc tnsn, bc cavomfkcs quf fa nrjotrocs fs ubn suj eansoloeneoõb mf fstf trojutc. Zfspfetc n an mostrojueoõb mfa ecstc pcr acs sfrvoeocs jrobmnmcs, fa ]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna fstnjafeoõ quf, quf , sfrën kfmomc fb lubeoõb mf acs mfbckobnmcs ‑pnrîkftrcs këbokcs mf vnaomfz ecbstotueocbna‛, ecbst otueocbna‛, quf bc fs ctrn ecsn quf bufvcs erotfrocs mf mostrojueoõb quf nhcrn sf lognjnb pcr enmn topc mf nrjotroc, sofbmc kïtcmcs nkjo`ucs  pnrn mostrojueoõb mfa ecstc, eckc sfrën sf rën fa tnknþc, usc y ujoeneoõb mfa prfmoc.

 

< \

Fb sëbtfsos pufmf mfeorsf quf acs nrjotrocs kuboeopnafs hnb somc ubc mf acs trojutcs quf knycr ecbtrcvfrson hnb `fbfrnmc fb bufstrc pnës fb acs ÷atokcs nþcs pnrn an kntfron kuboeopna, fb fspfeona na tfkn yn fxpufstc aëbfns nrrojn. Tcr fstns ecbsomfrneocbfs, fa cjgftc mf an prfsfbtf tfsos, fs mftfrkobnr so acs sfrvoeocs  p÷jaoecs quf sf jrobmnb ecb fa bckjrf mf nrjotrocs nr jotrocs kuboeopnafs fb fa Tfr÷ tofbfb c bc an bnturnafzn gurëmoen mf tnsn. Fa fstumoc sf aafvõ n enjc rfnaoznbmc ub nbîaosos pcrkfbcroznmc mf bufstrn af` af`osaneoõb osaneoõb ]rojutnron, ]rojutnron kuboeopna y Ecbstotueocbna, nsë eckc af`osaneocbfs eckpnrnmn, rfvosoõb mf rfscaueocbfs mf bufstrc ]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna, ]rojubna Losena, y mf trojubnafs mf ctrcs pnësfs, nsë eckc rfvosoõb mf mcetrobn. Fa topc mf obvfsto`neoõb fs mfseroptovc, pcr su bnturnafzn fs obvfsto`neoõb mceukfbtna, ans tïeboens utoaoznmns pnrn an rfecafeeoõb mf mntcs luf fa loehngf y fa obstrukfbtc quf sf utoaozõ fs an loehn. Tnrn tnafs flfetcs, fa fstumoc sf fstrueturn mf an so`uofbtf knbfrn7 Fa prokfr enpëtuac, fs fa panbtfnkofbtc mf an obvfsto`neoõb y njnren7 an lcrkuaneoõb mfa  prcjafkn, an gustoloeneoõb, acs cjgftovcs, an hopõtfsos, ecbefptcs probeopnafs y fa knrec cpfrntovc. Fa sf`ubmc enpëtuac ecrrfspcbmf na knrec tfõroec y njnren acs so`uofbtfs tfkns7 fa Fstnmc, an mfsefbtrnaozneoõb, ans kuboeopnaomnmfs, fa sostfkn trojutnroc pfrunbc. Fa tfrefr enpëtuac ecrrfspcbmf n an pnrtf mf an kftcmcac`ën, y njnren fa topc y bovfa mf obvfsto`neoõb. Fa eunrtc enpëtuac mfsnrrcaan an vnaomneoõb mf an hopõtfsos. Fa quobtc enpëtuac ecrrfspcbmf n an prcpufstn af`na. Auf`c sf mnrî pnsc n ans ecbeausocbfs,  jojaoc`rnlën y nbfxcs. Fa trnjngc mf obvfsto`neoõb ecbeauyf ecb an prfsfbtneoõb mf euntrc ecbeausocbfs fb ans quf sf ecrrcjcrn fa eukpaokofbtc mf acs cjgftovcs mf an obvfsto`neoõb y sf vfroloen an hopõtfsos mfa trnjngc panbtfnmc9 sf ecbeauyf nmfkîs ecb ubn prcpufstn mf kcmoloeneoõb bcrkntovn eckc npcrtf pnrn an ecrrfeeoõb mf an sotuneoõb prcjafkîtoen vfroloenmn fb an obvfsto`neoõb.

 

> \O

ËBMOEF Tî`. ENTO]VAC O…………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………..   > TANB]FNKOFB]C MF AN OB\FU]O@NEOÕB…………………………………………….. ……………………………………………..   > >.>  Lcrkuaneo Lcrkuaneoõb õb mfa prcjafkn…………………………………………………………………… prcjafkn……………………………………………………………………   > >.:  Gustoloeneo Gustoloeneoõb õb mfa tfkn tf kn……………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………..   : >.5  Cjgftovcs …………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………..   5 >.5.>  Cjgftovc `fbfrna……………………………………………………………………. `fbfrna…………………………………………………………………….   5 >.5.:  Cjgftovc fspfeëloecs………………………………………………………………… fspfeëloecs…………………………………………………………………   5 >.6  Hopõtfsos………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 >..0  Knrec Cpfrntovc…………………………………………………………………… Cpfrntovc……………………………………………………………………………… ………… 6  6 ENTË]VAC OO……………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………….   < KNZEC ]FCZOEC…………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………..   < :.>  FA FU]NMC………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………   < :.>.>  Lcrkns mf Fstnmc ……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………   0 :.>.:  Fstnmc rf`ocbna………………………………………………………………………… rf`ocbna…………………………………………………………………………   0 :.>.5  Molfrfbeon fbtrf mfsefbtrnaozneoõb mfsefbtrnaozneoõb y mfsecbefbtrneoõb mfsecbefbtrneoõb……………………………….. ………………………………..   8 :.:  AN MFUEFB]ZNAOWNEOÕB …………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………..   8 :.:.>  ]rnbslfrfbeon mf eckpftfbeons……….……….……….……….……….……….……… eckpftfbeons……….……….……….……….……….……….………   ? o)  Erotfroc mf sujsomonromnm sujsomonromnm……….……….……….……….……….……….…… ……….……….……….……….……….……….……   ? oo)  Erotfroc mf sfafetovomnm sfafetovomnm y prcpcreocbnaomnm……….……….……….…………. prcpcreocbnaomnm……….……….……….………….   >4 ooo)   Erotfroc mf mf prcvosoõb……….……….……….……….……….……….………. prcvosoõb ov) Erotfroc ecbeurrfbeon ecbeurrfb……….……….……….……….……….……….……….  eon ……….……….……….……….……….……….….. ……….……….……….……….……….……….…..    >4 >4 :.:.:  Fstnmc Trfstnmcr mf sfrvoeocs sfrvoeocs.……….……….……….……….……….……….……… .……….……….……….……….……….……….………   >4  :.:.:.>  :.:.: .>  Acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs fb fa Tfr÷.……….……….……….……….……….……….….. Tfr÷ .……….……….……….……….……….……….…..   >>   :.:.:.:  :.:.: .:  Acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs acenafs………………………………………………… acenafs…………………………………………………………... ………...   >5  ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……   >= :.5  ANU KVBOEOTNAOMNMFU……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…… :.5.>  An Nutcbckën mfa kuboeopoc……….……….……….……….……….……….………… kuboeopoc ……….……….……….……….……….……….………… >=  >= :.5.>.>  Nutcbckën fecbõkoen……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….. fecbõkoen……….……….……….……….……….……….……….………..>6 >6 kuboeopnaomnmfs……….……….……….……….……….………..  >6 :.5.:  Jofbfs y rfbtns mf ans kuboeopnaomnmfs……….……….……….……….……….……….. ……….……….……….……….……….………..   >< :.5.5  An cr`nbozneoõb mf acs `cjofrbcs acenafs ……….……….……….……….……….……….. :.5.=  Ans crmfbnbzns y su rnb`c mf Afy……….……….……….……….……….……….… Afy……….……….……….……….……….……….…   >< :.=  FA UOU]FKN ]ZOJV]NZOC TFZVNBC ……….……….……….……….……….…… ……….……….……….……….……….……   >8 t rojutnron……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ………   >8 :.=.>  An Bcrkn trojutnron trojutc…………  ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….… ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….… >?  >? :.=.:  Fa trojutc………… :.=.5  An Tctfstnm trojutnron……….……….……….……….……….……….……….………. trojutnron……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….   :> :.=.5.>  An Tctfstnm trojutnron mf cr`nboskcs kuboeopnafs……….……….……….……….…... kuboeopnafs……….……….……….……….…...   :: :.=.=  Fspfeofs trojutnrons t rojutnrons77 ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….… ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…:: :: ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….………   :5 :.=.=.>  Fa okpufstc7 ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……… :.=.=.:  An ecbtrojueoõb7 ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……. :5  :5 :.=.=.5  An tnsn7 ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…..  :6 :.=.=.5.>  Hopõtfsos mf obeomfbeon fb ans tnsns……….……….……….……….……….…….. tnsns……….……….……….……….……….……..   :< :.=.=.5.:  Acs nrjotrocs kuboeopnafs suj fspfeof mf an tnsn……………………………………  tnsn……………………………………  :0 n)  Nrjotroc mf aokpofzn aokpofzn p÷jaoen…………………… p÷ jaoen…………………………………………………… ………………………………   :0  j)  Nrjotroc mf sf`uromnm eoumnmnbn………………………………………………. eoumnmnbn……………………………………………….   :8 e)  Nrjotroc mf knbtfbokofbtc mf pnrqufs y gnrmobfs……………………………..  gnrmobfs……………………………..  :8 :.=.=.5.:.>  Ufbtfbeon mfa Tafbc Gurosmoeeocbna Gurosmoeeocbna mfa ]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna 4465-:44=-TO/]E mostrojueoõb mostrojueo õb mfa mf a ecstc `acjna………………………………………………………… `acjna…………………………………………………………  :?

:.=.=.5.5 

Fafkfbtcs mf an tnsn…………………..…….……….……….……….……….…… tnsn…………………..…….……….……….……….……….……   54 >)  An movosojoaomnm………………………………………………………… movosojoaomnm………………………………………………………………… ………   54 :)  Uu flfetovo flfetovomnm……………………………………………………… mnm………………………………………………………………….. …………..   5>

 

: \OO

:.=.=.5.=  :.=.=.5.6  :.=.=.5.) Trfstneoõb pctfbeona………………………………………………………. pctfbeona……………………………………………………….   5: 5)  Mfstobc mf an rfenumneoõb……………………………………………………… rfenumneoõb………………………………………………………   55 5.>) Trobeopoc mf mf an rnzcbnjaf fquovnafbeon……………………………………  fquovnafbeon……………………………………  55 An rflfrojoaomnm na sugftc pnsovc fb an tnsn………………………………………..  tnsn………………………………………..   5= An cjao`ntcrofmnm fb an npcrtneoõb fb ans tnsns……………………………………. tnsns…………………………………….   56 Okpcrtnbeon mf an tnsn………………………………………………………………. tnsn……………………………………………………………….   5<

58 ENTO]VAC OOO……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…….. KF]CMCAC@ËN ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…..  58  58 5.>  ]opc mf obvfsto`neoõb…………………..……….……….… obvfsto`neoõb…………………..……….……….……….……….……….……….… …….……….……….……….…   58 5.>.>  Tcr su prclubmomnm……………………………………………………… prclubmomnm………………………………………………………………………. ……………….   58 5.>.:  Tcr su bnturnafzn………………………………………………… bnturnafzn………………………………………………………………………… ………………………   58 5.:  Kntfrona mf fstumoc……………………………………………………………………………. fstumoc…………………………………………………………………………….  5? 5.5  Zfecafeeo Zfecafeeoõb õb mf mntcs….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….… mntcs….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….……. ….…….…….…….   5? ……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….………  ==44 ENTË]VAC O\……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……… MOUEVUOÕB …………………………………………..…….……….……….……….……….….  =4 =.>  \naomneo \naomneoõb õb mf hopõtfsos……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…. hopõtfsos……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….….   =4 ENTO]VAC \……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….………. 64 TZCTVFU]N TZCLFUOCBNA….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…. ….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….….  64 TZC_FE]C MF AF_ B· 4>/:4>8-KKC……….……….……….……….……….……….…..  64 ECBEAVUOCBFU   JOJAOC@ZNLËN

NBFXCU

 

>

ENTO]VAC O TZCJAFKN >.> Lcrkuaneoõb mfa Trcjafkn   Acs `cjofrbcs acenafs fb kntfron trojutnron tofbfb an lneuatnm ecbstotueocbna mf erfnr y fstrueturns sus ecbtrojueocbfs y tnsns. Eckc ubn sujfspfeof mf an tnsn fstîb eckprfbmomcs acs nrjotrocs kuboeopnafs (fbtrf acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs quf eck÷bkfbtf scb fstnjafeomcs eckc nrjotrocs kuboeopnafs sf fbeufbtrnb fa mf aokpofzn p÷jaoen, knbtfbokofbtc mf pnrqufs y gnrmobfs p÷jaoecs y fa mf sf`uromnm eoumnmnbn c sfrfbnz`c), fstcs hnb aaf`nmc n sfr ubn mf ans lo`urns trojutnrons quf knycr ecbtrcvfrson hnb `fbfrnmc fb bufstrc pnës fb acs ÷atokcs nþcs, mfjomc n an obecbsostfbeon mfa trntnkofbtc bcrkntovc7 an mfloboeoõb af`na mf tnsn fstnjafeomc fb fa E Eõmo`c õmo`c ]rojutnroc, nrtëeuac OO mfa ]ëtuac Trfaokobnr Trfaokobnr bcs moef quf ans tnsn fs ‑fa ‑ fa trojutc euyn cjao`neoõb tofbf eckc hfehc `fbfrnmcr an prfstneoõb flfetovn pcr fa Fstnmc mf ub sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec obmovomunaoznmc fb fa ecbtrojuyfbtf‛. ecbtrojuyfbtf‛. Ans tnsns fb an mcetrobn sf afs ecbcef eckc trojutcs vobeuanmcs9 mfjomc n quf fxostf ubn prfstneoõb pcr pnrtf mfa ecbtrojuyfbtf lrfbtf na Fstnmc (frc`neoõb mobfrnron) y an ecbtrnprfstneoõb pcr pnrtf mfa Fstnmc (prfstneoõb mf ub sfrvoeoc), fstns prfstneocbfs quf rfnaozn fa Fstnmc mfjfb sfr flfetovns, ecberftns f obmovomunaoznmns na ecbtrojuyfbtf, pcr ac euna fs rfquosotc obmospfbsnjaf quf acs sfrvoeocs  p÷jaoecs quf sf prfstnb fb bckjrf mf tnsns tof tofbfb bfb quf sfr lubmnkfbtnakfbtf movosojafs fb ubomnmfs mf usc c mf ecbsukc, fs mfeor quf rfsuatf lnetojaf obmovomunaoznr fa sfrvoeoc fb enmn pfrscbn bnturna c gurëmoen quf ac rfeojn. An Afy mf ]rojutneoõb Kuboeopna, Mferftc Uuprfkc B´ >6.5 Cjgftovcs >.5.>  Cjgftovc `fbfrna Mftfrkobnr so acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs jrobmnmcs ecb fa bckjrf mf nrjotrocs kuboeopnafs tofbfb c bc an bnturnafzn gurëmoen mf tnsn y fseanrfefr ans ecblusocbfs ecbefptunafs y mf npaoeneoõb quf sf mfrovnb mf an lnatn mf prfeosoõb bcrkntovn, y panbtfnr ubn prcpufstn bcrkntovn.

>.5.:  Cjgftovc fspfeëloecs :.  Nbnaoznr ans enrnetfrëstoens y bnturnafzn gurëmoen mf an fspfeof trojutnron tnsn.

:  Mftfrkobnr ans enrnetfrëstoens y an bnturnafzn gurëmoen mf acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs quf sf  jrobmnb ecb fa bckjrf mf nrjotrocs nr jotrocs kuboeopnafs.

5  \froloenr quf ans afyfs quf mftfrkobnb acs nrjotrocs kubo kuboeopnafs eopnafs scb ans nmfeunmns. >.= Hopõtfsos7 mnmc quf9  Fs prcjnjaf quf acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs quf sf jrobmnb ecb fa bckjrf mf nrjotrocs kuboeopnafs bc tfb`nb an bnturnafzn gurëmoen mf tnsn

:.6 Ecbefptcs Trobeopnafs7 -  ]rojutc7 fa Eõmo`c ]rojutnroc pfrunbc bc mflobf na trojutc9 nbtf tna enrfbeon sf hn rfeurromc n movfrsns mfloboeocbfs c ecbefptcs9 mf fstcs ubc mf acs kîs utoaoznmcs fs fa panbtfnmc pcr fa prclfscr @frnamc Ntnaojn7 ‑Gurëmoenkfbtf sf mflobf na trojutc eckc cjao`neoõb gurëmoen pfeubonron, fx af`f, quf bc ecbstotuyf snbeoõb mf netc

 

=

oaëeotc, euyc sugftc netovc fs, fb probeopoc ubn pfrscbn p÷jaoen, y euyc sugftc pnsovc fs na`uofb pufstc fb fsn sotuneoõb pcr an vcaubtnm mf an afy‛ >. Fa Eõmo`c ]rojutnroc fstnjafef quf fa tïrkobc ]ZOJV]C eckprfbmf okpufstcs, ecbtrojueocbfs ecbtrojueocbfs y tnsns:.

]nsn7 fs fa trojutc euyn cjao`neoõb tofbf eckc hfehc `fbfrnmcr an prfstneoõb flfetovn  pcr fa Fstnmc mf ub sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec obmovomunaoznmc fb fa ecbtrojuyfbtf 5.

-  Ecbtrojueocbfs7  fs fa trojutc euyn cjao`neoõb tofbf eckc hfehc `fbfrnmcr  jfbfloeocs mfrovnmcs mf an rfnaozneoõb mf cjrns p÷jaoens c mf netovomnmfs fstntnafs =.

-  Nrjotrocs Kuboeopnafs7 scb ans tnsns quf sf pn`nb pcr an prfstneoõb c knbtfbokofbtc mf ub sfrvoe sfrvoeoc oc p÷jaoec obm obmovomunaoznmc ovomunaoznmc fb fa ecbtrojuyfbtf6.

-  Ecbtrojuyfbtf7 Fs nqufa mfumcr trojutnroc quf rfnaozn c rfspfetc mfa euna sf prcmuef fa hfehc `fbfrnmcr mf an cjao`neoõb trojutnron. Uf mflobf tnkjoïb eckc an pfrscbn  Bnturna c Gurëmoen quf tfb`n pntrokcboc, fgfrzn netovomnmfs fecbõkoens c hn`n usc mf ub mfrfehc quf ecblcrkf n afy `fbfrf an cjao`neoõb trojutnron. An pfrscbn quf njcbn c sntoslnef ans ecbtrojueocbfs c okpufstcs mfa Fstnmc, an Zf`oõb c fa Kuboeopoc. ^uofb ecbtrojuyf, nyumn c eccpfrn n eunaquofr lobnaomnm. Uf`÷b an Afy mfa Okpufstc n an Zfbtn, scb ecbtrojuyfbtfs mfa okpufstc ans pfrscbns bnturnafs, ans suefsocbfs obmovosns, ans nsceoneocbfs mf hfehc mf prclfsocbnafs y sokoanrfs y ans pfrscbns gurëmoens. ]nkjoïb sf ecbsomfrnrîb ecbtrojuyfbtfs n ans sceofmnmfs ecbyu`nafs quf fgfreofrnb an cpeoõb mf ntrojuorafs sus rfbtns n ubc mf faacs n flfetcs mf flfetunr su mfeanrneoõb. Uf`÷b an Afy mfa Okpufstc @fbfrna n ans \fbtns, scb sugftcs mfa Okpufstc fb enaomnm mf ecbtrojuyfbtfs, ans pfrscbns bnturnafs, ans pfrscbns gurëmoens, ans sceofmnmfs ecbyu`nafs quf fgfrznb an cpeoõb scjrf ntrojueoõb mf rfbtns prfvostn fb ans bcrkns quf rf`uanb fa Okpufstc n an Zfbtn, suefsocbfs obmovosns, sceofmnmfs orrf`uanrfs,  pntrokcbocs lomfoeckftomcs mf sceofmnmfs totuaoznmcrns, acs lcbmcs kutucs mf obvfrsoõb fb vnacrfs y acs lcbmcs mf obvfrsoõb. ]nkjoïb scb ecbtrojuyfbtfs mfa >

 N]NAOJN, @frnamc. Hopõtfsos mf obeomfbeon trojutnron (Obstotutc Tfrunbc mf Mfrfehc ]rojutnroc, OTM], Aokn, >?80), p. 50.  ]VC mfa Eõmo`c ]rojutnroc nprcjnmc pcr Mferftc Uuprfkc B´ >55-:4>5-F >55-:4>5-FL L  5  Nrt. OO mfa ]ëtuac Trfaokobnr ]VC mfa Eõmo`c ]rojutnroc pcr Mferftc Uuprfkc B´ >55-:4>5-FL =  Nrt. OO mfa ]ëtuac Trfaokobnr ]VC mfa Eõmo`c ]rojutnroc. ]rojutnroc. pcr Mferftc Uuprfkc B´ >55-:4>5-FL 6 Nrt. 66>.pml  =0/nrt/nrt>>.pml . moeofkjrf :4>6)  :4>6) http7//www.guromoens.ubnk.kx/p http7//www.guromoens.ubnk.kx/pujaoen/aojrfv/rfv

0

 IFAUFB, Hnbs 7 ‑]fcrën @fbfrna mfa Fstnmc‛ , Fmot. Anjcr, Jnrefacbn >?5=, p. >40  >40  

8

 BNZNBGC KFWN, \anmokorc7  BNZNBGC \anmokorc7 ‑]fcr ‑]fcrën ën Ecbstotueoc Ecbstotueocbna bna f Obstotueocbfs Tcaëtoens‛, Tcaëtoens‛, bcvf bcvfbn bn fmoeoõb, fmotcr fmotcrona ona ]hfkos U.N., Jc`ct Jc`ctîî Ecackjon, :445, p. 0: ?  NN.\\.7 ‑Kfkcrons mfa Trokfr Ecb`rfsc Ecb`rfsc Bneocbna mf Mfrfehc Kuboeopna‛, Kuboeopna‛, >ª Fmoeoõb. Nrfquopn-Tfr÷. fmot. Nmrus :4>4, p. >  Lcrkns mf Fstnmc Fxostfs movfrsns lcrkns mf Fstnmc, tcmns faans sur`omns hostõroenkfbtf, y quf sob fkjnr`c hnb erostnaoznmc, fb eunbtc n su ecblo`urneoõb mflobotovn, rfeoïb n kfmonmcs mfa so`ac XX. Tnrn @nreën Jfanubmf>4  ‑Uf fbtofbmf pcr lcrkn mf Fstnmc nqufaan quf ntofbmf n an mostrojueoõb mfa pcmfr mfbtrc mf ub tfrrotcroc mftfrkobnmc9 fstc fs9 eõkc sf fgfref fa  pcmfr fb rflfrfbeon morfetn n ub fspneoc tfrrfstrf.‛

Tufs jofb, an lcrkn mf Fstnmc prfeosn an knbfrn eõkc fbengn fa fgfreoeoc mf fsf pcmfr mfbtrc mf ub tfrrotcroc mftfrkobnmc. Fb an netunaomnm sf ecbsomfrnb trfs lcrkns mf Fstnmc quf sfrën7 fa Fstnmc Vbotnroc, fa Fstnmc Lfmfrna y fa Fstnmc Zf`ocbna.

:.6.:  Fstnmc rf`ocbna Lfrrnbmc (>?08)>> eotnmc pcr @nreën Jfanubmf, bcs moef quf fa kcmfac rf`ocbna fs na`c mostobtc y so sf quofrf rfantovnkfbtf bufvc. Uur`f fb fkjroõb fb an Ecbstotueoõb fspnþcan mf an Uf`ubmn Zfp÷jaoen fb >?5>, y sf ecberftn fb an vo`fbtf Ecbstotueoõb otnaonbn mf >?=0, quf erfn ub Fstnmc ubotnroc scjrf an jnsf mf ans rf`ocbfs (quf tofbfb  prfrrc`ntovns af`osantovns y ctrc topc mf eckpftfbeons). Fb Fspnþn, ecb fa rftcrbc n an mfkcerneon fb >?08, sf nmcptõ fa kcmfac aanknmc mf ans nutcbckëns, quf fb rfnaomnm tofbf ub `rnb pnrfbtfsec ecb fa kcmfac rf`ocbna ecbsn`rnmc fb Otnaon (nub eunbmc fb fa mosfþc mf su cr`nbozneoõb tfrrotcrona, luf kuy oblauyfbtf na lfmfrnaoskc nafkîb), y quf acs gurostns fspnþcafs mfbckobnb "kcmfac nutcbõkoec", ac euna fs obtfrfsnbtf, pfrc bc mfeosovc, pufs fs pfrlfetnkfbtf pcsojaf nsokoanr nkjcs mfbtrc mf an entf`crën mf Fstnmc rf`ocbna.

>4

 Ojom., p. >< p. >8

>> Ojom.,

 

8

Fstf topc mf Fstnmc fs fa quf hn somc nmcptnmc pcr fa Tfr÷, yn quf fs ub Fstnmc ÷boec y mfsefbtrnaoznmc movomomc fb rf`ocbfs, prcvobeons y mostrotcs.

:.6.5  Molfrfbeon fbtrf mfsefbtrnaozneoõb y mfsecbefbtrneoõb @nreën Jfanubmf>:  fstnjafef quf sf mfjf fbtfbmfr pcr mfsecbefbtrneoõb fa mfsmcjankofbtc quf mf së koskc hnef fa pcmfr efbtrna, pnrn fbtfbmfr kfgcr ans bfefsomnmfs mf an pfrolfron. Bc sf trntn mf an erfneoõb mf õr`nbcs nutõbckcs ecb  pfrscbnaomnm gurëmoen y quf tcknb sus prcpons mfeosocbfs, eckc fs fa ensc mf an mfsefbtrnaozneoõb. Uo bc kîs jofb fs fa koskc efbtrc quf sf fxtofbmf n ctrcs ecblobfs  pnrn lneoaotnr l neoaotnr kfgcr su prcpon nmkobostrneoõb. Tfrc sob quf fa efbtrc sf mfsprfbmn mfsp rfbmn mf sus  prfrrc`ntovns. Kofbtrns quf fb an mfsefbtrnaozneoõb erfnkcs ctrcs efbtrcs mf mfeosoõb nutõbckcs, fb an mfsecbefbtrneoõb fxostf ub scac efbtrc ecb kuatotum mf nuxoaonrfs quf ac nyumnb, pfrc fb mcbmf hny ub scac efbtrc, n molfrfbeon mf an mfsefbtrnaozneoõb quf hny vnrocs. Unatn n an vostn quf fb an mfsefbtrnaozneoõb fxostf ub rfpnrtc mf pcmfr, ac quf bc suefmf fb an mfsecbefbtrneoõb. Fb an mfsefbtrnaozneoõb fxostf, pcr ac `fbfrna, ub  probeopoc mf tutfan mf an af`naomnm, quf fs pcstfrocr. Fb an mfsecbefbtrneoõb, mfse cbefbtrneoõb, fa fbtf mfsecbefbtrnmc bc hn mfgnmc mf pfrtfbfefr na fbtf efbtrna, y fstî sckftomc na probeopoc mf gfrnrquën.

:.5, bcs rflofrfb quf an mfsefbtrnaozneoõb, bc fs ub lob fb so koskc, ac vfb eckc ub obstrukfbtc mf an rflcrkn mfa Fstnmc, quf pufmn nyumnr n kfgcrnr fa mfsfkpfþc mf ans lubeocbfs p÷jaoens sf`÷b fa topc mf lubeoõb y sostfkn mf mfsefbtrnaozneoõb quf sf nmcptfb. Uf mfjf mfsefbtrnaoznr crmfbnmnkfbtf (ecb lobnbeonkofbtc y eanrn mftfrkobneoõb mf rfspcbsnjoaomnmfs y cjgftovcs) ans lubeocbfs euyn mfsefbtrnaozneoõb sfn ecbvfbofbtf y lnetojaf.

>:

 Ojom., p. :>   CZ]OW MF WF\NAACU, @njrofa y TCAANZCAC, Tofrobn7 ‑Zflcrkn mfa Fstnmc Mfsefbtrnaozneoõb‛. Aokn, Obstotutc Npcyc, :444, p. >8

>5

 

?

An mfsefbtrnaozneoõb sf mfjf fblcenr eckc ubn fstrntf`on pcaëtoen pnrn lcrtnafefr an mfkcerneon mfa Fstnmc, su lob sfrën an knycr rfprfsfbtneoõb mf acs tfrrotcrocs, an rfmostrojueoõb mfa pcmfr, rfeurscs y eckpftfbeons, mnbmc eckc ecbsfeufbeon fa mfsnrrcaac mfa pnës. Fb an Afy mf Jnsfs mf an Mfsefbtrnaozneoõb, nrt. 5 bcs moef9 quf an Lobnaomnm mf an mfsefbtrnaozneoõb fs fa mfsnrrcaac obtf`rna, nrkõboec y scstfbojaf mfa pnës, kfmonbtf an sfpnrneoõb mf eckpftfbeons y lubeocbfs, y fa fquoaojrnmc fgfreoeoc mfa pcmfr pcr acs trfs bovfafs mf `cjofrbc, fb jfbfloeoc mf an pcjaneoõb.

:.  ]rnbslfrfbeon mf eckpftfbeons An prcpon Afy Cr`îboen mf Kuboeopnaomnmfs, nrt. \ mfa ]ëtuac Trfaokobnr, sf`ubmc  pîrrnlc fstnjafef euîafs scb ans lubeocbfs c lneuatnmfs kuboeopnafs quf mfjfb sfr eckpnrtomns ecb ctrcs bovfafs mf `cjofrbc, ans eunafs okpaoenb okpaoenb anjcrfs mf eccrmobneoõb y ecbefrtneoõb fbtrf ans mostobtns nutcromnmfs. nutcromnmfs. Ac koskc suefmf ecb ans eckpftfbeons mfaf`njafs c ans fxeausovns, quf mfjfb fgfrefrsf nrtoeuanmnkfbtf, pnrn ac euna tnkjoïb mfjfrîb fxostor eccrmobneoõb y ecbefrtneoõb ecb ans nutcromnmfs rf`ocbnafs y bneocbnafs. Fstcs vëbeuacs sf lcrtnafefb fb fa fgfreoeoc mf ans lubeocbfs mf ans Kuboeopnaomnmfs, pufs eckc sf hn sfþnanmc fb ubn pnrtf mfa nrt. 06 mf an A Afy fy Cr`îboen mf Kuboeopnaomnmfs, ‑(…) ïstns fstîb cjao`nmns n oblcrknr y rfnaoznr eccrmobneocbfs ecb ans fbtomnmfs ecb ans quf eckpnrtnb eckpftfbeons y l ubeocbfs, ubeocbfs, nbtfs mf fgfrefrans‛ .

Jngc fscs erotfrocs sf hn lognmc fa rï`okfb mf an trnbslfrfbeon mf eckpftfbeons n acs `cjofrbcs rf`ocbnafs y acenafs, fb vortum mfa euna sf mftfrkobnrî so ubn eckpftfbeon fspfeëloen fs susefptojaf mf sfr trnbslfromn n ubc u ctrc bovfa mf `cjofrbc. Fb fa nrt. >= mf an Afy mf jnsfs mf an Mfsefbtrnaozneoõb, fstnjafef acs so`uofbtfs erotfrocs7

v) 

Erotfroc mf sujsomonromnm

Fa `cjofrbc kîs efrenbc n an pcjaneoõb fs fa kîs omõbfc pnrn fgfrefr an eckpftfbeon c lubeoõb, pcr ecbso`uofbtf fa `cjofrbc bneocbna bc mfjf nsukor eckpftfbeons quf pufmfb sfr eukpaomns kîs floeofbtfkfbtf pcr acs `cjofrbcs rf`ocbnafs, y ïstcs n su vfz, bc

 

>4

mfjfb hnefr nqufaac quf pufmf sfr fgfeutnmc pcr acs `cjofrbcs kuboeopnafs, fvotîbmcsf an mupaoeomnm y supfrpcsoeoõb mf lubeocbfs.

vo) 

Erotfroc mf sfafetovomnm y prcpcreocbnaomnm

An trnbslfrfbeon mf eckpftfbeons tcknrî fb eufbtn an enpneomnm mf `fstoõb flfetovn, quf sfrî mftfrkobnmn pcr ub prcefmokofbtc ecb erotfrocs tïeboecs y cjgftovcs. Ufrî `rnmuna y  prc`rfsovn, fkpfznbmc ecb ans rfantovns n obvfrsoõb p÷jaoen n bovfa rf`ocbna y an fgfeueoõb mfa `nstc sceona n bovfa acena.

voo) 

Erotfroc mf prcvosoõb

]cmn trnbslfrfbeon c mfaf`neoõb mf eckpftfbeons mfjfrî sfr bfefsnronkfbtf neckpnþnmn mf acs rfeurscs lobnbeofrcs, tïeboecs, kntfronafs y huknbcs morfetnkfbtf vobeuanmcs n acs sfrvoeocs trnbslfromcs, quf nsf`urfb su ecbtobuomnm y floeofbeon.

vooo)  Erotfroc mf ecbeurrfbeon Fb fa fgfreoeoc mf ans eckpftfbeons eckpnrtomns enmn bovfa mf `cjofrbc mfjf netunr mf knbfrn cpcrtubn y floeofbtf, eukpaofbmc n enjnaomnm ans neeocbfs quf af ecrrfspcbmfb y rfspftnbmc fa enkpc mf ntrojueocbfs prcpoc mf acs mfkîs. ]nkjoïb npaoenrîb eckc erotfrocs ans fxtfrbnaomnmfs, bneocbna, rf`ocbna y acena, quf trnseofbmfb fa îkjotc fspfeëloec mcbmf sf ujoen fa fgfreoeoc mf mftfrkobnmn eckpftfbeon c lubeoõb9 y an bfefsomnm mf prcpoeonr y nprcvfehnr fecbckën mf fsenan.

:.= eckc @uoaafrkc Tfrry Zujoc mflobfb acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs eckc nqufaacs quf sntoslnefb bfefsomnmfs ecafetovns y quf ecbaafvnb fa mfjfr mfa Fstnmc mf nsf`urnr an prfstneoõb floeofbtf, cpcrtubn, ecbtobun y fquotntovn mf fstcs sfrvoeocs n tcmcs acs hnjotnbtfs mfa tfrrotcroc bneocbna.

>=

 NA\FNZ ZFU]ZFTC, Gcsï7 ‑Mfrfehc ‑Mfrfehc n  n acs Ufrvoeocs T÷jaoecs‛, T÷jaoecs‛, (ecbsuatn74=  (ecbsuatn74= mf N`cstc mfa :4>0) https7//www.ecafetovcmfnjc`nmc afetovcmfnjc`nmcs.cr`/Mfrfehc-n-acs-sfrv s.cr`/Mfrfehc-n-acs-sfrvoeocs-pujaoecs oeocs-pujaoecs   https7//www.ec

 

>>

Fa eckftomc fsfbeona fs fa eujrokofbtc mf ans bfefsomnmfs jîsoens obsntoslfehns mf tcmn an pcjaneoõb y fa nsf`urnkofbtc mf ub këbokc kntfrona pnrn an fxostfbeon mo`bn mf an  pfrscbn. Fa Ecbstotuyfbtf na nec`fr fstn lcrkn mf cr`nbozneoõb pcaëtoec-sceona fafvõ n mfjfr ecbstotueocbna mfa Fstnmc sukobostrnr prfstneocbfs n an ecafetovomnm. An bnturnafzn sceona y mfkcerîtoen mfa Fstnmc ecbsomfrn n enmn eoumnmnbc eckc ub lob fb së koskc, fb rnzõb mf su mo`bomnm huknbn y mf su mfrfehc n an rfnaozneoõb pfrscbna mfbtrc mf ub prcyfetc eckubotnroc quf prcpu`bn pcr an o`unamnm rfna mf tcmcs acs kofkjrcs mf an sceofmnm. Tnrn acs nutcrfs \omna y Kur >6, fa Fstnmc eukpaf mcs lubeocbfs7 ubn prokfrn prfstnbmc sfrvoeocs obfaumojafs, euyc eckftomc fs an rnzõb mf sfr mfa Fstnmc, y ubn sf`ubmn mfsnrrcaanbmc ctrns tnrfns sceonafs, quf so jofb bc ntnþfb n su lobnaomnm fsfbeona, kfgcrnb an ecbvovfbeon huknbn. Fstcs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs sfnb c bc fsfbeonafs jfbfloeonb sf`÷b su bnturnafzn n tcmn an eckubomnm, n mftfrkobnmc `rupc sceona, c n eofrtn pfrscbn, sofbmc okpcrtnbtf tna mostobeoõb n lob mf prfeosnr an bnturnafzn gurëmoen mf acs mostobtcs rfeurscs trojutnrocs.

:. Acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs fb fa Tfr÷ Fa prclfscr Mof`c We`nrrn eotnmc pcr Hunpnyn >0, sfþnan quf an Ecbstotueoõb y an gurosprumfbeon mfa ]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna pfrunbc, fstnjafefb mcs rfquosotcs pnrn quf ubn netovomnm fecbõkoen sfn enaoloenmn eckc sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec (o) mf enrîetfr kntfrona quf ecbsomfrnkcs sf fbeufbtrn tîeotnkfbtf fb fa nrtëeuac 68 y quf ecbsostf fb quf mfjf >6

 \OMNA HFBMFZUCB, HFBMFZUCB, Nalrfmc, \OMNA HFBMFZUCB, Fbroquf y KVZ \NAMO\ON, Ko`uf Ko`ufa7 a7 ‑X\ Gcrbnmns Antobcnkfroenbns mf Mfrfehc ]rojutnroc ]nsns y Trfeocs T÷jaoecs Tcbfbeon Tfr÷‛. p. =? (ecbsuatn7 48 mf sftofkjrf mfa :4>0) http7//www.opmt.cr`/fmo tcr/mces/4=SZfv:>SN\H-F\H-KK\.pm Zfv:>SN\H-F\H-KK\.pml  l   http7//www.opmt.cr`/fmotcr/mces/4=S ><   HVNTN_N ]NTON, Znkõb7 ‑Ecbefptc y Zï`okfb Gurëmoec mfa Ufrvoeoc T÷jaoec fb fa Crmfbnkofbtc T÷jaoec Tfrunbc‛. p. 584 http7//rfvostns.puep.fmu.pf/obmfx ep.fmu.pf/obmfx.php/ousftvfrot .php/ousftvfrotns/nrtoeaf/vofwLo ns/nrtoeaf/vofwLoaf/>=8:0/>65 af/>=8:0/>658: 8:   (ecbsuatn >< mf N`cstc mfa :4>0)  :4>0) http7//rfvostns.pu >0 Ojom.,

p. 58:

 

>:

trntnrsf mf netovomnmfs kntfronafs pnrn fa flfetovc moslrutf mc acs mfrfehcs huknbcs, y (oo) fb sf`nbmc au`nr ub rfquosotc mf enrîetfr lcrkna ecblcrkf na euna an enaoloeneoõb eckc sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec mf ubn netovomnm mfjf rfnaoznrsf kfmonbtf bcrkn ecb rnb`c af`na, ac quf hn somc fxpaoeotnmc fb an gurosprumfbeon mfa trojubna Ecbstotueocbna Fa enrîetfr fsfbeona fs ecbsustnbeona n an bnturnafzn mf acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs. Ucac  pufmfb rfeojor fstn enaoloeneoõb nqufaans netovomnmfs fecbõkoens bfefsnrons pnrn an eckubomnm, quf scb obmospfbsnjafs pnrn on sntoslneeoõb mf ans bfefsomnmfs kntfronafs ecafetovns fb crmfb n naenbznr fa jofbfstnr `fbfrna y prc`rfsc sceona, ecbtrojuyfbmc n kfgcrnr an mo`bomnm y an enaomnm mf vomn mf acs hnjotnbtfs mfa pnës. an rfvosoõb mf an kfgcr mcetrobn, pfrkotf vfroloenr quf fb bufstrc pnës an enaoloeneoõb mf ubn netovomnm eckc sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec, mfpfbmf mfa af`osanmcr fb jnsf n ub lubmnkfbtc lobnaostn, quf fs an fsfbeonaomnm mf tnafs sfrvoeocs, su rfafvnbeon pnrn an ecafetovomnm, lubmnkfbtc quf bc mfjf pfrmfr mf vostn ans okpcrtnbtfs vnronjafs fecbõkoens quf sujynefb n an enaoloeneoõb mf ubn netovomnm eckc sfrvoeoc pujaoec. Uo jofb bufstrc crmfbnkofbtc gurëmoec bc rfec`f ubn mfloboeoõb fspfeoloen scjrf fa ecbefptc mf sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec, y bufstrc tfxtc Ecbstotueocbna bc hn fstnjafeomc ub aostnmc mf netovomnmfs quf mfjnb ecbsomfrnrsf eckc tnafs. Fs obbf`njaf pnrn fstf trojubna quf an vcaubtnm y fb ntfbeoõb n acs eunafs, rfsuatn rnzcbnjaf su prctfeeoõb eckc jofb ecbstotueocbna mf prokfr crmfb y netovomnmfs fecbõkoens mf fspfeona prckceoõb pnrn fa mfsnrrcaac mfa pnës. Fstcs scb7 n) Uu Uu bnturnafzn fsfbeona pnrn an eckubomnm.  j) An An bfefsnron ecbtobuomnm mf su prfstneoõb fb fa tofkpc, e) Uu Uu bnturnafzn rf`uanr, fs mfeor, quf mfjf knbtfbfr ub stnbmnrm këbokc mf enaomnm. m) An An bfefsomnm mf quf su neefsc sf mf fb ecbmoeocbfs mf o`unamnm. Hcy fb mën, ac lubmnkfbtna fb kntfron mf sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs, bc fs bfefsnronkfbtf an totuanromnm fstntna sobc an cjao`neoõb mf `nrnbtoznr an prfstneoõb mfa sfrvoeoc, pcr obtfrvfbeoõb, pufs an `nrnbtën mf moslrutc flfetovc mf acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs fs ubn cjao`neoõb lrfbtf n an euna fa Fstnmc bc pufmf vfrsf ngfbc.

 

>5

Fa sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec fs ub ecbefptc gurëmoec, lobnaostn, prcpoc mfa mfrfehc nmkobostrntovc, quf jusen fxpaoenr ubn mf ans lobnaomnmfs mfa Fstnmc, an euna fs `nrnbtoznr an fxostfbeon mf ub sostfkn mf prfstneocbfs c netovomnmfs fecbõkoens prfstneocbfs jîsoens c  proknrons, quf pfrkotnb fa lubeocbnkofbtc bcrkna mf ans netovomnmfs mf acs mfkîs sfetcrfs mc an fecbckën y quf nmfkîs fstïb moro`omns n cjtfbfr fa jofbfstnr mf an Bneoõb y sus hnjotnbtfs (fx. nrtëeuac == mf an Ecbstotueoõb)

:.?6. bukfrna 66)) quf sfþnan ac so`uofbtf7 ‑ ‛   An eckpftfbeon acena scb acs so`uofbtfs, y sf fbeufbtrn fbeufbtrnbb fstnjafeomcs eckc tnafs fb fa bukfrna :) mfa nrtëeuac 05 mf an Afy Cr`îboen mf Kuboeopnaomnmfs (ACK)7 (…)   (…) :.>) Unbfnkofbtc nkjofbtna, snaujromnm y snaum (…)  (…)   :.6) Uf`uromnm eoumnmnbn. (…)  (…)  Fb fa îkjotc mf acs sfrvoeocs acenafs, so fxostf ubn rfsfrvn prfstneocbna n lnvcr mf ans Kuboeopnaomnmfs, tcmn vfz quf an prcpon ACK fstnjafef quf fstcs sfrvoeocs scb mf rfspcbsnjoaomnm mf tnafs obstnbeons mf `cjofrbc ecb ac euna pcmrën nlorknrsf quf fxostf ubn rfsfrvn prfstneocbna fb fa sfbtomc mf ‑pujaoentoc‛ n lnvcr mf acs `cjofrbcs acenafs, quofbfs obeausovf prfstnb vnrocs mf fstcs sfrvoeocs fb lcrkn morfetn, pfreojofbmc rftrojueoõb n trnvïs mf acs nrjotrocs. Tcrquf fstcs ÷atokcs tofbfb ub rï`okfb af`na jnsnmc fb an omfn mf an rfspcbsnjoaomnm  prfstneocbna n enr`c mf acs `cjofrbcs acenafs y an fxostfbeon fxostfb eon mf ubn vfrmnmfrn vfrmnmfr n pujaoentoc y totuanromnm mf tnafs sfrvoeocs n enr`c mf acs kuboeopocs. Fa bukfrna :) mfa nrtëeuac 05 mf an ACK hnef rflfrfbeon n acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs acenafs, fb rfnaomnm sf fstî rflorofbmc n vfrmnmfrns netovomnmfs prfstneocbnafs c nmkobostrntovns mf acs Kuboeopocs.

 

>=

:.0 ANU KVBOEOTNAOMNMFU Uf`÷b Mckob`c @nreën >8  eaîsoenkfbtf, sf fbtofbmf pcr kuboeopoc ub pfmnzc mf tofrrn rfantovnkfbtf pfqufþc, fb fa euna ubn mftfrkobnmn pcjaneoõb sf ecbcef, sf trntn y fstî fb rfaneoõb ecbtobun, nmcptnbmc mfeosocbfs fb eck÷b. Okpaoen, eckc sf hn moehc mf an nbto`un Lrnbeon. Nsë ecbsomfrnmc, fa kuboeopoc frn mf kuy pcens af`uns c ioaõkftrcs mf fxtfbsoõb, pufs luf pfbsnmc eckc ub b÷eafc votna quf rfubën n acs vfeobcs kîs efrenbcs, ubomcs pcr acs koskcs obtfrfsfs y quf vovënb fb ub tfrrotcroc eckpnrtomc. Hcy fb mën fa kuboeopoc sf hn nrtoeuanmc mfbtrc mfa npnrntc mfa Fstnmc, eukpaofbmc sus  prcpocs lobfs pfrc nmfkîs eecb cb sfrons aokotneocbfs, pufs mfjf nbmnr nbmn r mfbtrc mf acs enrroafs quf af logn fa Fstnmc  y bc acs prcpocs quf ïa quofrn mnrsf. Fstc fs, fa kuboeopoc netuna yn bc mfeomf scac su mfstobc7 ac hnef mfbtrc mf ans pnutns mnmns pcr fa Fstnmc, ecb aojfrtnm mf kcvokofbtc y ecb lobfs prcpocs, pfrc mfbtrc mf ub eunmrnbtf mftfrkobnmc. Fb An Afy mf Jnsfs mf an M Mfsefbtrnaozneoõb, fsefbtrnaozneoõb, nrt. B· =4 mflobf n ans kuboeopnaomnmfs eckc õr`nbcs mf `cjofrbc acena quf sf fgfrefb fb ans eoreubseropeocbfs prcvobeonafs y mostrotnafs mf enmn ubn mf ans rf`ocbfs mfa pnës, ecb ans ntrojueocbfs, eckpftfbeons y lubeocbfs quf afs nso`bn an Ecbstotueoõb Tcaëtoen. An Afy Cr`îboen mf Kuboeopnaomnmfs, fb su nrt. OOO mfa ]ëtuac Trfaokobnr fstnjafef quf acs `cjofrbcs acenafs, pcr sfr n`fbtfs morfetcs y fstnr fb knycr ecbtnetc ecb an pcjaneoõb, rfprfsfbtnb na vfeobmnroc, prckufvfb an nmfeunmn prfstneoõb mf acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs acenafs y fa mfsnrrcaac obtf`rna, scstfbojaf y nrkõboec mf su eoreubseropeoõb.

:.0.>  An nutcbckën mfa kuboeopoc Uîbehfz Kcrcb (>??4) >?  eotnmc pcr @nreën J Jfanubmf, fanubmf, fstnjafef quf quf an pnanjrn "nutcbckën" `fbfrnakfbtf hn somc kna fbtfbmomn y pfcr utoaoznmn. Fb purc ro`cr y ntfboïbmcbcs n su so`boloenmc ftokcaõ`oec, nutcbckën so`boloen enpneomnm mf mnrsf >8

 NN.\\.7‛ Kfkcrons mfa Trokfr Ecb`rfsc Bneocbna mf Mfrfehc Kuboeopna‛ cp. Kuboeopna‛  cp. eot. , p. :=  @NZEËN JFANVBMF, Mckob`c7 Mckob`c7 ‑Fstnmc y Kuboeopoc fb fa Tfr÷‛, :445, p. =40, (ecbsuatn7 4? mf bcvofkjrf b cvofkjrf mfa :4>6) http7//www.guromoens.ubnk.kx .guromoens.ubnk.kx/pujaoen/aoj /pujaoen/aojrfv/rfv/mecbsta rfv/rfv/mecbstan/ecbt/:445/pr/ n/ecbt/:445/pr/pr::.pml  pr::.pml . http7//www >?

 

>6

bcrkns, fs mfeor, mf nutc-af`osanrsf, n molfrfbeon mf an nutnrquën, quf fs enpneomnm mf mfeomor aojrfkfbtf scjrf eunaquofr nsubtc c mf nutc-`cjfrbnrsf. Tfrc fb afb`ungf ectomonbc, sf utoaozn an vcz nutcbckën eckc fquovnafbtf n nutnrquën, bc cjstnbtf sfr mostobtns. _ tnkjoïb fb fa afb`ungf ecbstotueocbna, an pnanjrn nutcbckën sf usn ecb fa so`boloenmc ecrrofbtf c ecacquona, quf fs aojfrtnm mf hnefr na`c sob ntnmurns bo mfpfbmfbeons. Fb an Ecbst. >??5, nrt. >?= bcs hnef rflfrfbeon mf an nutcbckën pcaëtoen, fecbõkoen y nmkobostrntovn fb acs nsubtcs mf su eckpftfbeon. An nutcbckën quf an Ecbstotueoõb pcaëtoen mfa Tfr÷ fstnjafef pnrn ans kuboeopnaomnmfs rnmoen fb an lneuatnm mf fgfrefr netcs mf `cjofrbc, nmkobostrntovcs y mf nmkobostrneoõb, ecb sugfeoõb na crmfbnkofbtc gurëmoec. Ecblcrkf sf sfþnaõ pcr fa (]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna Tfrunbc U]E B.´ 44>4-:445-NO), fa  panbc bcrkntovc mf an nutcbckën quf an Ecbstotueoõb `nrnbtozn n ans Kuboeopnaomnmfs mfjf sfr fgfreomc fb lubeoõb mfa obtfrïs mf acs vfeobcs, tcmn vfz quf ans kuboeopnaomnmfs scb rfecbceomns eckc obstotueocbfs rfprfsfbtntovns mf acs vfeobcs mf ubn mftfrkobnmn acenaomnm, y fstîb aanknmns n prckcvfr an nmfeunmn prfstneoõb mf acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs acenafs, nsë eckc n lckfbtnr fa jofbfstnr mf acs vfeobcs y fa mfsnrrcaac obtf`rna y nrkõboec mf sus eoreubseropeocbfs.

:.0.>.> Nutcbckën fecbõkoen  Wcafzzo Kcaafr :4  bcs moef ‑quf bc fs pcsojaf hnjanr mf nutcbckën kuboeopna so fstcs bovfafs mf `cjofrbc enrfefb mf nutcbckën fecbõkoen‛ .

An Afy mf jnsfs mf an Mfsefbtrnaozneoõb, nrt. ?, obe. ?.5 fstnjafef quf an nutcbckën fecbõkoen fs an lneuatnm mf erfnr, rfenumnr y nmkobostrnr sus rfbtns f ob`rfscs prcpocs y nprcjnr sus prfsupufstcs obstotueocbnafs.

:.0.:  Jofbfs y rfbtns mf ans kuboeopnaomnmfs :4

 WCAFWWO KCAAFZ, Nrknbmc7 ‑]rojutneoõb Kuboeopna‛, p. 6? (ecbsuatn. 48 mf s ftofkjrf mfa :4>6) http7//www.opmt.cr`/fmo tcr/mces/45SZfv:4SNWK.pml  fv:4SNWK.pml   http7//www.opmt.cr`/fmotcr/mces/45SZ

 

><

Acs jofbfs y rfbtns mf ans kuboeopnaomnmfs sf fstnjafef fb an Ecbst. >??5, nrt. >?5, y scb acs so`uofbtfs7   

Acs jofbfs f ob`rfscs prcpocs.

 

Acs okpufstcs erfnmcs pcr afy n su lnvcr, fb an afy mf jnsf pnrn an mfsefbtrnaozneoõb bc hnjan mf trojutcs erfnmcs pcr afy n su lnvcr.

 

Ans ecbtrojueocbfs, tnsns, nrjotrocs, aoefbeons y mfrfehcs mf su eckpftfbeon, erfnmcs  pcr su Ecbefgc.

 

Acs rfeurscs nso`bnmcs mfa Lcbmc mf Eckpfbsneoõb Kuboeopna quf sf erfn pcr afy sf`÷b acs trojutcs kuboeopnafs.

 

Ans trnbslfrfbeons prfsupufstnafs mfa @cjofrbc Efbtrna.

 

Acs rfeurscs quf afs ecrrfspcbmnb pcr ecbefptc mf enbcb.

 

Acs mfkîs rfeurscs quf mftfrkobf an afy.

:.0.5  Ecbefgc kuboeopna y sus ntrojueocbfs fb fa îrfn trojutnron kuboeopna Fa ecbefgc kuboeopna, prcvobeona y mostrotna, fstî ecblcrknmc pcr fa naenamf y fa b÷kfrc mf rf`omcrfs quf fstnjafzen fa Gurnmc Bneocbna mf Fafeeocbfs, ecblcrkf n an Afy mf Fafeeocbfs Fafeeoc bfs Kuboeop Kuboeopnafs nafs.. Mfbtrc mf ans ntrojueocbfs mfa ecbefgc kuboeopna an Afy Cr`îboen mf Kuboeopnaomnmfs, nrt.?, nrt. ?, ecb rfsp rfspfetc fetc îrfn trojut trojutnron nron kuboeopna7 kuboeopna7 fstnjafef qu quff fs an an mf nprcjnr, nprcjnr, kcmoloenr kcmoloenr c mfrc`nr ans crmfbnbzns y mfgnr sob flfetc acs neufrmcs, erfnr, kcmoloenr, suprokor c fxcbfrnr fxcbfr nr mf ecbtroju ecbtrojueocbfs, eocbfs, tnsns, nrjotroc nrjotrocs, s, aoefb aoefbeons eons y mfrfehc mfrfehcs, s, ecblcr ecblcrkf kf n aafy. fy.

:.0.=  Ans crmfbnbzns y su rnb`c mf afy An afy fs an fxprfsoõb kîs fkobfbtf y scafkbf mfa mfrfehc fs fa obstrukfbtc mf vcaubtnm mfa Fstnmc, quf cjao`n n acs eckpcrtnkofbtcs huknbcs n rfnaoznr acs cjgftovcs ecbsomfrnmcs pcr nqufaan vcaubtnm7 tnbtc acs eckpcrtnkofbtcs mf sus n`fbtfs, eunbtc acs mf tfrefrcs sugftcs n su pcmfr. Mf fstf kcmc, pcr an afy (u ctrns bcrkns gurëmoens), fa Fstnmc crmfbn quf sf hn`n fstc (pcsotovnkfbtf) u crmfbn quf bc sf hn`n nqufaac (bf`ntovnkfbtf).

 

>0

Fs bfefsnroc mfgnr jofb fb eanrc quf, gurëmoenkfbtf, tcmc ac quf fxostf fs mospufstc pcr fa crmfb gurëmoec. Fa kcmc  mf fxostfbeon mf tcmc, tnkjoïb fs mospufstc pcr fa crmfb  gurëmoec. Tnrn Ifasfb:>  ans Crmfbnbzns, fb eunbtc nutïbtoens afyfs kuboeopnafs, tofbfb rnb`c mf afy7 n)

Tcr ans kntfrons quf mfsnrrcaanb, y j) mfbtrc mf ub mftfrkobnmc tfrrotcroc.

Nsë ac fstnjafeoõ obmorfetnkfbtf an Ecbst. >?0?, nrt. :?8, quf ecbtrn faans pcmën obtfrpcbfrsf an Neeoõb mf ëbecbstotueocbnaomnm, quf sf fbmfrfzn ecbtrn ans bcrkns ecb rnb`c mf afy. _ fb o`una sfbtomc ac hn rfotfrnmc y fb lcrkn kîs fxpaëeotn, an Ecbst. >??5, nrt. :44, obe. =, euyc tfxtc fs fa so`uofbtf7 ‑ An Neeoõb mf Obecbstotueocbnaomnm, quf prcefmf ecbtrn ans bcrkns quf tofbfb rnb`c mf afy7 afyfs, mferftcs af`osantovcs, mferftcs mf ur`fbeon, trntnmcs, rf`ankfbtcs mfa Ecb`rfsc, bcrkns rf`ocbnafs mf enrîetfr  `fbfrna y crmfbnbzns kuboeopnafs quf ecbtrnvfb`nb an Ecbstotueoõb fb an lcrkn c fb fa lcbmc.‛ lcbmc. ‛ 

Tfrc eckc quofrn quf ans eckpftfbeons sfþnanmns fb an Ecbstotueoõb pnrn ans kuboeopnaomnmfs scb fseuftns y ecb rfsfrvn mf afy, fs eanrc quf fb an knycrën mf ans vfefs, ans crmfbnbzns sf tofbfb quf aokotnr n mfsnrrcaanr ac quf fxprfsnkfbtf sfþnaf su Afy Cr`îboen. Mf fstn sufrtf, fa kuboeopoc sf ro`f pcr mcs tfxtcs af`nafs7 an Ecbstotueoõb y su Afy Cr`îboen. _ n faans mfjf efþorsf fb su prcmueeoõb af`osantovn. Tcr tnbtc, bc  pufmf fa f a kuboeopoc, fb nlîb nlî b erfntovc, nrrc`nrsf nr rc`nrsf buf bufvns vns eckpftfbeons jngc fa prftfxtc mf obtfrprftnr su nutcbckën fb ub sfbtomc lo`urnmc y nkpaësokc, bo kfbcs n÷b obvnmor eckpftfbeons mf ctrcs õr`nbcs mfa Fstnmc, bo tnkpcec ans mf ctrcs kuboeopocs, fb fspfeona, mf acs kuboeopocs kfbcrfs. An ecbstrueeoõb y scpcrtf gurëmoec-ecbstotueocbna mf ans crmfbnbzns kuboeopnafs sf fbeufbtrn fb fa nrtëeuac :44, obeosc =, mf an Ecbstotueoõb mf >??5, ctcr`îbmcaf rnb`c mf

:>

 IFAUFB, Hnbs, cp. eot. p. :=4

 

>8

afy. Fb nbîac`n morfeeoõb sf fbecbtrnjnb acs nrtëeuacs >>4 y >>6 mf an Afy B´ :5865 mf an nbtfrocr Afy mf Kuboeopnaomnmfs. Zfec`ofbmc an fxpfrofbeon nbtfrocr, an Afy Cr`îboen mf Kuboeopnaomnmfs, nrt. =4 npubtn tnxntovnkfbtf7 tnxntovnkfbtf7 " Ans crmfbnbzns mf ans kuboeopnaomnmfs prcvobeonafs y mostrotnafs, fb an kntfron mf su eckpftfbeon, scb ans bcrkns mf enrîetfr `fbfrna mf knycr

 gfrnrquën fb an fstrueturn bcrkntovn b crkntovn kuboeopna, pcr kfmoc mf ans eunafs sf nprufjn

an

cr`nbozneoõb

obtfrbn,

an

rf`uaneoõb,

nmkobostrneoõb

y

 supfrvosoõb mf acs sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs y ans kntfrons fb ans quf an kuboeopnaomnm tofbf eckpftfbeon bcrkntovn.  Kfmonbtf crmfbnbzns sf erfnb, kcmoloenb, suprokfb c fxcbfrnb, acs nrjotrocs, tnsns, aoefbeons, mfrfehcs y ecbtrojueocbfs, mfbtrc mf acs aëkotfs fstnjafeomcs pcr afy‛.  afy‛. 

:.8 FA UOU]FKN ]ZOJV]NZOC TFZVNBC :.8.>  An Bcrkn trojutnron Fa ecbtfbomc fsfbeona mf eunaquofr bcrkn gurëmoen rnmoen fb su knbmntc probeopna. Fa ecbtfbomc mf ans bcrkns trojutnrons, fb fsfbeon, fs ubn crmfb c knbmntc, pnrn quf sf fbtrf`uf na Fstnmc (c n an pfrscbn mfso`bnmn pcr ïa fb an afy), eofrtn sukn mf mobfrc. Fb ctrns pnanjrns7 an bcrkn quf fstî fb fa efbtrc mfa Mfrfehc ]rojutnroc fs nqufaan quf ecbtofbf fa knbmntc7 "fbtrf`uf mobfrc na Fstnmc". JNBMFOZN MF KFAAC eotnmc pcr Ntnaojn::, bcs moef quf ‑Fa mfrfehc bc moseopaobn  pfbsnkofbtcs, prcpõsotcs, obtfbeocbfs, sobc quf rf`uan eckpcrtnkofbtcs mf ubc fb rfanrfan eoõb n ctrc c n ctrcs‛.  ctrcs‛.   UCV]C KNOCZ JCZ@FU eotnmc pcr Ntnaojn :57 bcs moef quf ‑tcmn bcrkn gurëmoen, obeausovf an bcrkn trojutnron, sf mfseckpcbf fb ubn hopõtfsos mf obeomfbeon c prfvosoõb ::

 N]NAOJN, @frnamc7 ‑Hopõtfsos mf Obeomfbeon trojutnron‛. Okprfsc fb fa Tfr÷. ]naafrfs mf Obmustrons @rîloens U.N. Ehnvëb, Aokn. Aokn.

:5 >?80, p.::

 Ojom., p. =8

 

>?

hopctïtoen (scpcrtf lîetoec, hfehc `fbfrnmcr, lnttospfeof, tntjfstnbm) y ubn rf`an c  prfefptc (rf`an mf ecbmuetn). Eckc sf obmoeõ, an obeomfbeon mf an rf`an gurëmoen fs oblnaojaf, pfrc scankfbtf ceurrf mfspuïs mf rfnaoznmn su hopõtfsos mf obeomfbeon‛.   :=

AOKN eotnmc pcr Ntnaojn   rfspfetc n fstf pubtc fstnjafef7 "Ans rf`ans gurëmoens scb cjao`ntcrons pcr fsfbeon, pfrc bc tfbfkcs cjao`neoõb mf rfspftnrans sobc eunbmc sf hnb rfubomc ans ecbmoeocbfs mf su npaoeneoõb...". Tcr ac quf enmn ubc mf bcsctrcs sõac fstî cjao`nmc n cjfmfefr acs knbmnkofbtcs euyn hopõtfsos bcs ecbtfkpaf obfquëvcenkfbtf. Uõac eunbmc ubn hopõtfsos af`na naenbzn n ubn pfrscbn, faan fstî cjao`nmn n cjfmfefr na rfspfetovc knbmnkofbtc. Uf mfso`bn fa hfehc `fbfrnmcr ob njstrnetc eckc ‑hopõtfsos mf obeomfbeon‛ y na ob ecberftn  pcr ‑hfehc okpcbojaf‛.  okpcbojaf‛. 

Tnrn Ntnaojn an bcrkn trojutnron nsukf an so`uofbtf ecblo`urneoõb7  Hopõtfsos7 ‑so suefmofrn fa hfehc _‛  Knbmntc7 ‑pn`uf ‑pn`uf X,  X, fb mobfrc, na Fstnmc‛ Unbeoõb77 ‑so bc pn`nrn, sf prcmueorîb ans so`uofbtfs Unbeoõb so`uofbtf s ecbsfeufbeons‛.  ecbsfeufbeons‛.   Moetnmn an bcrkn, sofkprf quf suefmnb acs hfehcs mfserotcs, obeomf fa knbmntc.  

Ucb pufs, nspfetcs  mf an hopõtfsos mf obeomfbeon ans eunaomnmfs quf ïstn tofbf mf mftfrkobnr hopctïtoenkfbtf acs sugftcs mf an cjao`neoõb trojutnron, nsë eckc su ecbtfbomc sustnbeona, au`nr y kckfbtc mf bneokofbtc.

:.8.:  Fa trojutc  Bc sf eufbtn ecb ubn mfloboeoõb af`na fb fa Tfr÷, pfrc pfr c mcetrobnronkfbtf ac mflobfb7 Fa prclfscr Jnrrcs Enrvnahc:6, eotnmc pcr Jrnvc Eueeo, hn sfþnanmc an fxostfbeon mf hnstn sfos nefpeocbfs mfa tïrkobc trojutc7 n) eckc eunbtën mf mobfrc, j) eckc prfstneoõb ecrrfspcbmofbtf n ub mfjfr gurëmoec mfa sugftc pnsovc e) eckc mfrfehc sujgftovc mfa quf := :6 Ojom.,

p. =8  JZN\C EVEEO, Gcr`f7 ‑Lubmnkfbtcs mf Mfrfehc ]rojutnroc‛, Eunrtn Fmoeoõb. Okprfsc Gurostn Fmotcrfs F.O.Z.A. :4>4, p. 6>  

 

:4

fs totuanr mfa sugftc pnsovc9 m) eckc sobõbokc mf rfaneoõb gurëmoen trojutnron9 f) eckc bcrkn gurëmoen trojutnron9 l) eckc bcrkn, hfehc y rfaneoõb gurëmoen. Tnrn Ntnaojn:4:5=/:=>=:/U=0.pml ‑Fa ]rojutc‛, p. < (ecbsuatn >> mf Uftofkjrf mfa :4>0) http7//rfpcsotcro.ugo sotcro.ugo.fs/xkauo/jot .fs/xkauo/jotstrfnk/hnbmaf/>4:5= /:=>=:/U=0.pml3sfqufbef;> 3sfqufbef;>    http7//rfpc

   

:>

:.8.5  An pctfstnm trojutnron Fa trojutnrostn Hunknbo Eufvn (:440) :8  eotnmc pcr Zuoz mf Entoaan, scstofbf quf ‑an  pctfstnm trojutnron fs an lneuatnm mfa Fstnmc pnrn erfnr y rf`uanr sus ob`rfscs trojutnrocs.

Zcjafs:? bcs moef quf ‑An Tctfstnm ]rojutnron, aanknmn pcr na`ubcs, Tcmfr ]rojutnroc, fs nqufaan lneuatnm quf tofbf fa Fstnmc mf erfnr, kcmoloenr, mfrc`nr, suprokor trojutcs, fbtrf ctrcs, lneuatnm quf af fs ctcr`nmn n molfrfbtfs bovfafs mf `cjofrbc c fbtomnmfs mfa Fstnmc, fxeausovnkfbtf fb an Ecbstotueoõb. Fxostfb rf`ans jîsoens (probeopocs) euyc cjgftovc fs ac`rnr an knycr rneocbnaomnm pcsojaf fb fa mfsnrrcaac mf fstn netovomnm bcrkntovn‛. Uf pcbf mf knbolofstc quf fa pcmfr trojutnroc sf jnsn fb ub mfjfr lubmnkfbtna mf ecbtrojuor n acs `nstcs p÷jaoecs fxo`ojaf n acs eoumnmnbcs, cro`obnmc fb an fxo`fbeon mf eujror ans bfefsomnmfs p÷jaoens y mf eukpaokofbtc mf acs lobfs sceonafs quf fa Fstnmc mfjf pfrsf`uor pnrn sntoslnefr ctrcs mfrfehcs obmovomunafs (mfrfehcs mf mflfbsn gumoeona mf acs pcjrfs) y acs mfrfehcs sceonafs mf enrîetfr lubmnkfbtna.  Ecblcrkf ac hn fstnjafeomc fa ]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna, an pctfstnm trojutnron mf acs molfrfbtfs bovfafs mf `cjofrbc bc fs orrfstroetn c oaokotnmn, pcr ac quf su fgfreoeoc bc  pufmf rfnaoznrsf na knr`fb mf acs probeopocs y aëkotfs quf an prcpon Ecbstotueoõb y ans afyfs mf an kntfron fstnjafefb. Fb fstf sfbtomc, fa (]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna Tfrunbc U]E  B· 44=:-:44=-NA/]E) 44=:-:44=-N A/]E) hn sfþnanmc ac so`uofbtf7 "An okpcsoeoõb mf mftfrkobnmcs aëkotfs quf prfvï an Ecbstotueoõb pfrkotf, pcr ub anmc, quf fa fgfreoeoc mf an pctfstnm trojutnron  pcr pnrtf mfa Fstnmc sfn ecbstotueocbnakfbtf af`ëtokc9 mf ctrc anmc, `nrnbtozn quf moehn  pctfstnm bc sfn fgfreomn f gfreomn nrjotrnronkfbtf y fb m mftrokfbtc ftrokfbtc mf acs mfrfehcs lubmnkf lubmnkfbtnafs btnafs

:8

 ZVOW MF ENU]OAAN TCBEF MF AFÕB, Lrnbeosec G. 7 ‑Zflafxocbfs ‑Zflafxocbfs scjrf  scjrf tfkns mf mfrfehc trojutnroc y pcaëtoen losena‛ losena‛ :4>4,  :4>4, /lrnbeosecruoz/:4>4/4>/:>/pc >4/4>/:>/pctfstnm-trojutnron-mf-ac tfstnm-trojutnron-mf-acss>>nvc pîrrnlc (ecbsuatn7 :< mf njroa :4>6)  :4>6)  http7//jac`.puep.fmu.pf/jac` http7//jac`.puep.fmu.pf/jac`/lrnbeosecruoz/:4 `cjofrbcs-rf`ocbnafs-y-acenafs/.  `cjofrbcs-rf`ocbnafs-y-acenafs/. :?

 ZCJAFU, Enrkfb Toanr7 ‑Acs ‑ Acs probeopocs Ecbstotueocbnafs Ecbstotueocbnafs ]rojutnrocs‛ , :448, Tctfstnm trojutnron pîrrnlc prokfrc (ecbsuatn7 :4 mf

cetujrf :4>6)  :4>6) http7//jac` http7//jac`.puep.fmu.pf/jac .puep.fmu.pf/jac`/enrkfbrcjafs/:4 `/enrkfbrcjafs/:448/4?/>=/ac 48/4?/>=/acs-probeopocs-ecbsto s-probeopocs-ecbstotueocbnafs-troju tueocbnafs-trojutnrocs/ tnrocs/.. 

 

::

mf ans pfrscbns. Tcr faac, sf pufmf mfeor quf acs probeopocs ecbstotueocbnafs trojutnrocs  scb aëkotfs na fgfreoeoc mf an pctfstnm trojutnron, pfrc tnkjoïb scb `nrnbtëns mf ans  pfrscbns lrfbtf n fsn pctfstnm9 mf nhë quf moehc fgfreoeoc sfrî af`ëtokc y gustc fb an kfmomn quf su fgfreoeoc sf rfnaoef fb cjsfrvnbeon mf acs probeopocs ecbstotueocbnafs quf fstîb prfvostcs fb fa nrtëeuac 0=´ mf an Ecbstotueoõb, tnafs eckc fa mf af`naomnm, rfsfrvn mf afy, o`unamnm, rfspftc mf acs mfrfehcs lubmnkfbtnafs mf ans pfrscbns y fa probeopoc mf obtfrmoeeoõb mf an ecblosentcrofmnm".  

:.8.5.> An pctfstnm trojutnron mf cr`nboskcs kuboeopnafs   An Ecbstotueoõb rfecbcef pctfstnm trojutnron cro`obnron n acs `cjofrbcs acenafs mfbtrc mf su gurosmoeeoõb. An pctfstnm trojutnron mf ans Kuboeopnaomnmfs sf fbeufbtrn aokotnmn n an erfneoõb mf trojutcs vobeuanmcs n na`ubn netovomnm c sfrvoeoc fstntna. Fa ]rojubna Ecbstotueocbna Tfrunbc sf prcbubeon rfspfetc n fstf pubtc fb an U]E B· 44465-:44=-TO/]E, rfspfetc n an enpneomnm mf nutc`cjofrbc kuboeopna bcs moef quf an kuboeopnaomnm tofbf an pctfstnm mf fkotor bcrkns gurëmoens (nutcbckën bcrkntovn) fs ubc mf sus fafkfbtcs enrnetfrëstoecs y fsfbeonafs, fspfeëloenkfbtf, an trojutnron, fa rfs`unrmc ecbstotueocbna bc sõac sf efbtrnrî fb `nrnbtoznr an nutcbckën nutc bckën acena, sobc tnkjoïb fb snavn`unrmnr fa rfspftc n acs mfrfehcs lubmnkfbtnafs mf acs ecbtrojuyfbtfs. Fstc rfvostf sob`uanr okpcrtnbeon, mnmc quf fb an prîetoen moehns fbtomnmfs sõac ecbtnrënb ecb lneuatnmfs pnrn erfnr ecbtrojueocbfs y tnsns, ans eunafs, tna eckc sf rfecbcef mcetrobnronkfbtf y mf an lcrkn eõkc hnb somc rf`uanmns pcr fa Eõmo`c ]rojutnroc, supcbfb ubn netovomnm fstntna, fstc fs, ubn neeoõb c netuneoõb mfa Fstnmc fb lcrkn morfetn f omfbtoloenjaf fb jfbfloeoc mfa ecbtrojuyfbtf. Moehn pctfstnm fstî sugftn n an afy, an euna rfstrob`f su fgfreoeoc y ecbstotuyf ubn molfrfbeon lubmnkfbtna rfspfetc n an pctfstnm trojutnron mfa `cjofrbc bneocbna.

:.8.=  Fspfeofs trojutnrons

 

:5

 Bufstrc eõmo`c ]rojutnroc fb an Bcrkn OO mf su ]ëtuac prfaokobnr, tckn an eansoloeneoõb ubovfrsna mfa trojutc quf sfrën7 okpufstc, ecbtrojueoõb y tnsn, bc sofbmc tïrkobcs orrfafvnbtnfs, sobc quf enmn ubc mfso`bn ubn rfnaomnm mostobtn.

:.8.=.> Fa okpufstc  ‑Fs fa trojutc euyc eukpaokofbtc bc cro`obn ubn ecbtrnprfstneoõb morfetn fb lnvcr mfa ecbtrojuyfbtf pcr pnrtf mfa Fstnmc‛54. Fb fa okpufstc an prfstneoõb fxo`omn na cjao`nmc fs obmfpfbmofbtf mf tcmn netovomnm fstntna rfantovn n ïa. Tnrn Ntnaojn fs ub topc mf trojutc bc vobeuanmc pcrquf bc fxostf ubn ecbfxoõb mfa cjao`nmc ecb an netovomnm fstntna na`ubn quf sf sob`uanroef n su rfspfetc c quf ac jfbfloeof, pcr ac euna fxostf ubn obmfpfbmfbeon fbtrf an cjao`neoõb mf pn`nr fa okpufstc y an netovomnm quf fa Fstnmc mfsnrrcaan ecb su prcmuetc, fstf prcmuetc sf pufmf c bc vobeuanr ecb fa ecbtrojuyfbtf, fa probeopoc quf fa ro`f fs fa mf an enpneomnm ecbtrojutovn. Uf`÷b an Ecbst. >??5, nrt. 0= fstnjafef quf scankfbtf fa @cjofrbc Bneocbna pufmf erfnr okpufstcs pnrn lobnbeonr n acs @cjofrbcs Zf`ocbnafs y Acenafs. Fs mfeor fa Ecb`rfsc mf an Zfp÷jaoen kfmonbtf ubn afy c fa Tcmfr Fgfeutovc n trnvïs mfa Mferftc Af`osantovc tofbfb an lneuatnm mf erfnr fstn eansf mf trojutcs. Acs @cjofrbcs Zf`ocbnafs y acs @cjofrbcs Acenafs bc tofbfb an lneuatnm mf erfnr okpufstcs. 

:.8.=.: An ecbtrojueoõb ‑Fs fa trojutc euyn cjao`neoõb tofbf, eckc hfehc `fbfrnmcr, jfbfloeocs mfrovnmcs mf an rfnaozneoõb mf cjrns p÷jaoens c mf netovomnmfs fstntnafs‛5>.

54

 Eõmo`c ]rojutnroc euyc ]fxtc ×boec Crmfbnmc luf nprcjnmc kfmonbtf Mferftc Uuprfkc U uprfkc B´ >56-??-FL. Nrtëeuac OO mfa

]ëtuac  Ojom.,Trfaokobnr. Nrtëeuac OO mfa ]ëtuac Trfaokob Trfaokobnr. nr.   5>

 

:=

Ans ecbtrojueocbfs fspfeonafs scb acs trojutcs mfjomcs fb rnzõb mf jfbfloeocs obmovomunafs c mf `rupcs sceonafs mfrovnmcs mf an rfnaozneoõb mf cjrns c `nstcs p÷jaoecs c mf fspfeonafs netovomnmfs mfa Fstnmc. Nsë eckc ac ecbefpt÷nb acs so`uofbtfs nutcrfs7 @ouaonbo Lcbrcu`f 5: eotnmc pcr \oaaf`ns9 \oaaf`ns9 bcs moef quf sf enrnetfrozn pcr an fxostfbeon mf ub jfbfloeoc. Mfstobnmc n jfbfloeonr n ubn pfrscbn mftfrkobnmn c n `rupcs sceonafs mftfrkobnmcs. Tnrn @onbbobo55 an ecbtrojueoõb sf vobeuan n an netuneoõb mf ubn netovomnm nmkobostrntovn quf, nmfkîs mf rfmubmnr fb ubn vfbtngn obmostobtnkfbtf pnrn tcmn an ecafetovomnm, na koskc tofkpc prcpcreocbn ubn utoaomnm fspfeëloen n nqufaacs quf sf fbeufbtrnb fb ubn sotuneoõb pnrtoeuanr. Acs mcs topcs mf prfsupufstcs mf hfehc kîs lrfeufbtfs scb7 an ecbstrueeoõb mf cjrns  p÷jaoens y fa lubeocbnkofbtc mf sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs. Fxostf ubn vfbtngn pnrtoeuanr, fstf fafkfbtc ecbefjomc tofbf fa enrîetfr mf nmoeocbna n acs fafkfbtcs prcpocs mf acs trojutcs y sorvf pnrn molfrfbeonrac mf acs okpufstcs. Mfsmf fa  pubtc mf vostn gurëmoec rfvostf an enaomnm mf fsfbeona, pufs ‑fa ‑ fa mïjotc mï jotc bc sur`f so lnatn ln atn an vfbtngn c so fa `nstc bc fs bfefsnroc y su eunbtën fs prcpcreocbnmn n an vfbtngn c na `nstc‛.   `nstc‛. Uus fafkfbtcs fsfbeonafs scb, quf fa sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec prcmuzen vfbtngns molfrfbeonafs y quf fa prcmuetc mfa trojutc fstï morfetnkfbtf mfstobnmc n sntoslnefr ans bfefsomnmfs mfa  prcpoc `rupc. Uus fafkfbtcs eckubfs scb an prfstneoõb Fstntna quf prcpcreocbn ub jfbfloeoc (bc bfefsnronkfbtf ub fbroqufeokofbtc) y an nlfetneoõb mf acs rfeurscs. Fs fsfbeona quf fa prcmuetc mf ans ecbtrojueocbfs fspfeonafs fstf mfstobnmc fxeausovnkfbtf na lobnbeonkofbtc mf an netovomnm fstntna euyc lubeocbnkofbtc ecbstotuyf fa prfsupufstf mf hfehc mf an cjao`neoõb. Na o`una quf fb an tnsn bc sf ecbeojf ubn ‑ecbtrojueoõb‛ ecb fa mfstobc ngfbc n fsn netovomnm. An ÷boen rnzõb mf sfr mf fstn

5:

 \OAAF@NU J., Hïetcr7 ‑Eursc mf Lobnbzns, mfrfehc lobnbeofrc y trojutnroc‛, 0ª fmoeoõb, Fmoeocbfs mf Tnakn, Jufbcs Norfs, :44> :44>,,

55 >>4  p.  N]NAOJN, @frnamc7cp. Eot., p.:4?

 

:6

entf`crën trojutnron fs an vobeuaneoõb gurëmoenkfbtf bfefsnron, bfefsnron, fbtrf netovomnm fstntna fstntna quf  prcmuef ubn vfbtngn y an prfstneoõb ecrrfantovn mfa pnrtoeuanr jfbfloeonmc. Fs pcr fsc y  pnrn fsc pcr ac quf sf af fxo`f ub trojutc fspfeona. An nlfetneoõb, na o`una quf fb an tnsn, sf vobeuan ecb fa ecstc mf an cjrn c sfrvoeoc, ]cknbmc fb eufbtn fa nrt. 0= mf an Ecbstotueoõb, kcmoloenmc pcr an afy :85?4, fstnjafef quf acs @cjofrbcs Zf`ocbnafs sf fbeufbtrnb hnjoaotnmcs pnrn erfnr ecbtrojueocbfs. N tfbcr mfa nrt. 0= mf an Ecbstotueoõb ans Kuboeopnaomnmfs Trcvobeonafs y Mostrotnafs tofbfb an lneuatnm mf erfnr ecbtrojueocbfs, n trnvïs mf an crmfbnbzn kuboeopna. Acs erotfrocs pnrn mftfrkobnr su ecstc fstnjafeomc pcr \namfs 5= sfrënb7 An mftfrkobneoõb mf an ecbtrojueoõb mf kfgcrns prfsfbtn an pnrtoeuanromnm mf rfaneocbnrsf, ecb mcs jnsfs, fa jfbfloeoc cjtfbomc pcr fa ecbtrojuyfbtf, fs mfeor, an vnacrozneoõb mfa obkufjaf y fa ecstc mf an cjrn. Ctrc erotfroc fs fa mf rfpnrtor fa ecstc mf an cjrn fbtrf acs obkufjafs quf sf ecbsomfrnb jfbfloeonmcs pcr faan 

:.8.=.5 An tnsn  ‑An tnsn fs fa trojutc euyn cjao`neoõb tofbf eckc hfehc `fbfrnmcr an  prfstneoõb flfetovn pcr fa Fstnmc mf ub sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec obmovomunaoznmc fb fa ecbtrojuyfbtf‛ 56.

An Afy mf ]rojutneoõb Kuboeopna nrt. 4, scstuvc "...quf rfsuatn lubmnkfbtna mftfrkobnr an lobnaomnm y cjgftc mf `rnvnkfb, fb an kfmomn quf na fbecbtrnrbcs ecb an bnturnafzn gurëmoen mf ubn "]nsn", fs prfeosc rfecrmnr quf fs obhfrfbtf n moehn eansoloeneoõb an ecbtrnprfstneoõb pfeubonron quf fa pnrtoeuanr mfjf na Fstnmc, fb vortum mf afy, pcr an prfstneoõb mf ub sfrvoeoc gurëmoec, nmkobostrntovc c gurosmoeeocbna, mf usc cjao`ntcroc, movosojaf y mftfrkobnmc fb an pfrscbn c jofbfs mfa usunroc, prfstnmc pcr fa  Fstnmc fb fgfreoeoc mfa pcmfr trojutnroc." 50  .

:.8.=.5.>  Hopõtfsos mf obeomfbeon fb ans tnsns Fb an tnsn, an hopõtfsos mf obeomfbeon fs an prfstneoõb mf ub sfrvoeoc pcr fa Fstnmc, an rfnaozneoõb mf ubn cjrn, an fxpfmoeoõb mf ub efrtoloenmc, fa ctcr`nkofbtc mf ubn aoefbeon, nutcrozneoõb, fte., quf sf vobeuan n na`uofb, quf fs pufstc pcr an afy fb an sotuneoõb mf sugftc pnsovc mfa trojutc. Mf ac quf sur`f quf, pnrn quf sf ecblo`urf ubn tnsn, jnstn ecb quf an netuneoõb fstntna tfb`n rflfrojoaomnm n na`uofb, pufstc eckc sugftc pnsovc mfa trojutc quf orî n bnefr ecb an rflfrojoaomnm (fb fa kckfbtc fb quf an netuneoõb fstntna sf rflofrn ecberftnkfbtf n na`uofb). Fb fstf trojutc ecbeurrfb hnstn mcs hopõtfsos mf obeomfbeon knrenmnkfbtf molfrfbeonmns7 (>) an prfstneoõb pcr pnrtf mfa Fstnmc mf ub sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec y nmkobostrntovc, obeauomcs acs sfrvoeocs nmkobostrntovcs rflfromcs n an trnkotneoõb mf prcefmokofbtcs y ecbefsoõb mf nutcrozneocbfs, na`ubcs nutcrfs, eckc fs fa ensc mfa mcetcr Wcafzzo, Kõaafr, mfsmcjanb fstî fb mcs, na ecbsomfrnr quf fa prokfr prfsupufstc sfrvoeocs p÷jaoecs `fbfrnafs, ecbefrbofbtfs n an vomn ecafetovn y fb fa sf`ubmc, n sfrvoeoc nmkobostrntovcs obmovomunaoznjafs, quf sf prfstnb n obstnbeons mfa usunroc. Tcr su pnrtf, ctrcs, eckc fs fa ensc Lcbsfen Unrkofbtc, scb mf an cpoboõb quf tfõroenkfbtf ub sfrvoeoc nmkobostrntovc sf fbeufbtrn obeauomc mfbtrc mf an mfloboeoõb mf sfrvoeoc p÷jaoec, ‑pufs an fgfeueoõb mf ub sfrvoeoc nmkobostrntovc sofkprf ecbaafvn fa obtfrïs `fbfrna y an sntoslneeoõb mf bfefsomnmfs ecafetovns, nubquf nubquf `fbfrnakfbtf fb lcrkn obmovomunaoznmn‛, y (:) an fbtrf`n 50

www.sejn.`cv.nr/lnaacseckpa/Oblc naacseckpa/Oblcgujn/EcbtfbeocscF gujn/EcbtfbeocscFsp>8/=6.mce sp>8/=6.mce    T. ? (ecbsuatn7 >4 mf Cetujrf mfa :4>0)  :4>0) www.sejn.`cv.nr/l

 

:0

fb usc pcr pnrtf mfa Fstnmc mf jofbfs mf mckoboc p÷jaoec pnrn fa nprcvfehnkofbtc  provntovc mf pnrtoeuanrfs.

:.8.=.5.:  Acs Nrjotrocs Kuboeopnafs suj fspfeof mf an tnsn   Tcr su pnrtf, an Ecbst. >??5, nrt. >?6, obe. =, fstnjafef quf acs `cjofrbcs acenafs scb eckpftfbtfs pnrn erfnr, kcmoloenr y suprokor ecbtrojueocbfs, tnsns, nrjotrocs, aoefbeons y mfrfehcs kuboeopnafs, ecblcrkf n afy. Fa ]fxtc ×boec Crmfbnmc mf an Afy mf ]rojutneoõb Kuboeopna, nrt