Services Architecture v3.2 Student Guide Download

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture

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Module 0 — Course Introduction

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Module Overview

 Alcatel-Lucent Career Certification  General Course Information  Timeline  Prerequisites  Introduction  Goal  Administration

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture This course is part of the Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification (SRC) Program. See www.alcatellucent.com/src for more information on the SRC program. To locate additional information relating to the topics presented in this manual, refer to the following:  Technical Practices for the specific product  Internet Standards documentation such as protocol standards bodies, RFCs, and IETF drafts  Technical support pages of the Alcatel-Lucent website located at: http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/support

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 Objectives

ALCATEL-LUCENT NETWORK ROUTING SPECIALIST I

ALCATEL-LUCENT NETWORK ROUTING SPECIALIST II

4 DAYS / 1 COURSE / 1 WRITTEN EXAM

18 DAYS / 4 COURSES / 4 WRITTEN EXAMS / 1 PRACTICAL LAB EXAM

ALCATEL-LUCENT ALCATEL-LUCENT TRIPLE PLAY ROUTING PROFESSIONAL MOBILE ROUTING PROFESSIONAL 36 DAYS / 8 COURSES / 8 WRITTEN EXAMS / 1 PRACTICAL LAB EXAM

32 DAYS/ 7 COURSES / 7 WRITTEN EXAMS / 2 PRACTICAL LAB EXAMS

ALCATEL-LUCENT SERVICE ROUTING ARCHITECT 49 DAYS / 11 COURSES / 11 WRITTEN EXAMS / 2 PRACTICAL LAB EXAMS

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification Program ― Four Certifications

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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SRC Program ― Courses and Exams

Exam Number

Exam Pre-requisites (4A0-XXX)

Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks

4A0-100

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Interior Routing Protocols

4A0-101

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Border Gateway Protocol

4A0-102

NA

Exam Name

Alcatel-Lucent Multiprotocol Label Switching

4A0-103

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture

4A0-104

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Virtual Private LAN Services

4A0-105

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Virtual Private Routed Networks

4A0-106

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Quality of Service

4A0-107

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Multicast Protocols

4A0-108

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Triple Play Services

4A0-109

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Advanced Troubleshooting

4A0-110

NA

Alcatel-Lucent IP/MPLS Mobile Backhaul Transport

4A0-M01

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Mobile Gateways for the LTE Evolved Packet Core

4A0-M02

NA

Alcatel-Lucent Network Routing Specialist II Lab Exam

NRSII4A0

100, 101, 103, 104

Alcatel-Lucent Mobile Routing Professional Lab Exam

MRP4A0

100, 101, 103, 104, 107, M01, M02, NRSII4A0

Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Architect Lab Exam

ASRA4A0

100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, NRSII4A0

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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SRC Program ― Exam Profile

Exam Delivery

Written Exams  Delivered by Prometric  Global provider of testing services  5000+ test sites worldwide

Lab Exams  Written at Alcatel-Lucent sites  NRS II Certification • Half-day lab exam  SRA Certification • Full-day lab exam

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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 Register at: www.prometric.com/alcatel-lucent

SRC Program Global Reach, Flexible Delivery Options



On-site delivery at your business location anywhere in the world



Delivery from any of fifteen Alcatel-Lucent University locations globally  APAC ― Shanghai, China  Americas ― Sydney, Australia

― Plano, USA

― Wellington, New Zealand ― Bangalore, Chennai, Gurgaon, Mumbai, India

 Europe

― Ottawa, Canada ― Mexico City, Mexico ― Sao Paulo, Brazil

― Antwerp, Belgium ― Newport, UK ― Paris, France  Class schedules posted @ www.alcatel-lucent.com/src  Registration online @ www.alcatel-lucent.com/srcreg

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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― Melbourne, Australia

Your Own Service Router Lab – Now you can have one

Need access to a lab to help you:  Prepare for your NRS II and SRA exams?  Practice and build your service routing knowledge and configuration skills?  Remote, private access (7×24) to an Alcatel-Lucent service router lab: six-node fully meshed network – three-hour time slots available  Access to a suite of over 30 lab “practice” scenarios with optimal solutions  Access to traffic simulation and analysis tools  To find out more and sign up visit http://www.alcatellucent.com/src/examprep

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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The Alcatel-Lucent Exam Preparation service provides:

Credit for Other IP Certifications Cisco or Juniper certified?

 Certifications must be valid to receive exemptions  Submit your request for exemptions at: http://www.alcatellucent.com/srcexemptions

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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 You can receive exemptions from some of the SRC exams, if you hold any one of the Cisco or Juniper certifications identified

This course will provide course participants with foundation knowledge of Layer 2 services (VPWS and VPLS), Layer 3 services (IES and VPRN), and mirroring service and how to implement these services in an Alcatel-Lucent environment.

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture ― Goal

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture ― Course Objectives

Upon successful completion of this course, you should be able to:  Demonstrate the significance of Alcatel-Lucent services  List the different service types available and their components  Explain the encapsulation of service data with a service label and transport label  Describe the operation of VPWS services  Configure, verify and troubleshoot an epipe service  Recognize the interworking capabilities of the different VPWS  Explain the operation of Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)  Configure and verify a VPLS

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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 Explain the concept of SAP and SDP and how they are used

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture ― Course Objectives

 Explain the operation of Internet enhanced services (IES)  Describe the operation of the basic VPRN architecture  Configure, verify, and troubleshoot an IPv4 VPRN  Configure, verify, and troubleshoot an IPv6 VPRN

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Upon successful completion of this course, you should be able to:  Use the correct operations, administration and maintenance (OAM) tools to analyze, manage, and troubleshoot IP/MPLS service networks  Describe mirror services and differentiate between local and distributed mirror services

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture ― Course Timeline

 Day 1  Module 0 — Course Introduction  Module 1 — Services Overview and Implementation  Lab 1 – IP/MPLS Infrastructure  Lab 2 - Distributed Epipe Service

 Day 2  Module 2 — Virtual Private Wire Service – section 2 and 3  Module 3 — Virtual Private LAN Service  Lab 3 – VPLS Service  Lab 4 – Spoke Termination to a VPLS

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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 Module 2 — Virtual Private Wire Service – section 1

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture ― Course Timeline (cont’d)

Day 3  Module 4 — OAM Tools and Mirroring Service  Lab 5 — OAM Tools  Module 5 — Layer 3 Services (Sections 1 and 2)  Lab 7 — IES  Lab 8 — VPLS Spoke Termination on IES

Day 4  Module 5 — Layer 3 Services (Sections 3-6)  Lab 9 — IPv4 VPRN  Lab 10 — IPv6 VPRN

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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 Lab 6 — Mirror Service

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture ― Course Prerequisites Suggested Prerequisites  Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks  Alcatel-Lucent Interior Routing Protocols

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture Exam  To ensure full comprehension of the material covered in this course, it is recommended that, upon successful completion of the Services Architecture course, the student register for and take this exam.

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Notice that the BGP section of the ASIN course is one of the important topics required as a prerequisite for the Virtual Private Routed Network sections of module 5.

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 Alcatel-Lucent Multiprotocol Label Switching

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture ― Symbols and Icons

Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR

Customer sites

Generic switch

Internet

MP-BGP Update

Pipe

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

Network cloud (various colors)

Encapsulated Ethernet Frame

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IP router

Registration Facility information Restrooms Communications Materials Schedule Introductions  Name and company  Experience  Familiarity with Services Architecture  Questions

      

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Administration

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www.alcatel-lucent.com

3HE-02770-AAAA-WBZZA Edition 01

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture

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Module 1 — Services Overview & Implementation

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Module Objectives

After successfully completing this module, you will be able to:

 Describe the different service types offered on the AlcatelLucent 7750 SR  Explain the components required to support these services

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Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture This course is part of the Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification (SRC) Program. Visit the AlcatelLucent web site at www.alcatel-lucent.com/src for more information on the SRC program. To locate additional information related to the topics presented in this manual, refer to the following:  Technical Practices for the specific product  Internet Standards documentation such as protocol standards bodies, RFCs and IETF drafts  Technical support pages of the Alcatel-Lucent web site located at http://www.alcatellucent.com/support This module provides an introduction to the concept of a service router; the service configuration model will be described along with various service entities such as customer, SAP and SDP. In addition, a brief overview of service policies will also be covered. We will also examine how Alcatel-Lucent implements the services concept, and steps are provided for deploying a services tunnel in a service provider’s core MPLS backbone.

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 Describe a service router and how it differs from a traditional router

Services Overview & Implementation

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Section 1 — Introduction to Services

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Section Objectives After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:  Describe the features of a service router  List the differences between a service router and a traditional router

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 Define the concept of a “service”  Describe the types of services offered by the Alcatel-Lucent service router

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v 3.2

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Telecommunication Services Technologies Service Providers Telecommunications Networks  Time division multiplexing (TDM) technologies for real-time voice  Frame Relay and ATM for private network services with specific service levels Requirement is to offer all types of services on one platform

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Historically, telecommunications service providers have deployed completely separate networks to provide different types of services, such as time division multiplexing (TDM) technologies for real-time voice, Frame Relay and ATM for private network services with specific service levels and IP for best effort data services.

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 IP for best effort data services

Converged Network Infrastructure Requirements

Service providers consolidate the delivery of multiple service types onto a single networking technology because of:  High cost of maintaining and operating discrete legacy networks

 Consumer demand for new services that require higher bandwidth service at decreasing prices

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A number of factors are driving service providers to evolve to a single network infrastructure that supports the delivery of a wide variety of telecommunications services. These include: •High cost of maintaining and operating discrete legacy networks. •Service provider desire to continue to support high-revenue legacy services such as Frame Relay and TDM. •Consumer demand for new services such as wireless data and streaming video. •Competitive market creating consumer expectations of higher bandwidth service at decreasing prices. One approach to building a common infrastructure for deploying a wide range of telecommunication services uses a core IP/MPLS network that supports a range of virtual private network (VPN) services.

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 The need to continue to support the high revenue legacy services such as Frame Relay and TDM

A single network infrastructure using a core IP/MPLS network that supports a range of virtual private network (VPN) services

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The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR product family was specifically designed to build a single network infrastructure using a core IP/MPLS network that supports a range of virtual private network (VPN) services The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR has the ability to collapse separate overlay networks onto one platform while still supporting an overlay model. Before we get into the details of the Alcatel-Lucent Service Router, we need to understand what is meant by virtual private network (VPN)

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Alcatel-Lucent Solution: Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router

Virtual Private Network (VPN) Service VPN is a network in which a shared infrastructure is used to provide private services to its users Virtual - A VPN to the service provider is a virtual network Private - A VPN to the customer is a private network

Service:  A logical entity that refers to a type of connectivity (Internet, Layer 2 or Layer 3 VPN)  Each service is uniquely identified by a service ID

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VPN is a network in which a service provider shared infrastructure is used to provide private services to its customers. It is virtual since it does not require separate dedicated circuits between various locations, and it is based on the logical as opposed to physical separation of the facilities. It is private in the sense that customers can maintain their own addressing and routing schemes fully independent of and transparent to other customers. A service is a logical globally unique entity that provides a uniform, end-to-end configuration, management, and billing model for provisioning either Internet or VPN connectivity between customer access points; it can be either local or distributed.

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Network – A collection of devices that communicate with each other

The Alcatel-Lucent Service Router A scalable IP router that offers best-effort IP routing and supports data services using a service-oriented architecture

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A service router is a scalable Internet router that offers best-effort Internet services as well as enables the migration of traditional data services to a service-oriented architecture. Existing Layer 3 switches and Internet routers were designed around interfaces or physical ports for besteffort packet forwarding. It is often the case that edge routers are old core/Internet routers with channelized interfaces; traditional IP service platforms were designed for low-speed, best-effort consumer services. Alternately, the Alcatel-Lucent service router is designed primarily for use as a service router. The service router delivers service-level-agreement-based services, also known as SLA-based services. A service router such as the 7750 SR must support additional functionality including: Quality of Service (QoS) - The ability to provide distinct levels of service depending on the customer, application or service level agreement. Accounting - The ability to measure the traffic and service delivered based on a specific customer or service and perform logging and billing accordingly Filtering — The ability to restrict or monitor specific traffic, based on customer or service Troubleshooting — The ability to analyze and troubleshoot problems from the perspective of a specific service These capabilities are supported to a varying degree in traditional IP routers, but generally they are oriented around the router’s interfaces or physical ports. It can be difficult to apply these functions to a specific service instance since many services may use the same port.

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

Typical IP/MPLS Service Network Components  A service router functions as the Provider Edge (PE) router in a service network

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The key component in a service network is the provider edge (PE) router that provides the interface between the customer network and the core service provider network. All the service-specific functions are found in the PE router The service router functions as the PE router in a service network. It is a scalable, full function IP/MPLS router that supports the full range of service types and customers and the additional service management capabilities described earlier. Access Routers typically support low-speed Internet access services and are not equipped to provide the higher bandwidth required to meet future customer needs. Core or Provider (P) routers support high-speed interfaces and are primarily designed to provide the capacities for forwarding large quantities of data. Core routers are not well-suited for supporting the QoS, bandwidth management and accounting functions needed by a service-edge router. These devices can be connected to other PE or P routers. They will run a routing protocol for the purposes of internal routing in the provider core using the provider’s choice of IP addressing. Layer 2 or IP Service Switches were created in an attempt to enhance core routers; by increasing the processing power, IP service switches provide services such as subscriber management and encryption. However, the IP service switch does not support complete Internet routing functionality, nor does it provide the same variety of routing policies that are available in a service edge router.

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 A PE router provides the interface between the customer network and the core service provider network

Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR Service Types The following types of service are offered on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR:  VPN services

 Virtual private LAN service (VPLS) — provides a multipoint Ethernet service similar to an Ethernet switch  Virtual private routed network service (VPRN) — provides a multipoint IP routed service

 Internet Enhanced Service (IES)  Provides the customer with a Layer 3 IP interface to send and receive Internet traffic

 Mirroring services

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A variety of different service types are supported in a service network of Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SRs, based on a common core of IP/MPLS technology. The different possible VPN services are: Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) also known as Virtual Leased Lines (VLL)– Layer 2 point-to-point service. Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) - Layer 2 multipoint-to-multipoint VPN Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN) - Layer 3 IP multipoint-to-multipoint VPN service as defined in RFC 4364 (formerly RFC 2547bis) In addition to the VPN based services, the 7750 SR supports the Internet Enhanced Service. IES is a Layer 3 direct Internet access service where the customer is assigned an IP interface for Internet connectivity. Mirroring services - allows an operator to see the actual traffic on a customer’s service with a sniffer. Mirror service be will be discussed later in module 4.

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 Virtual private wire service (VPWS) — provides a point-to-point service that emulates a leased line

Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS)  VPWS is a Layer 2 point-to-point service  VPWS defines a virtual point-to-point service that emulates a private leased line connection

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Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR supports a Layer 2 point-to-point service commonly known as a Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS). The VPWS encapsulates customer data and transports it across a service provider’s IP or MPLS network in a GRE or MPLS tunnel. VPWS is sometimes referred to as Layer 1 VPN, since there is no MAC learning required. The Alcatel-Lucent service router is able to provide point-to-point Ethernet, Frame Relay, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) or TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) service. In the slide figure a service provider network provides an epipe (point-to-point Ethernet) service. A pseudowire is an emulated, Layer 2 circuit built across an MPLS network that can transport Layer 2 PDUs (protocol data units) as if they were transmitted on their native media. Epipes (Ethernet), apipes (ATM), fpipes (Frame Relay), ipipes (IP Interworking) and cpipes (TDM circuit emulation) are all examples of pseudowire technologies and are described in more detail in Module 2.

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 VPWS encapsulates customer data and transports it across the service provider’s network in a GRE (generic routing encapsulation) or MPLS tunnel

Types of VPWS



VPWS service supported on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR  EPipe - emulates a point-to-point Ethernet service  Apipe - emulates a point-to-point ATM service

 Cpipe - emulates a point-to-point TDM circuit  Ipipe - provides IP interworking capabilities between different Layer 2 technologies

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The types of VPWS service supported on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR include: Epipe - emulates a point-to-point Ethernet service. VLAN tagged Ethernet frames are supported. Interworking with other Layer 2 technologies is also supported. Apipe - emulates a point-to-point ATM service. A number of sub-types are provided to support different ATM service types. Fpipe - emulates a point-to-point Frame Relay circuit. Some features for interworking with ATM are also supported. Cpipe - emulates a point-to-point TDM circuit. Ipipe - provides IP interworking capabilities between different Layer 2 technologies

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 Fpipe - emulates a point-to-point Frame Relay circuit

VPWS Advantages Customer’s perspective:  Supports ATM, Frame Relay, TDM or Ethernet  Service provider (SP) network appears as a leased line between the two customer locations

Service provider’s perspective:  Only the PE device is aware of the service  Scalability  Flexibility  The service provider can apply QoS, billing, ingress/egress traffic shaping and policing on a per-service basis

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Scalability – the service provider can support thousands of customers per router Flexibility – many different services for different customers can be provided over a single core IP/MPLS network

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 Transparent to customer data

Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)

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Alcatel-Lucent supports Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) multipoint switched services. A VPLS is a multipoint Layer 2 service that allows multiple customer sites to be connected in a single-switched domain contained within a provider-managed IP/MPLS network. Customer sites in the VPLS appear to be on the same LAN, even if the sites are geographically dispersed. VPLS services switch traffic based on MAC addresses.

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 VPLS is an Ethernet service that connects multiple sites in a single switched domain over a provider-managed IP/MPLS network

VPLS Advantages Customer’s perspective:  It looks as if all sites appear to be connected to a single-switched VLAN  Can operates over a single, local site or over multiple, geographically-dispersed sites  Frames are only forwarded across the required links in the network Service provider’s perspective:  The advantages to the service provider are similar to those of a VPWS service

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The VPLS advantages from the customer’s perspective are: •The VPLS is transparent to the customer’s data and higher layer protocols, •The VPLS can operate over a single local site or at multiple, geographically dispersed sites •The VPLS performs MAC learning so that frames are forwarded only across the required links in the network The advantages to the service provider are the same advantages as for a VPWS service. The SP can reuse the IP/MPLS infrastructure to offer multiple services.

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 Transparent to the customer’s data

Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN)

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Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN) IETF RFC 4364 (formerly RFC 2547bis) details a method of distributing routing information and forwarding data to provide a Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks (VPN) service to end-customers. Each Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN) consists of a set of customer sites connected to one or more PE routers. Each associated PE router maintains a separate IP forwarding table for each VPRN. The diagram shows three VPRN services (Red, Yellow, and Green). The details of VPRN service operation will be explained later in the course.

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 VPRN is a Layer 3 service that connects multiple sites in a routed domain over a provider-managed IP/MPLS network

VPRN Advantages Customer’s perspective:  Sites are connected to a private routed network administered by the service provider for that customer only  The VPRN can operate over a single local site or over multiple geographically-dispersed sites Service provider’s perspective:  The advantages to the service provider are the same advantages as for a VPWS or VPLS service

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The VPRN advantages from the customer perspective are: •To the customer it appears as if all sites are connected to a private, routed IP network. The PE router maintains a separate, virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) table for each VPRN •The IP address plan used by the customer is completely separate and independent of any address plan used by the provider or any of its other customers. •The VPRN can operate over a single, local site or at multiple, geographically-dispersed sites The advantages to the service provider are the same advantages as for a VPWS or VPLS service. The service provider uses MP-BGP to distribute the routes for the different customer networks.

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 Separate and independent IP address plan per VPRN

Internet Enhanced Service (IES)  IES provides customers with direct Internet access via a Layer 3 IP interface  From the customer’s perspective, IES provides a direct connection to the Internet

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An Internet enhanced service (IES) is a routed connectivity service where the subscriber communicates with a Layer 3 IP interface to send and receive Internet traffic. The difference between the IES and a basic network interface is that the service provider can apply all QoS, billing, ingress/egress shaping and policing available within a service to the IES interface.

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 The service provider can apply all billing, ingress/egress shaping and policing to the customer

Services Overview & Implementation

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Section 2 — Transport and Service Label Signaling

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Section Objectives After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:  Explain how customer data is transmitted across the service provider network (MPLS vs. GRE tunnels)  Explain the encapsulation of service data with a service label and transport label

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 Explain how service labels are signaled

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

MPLS or GRE tunnels are used to transmit customer data across the service provider network



Multiple service tunnels can be carried within a transport tunnel



Multiple transport tunnels can be configured on a single network port



Inner service label defines the service tunnel; outer transport label defines the transport tunnel

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All the IP/MPLS VPN services described in section one use MPLS or GRE tunnels to transmit customer data across the service provider network. When MPLS is used, customer data is encapsulated with two MPLS labels; an outer transport label and an inner service label. Alcatel-Lucent routers are connected to physical links that are used to carry traffic. When a service is set up using MPLS, transport LSP tunnels are set up between provider edge, or PE, routers. Each service or customer sends traffic through a service tunnel within the transport LSP tunnel. Transport tunnel LSPs are identified by MPLS labels that are swapped at each intermediate router, also known as a transit LSR, along the LSP from the ingress to the egress of the MPLS network. The service label, or VC label, is used to identify which service or customer owns the packet. In the identification process, the label is attached at the ingress point and does not change value as the packet travels from ingress to egress.

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Transport Tunnels and Service Tunnels

Transport Tunnels and Service Tunnels (continued) Transport tunnels:  RSVP-TE or LDP signaled LSP  Labels are signaled using RSVP-TE or LDP  The MPLS-encapsulated data is forwarded to the egress PE for the service

 The data is encapsulated with an IP header  The source IP address is the ingress PE router and the destination address is the egress PE router  Typically used when there are routers in the transport network that do not support MPLS label switching

Service tunnels:  MP-BGP or T-LDP are used to set up per-VPN service tunnels

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Typically the transport tunnel is an RSVP-TE or LDP signaled LSP although it may also be a GRE tunnel. Because the customer data is MPLS-encapsulated, forwarding across the network is not based at all on the customer data. The encapsulated data is simply forwarded to the tunnel egress, which is the egress PE for the service. In GRE the data is encapsulated with an IP header. The source IP address is the ingress PE router and the destination address is the egress PE router. This header is used to route the packet across the network. The customer’s data has no influence on forwarding while the packet is in the GRE tunnel. GRE does not support traffic engineering futures that are available in MPLS Our focus here is on the use of MPLS for transport tunnels.

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 GRE tunnel

Transport and Service Label Encapsulation



DLC header — Layer 2 header used to transport the MPLS packet



MPLS transport (outer) label — The label signaled by the next-hop PE



Service (inner) label — The service, or virtual circuit (VC) label that identifies the service the packet belongs to



Control word — Optional and primarily used for ATM or Frame Relay services



Service packet —The customer data being transported by the service

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Services over MPLS In an IP/MPLS service network, data is encapsulated with at least two labels, the transport label and the service label. Data Link Control Header (DLC Header) - a Layer 2 header used to transport the MPLS packet. In many cases, the data link, or Layer 2, header in use is Ethernet. In this case, all of the following apply: a 14-byte DLC header, a 6-byte destination MAC address, a 6-byte source MAC address and a 2-byte Ethertype field (0x8847 for MPLS or 0x0800 for IP/GRE). The 7750 SR also supports packet over SONET/SDH (POS). When services are configured over MPLS, customer traffic is encapsulated in MPLS frames and sent over MPLS tunnels. A service label, or VC label, that indicates a specific customer connection, such as a Frame Relay DLCI, is pushed into the label stack between the transport tunnel label and the packet data. An optional service-specific control word may be placed between the packet data and the service label. The control word is used for frame sequencing and/or carrying service-specific information, such as Frame Relay forward explicit congestion notification (FECN) and backward explicit congestion notification (BECN) information. At the tunnel-end, the service label is used to find the customer interface over which the traffic is sent. The control word, if present, is used to convert the encapsulated customer traffic into its native format. Note: do not confuse VC Label with the VC ID that is used for service provisioning.

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MPLS encapsulation of VPN service traffic

Transport and Service Label Encapsulation (continued)



IP header and the GRE header are used instead of the MPLS transport label



A service label is still required to demultiplex the packet to the appropriate service



The service provider routers use the GRE header to route the packet across the network

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Services over GRE When GRE is used to transport services, an MPLS transport label is not used. Instead, an IP header is used, where the source IP address is the local PE router and the destination IP address is the far-end PE router. The minimum GRE header consists of 4 bytes: 2 for the flags, and 2 are used as protocol type files (contains the protocol ID of the payload packet). The MPLS protocol ID, which identifies the MPLS service label, is 0x8847. It is important to note that in this case, even though GRE is used for transport, an MPLS service label still exists so that the far-end PE can de-multiplex the service correctly. Therefore, unlike with MPLS transport labels, there is no label swapping at each router in the service provider’s network. Rather, the outer IP header is used to forward the packet through the service provider network; as such, the IP header is not swapped at each router. The GRE IP header is stripped at the far-end provider edge router, which then uses the service label to demultiplex the service. At this point, the service label is stripped before the frame is passed to the customer. The main application of GRE would be in the case that a service provider has transport routerss (P routers) that are not MPLS-capable. In this case, GRE could be used to encapsulate the frame and only MPLS would be required on the service endpoint routers (PE routers). In general, if MPLS-capable routers are available, the MPLS will be utilized for the transport tunnel.

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GRE encapsulation of VPN service traffic

MPLS Transport and Service Label Signaling  MPLS transport tunnel signaling protocols:  LDP or RSVP-TE are used to set up LSPs  Provide a means to set up label-switched paths, also known as LSPs, that can carry many other service tunnels

 Service labels, or VC labels, are used to encapsulate and identify customer traffic that belongs to a particular service  A service label is applied to the customer traffic before the transport label, or LSP label, is applied  VPLS and VPWS services are signaled using targeted LDP, also known as T-LDP  VRPN service is signaled by MP-BGP, based on RFC 4364 (formerly RFC 2547bis) Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v 3.2

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Signaling protocols use LDP and/or RSVP-TE to set up LSPs, which can then be used for various service tunnels. Service labels are used to encapsulate and identify customer traffic belonging to a particular service. This label is applied to the customer traffic before the transport label is applied. Service labels for VPLS and VPWS services are signaled using T-LDP. T-LDP is the same protocol as link LDP used for signaling transport labels with a few additional capabilities added. Sessions are LDP sessions between non-directly connected peers. When a service distribution point (SDP) is configured (SDP will be explained in the next section), automatic ingress and egress labeling is enabled by default, and ingress and egress service labels are signaled over a T-LDP connection. If signaling is turned off on an SDP, ingress and egress service labels must be manually configured when the SDP is bound to a service. In a VPRN service, MP-BGP is used to exchange customer routes across the VPRN. The BGP updates also include a label for these routes. Signaling is required between the PE routers in order to provide the necessary connectivity information throughout the VPN. Two approaches exist to provide this end-to-end signaling information. One approach is known as Martini Signaling and uses LDP, while the second approach is known as Kompella Signaling and uses BGP. The Draft-Martini uses T-LDP between the PE routers to distribute VC labels. This mechanism contains information such as the unique VC ID, the specific interface parameters and the VC Type, such as ATM, Frame Relay and Ethernet. The PE routers use this information to build the forwarding tables and set up the VC LSPs. The Draft-Kompella approach makes use of BGP between the PE routers to advertise route distinguishers and route targets. This enables the receiving PE to determine if the incoming BGP update is relevant for its VPN clients. If so, the receiving PE accepts the update and populates the forwarding tables accordingly. Currently the Martini approach is more commonly used than the Kompella Draft for signaling purposes. Martini draft was standardized under RFC 4096. Draft-Kompella is obsolete and was not standardized.

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 Service tunnel signaling protocols:

TLDP/MP‐BGP

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The physical topology of the base is made up of four routers set up in series-form. The routers presented in this slide are two PE routers, representing the edge of the service provider network, and two P routers, representing the service provider core. The service provider makes use of an IGP to propagate routing knowledge for PE-PE connectivity. Either LDP or RSVP-TE is used for label propagation. Once each router has advertised its label knowledge to the neighboring routers, a complete LSP will have been created. Targeted (targeted) LDP or MP-BGP is then used to establish an end-to-end connection-oriented session, providing the inner label. The inner label is used for service tunnel signaling. Once we have signaled service labels and created a transport tunnel between the two PE endpoints, we have created a service. The difference between link LDP and T-LDP is that T-LDP is used for exchanging service label information and the T-LDP peers do not need to be directly connected. Because they may not be directly connected, a router must know the IP address of its T-LDP peer. It then sends its Hello messages to its peer’s unicast address instead of the multicast address. Otherwise the process for establishing adjacencies and the messages exchanged are the same as for link LDP. LDP must be enabled to configure VPWS or VPLS services so that T-LDP can signal the service labels, even if RSVP-TE is used for signaling the transport labels.

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MPLS Transport and Service Label Signaling (continued)

MPLS Transport and Service Label Signaling (continued) 

The exchange of service labels occurs when the pseudowire is created



The following outlines the service label signaling process: 1. PE2 sends PE1 a service label (11350) 2. PE1 sends PE2 a service label (21350) 3. Unidirectional service tunnels are created 4. PE1 uses the label (11350) to send traffic towards PE2

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5. Likewise, PE2 uses label (21350) to send traffic towards PE1

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The exchange of service labels occurs when the service is created.

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The core LSRs use information from the top label when switching the labeled frame across the MPLS domain. It is possible that during this process, additional labels can be also be pushed along the way. The egress LER infers from the VC label how to process the frame and then forwards it to the appropriate outgoing port; however, the VC label is not visible until the frame reaches the egress LER due to the MPLS tunneling hierarchy. This slide shows the order of events that occur when signaling transport and service labels for a service and then subsequently forwarding a packet. The control plane is right to left, while the data plane is left to right (the traffic is sent from PE1 to PE2). It is important to note that the control and data planes are always in opposite directions. For the purpose of this discussion it is assumed that IGP convergence has already occurred.  LDP is enabled, which creates the outer service tunnel label. It should be noted that RSVP could also have been used in this case. PE1 receives LDP label 217 from P1 and, therefore, uses label 217 as the label representing the LSP to PE2  T-LDP or MP-BGP is enabled, which creates an end-to-end connection-oriented session between PE1 and PE2, and propagates the service label  A data packet arrives at PE1 and is encapsulated with both the outer label, learned through LDP, as well as the service label, learned through T-LDP or MP-BGP  As the data packet traverses the P routers, the outer label is swapped while the inner label remains unchanged  Upon receiving the data packet, the receiving PE, in this case PE2, removes the outer LDP label. Then, prior to removing the inner label, the receiving PE maps it to the appropriate service.  The result is the original data packet, which is then forwarded to correct interface for the service, and then on to the CE (not shown).

Note: the control plane / dataplane would be in the opposite direction for sending traffic from PE2 to PE1 Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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MPLS Transport and Service Label Signaling (continued)

Services Overview & Implementation

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Section 3 ― Service Components

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Section Objectives After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:  Describe the main components required to configure Alcatel-Lucent services (SAP, service ID, VC-ID, SDP)  Explain the concept of SAP and encapsulation identifier

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 Describe the operation of a local service  Configure and verify a local service  Describe the operation of a distributed service  Define a service distribution point (SDP) and list its characteristics  Configure and verify a distributed service

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The Alcatel-Lucent router is based on the service model where service edge routers are deployed at the provider edge. Services are provisioned on the router and transported across an IP and/or IP/MPLS provider core network in encapsulation tunnels, created using GRE or MPLS LSPs. The service model uses logical service entities to construct a service. The logical service entities are designed to provide a uniform, service-centric configuration, management and billing model for service provisioning. The service model is based on the following components: 

Subscriber - describes the user of the service



Service access point (SAP) - The subscriber’s point of interface to the service network



Customer ID - A value associated with the service that can be used to group together a number of services for reporting purposes



Service ID - The numeric value used on the 7750 SR to identify the service



Service Type – The type of the service that is configured on the 7750 SR (VPWS, VPLS, VPRN, IES)



VC ID - Identifies the service when signaling the service labels. This value must match at both ends of the service. The VC ID is usually the same as the service ID



Service distribution point (SDP) - A logical representation of the transport tunnel that will be used to deliver the service data to the egress PE



Transport tunnel - This is the LSP used to transport the service data, typically signaled with RSVP-TE or LDP. An SDP is associated with the transport tunnel



Service tunnel - This is the tunnel represented by the service labels signaled end-to-end by the two PEs that are the service endpoints



Demultiplexer - Represents the operation of delivering the data arriving at the egress router to the appropriate service based on the service label

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Service Components



The terms ‘customers’ and ‘subscribers’ are used synonymously here



The customer ID is assigned when the customer account is created



To provision a service, a customer ID must be associated with the service at the time of service creation



Multiple services can be associated with one customer



The customer ID for the service cannot be changed once the service is created

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Once a service has been created with a customer association, it is not possible to edit the customer association; the service must be deleted and recreated with a new customer association. Once a service is created, the use of the customer ID is optional for navigating into the service configuration context. Attempting to edit a service with the incorrect customer ID specified will result in an error. The customer must be created before the service is created. The customer ID for the service cannot be changed once the service is created. Although it is recommended that a globally consistent value be used for the customer ID, it is never signaled to other PEs and has no effect on the service.

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Customers and Subscribers

Customer Creation

*A:PE-1# configure service customer 100 create *A:PE-1>config>service>cust$ description "VPWS_Customer" *A:PE-1>config>service>cust$ phone "1-111-111-1111" *A:PE-1>config>service>cust$ exit

*A:PE-1# show service customer =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Customer-ID

: 1

Contact

: (Not Specified)

Description

: Default customer

Phone

: (Not Specified)

Customer-ID

: 100

Contact

: (Not Specified)

Description

: VPWS_Customer

Phone

: 1-111-111-1111

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Customers : 2

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When using the CLI to configure services, a customer ID of 1 is used by default, but it is good practice to configure specific customer IDs

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Customers

Service Identifiers  Service ID - The numeric value used on the 7750 SR to identify the service  A service is associated with a customer ID

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Service The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 service router is a service-based router. All functionality revolves around the concept of a service, where a service is a unique entity that refers to the type of connectivity for either Internet (Layer 3), or VPN (Layer 2 or Layer 3) connectivity. A service is considered to be any of the following:  VPWS, including apipe, epipe and fpipe  VPLS  VPRN  IES  Mirroring, which is used for management and troubleshooting A service can be either a local service, in which case it must be defined and associated with two local SAPs; or it can be distributed, in which case it must be defined and associated with a SAP and an SDP. Local and distributed service will be explained in more details in the following slides.

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 A service must be created using a unique service ID on that router

Service Creation

*A:PE-1# configure service epipe 50 customer 100 create

*A:PE-1# show service id 50 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 100 Last Status Change: 01/30/2012 16:55:09 Last Mgmt Change : 01/31/2012 11:48:48 Admin State : Up Oper State : Down MTU : 1514 Vc Switching : False SAP Count : 0 SDP Bind Count : 0 Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Force QTag Fwd : Disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No Matching Entries

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The slide shows the creating of an epipe service. The service is operationally down because it is not completely configured. Service ID identifies the service on the local router. A service must be created using a unique service ID. Once a value is used for one service it cannot be used for another on that router. Note: the vpn id is used to specify the VPN ID number, allowing you to identify virtual private networks (VPNs) by a VPN ID. If this parameter is not specified, the VPN ID uses the same service ID number. Values 1 — 2147483647 Default null (0)

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*A:PE-1>config>service>epipe$ no shutdown

Service Access Point (SAP)  A SAP is the subscriber’s point of interface to the service network  A SAP is specified as a physical port and an encapsulation identifier

SAP 1/2/3

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Service Access Point (SAP) A SAP is a logical entity that serves as the customer’s point of access into a service. Each subscriber service is configured with at least one SAP. A SAP can only be configured on a port that has been configured specifically as an ‘access’ port. The default configuration for a port is ‘network,’ which means that you may need to reconfigure a port before you can configure a SAP onto it. SAPs for IES and VPRN services are configured on IP interfaces. A SAP is the subscriber-side entry and exit point for a service.

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 To be used as a SAP, a port must be configured as an access port

SAP Configuration Considerations  A SAP ID is locally unique — the same SAP ID value can be used on another service router  A SAP is associated with a single service and can only be configured on an access port  A port or channel can have more than one SAP configured on it

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 All SAPs must be explicitly created and are administratively enabled at the time of creation — there are no default SAPs  VLAN IDs have local port significance  A SAP can be configured with any of the following:  Ingress and egress filter policy  Ingress and egress QoS policy  Ingress and egress scheduler policy  Accounting policy

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VLAN ID is the encapsulation ID that is used to distinguish services.

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SAP ID  A SAP is a local entity to the service router and is uniquely identified by the following:  The physical Ethernet port or SONET/SDH or TDM port and channel

 Depending on the encapsulation, a physical port or channel can have more than one SAP associated with it  SAPs can only be created on ports or channels designated as “access” in the physical port configuration  SAPs cannot be created on ports designated as core-facing “network” ports

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SAP Encapsulation Types and Identifiers A SAP is local to the router and is uniquely identified by the following:  Physical Ethernet port or packet-over-SONET/SDH (POS) port and channel  Encapsulation identifier (ID)

The encapsulation identifier depends on the type of port used as the SAP. For example, if the SAP is an Ethernet port, the encapsulation identifier can be a VLAN tag or a Q-in-Q tag. The encapsulation identifier may be null in which case the SAP is simply the port. The encapsulation type is an access property of a service Ethernet port or SONET/SDH or TDM channel. The appropriate encapsulation type for the port or channel depends on whether it is required to support multiple services on a single port/channel on the associated SAP, and the capabilities of the downstream equipment connected to the port/channel. For example, a port can be tagged with IEEE 802.1Q encapsulation, referred to as dot1Q encapsulation, in which each individual tag can be identified with a service. A SAP is created on a given port or channel by identifying the service with a specific encapsulation ID. Depending on the encapsulation used, a physical port or POS channel can have more than one SAP associated with it. Using dot1Q encapsulation or POS channels, the router can support either multiple services for one customer, or one service for multiple customers. SAPs cannot be created on ports designated as core-facing network ports bacause these ports have a different set of features enabled in software.

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 The encapsulation identifier (ID)

Ethernet Encapsulations  Null — supports a single service on the port  Dot1Q — supports multiple services for one customer or multiple services for multiple customers

 Ethernet port encapsulation can be set using the following command: config>port>ethernet encap-type where encap-type: dot1q|null|qinq

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Null — supports a single service on the port; for example, where a single customer with a single service customer edge (CE) device is attached to the port, the encapsulation ID is always zero. For example: sap 1/1/3 Dot1Q — supports multiple services for one customer or multiple services for multiple customers. 

For example: the port is connected to a multi-tenant unit (MTU) device with multiple downstream customers.



The encapsulation ID used to distinguish an individual service is the VLAN ID in the IEEE 802.1Q header. For example: sap 1/1/3:50

Q-in-Q — The Q-in-Q encapsulation type adds an IEEE 802.1Q tag to the 802.1Q-tagged packets entering the network in order to expand the VLAN space by tagging tagged packets. For example: sap 1/1/3:10:100 On SONET ports the following encapsulation types are supported: Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) 

IPCP supports a single IP service on SONET/SDH for each port or for each channel.



This is typically used for router interconnection that uses point-to-point protocol (PPP).

Bridging Control Protocol (BCP-null) 



BCP-null supports a single service. •

SONET/SDH port

•

SONET/SDH port for each channel — if the interface is channelized.

BCP-null is used for bridging a single service between two devices using PPP over SONET/SDH. The encapsulation ID is always zero.

Bridging Control Protocol (BCP-Dot1Q) 

BCP-Dot1Q supports multiple services on the SONET/SDH port or channel.



BCP-Dot1Q is used for bridging multiple services between two devices using PPP over SONET/SDH.



The encapsulation ID that is used to distinguish services is the VLAN ID in the IEEE 802.1Q header found in the BCP-encapsulated frame.

SONET port encapsulation can be configured from the following menu: config>port# sonet-sdh path encap-type {atm|bcp-null|bcp-dot1q|ipcp|ppp-auto|frame-relay|wan-mirror|cisco-hdlc Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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 Q-in-Q — The Q-in-Q encapsulation type adds an IEEE 802.1Q tag to the 802.1Q-tagged packets entering the network to expand the VLAN space by tagging tagged packets. This produces a double-tagged frame

SAP Configuration

*A:PE-1# show port =============================================================================== Ports on Slot 1 =============================================================================== Port Admin Link Port Cfg Oper LAG/ Port Port Port SFP/XFP/ Id State State MTU MTU Bndl Mode Encp Type MDIMDX ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1/1/1 Up Yes Up 1578 1578 - netw null gige 1/1/2 Down No Down 1578 1578 - netw null gige 1/1/3 Up Yes Up 1518 1518 - accs dotq gige 1/1/4 Down No Down 1578 1578 - netw null gige 1/1/5 Down No Down 1578 1578 - netw null gige 1/1/6 Down No Down 1578 1578 - netw null gige 1/1/7 Down No Down 1578 1578 - netw null gige 1/1/8 Down No Down 1578 1578 - netw null gige 1/1/9 Down No Down 1578 1578 - netw null gige 1/1/10 Down No Down 1578 1578 - netw null gige ===============================================================================

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To be used as a SAP, a port must be configured as an access port. Ports are configured as network ports by default. Note: when the ports are configured as Ethernet access ports with dot1q encapsulation, they are automatically changed to an MTU (maximum transmission unit) of 1518. This defines the maximum size of frame that will be accepted for a service using this port as a SAP. By default the 7750 SR configures an Ethernet access port to accept a standard-sized Ethernet frame. Since this port is configured for dot1q encapsulation, the MTU is 1518. MTU consideration will be explained in detail in Module 2. Many other encapsulation types are possible. These depend on the MDA type of the port and the type of service being provisioned. SAP encapsulations are described in more detail in Module 2.

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*A:PE-1# configure port 1/1/3 *A:PE-1>config>port# shutdown *A:PE-1>config>port# ethernet *A:PE-1>config>port>ethernet# mode access *A:PE-1>config>port>ethernet# encap-type dot1q *A:PE-1>config>port>ethernet# exit *A:PE-1>config>port# no shutdown *A:PE-1>config>port# exit

Local Service

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A service can be either local or distributed. A local service involves two SAPs and provides a connection path between two sites. A local service provides a point-to-point logical connection from the customer’s perspective.

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In a local service, all components of the service are on a single router.

Local Service Configuration Local epipe service configuration on a single router:

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*A:PE-1# configure service epipe 50 customer 100 create *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# sap 1/1/1 create *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe>sap$ exit *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# sap 1/1/2 create *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe>sap$ exit

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Note: the CE routers are configured with IP interfaces as shown below: *A:CE-1# configure port 1/1/1 no shutdown *A:CE-1# configure router interface "toCE2" *A:CE-1>config>router>if# port 1/1/1 *A:CE-1>config>router>if# address 192.168.1.1/24 *A:CE-1>config>router>if# show router interface

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*A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# show service id 50 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 100 Last Status Change: 01/30/2012 16:55:09 Last Mgmt Change : 01/31/2012 15:15:21 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1514 Vc Switching : False SAP Count : 2 SDP Bind Count : 0 Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Force QTag Fwd : Disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/1 q-tag 1514 1514 Up Up sap:1/1/2 q-tag 1514 1514 Up Up ===============================================================================

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As shown in the slide, the epipe service is up and the CE routers should be able to reach each other over the Ethernet connection, as shown in the ping test below: *A:CE-1> ping 192.168.1.2 count 1 PING 192.168.1.2 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=4.45ms.

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Local Service Verification



A distributed service has components on multiple routers and uses the IP/MPLS network to connect the service and deliver data



SDP binding is required to signal the service labels and define the transport to the remote router

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A distributed service has components on multiple routers and uses the IP/MPLS network to connect the service and deliver data. Distributed service spans more than one router. It uses SDPs to direct traffic to another router; traffic is transported by a transport tunnel through a service tunnel.

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Distributed Service



A service distribution point (SDP) is a logical entity used to direct traffic from one router to another through a unidirectional service tunnel



SDPs are locally unique; the same SDP ID can be used on another router



SDPs use the system IP address to identify far-end destinations



An SDP is not specific to one service; many services can use the same SDP



All services bound to an SDP use the same encapsulation



Operations on an SDP will affect all services that are bound to that SDP

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A service distribution point (SDP) acts as a logical way to direct traffic from one router to another through a unidirectional service tunnel. The SDP terminates at the far-end router, which directs packets to the correct service egress SAPs on that device. A distributed service consists of a configuration with at least one SAP on a local router, one SAP on a remote router, and an SDP binding the service to the service tunnel. An SDP has the following characteristics:  An SDP is locally unique to a router. The same SDP ID can appear on other routers.  An SDP uses the system IP address to identify the far-end edge router.  An SDP is not specific to any one service or type of service. Once an SDP is created, services are bound to the SDP. An SDP can also have more than one service type associated with it.  All services mapped to an SDP use the same transport encapsulation type defined for the SDP — either GRE or MPLS.  An SDP is a management entity. Even though the SDP configuration and the services carried within are independent, they are related objects. Operations on the SDP affect all the services associated with the SDP. For example, the operational and administrative state of an SDP controls the state of services bound to the SDP.

A return-path SDP is needed when a far-end device communicates with a local device. Each device must have an SDP defined for every remote router that is receiving service. Before a distributed service can be configured, SDPs must first be created.

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Service Distribution Point (SDP) Characteristics

Binding an SDP to a Service  SDPs provide the binding between the control plane signaling of service labels and the transport tunnels (LDP/RSVP or GRE)  To direct a service to use an SDP for distribution, the service is joined to the SDP using SDP binding  A service label is not signaled unless the service is bound to an SDP

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 Because all service distribution relies on the SDP, the transport is most often RSVP with fast rerouting capabilities

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Creating an SDP and SDP Characteristics  The SDP ID is locally unique  This means that the same SDP ID can appear on other routers  The SDP uses the system IP address to identify the far-end PE  The SDP is not specific to any single service  More than one service type can be associated with an SDP  SDP defines which transport encapsulation type is used by the services

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Other SDP characteristics include the following: An SDP is a management entity. Even though the SDP configuration and the services carried within it are independent of each other, they are related objects. Operations on the SDP affect all the services associated with the SDP; for example, the operational and administrative state of a SDP controls the state of services bound to the SDP. An SDP from the local device to a far-end eLER (egress label edge router) requires a return-path SDP from the far-end back to the local router. Each device must have an SDP defined for every remote router it provides service to.

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 The SDP must be created before the service configuration

SDP Encapsulation Types MPLS encapsulation:  Uses LDP or RSVP-TE for label signaling  LDP relies on an IGP to find its path  RSVP-TE requires additional configuration

GRE encapsulation:  Encapsulates traffic in an IP/GRE header, appears as an IP packet  Low control plane overhead  GRE uses normal IP routing to find a path

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MPLS Encapsulation  MPLS uses LDP or RSVP-TE for label signaling  LDP relies on an IGP to find its path  RSVP-TE requires manual configuration, path can be loose or strict, may reserve bandwidth, and can use fast reroute to speed convergence after change

Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)  Low control plane overhead  Uses an IGP to find a path from edge to edge  Convergence depends on the IGP

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 RSVP-TE allows finer control of paths

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Transport Tunnel A transport tunnel is used by an SDP to direct traffic from one router to another.The diagram shows that multiple services can use the same SDP. Multi-router VPWS and VPLS traffic is transported using unidirectional service tunnels. Service tunnels originate on an SDP on one router and terminate at a destination router. The destination router directs packets to the correct service egress interfaces on that device. Service tunnels can be configured to use either GRE or MPLS LSPs. Services that originate and terminate on the same router do not require service tunnels or SDPs.

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Logical Service-Level View

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Each SDP identifies the destination-system-ID as the far-end address, thereby specifying the targeted LDP connection. The SDP ID is not transferred to the far-end system, therefore the SDP ID does not need to match. Although it is not necessary for the SDP ID to be identical on opposite sides of the service tunnel, it is suggested. Alternately, the SDP ID must be locally unique in each system. In addition, it is not necessary that the service ID be identical on each system. By default, the service ID equals the VC ID. In the diagram in this slide, Subscriber A has two sites which are being connected by a VPWS. This VPWS provides a virtual point-to-point connection across any existing IP/MPLS network infrastructure, while maintaining the appearance of a directly connected segment.

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Single Subscriber ― Distributed VPWS Service

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Multiple services can be associated with the same SDP allowing subscribers to have access to multiple sites across multiple platforms for multiple services. In the diagram in this slide, Subscriber A has two sites while Subscriber B has three sites. In relation to Subscriber A, Site 1 and Site 2 are connected by a point-to-point connection — a VPWS. In the case of Subscriber B, each site requires access to all three locations, which is more indicative of a VPLS offering. Since services can be bound to multiple SDPs, the number of SDPs only needs to equal to the number of connected neighbors, regardless of how many subscribers or services are being used.

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Multiple Subscribers

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Multiple SAPs can be associated with a single service. In this way, a subscriber can have multiple access points into a single service. In the diagram in this slide, Subscriber B, Subscriber Site 1, Subscriber Site 2 and Subscriber Site 3 are all interconnected; however, Subscriber Site 1 and Subscriber Site 2 have two SAPs each.

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Multiple SAPs on a Single Service

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Physical interfaces can be identified with multiple services based on the “tag” information. In the diagram on this slide, two subscribers, A and B, are using the same physical port but are uniquely identified by their tag ID. The tag ID is used to uniquely identify two separate SAPs connected to two separate services.

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Multiple SAPs on a Single Port

Distributed Site Single Service ― Logical View

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Connection Connectiontype typeisisdependant dependanton onhow how the service is defined. the service is defined.

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Logical Service-Level Connectivity

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Service Connectivity Service Access Point (SAP)  The SAP is the customer access point to the service  The SAP is provisioned on access ports only; encapsulation must be specified Service Distribution Point (SDP)  SDPs have a locally unique ID number  The SDP typically uses the system address of the far-end router  The SDP encapsulation type is GRE or MPLS Service ID  The service ID is provisioned by the user to uniquely identify a service  It is suggested to have a globally unique value for each service Virtual Circuit ID (VC ID)  The VC ID must be identical end-to-end  The VC ID is provisioned by the user by default and used by T-LDP to negotiate the service label in Martini encapsulation  Using T-LDP, the egress and ingress service label that is provisioned or dynamically assigned uniquely identifies the service to the tunnel’s far end

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Services Overview & Implementation

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Section 4 ― Distributed Service Configuration

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Distributed Service Configuration

The following steps must be completed for a successful distributed service operation: 

IGP configuration - ensure that routing tables have system addresses



Signaling transport labels are enabled for either LDP or RSVP LDP has to be enabled for dynamic signaling of service labels using T-LDP



Creation of a path — if using RSVP



Creation of LSP and bind path — if using RSVP



Creation and binding of SDP to LSP — if using RSVP or select LDP

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

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Distributed Service Configuration - Continued  Customer-facing ports must be changed to access mode and encapsulation must be changed as required to any of the following: null, dot1Q or q-in-q

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 Creation of the service and selection of the service type, including any of the following: epipe, fpipe, apipe, ipipe or cpipe. In addition, the following must also be done:  Add SAPs to service  Add SDPs to service with VC ID

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Distributed Service Configuration – Case Study

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The following slides demonstrate the provisioning steps using the network topology shown in this slide. In this case, we will be using OSPF for the IGP and RSVP to set up our transport tunnels.

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 Distributed service configuration will be demonstrated using the following network:

IGP Configuration Network ports and system interface are added to IGP

*A:PE-1>config>router>ospf# info ---------------------------------------------area 0.0.0.0 interface "system" exit interface "to-PE2" interface-type point-to-point exit exit

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*A:PE-1>config>router# info ---------------------------------------------echo "IP Configuration" #---------------------------------------------interface "system" address 10.10.10.1/32 exit interface "to-PE2" address 10.1.2.1/27 port 1/1/1 exit

*A:PE-1# show router ospf neighbor =============================================================================== OSPF Neighbors =============================================================================== Interface-Name Rtr Id State Pri RetxQ TTL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------to-PE2 10.10.10.2 Full 1 0 34 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Neighbors: 1

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Network Convergence Routing table contains the system addresses

*A:PE-1# show router route-table

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=============================================================================== Route Table (Router: Base) =============================================================================== Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.1.2.0/27 Local Local 13h45m55s 0 to-PE2 0 10.10.10.1/32 Local Local 01d16h57m 0 system 0 10.10.10.2/32 Remote OSPF 13h28m51s 10 10.1.2.2 100 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Routes: 3 ===============================================================================

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Enable MPLS 

Network ports and system interfaces are added to MPLS



Enable RSVP with the no shutdown command

*A:PE-1# show router mpls interface =============================================================================== MPLS Interfaces =============================================================================== Interface Port-id Adm Opr TE-metric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------system system Up Up None Admin Groups None Srlg Groups None to-PE2 1/1/1 Up Up None Admin Groups None Srlg Groups None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Interfaces : 2 ===============================================================================

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You need to enable RSVP with the no shutdown command as follows *A:PE-1# configure router rsvp no shutdown *A:PE-1# show router rsvp interface =============================================================================== RSVP Interfaces =============================================================================== Interface Total Active Total BW Resv BW Adm Opr Sessions Sessions (Mbps) (Mbps) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------system Up Up to-PE2 1 1 1000 0 Up Up ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Interfaces : 2 ===============================================================================

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*A:PE-1# configure router mpls *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls$ interface "system" *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>if$ back *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls$ interface "to-PE2" *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>if$ back *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls# no shutdown A:PE-1# configure router rsvp no shutdown

Enable LDP for Targeted-LDP



If LDP is not enabled, the SDPs that are configured in the next step will not become operational



T-LDP is enabled by default when LDP is enabled

*A:PE-1# configure router ldp no shutdown

=============================================================================== LDP Status for LSR ID 10.10.10.1 =============================================================================== Admin State : Up Oper State : Up Created at : 01/30/2012 17:24:48 Up Time : 0d 00:00:21 Oper Down Reason : n/a Oper Down Events : 2 Last Change : 02/01/2012 10:32:12 Tunn Down Damp Time : 3 sec …

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LDP is disabled by default. If LDP is not enabled, the SDPs that are configured in the next step will not become operational. When configuring SDPs, you are essentially setting up targeted-LDP sessions. The LDP must be enabled on any PE participating in the service. One exception to that is when signaling is intentionally disabled (static label mappings), but that is not a routine case. Another reason to shutdown signaling may be if the network is only used for VPRN (which will be discussed later), as T-LDP is not used in VPRN.

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*A:PE-1# show router ldp status

MPLS Path and LSP Creation  A “path” must be defined in order to create the LSP

*A:PE-1>config>router>mpls# path loose *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>path$ no shutdown *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>path$ back *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls# lsp to-PE2 *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>lsp$ to 10.10.10.2 *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>lsp$ primary "loose" *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>lsp# no shutdown

*A:PE-1# show router mpls lsp =============================================================================== MPLS LSPs (Originating) =============================================================================== LSP Name To Fastfail Adm Opr Config ------------------------------------------------------------------------------to-PE2 10.10.10.2 No Up Up ------------------------------------------------------------------------------LSPs : 1

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A “path” can be created explicitly or dynamically. If explicit, the path can be loose or strict. An LSP must be configured to use a specific predefined path. The path can be either a primary path or a secondary path. Any number of secondary paths may be defined. If a primary path, once defined, goes down, the secondary path will be used to reach the destination LSR. However, if the primary path is inaccessible and no secondary path has been identified, then the LSP fails. Note: a secondary path may be defined without a primary path. The LSP will use the secondary path in absence of a primary path. One difference between a primary path and a secondary path is that once a primary path becomes available, the router will ignore the secondary path in favor of the primary path. However, the router will not ignore a secondary path in favor of another secondary path. Another difference between a primary path and a secondary path is that a secondary path cannot have fast reroute enabled.

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 The LSP must be configured to use an existing path



Each SDP represents a method for reaching a service edge router



Encapsulation methods include GRE and MPLS



SDPs are created and then bound to services



Many services can be bound to a single SDP



VC labels are created when a service is bound to an SDP *A:PE# configure service sdp - no sdp - sdp [gre|mpls] [create] … [no] ldp [no] lsp

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v 3.2

: [1..17407] : keywords - specify delivery mechanism : keyword - mandatory while creating an entry. - Enable/disable LDP-signaled LSP's - Configure LSP to be used by SDP

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If you do not specify GRE or MPLS, the default encapsulation type is GRE. Note: the tunnel is created when you specify the far-end IP address. In essence, you are creating the path from Point A to Point B. When you configure a distributed service, you must identify a SDP ID. Use the show service sdp command to display the qualifying SDPs. Note: when specifying MPLS SDP parameters, you can only either specify an LSP or enable an LDP. There cannot be two methods of transport in a single SDP. If an LSP name is specified then RSVP is used for dynamic signaling within the LSP.

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Configuring an SDP

*A:PE-1# configure service sdp 2 mpls create *A:PE-1>config>service>sdp$ far-end 10.10.10.2 *A:PE-1>config>service>sdp$ lsp "to-PE2" *A:PE-1>config>service>sdp$ no shutdown *A:PE-1>config>service>sdp$ exit all *A:PE-1# show service sdp ============================================================================== Services: Service Destination Points ============================================================================== SdpId Adm MTU Opr MTU IP address Adm Opr Deliver Signal -----------------------------------------------------------------------------2 0 1556 10.10.10.2 Up Up MPLS TLDP -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Number of SDPs : 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Configuring SDPs Configuration involves creating, deleting or editing an SDP. An SDP is a logical mechanism that directs traffic from one router to another through a unidirectional service tunnel. Each SDP represents a method for reaching a service edge router. An IP generic router encapsulation (GRE) tunnel is one type of tunnel encapsulation. GRE does not specify a specific path to the service edge router. A GRE-based SDP uses the underlying IGP routing table to find the best “next hop” to the far-end service edge router. Another type of tunnel uses multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) encapsulation. A service supports both signaled (LDP or RSVP-TE) and non-signaled label switched paths (LSPs) through the network. Nonsignaled static paths are defined at each “hop” through the network, while signaled paths are communicated through protocol from end-to-end using resource reservation protocol (RSVP). Paths may be manually configured or dynamically derived using the constrained shortest path first (CSPF) algorithm and data from OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE traffic engineering databases (TED). SDPs are created and bound to services, and many services may be bound to a single SDP. The operational and administrative state of the SDP controls the state of the SDP binding to the service.

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Creating an SDP and Binding the SDP to LSP

Building the Configuration

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*A:PE-1>config>router>mpls# path loose *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>path$ no shutdown *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>path$ back *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls# lsp to-PE2 *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>lsp$ to 10.10.10.2 *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>lsp$ primary "loose" *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>lsp# no shutdown

*A:PE-1# configure service sdp 2 mpls create *A:PE-1>config>service>sdp$ far-end 10.10.10.2 *A:PE-1>config>service>sdp$ lsp "to-PE2" *A:PE-1>config>service>sdp$ no shutdown *A:PE-1>config>service>sdp$ exit all

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Customer-Facing Port Configuration The CE devices are configured with IP interfaces that use VLAN tag 50

*A:CE-1# configure port 1/1/3 *A:CE-1> config>port# shutdown *A:CE-1>config>port# ethernet encap-type dot1q *A:CE-1>config>port# no shutdown

*A:CE-1# configure router *A:CE-1>config>router>if# *A:CE-1>config>router>if# *A:CE-1>config>router>if# *A:CE-1>config>router>if#

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

*A:PE-1# configure port 1/1/3 *A:PE-1> config>port# shutdown *A:PE-1>config>port# ethernet mode access *A:PE-1>config>port# ethernet encap-type dot1q *A:PE-1>config>port# no shutdown

interface "to-CE2" address 192.168.2.1/27 port 1/1/3:50 no shutdown exit all

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Service Configuration



Configure the service type with a customer ID



Define the SAP



Associate an SDP — for distributed services



Enable the service

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Configuration Tasks:

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

Once the service infrastructure has been configured, the distributed service can be provisioned



The configuration of an epipe is shown below:

*A:PE-1# configure service customer 100 create *A:PE-1>config>service>cust$ exit *A:PE-1# configure service epipe 50 customer 100 create *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe$ sap 1/1/3:50 create *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe>sap$ back *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# spoke-sdp 2:50 create *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe>spoke-sdp$ back *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# no shutdown

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Once the service infrastructure has been configured, the distributed service can be provisioned. Configuration of a distributed service is very similar to the local service. The difference is that an SDP binding is required to signal the service labels and define the transport to the remote router. On the 7750 SR, the SDP binding is defined as a spoke or mesh binding. Mesh bindings are used only for VPLS services. The difference between the two is described later in the course. The SDP binding specifies both the SDP ID and the VC ID in the format spoke-sdp sdp-id:vc-id. This identifies the transport tunnel and service tunnel for the pseudowire that is signaled by T-LDP.

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Service Configuration (continued)

Service Verification Once the service is configured on the remote router with a matching VC ID, a service label is signaled and the service is up as shown below: *A:PE-1# show service id 50 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 100 Last Status Change: 02/01/2012 11:28:39 Last Mgmt Change : 01/31/2012 21:05:55 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1514 Vc Switching : False SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 1 Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Force QTag Fwd : Disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/3:50 q-tag 1518 1518 Up Up sdp:2:50 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 1556 Up Up ===============================================================================

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Once the service infrastructure has been configured, the distributed service can be provisioned. A pseudowire is bidirectional and is not operational until both ends are successfully signaled.

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

Service Verification (continued) A service label is signaled and the CE routers can connect to each other through the epipe *A:PE-1# show router ldp bindings fec-type services =============================================================================== LDP LSR ID: 10.10.10.1 =============================================================================== Legend: U - Label In Use, N - Label Not In Use, W - Label Withdrawn S - Status Signaled Up, D - Status Signaled Down E - Epipe Service, V - VPLS Service, M - Mirror Service A - Apipe Service, F - Fpipe Service, I - IES Service, R - VPRN service P - Ipipe Service, WP - Label Withdraw Pending, C - Cpipe Service TLV - (Type, Length: Value) =============================================================================== LDP Service FEC 128 Bindings =============================================================================== Type VCId SvcId SDPId Peer IngLbl EgrLbl LMTU RMTU ------------------------------------------------------------------------------E-Eth 50 50 2 10.10.10.2 131068U 131068S 1500 1500 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of VC Labels: 1 *A:CE-1# ping 192.168.2.2 PING 192.168.2.1 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=1 64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=2 64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=3 64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=4 64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=5

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v 3.2

ttl=64 ttl=64 ttl=64 ttl=64 ttl=64

time=5.35ms. time=2.20ms. time=2.26ms. time=2.19ms. time=2.25ms.

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Once the service infrastructure has been configured, the distributed service can be provisioned. Configuration of a distributed service is very similar to the local service. The difference is that an SDP binding is required to signal the service labels and define the transport to the remote router. On the 7750 SR, the SDP binding is defined as a spoke or mesh binding. Mesh bindings are used only for VPLS services. The difference between the two is described later in the course. The SDP binding specifies both the SDP ID and the VC ID in the format spoke sdp sdp-id:vc-id. This identifies the transport tunnel and service tunnel for the pseudowire that is signaled by T-LDP. A pseudowire is bidirectional and is not operational until both ends are successfully signaled.

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

Service Components Summary  Customers (Subscribers)  The customer ID must be associated with the service at the time of service creation  Service Type

 Service Access Point (SAP)  This is the logical entity that serves as the customer’s access to the service  Service Distribution Points (SDPs)  A method by which a service will connect to the service on another router  Describes the transport tunnel encapsulation that this service will be using, such as MPLS/RSVP-TE, MPLS/LDP or IP/GRE Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v 3.2

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To provision a service on an Alcatel-Lucent router, you must configure the following:  Service — you must define the type of service required.  Service Access Point (SAP) — this is a logical entity that serves as the customer access to the service. For a remote VPN you must identify the following:  Service Distribution Points (SDP) — An SDP identifies the other router(s) a service is associated with. The SDP also identifies the tunnel encapsulation used by the service tunnel, such as MPLS, or GRE.  Auto-Bind (VPRN only) — This feature is used with MPLS/LDP tunnels and automatically provisions the tunnels.

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 VPRN, VPLS, VPWS or IES

Module Summary

 SAPs, services and SDPs work together to provide logical service-level connectivity  SDPs provide links to service tunnels, which are provisioned with a set encapsulation type of either MPLS or GRE  SDPs provide the T-LDP session

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 Matching VC IDs are used to signal the service labels  SAPs can only be configured on access ports, while SDPs can only be created on network ports  Although many of the service component identifiers have local significance, the VC ID has point-to-point significance and must be unique

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Module Summary (continued)  VPWS is a point-to-point pseudowire established through a packet-switched network  VPLS is a logical grouping of pseudowires with MAC learning and allows the interconnection of several LAN segments across a packet-switched network  Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR supports epipe, apipe, cpipe, fpipe and ipipe services

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 Both VPWS and VPLS can be defined as either local services or distributed services  A SAP is where traffic enters and exits the service in relation to the customer sites  A service is a globally unique, logical entity that provides connectivity between SAPs; a service also provides a uniform, end-to-end configuration, management and billing model for Layer 2 or Layer 3 service provisioning

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Module Summary (continued)  When a service spans more than one router, it uses SDPs to direct traffic to another router; traffic is transported by a transport tunnel through a service tunnel  To provision a service, you must configure the following: customer, service type, SAP and SDP

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 The following are transport tunnel encapsulation options: MPLS/RSVPTE, MPLS/LDP or IP/GRE  To provision a service, a customer ID must be associated with the service when it is created  The following are SAP identifiers: physical Ethernet port or POS port and channel, encapsulation type and encapsulation identifier  SDPs are locally unique and normally use the system IP address to identify far-end destinations

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

SDP is not specific to one service; many services can use the same SDP



A service label is used to distinguish between multiple services that use the same SDP



VPLS and VPWS service labels are signaled using T-LDP



VPRN service label is signaled by MP-BGP based on RFC 4364



An SAP is associated with a single service and can only be configured on an access port

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Module Summary (continued)

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Module Summary (continued)  A SAP can be configured with filters, QoS, scheduling and accounting policies  SAPs cannot be created on ports designated as “network ports”  Before you can provision services, you must do the following:  Configure IGP routing protocols

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 Build the IP/MPLS core network  Configure MPLS LSPs  Construct the core SDP service-tunnel for the services

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Learning Assessment 1. List three advantages of VPWS from the customer’s perspective. 2. Which VPWS services are currently supported by Alcatel-Lucent? 3. Is the following statement true or false? Epipe service does not perform any MAC learning.

5. How many SDPs in total need to be configured on a local epipe service? 6. Verify whether the following statement is true or false? A service ID must always be equal to the VC ID.

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1. List three advantages of VPWS from the customer’s perspective Support ATM, Frame Relay, TDM or Ethernet Service provider (SP) network appears as a leased line between the two customer locations Transparent to customer data

2. Which VPWS services are currently supported by Alcatel-Lucent? epipe, apipe, fpipe, ipipe, and cpipe

3. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: Epipe service does not perform any MAC learning. True 4. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: SAPs can be created on either access ports or network ports. False. SAPs must be created on access ports 5. In total, how many SDPs need to be created on a local epipe service? None. A local service only needs SAPs. SDPs are used for distributed services. 6. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: A service ID must always be equal to the VC ID. False. It is recommended to use the same service ID as VC ID, but not required.

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4. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: SAPs can be created on either access ports or network ports.

Learning Assessment (continued) 7. Based on best practice, place the correct letter on each line: SAP ID

______

a. Local significance

SDP ID

______

b. Global significance

VC ID

______

c. Point-to-point significance

Customer ID ______ 8.

Fill in the blank: A SAP can only be configured on a port which has been configured as an ____________ port.

9.

Fill in the blank: The default configuration for a port is ______.

10. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: Service tunnels are unidirectional. 11. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: A SAP can never be associated with more than one service. Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v 3.2

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7. Based on best practice, place the correct letter on each line: SAP ID

A

SDP ID

A

VC ID

C

Service ID

B

Customer ID

B

8. Fill in the blank: A SAP can only be configured on a port which has been configured as an access port. 9. Fill in the blank: The default configuration for a port is network. 10.Verify whether the following statement is true or false: Service tunnels are unidirectional. True 11. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: A SAP can never be associated with more than one service. True

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Service ID ______

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Lab 1 ― Lab infrastructure and IGP Configuration

In this lab you will: 

Verify preconfigured IP addressing and physical operation



Configure IGP routing and LDP for the service provider network

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www.alcatel-lucent.com/src

3FL-30636-AAAA-ZZZZA Edition 01

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture

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Module 2 — Virtual Private Wire Services

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Module Objectives After successfully completing this module, you will be able to:  Examine the details of E-pipe configuration and verification

 Recognize the interworking capabilities of the different VPWS

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This course is part of the Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification (SRC) Program. Visit the AlcatelLucent web site at www.alcatel-lucent.com/src for more information on the SRC program. To locate additional information related to the topics presented in this manual, refer to the following:  Technical Practices for the specific product  Internet Standards documentation such as protocol standards bodies, RFCs and IETF drafts  Technical support pages of the Alcatel-Lucent web site located at http://www.alcatellucent.com/support This module defines and identifies the VPWS services implemented by Alcatel-Lucent. In this module, you will be introduced to the process used by Alcatel-Lucent in the implementation of VPWS, including epipe, apipe, fpipe and cpipe services. This module provides information on these Layer 2 point-to-point services and how customer data is encapsulated and transported across a service provider’s IP or MPLS network. Epipe, apipe, fpipe and cpipe are identified as completely transparent to the subscriber’s data and protocols.

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 Describe the other VPWS types available (apipe, fpipe, cpipe, ipipe)

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture

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Section 1 — Epipe

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Module 2 – Page 3

Section Objectives After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:  Define the different types of VPWS available

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 Describe the different types of Ethernet SAP encapsulation (null, dot1q, qinq) and the concept of VLAN tag  Differentiate between the supported SAP values (default, null, etc)  Explain the use of Ethertype value in identifying tagged frames  Identify the types of MTUs to be considered when designing a layer 2 service (SAP MTU, Service and VC MTU, SDP MTU, network port MTU)

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Section Objectives (continued)

 Explain the relationship between the different types of MTUs  Describe the difference between VC-types for epipe: tagged mode (VLAN) versus raw mode (Ether)

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 Identify the different possible combination of frame transmission for null, dot1q, and qinq encapsulation SAP with different egress encapsulation  Configure and verify a distributed epipe service

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Epipe SAP Encapsulation  SAP encapsulation provides the router with a way of delineating services  Ethernet encapsulation  Dot1Q(802.1q) — supports multiple services for a single customer or multiple services for multiple customers  Q-in-Q — provides a way to differentiate between customer services based on Q-tags

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SAP encapsulation provides the router with a way of delineating services. Null means that there is only one service on the port; the other encapsulations, such as dot1Q and Q-in-Q, indicate that there can be multiple services on that port.

Ethernet Encapsulation The following are three encapsulation types that are supported on Ethernet access ports: Null — supports a single service on the port and is used in situations where there is a single customer edge (CE) device connected to the port. The encapsulation identifier (ID) is set to zero. Dot1Q — a single Q-tag (Qtag1) is used to delineate customer services. This tag can have a value anywhere from 0 to 4096. All tags are local in relation to the port where the SAP is bound. Q-in-Q — up to two Qtags (Qtag1 and Qtag2) are used to delineate customer services. Each tag can have a value anywhere from 0 to 4096. All tags are either local to the port where the SAP is bound, or the inner label can be transported intact to the destination if the router is configured to do so.

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 Null — supports a single service on a port

Encapsulation type

VLAN tags

SAP syntax

null

0

port Example - Port 1/1/1

dot1q

1

port:tag Example - port 1/1/1:10

qinq

2

port:outer-tag.inner-tag Example - port 1/1/1:10.100



VLAN tag is used to determine which service the frame belongs to



Multiple SAPs can be defined on a single port for different services

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR implementation of an epipe is based on RFC 4448 (Encapsulation Methods for Transport of Ethernet over MPLS Networks). IEEE 802.1Q, or VLAN Tagging, is a networking standard written by the IEEE 802.1 workgroup. It allows multiple-bridged networks to transparently share the same physical network link without leakage of information between networks. IEEE 802.1Q — also known as dot1q — is commonly used to refer to the encapsulation protocol used to implement this mechanism over Ethernet networks. When a VLAN tag is specified as part of the encapsulation, it is considered to be service delimiting. This means that the VLAN tag is used to determine which service the frame belongs to. For example, if a SAP is created in a service as 1/1/1:10, all frames arriving at port 1/1/1 with VLAN tag 10 belong to the service. All other frames do not. Using service delimiting VLAN tags, multiple SAPs can be defined on a single port for different services.

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Epipe SAP Encapsulation (continued)

Epipe SAP Encapsulation (continued) Null  Service is delimited by the port (SAP 1/1/1)  The physical port belongs to a single service and a single customer  Tags are treated as customer data and are transparent on the network

 Service is delimited by the VLAN tag (SAP 1/1/1:10)  Allows more than one SAP to be configured on each physical port Q-in-Q:  Service is delimited by two VLAN tags as port:outer.inner (SAP 1/1/1:10.100)  Can specify a top and bottom VLAN ID to be matched

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Ethernet SAPs can be configured as null, dot1q, or q-in-q. Null encapsulation is the default for all Ethernet ports. The physical port must be configured with the correct encapsulation in order to bind a null SAP, dot1Q SAP or Q-in-Q SAP to the port. If null encapsulation is specified for an access port and SAP, the SAP will accept all frames received on the port whether they are untagged, dot1Q tagged or Q-in-Q tagged. They will be treated as any Ethernet frame and transmitted with the VLAN tag transparently preserved across the service. With dot1Q and Q-in-Q SAPs, VLAN tags have local significance. Q-in-Q encapsulation works in a very similar manner to dot1Q encapsulation, except that two VLAN tag values are specified in the SAP as port:outer.inner, where ‘outer’ is the outer (sometimes known as provider) VLAN tag and ‘inner’ is the inner (sometimes known as customer) VLAN tag.

*A:PE-1# configure service epipe

sap

- no sap - sap [create] [no-endpoint] - sap [create] endpoint



: null

-

dot1q

- :qtag1.qtag2

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Dot1Q

Ethernet Frame Encapsulation in an Epipe Service

 On the 7750 SR, VLAN tags are stripped at the SAP ingress by default

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When service delimiting VLAN tags are used on the 7750 SR, they are stripped at the SAP ingress by default. The FCS for the frame is also removed. All other fields of the customer’s frame are maintained. The figure in the slide shows the encapsulation of data on the provider network as it is transmitted across the epipe service. An Ethernet frame arrives at PE1. It has a VLAN tag with a value of 50. The VLAN tag identifies the service that is intended to handle the frame and is stripped from the frame by router PE1 along with the FCS field. The rest of the frame, (header and data) is encapsulated with two MPLS labels. This frame is then encapsulated in a Layer 2 frame for transmission to the next hop. The FCS in this case is for the entire frame carrying the MPLS encapsulated data. When the frame reaches the egress PE router (PE2), the MPLS labels are popped and the untagged frame is transmitted on the SAP interface. A VLAN tag is added to the frame, depending on the encapsulation ID on the SAP. In this example, the SAP on PE2 is 1/1/4:100, so the VLAN tag added to the customer frame is 100.

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 The FCS for the frame is also removed

Special SAP Values - dot1q  Default SAP (port:*)  Receives all untagged frames and any frames with tag values that are not used as a service-delimiting value on another SAP  VLAN tags are not stripped and are passed transparently

 Null SAP (port:0)  Receives all untagged frames and all frames with a VLAN tag of 0  Example – sap 1/1/3:0 Null SAP and default SAP are mutually exclusive on a port

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VLAN tags do not have to be service delimiting and can be passed transparently. Similar to the behavior in null encapsulation, in a case where a SAP is defined as a dot1Q service, delimiting SAP and a Q-in-Q frame is received at the port. If the outer tag matches the value in the SAP, it will be stripped and the frame transmitted over the service with the inner tag transparently maintained. If the outer tag does not match the SAP value, the frame is ignored by the service. The default SAP can be used in a situation where it is desired to pass all customer VLAN tagged frames transparently, but capture some specific traffic for another purpose. The null SAP is used when it is desirable to capture untagged traffic in another service. Use of the null SAP and default SAP are mutually exclusive on a port - if one is defined in a service the other cannot be used.

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 Example – sap 1/1/3:*

Ethernet Frame Encapsulation - Default (port:*) SAP Example

VLAN tags are not stripped and are passed transparently on a default SAP

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The figure in the slide shows the encapsulation of data on the provider network as it is transmitted across the epipe service. One Ethernet frame that has a VLAN tag value of 50 arrives at PE1. Since the encapsulation on the SAP is default dot1q (1/1/4:*), the VLAN tag will not be stripped and will pass transparently. The frame (header, VLAN tag, and data) is encapsulated with two MPLS labels. This frame is then encapsulated in a Layer 2 frame for transmission to the next hop. When the frame reaches the egress PE router (PE2), the MPLS labels are popped and the tagged frame is transmitted on the SAP interface. Again, the SAP encapsulation is default dot1q, therefore the VLAN tag (50) is passed transparently. Another Ethernet frame that is untagged arrives at PE1. Since the encapsulation on the SAP is default dot1q (1/1/4:*), the frame is accepted and will be encapsulated with two MPLS labels. This frame is then encapsulated in a Layer 2 frame for transmission to the next hop. When the frame reaches the egress PE router (PE2), the MPLS labels are popped and the untagged frame is transmitted on the SAP interface. Again, the SAP encapsulation is default dot1q, therefore no VLAN tags will be added to the frame.

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

Special SAP Values – Q-in-Q  Wildcard SAP (port:x.*)  Receives all frames with outer tag value x regardless of the inner tag  The outer tag is stripped and the inner tag is passed transparently  Example – sap 1/1/3:10.*  Receives all untagged frames and/or any frames with a VLAN tag of 0  Example – sap 1/1/3:0.*  Null bottom SAP (port:x.0)  Receives all frames with outer tag value x and inner tag of 0 or no bottom tag  Example – sap 1/1/3:10.0  An encapsulation of (port:*.* or Port:*.x) is not valid on the 7750 SR

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For Q-in-Q encapsulated SAPs there is no default SAP. An encapsulation of port:*.* is not valid on the 7750 SR so there is no way to capture all combinations of Q-in-Q tagged frames, except to configure the port for null or dot1Q encapsulation and use the dot1Q default SAP. Wildcard SAP - SAP 1/1/3:10.* — Will only match “10” as the top Q tag and may have any bottom tag or no bottom tag at all. Null SAP - SAP 1/1/3:0.* - Will allow any untagged frames and/or frames with an outer tag of “0” only. If the outer tag is 10,for example, the frame will be dropped. However, if the outer tag is 0 and the inner tag is 10, then the frame will not be dropped. Null bottom SAP - SAP 1/1/3:10.0 — Will only match “10” as the top Q tag and may have a bottom tag of 0 or no bottom tag at all.

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 Null SAP (port:0.*)

Ethernet Frame Encapsulation - Null SAP (port:0.*) Example

Null SAP will pass untagged frames, frames with one VLAN tag of 0, or double-tags where the outer VLAN tag is 0

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A VLAN tag received on a SAP port is considered service delimiting if it matches the encapsulation on the SAP port. The figure in the slide shows the encapsulation of data on the customer network as it is transmitted across the epipe service. Three frames arrive at a null SAP on PE1. The first Ethernet frame is untagged; null SAP will accept the frame and the frame (header, data) is encapsulated with two MPLS labels. This frame is then encapsulated in a Layer 2 frame for transmission to the next hop. When the frame reaches the egress PE router (PE2), the MPLS labels are popped and the untagged frame is transmitted on the SAP interface. The SAP encapsulation on PE2 is null, therefore no tags are added and the frame is passed transparently. The second frame has an outer VLAN tag of 0, and no inner VLAN tag. SAP 1/1/4:0.* will accept the frame and service delimiting tag of 0 is stripped before the frame is encapsulated with the two MPLS labels. On PE2 the frame will be passed transparently as in the first case. The third frame has an outer tag of 0 and an inner tag of 10. The null SAP 1/1/4:0.* will accept the frame, the service outer tag is stripped and the inner tag (10) is passed transparently. The frame (header, VLAN tag 10, and data) will be encapsulated with the two MPLS labels. When the tagged frame reaches the PE2, the MPLS labels are popped and the tagged frame is transmitted on the null SAP interface. No other VLAN tags will be added to the frame.

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

Ethertype Values  IEEE 802.1Q specifies a hex value of 0x8100 to be used in the Ethertype field to indentify the frame as a tagged frame  On the 7750 SR, Ethertype can be configured as follows: *A:PE-1# configure port 1/1/1 *A:PE-1>config>port# ethernet dot1q-etype ?

- no dot1q-etype

: [1536..65535] - accepts in decimal or hex

 For multivendor interoperability, frames with non-matching Ethertypes are treated as untagged

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IEEE 802.1Q specifies a hex value of 0x8100 to be used in the Ethertype field to indentify the frame as a tagged frame. This value is also used for the Ethertype value in the inner VLAN tag for Q-in-Q encapsulation. However, some older switches use proprietary Ethertype values to identify the VLAN tag. If the 7750 SR in its default configuration receives a tagged frame with an Ethertype value other than 0x8100, it is simply treated as an untagged frame. It is possible to configure the port on the 7750 SR to use a different Ethertype value to identify tagged frames. A different value can be specified for either the outer tag (dot1Q Ethertype) or the inner tag (Q-inQ Ethertype), or both. When the Ethertype value is changed, any frame with an Ethertype that does not match the configured value is treated as an untagged frame.

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- dot1q-etype

Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)  MTU is an important issue in both Layer 2 and Layer 3 services  For an IP/MPLS network, the following MTU entities must be considered:  Access port, or SAP MTU  SDP path MTU  Network port MTU  Oversized frames arriving at a Layer 2 interface are not fragmented  Layer 3 services will fragment oversized packets for transmission

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A fundamental characteristic of any Layer 2 technology is its MTU. When the pseudowire is established with T-LDP signaling, an MTU is negotiated that must match at each end of the service. In designing an IP/MPLS network, there are a number of entities where MTU must be considered. These are: •Access port, or SAP MTU •Service MTU •SDP path MTU •Network port MTU MTU is an important consideration in a Layer 2 service since oversized frames arriving at a Layer 2 interface are not fragmented, but simply discarded.

A Layer 3 service, such as a VPRN, will fragment oversized packets for transmission; however, this is an expensive operation and generally undesirable. Thus MTU is an important issue in both Layer 2 and Layer 3 services.

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 Service and VC MTU

SAP and Service MTU  Service MTU defines the maximum customer payload that can be carried in service  The default service MTU for an Ethernet VPN service is 1514 bytes = 1500 bytes (payload) + 14 bytes DLC header  The SAP MTU must be >= service MTU to be operationally up  A Q-in-Q encapsulated SAP has a default MTU of 1522  When the VLAN tags are service delimiting, they are stripped at the SAP

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An Ethernet VPN service, such as an epipe or VPLS service, has a default service MTU of 1514 bytes. This is the size required to carry a standard Ethernet frame - a 1500 byte payload and a 14 byte Data Link Control (DLC) header with no FCS. Layer 2 technologies do not support fragmentation. If an oversized frame is received at an Ethernet interface, it is discarded. The router will compare the service MTU to the SAP MTU (port MTU) to ensure that frames offered to SAPs from the service will not be discarded. If the SAP MTU is too small, the router will signal the SAP to the operationally down state. The service MTU also serves to limit the size of payload the service can process before discarding and fragmenting for Layer 2 and Layer 3 services, respectively. In a Layer 2 service, the SAP MTU must always be equal to or larger than the service MTU. Of course, if the SAP MTU is larger than the service MTU, there is the risk that a frame will be dropped at ingress to the service. SAP MTU is changed by changing the port MTU. A dot1q encapsulated SAP has a default MTU of 1518, and the VLAN tag is removed before transmitting. A Q-in-Q encapsulated SAP has a default MTU of 1522, and both VLAN tags are removed before transmitting. When using default values, the service MTU and SAP MTU are set to the appropriate values for a full-size Ethernet frame.

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 A dot1q encapsulated SAP has a default MTU of 1518

SAP and Service MTU (continued)  When the VLAN tags are not service delimiting, they are not stripped at the SAP (for example: a default dot1Q SAP)

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MTU problems arise when we have a configuration different from the regular default configuration. For example, in a default dot1Q SAP, VLAN tags are not stripped at the SAP since they are not service delimiting. The diagram shows a default dot1Q SAP for an epipe service. The default SAP will accept a full-size frame of 1518 bytes (1500 byte payload), but since the VLAN tag is not stripped from the customer frame, the service payload is 1518 bytes. A frame of this size exceeds the service MTU of 1514 and the frame is dropped. Therefore, to carry a full-size Ethernet frame for the default dot1Q SAP, we need a service MTU of 1518. to configure the service for this larger MTU, the command PE1 # config>service>epipe# service-mtu 1518 is used. When increasing the service MTU we must also consider the SDP path MTU which is discussed in the following slides. A null encapsulated SAP behaves in the same manner as a dot1Q default SAP and has the same issue if it receives VLAN tagged frames. To configure a service MTU the command is configure service service-mtu

: [1..9194]

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 SAP MTU is changed by changing the port MTU

VC-MTU  Layer 2 services: service MTU is configured  VC-MTU = configured service MTU — 14 (DLC header)

 Layer 3 services: service MTU is not configured  VC-MTU of Layer 3 service interface can be configured by configuring the IP-MTU parameter under the service  If the SDP path MTU is not configured, the SDP path MTU and the VC-MTU are derived from the network port MTU • SDP path MTU = network port MTU — 4 (transport label) — 4 (VC-label) — port encapsulation (14 in case of null encapsulation, 18 in case of Dot1Q...) • VC-MTU = network port MTU — 4 (transport label) — 4 (VC-label) — 14 (port encapsulation in case of null ..) — 14 Ethernet overhead

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The VC-MTU is derived from the configured service MTU (VC-MTU = configured service MTU — 14 (Ethernet overhead, FCS not counted)). By default, epipe and VPLS services are configured with a service MTU of 1514. By default, the signaled VC-MTU is 1500. Layer 3 services have no service MTU configured. By default, there is also no SDP path MTU configured. Whereas in Epipe and VPLS services the signaled VC-MTU = configured ‘service-mtu’ – 14 (ethernet), in the case of a Layer 3 service, the signaled VC-MTU = configured ‘IP-MTU.’ VC-MTU of a Layer 3 interface can be configured by configuring the IP-MTU parameter under the Layer 3 service. PE>config>service>vprn# interface toCustomerVPRN ip-mtu - ip-mtu - no ip-mtu



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 VC-MTU = configured SDP path MTU — 14 (DLC header)

SDP Path and Network Port MTU  The SDP path MTU defines the maximum payload size that can be carried in the SDP transport tunnel  Network port MTU >= SDP path MTU + transport tunnel encapsulation overhead  Service MTU = Service MTU

Example of SDP Path and Network Port MTU  For a gigabit Ethernet network port with an MTU of 9212 (default on the 7750 SR)  If SDP uses MPLS encapsulation

 If SDP uses GRE encapsulation  SDP path MTU = 9212 (network port MTU) – 14 (Ethernet header) - 4 (GRE header) – 20 ( IP header) – 4 (service label) = 9170 bytes

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As an example, assume the SDP network port is a gigabit Ethernet port with an MTU of 9212 (default on the 7750 SR), and the SDP uses MPLS encapsulation. The encapsulation overhead of the transport tunnel is 14 bytes for the Ethernet header plus 8 bytes for the two MPLS labels. Therefore, the default path MTU for the SDP is 9212 - 22 = 9190 bytes If an SDP is defined with GRE for the transport tunnel, it uses a GRE header (4 bytes) and an IP header (20 bytes) instead of the 4 byte MPLS transport label. The encapsulation overhead for a GRE tunnel on the same Ethernet interface is 14 bytes for Ethernet header plus 20 bytes for IP header plus 4 bytes for GRE header plus 4 bytes for service label = 42 bytes. The SDP path MTU for a GRE-encapsulated SDP is 9212 - 42 = 9170 bytes. When calculating the required network port MTU, you must also consider any other factors that increase the encapsulation overhead. For example, facility backup or LDP over RSVP each require an additional MPLS label. If both are used together on the same LSP, this is an additional eight bytes of encapsulation overhead.

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 SDP path MTU = 9212 (network port MTU) – 14 (Ethernet header ) – 8 ( two MPLS labels) = 9190 bytes

Physical MTU Default Values

Port Type

Mode

Encap Type

Default (Bytes)

Ethernet

access

null

1514

Ethernet

access

Dot1Q

1518

Ethernet

access

Q-in-Q

1522

Fast Ethernet

network

-

1514

Gigabit Ethernet

network

-

9212

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 The default MTU value depends on the port or sub-port type, the mode and the encapsulation, which are listed in the table below:

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Configuring Path MTU  Configuring the network port MTU impacts all SDPs traversing the port:

 Configuring the SDP path MTU impacts a single SDP traversing any port: config>service>sdp# path-mtu path mtu values can be: [1500..9194]

 A useful command to determine the effective path MTU of an SDP is oam sdp-mtu Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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A tool that is useful in determining the effective path MTU of an SDP is the command oam sdp-mtu, which transmits increasingly large packets on the SDP. The OAM commands are described in more detail later in the course. •For GRE tunnels, this value is set by the administrator; it is assumed that reality matches the config. •For signaled MPLS tunnels, the path MTU can be determined by the signaling exchange. This is accomplished using the adspec command, which is configured under the router mpls lsp context.

RSVP defines the adspec object that can be used in the path message to collect information about the path at each router, including MTU information. If adspec is configured on the LSP used as the transport for the SDP, the SDP path MTU is derived from the path MTU signaled in RSVP using the ADSPEC object. Negotiated MTU for the LSP is set to the smallest MTU value found on the path. If the path of the RSVP changes, the MTU will change to reflect MTU on the new path.

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config>port slot/mda/port>ethernet># mtu mtu-bytes can be from [512..9212] bytes.



The core network is configured with OSPF as the routing protocol



The customer sites connect to the PE nodes using dot1Q Ethernet encapsulation



The SDP between the PE routers uses RSVP-signaled LSPs for transport



Epipe service is configured between PE1 and PE2

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Epipe MTU Case Study

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Epipe MTU Case Study – Port Configuration

*A:PE-1>config>port# info ------------------------------ethernet mode access encap-type dot1q exit no shutdown -------------------------------

*A:CE1# configure port 1/1/3 *A:CE1>config>port# info ------------------------------ethernet encap-type dot1q exit no shutdown -------------------------------

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

*A:PE-1# show port =============================================================================== Ports on Slot 1 =============================================================================== Port Admin Link Port Cfg Oper LAG/ Port Port Port SFP/XFP/ Id State State MTU MTU Bndl Mode Encp Type MDIMDX ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1/1/1 Down No Down 9212 9212 - netw null gige 1/1/2 Down No Down 9212 9212 - netw null gige 1/1/3 Up Yes Up 9212 9212 - netw null gige 1/1/4 Up Yes Up 1518 1518 - accs dotq gige …

*A:P1# show port =============================================================================== Ports on Slot 1 =============================================================================== Port Admin Link Port Cfg Oper LAG/ Port Port Port SFP/XFP/ Id State State MTU MTU Bndl Mode Encp Type MDIMDX ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1/1/1 Down No Down 9212 9212 - netw null gige 1/1/2 Down No Down 9212 9212 - netw null gige 1/1/3 Up Yes Up 9212 9212 - netw null gige 1/1/4 Up Yes Up 9212 9212 - netw null gige …

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The configuration of the customer-facing port on PE1 (port 1/1/4) is shown, similar configuration exists on PE2 for port 1/1/4. Note: the network port MTU value is 9212 for the gig Ethernet port. Since the encapsulation type used is dot1q, the MTU value for the SAP is 1514 + 4 (VLAN tag) = 1518 The configuration of the customer port facing the PE router on CE1 (port 1/1/3) is shown, similar configuration exists on CE2 for port 1/1/3.

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*A:PE-1# configure port 1/1/4

Epipe MTU Case Study – MPLS and SDP Configuration

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

*A:PE-1>config>service# sdp 2 *A:PE-1>config>service>sdp# info --------------------------------------------far-end 10.10.10.2 lsp "to-PE2" keep-alive shutdown exit no shutdown ---------------------------------------------

*A:PE-1# show service sdp ============================================================================== Services: Service Destination Points ============================================================================== SdpId Adm MTU Opr MTU IP address Adm Opr Deliver Signal -----------------------------------------------------------------------------2 0 9190 10.10.10.2 Up Up MPLS TLDP -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Number of SDPs : 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Since the SDP network port is a gigabit Ethernet port with an MTU of 9212 (default on the 7750 SR) and the SDP uses MPLS encapsulation, the default path MTU for the SDP is 9212 – 14 (transport tunnel encapsulation overhead) – 8 ( two MPLS labels) = 9190 bytes. The sdp keep-alive option enables SDP connectivity monitoring keep-alive messages for the SDP ID. Default state is disabled (shutdown) in which case the operational state of the SDP-ID is not affected by the keep-alive message state.

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*A:PE-1>config>router>mpls# info ----------------------------------interface "system" exit interface "to-P1" exit path "loose" no shutdown exit lsp "to-PE2" to 10.10.10.2 primary "loose" exit no shutdown exit no shutdown -----------------------------------

*A:PE-1>config>service# info ----------------------------------------… epipe 50 customer 100 create sap 1/1/4:50 create exit spoke-sdp 2:50 create exit no shutdown exit -----------------------------------------

*A:PE-1# show service id 50 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 100 Last Status Change: 02/09/2012 15:09:34 Last Mgmt Change : 02/09/2012 15:09:34 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1514 Vc Switching : False SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 1 Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Force QTag Fwd : Disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4:50 q-tag 1518 1518 Up Up sdp:2:50 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

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Since the service delimiting VLAN tag is used on PE1 (dot1q encapsulation), it is stripped at the SAP ingress by default. Therefore the service MTU for the epipe will be 1514 bytes = 1500 bytes (payload) + 14 bytes DLC. When an Ethernet frame arrives at PE1, it has a VLAN tag with a value of 50. The VLAN tag is stripped from the frame by router PE1 along with the FCS field. The rest of the frame, (header and data) is encapsulated with two MPLS labels. This frame is then encapsulated in a Layer 2 frame for transmission to the next hop. When the frame reaches the egress PE router (PE2 in this case), the MPLS labels are popped and the untagged frame is transmitted on the SAP interface. A VLAN tag is added to the frame, depending on the encapsulation ID on the SAP. In this example, the SAP on PE2 is 1/1/4:50, so the VLAN tag added to the customer frame is 50. This show service id base command displays basic information about the service ID including service type, description, SAPs and SDPs; it is a useful command to use when summary information about a service is required. Syntax id: service-id base Context: show>service Description: Display information for a particular service-id. Parameters: service-id — the unique service identification number that identifies the service in the service domain. Information such as the service type, admin and operational states can be determined using this command. In addition, all of the relevant SAPs and SDPs that are bound to a service are displayed.

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Epipe MTU Case Study – Service Configuration

*A:CE1# ping 192.168.1.2 size 1472 do-not-fragment count 2 PING 192.168.1.2 1472 data bytes 1480 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=5.01ms. 1480 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=4.80ms. ---- 192.168.1.2 PING Statistics ---2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 4.80ms, avg = 4.90ms, max = 5.01ms, stddev = 0.105ms

*A:CE1# ping 192.168.1.2 size 1473 do-not-fragment count 2 PING 192.168.1.2 1473 data bytes Request timed out. icmp_seq=1. Request timed out. icmp_seq=2. ---- 192.168.1.2 PING Statistics ---2 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss

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When using default values, the service MTU and SAP MTU are set to the appropriate values for a full-size Ethernet frame. The ping commands with specific packet sizes shown demonstrate that. The size value specifies the size of the ping packet, but does not include the 20 bytes of the IP header or the 8 bytes of the ICMP header. Thus a 1500 byte IP packet is created with a ping value of 1500 - 20 - 8 = 1472. Note: the ping of size 1473 is not transmitted through the service, because the frame size is now 1473 + 20 + 8 + 14 = 1515, which is larger than the service MTU of 1514. If the IP header do not fragment flag is not set, the packet is fragmented into smaller packets that will not exceed the configured MTU size. If the do not fragment bit is set (as in this case), the packet is silently discarded at egress when it exceeds the IP MTU.

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Epipe MTU Case Study – SAP and Service MTU

*A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# info -----------------------------------------service-mtu 1518 sap 1/1/4:50 create exit spoke-sdp 2:50 create exit no shutdown ------------------------------------------

*A:PE-2>config>service>epipe# info -----------------------------------------service-mtu 1518 sap 1/1/4:50 create exit spoke-sdp 1:50 create exit no shutdown ------------------------------------------

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*A:PE-1# show service id 50 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 100 Last Status Change: 02/09/2012 15:55:19 Last Mgmt Change : 02/09/2012 15:55:19 Admin State : Up Oper State : Down MTU : 1518 Vc Switching : False SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 1 Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Force QTag Fwd : Disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4:50 q-tag 1518 1518 Up Down sdp:2:50 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

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When the service MTU is changed on both PE routers, the entire service goes down because SAP-MTU can not support the new service. The SAP-MTU must be changed so that it can support the service MTU. 

Port-MTU >= service-MTU + MAX egress encapsulation

In this case, since the SAP is dot1Q encapsulated, it must be changed to 1522 (service MTU + 4 bytes Dot1Q encap). Note: if the MTU is increased on PE1 only, then the SDP binding will also be down. The service MTU is used in the T-LDP signaling of the pseudowire and must match at both ends of the service. We increased the MTU on both PE1 and PE2 and the path MTU is up.

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Epipe MTU Case Study – Changing the Service MTU

*A:PE-1# configure port 1/1/4 shutdown *A:PE-1# configure port 1/1/4 ethernet mtu 1522 *A:PE-1# configure port 1/1/4 no shutdown

*A:PE-2# configure port 1/1/4 shutdown *A:PE-2# configure port 1/1/4 ethernet mtu 1522 *A:PE-2# configure port 1/1/4 no shutdown

*A:PE-1# show service id 50 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 100 Last Status Change: 02/09/2012 17:19:33 Last Mgmt Change : 02/09/2012 17:15:58 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1518 Vc Switching : False SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 1 Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Force QTag Fwd : Disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4:50 q-tag 1522 1522 Up Up sdp:2:50 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

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The SAP MTU is changed to 1522 (service MTU + 4 bytes Dot1Q encapsulation). The service is up.

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Epipe MTU Case Study – Changing the SAP MTU

Epipe MTU Case Study – SDP path MTU

The network port MTU between P1 and P2 is set to 1514 bytes



It is required to support a service MTU of 9000 byte

*A:PE-1# configure service epipe 50 service-mtu 9000 *A:PE-1# configure port 1/1/4 shutdown *A:PE-1# configure port 1/1/4 ethernet mtu 9004 *A:PE-1# configure port 1/1/4 no shutdown

*A:PE-2# configure service epipe 50 service-mtu 9000 *A:PE-2# configure port 1/1/4 shutdown *A:PE-2# configure port 1/1/4 ethernet mtu 9004 *A:PE-2# configure port 1/1/4 no shutdown

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*A:PE-1# show service id 50 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 100 Last Status Change: 02/09/2012 18:00:13 Last Mgmt Change : 02/09/2012 17:56:14 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 9000 Vc Switching : False SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 1 Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Force QTag Fwd : Disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4:50 q-tag 9004 9004 Up Up sdp:2:50 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Up

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The calculation of SDP path MTU from the egress network port assumes that all ports on the SDP path have an equal or greater MTU. When this is not the case, it may cause problems with services bound to the SDP. We have changed the MTU on the network ports between P1 and P2 to 1514 bytes. To support a service MTU of 9000, we need to increase the SAP MTU to 9004 since we are using dot1q encapsulation. The SDP path MTU is 9190, which is calculated as physical interface MTU - 14 bytes DLC (6 byte source MAC + 6-byte dest MAC + 2 byte Ethertype) - 4 byte (MPLS transport label) - 4 byte (MPLS service label). The service MTU is smaller than the SDP path of 9190, so the service is up.

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

Epipe MTU Case Study – SDP path MTU (continued) The epipe service does not support anywhere near the size frame expected with a service MTU of 9000 bytes

*A:CE1# ping 192.168.1.2 size 1450 do-not-fragment count 1 PING 192.168.1.2 1450 data bytes 1458 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=5.08ms. ---- 192.168.1.2 PING Statistics ---1 packet transmitted, 1 packet received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 5.08ms, avg = 5.08ms, max = 5.08ms, stddev = 0.000ms

*A:CE1# ping 192.168.1.2 size 1451 do-not-fragment count 1 PING 192.168.1.2 1451 data bytes Request timed out. icmp_seq=1. ---- 192.168.1.2 PING Statistics ---1 packet transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss

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Although we can ping across the epipe, we find that it does not support anywhere near the size frame expected with a service MTU of 9000 bytes. The maximum size ping is found to be 1450 bytes. The size of the frame transmitted on the network port for this ping can be calculated as 1450 plus 28 byte IP/ICMP header plus 14 byte payload Ethernet header plus 22 bytes transport encapsulation overhead = 1514 bytes. This is exactly as expected since the link MTU between PE1 and PE2 is 1514.

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

Epipe MTU Case Study – SDP path MTU (continued)

*A:PE-1# oam sdp-mtu 2 size-inc 1450 1500 step 10 Size Sent Response ---------------------------1450 . Success 1460 . Success 1470 . Success 1480 . Success 1490 . Success 1500 ... Request Timeout

*A:PE-1# oam sdp-mtu 2 size-inc 1490 1500 step 1 Size Sent Response ---------------------------1490 . Success 1491 . Success 1492 . Success 1493 ... Request Timeout Maximum Response Size: 1492

Maximum Response Size: 1490

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The command oam sdp-mtu transmits increasingly large packets on the SDP. The slide shows the use of this tool to determine the effective path MTU for SDP 2 of 1492 bytes. If we add the transport encapsulation overhead of 22 bytes to this, we get a network port MTU of 1514.

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 To determine the effective path MTU of the SDP, the command oam sdp-mtu is used

Epipe MTU Case Study – SDP path-MTU - Verify Path MTU Using RSVP ADSPEC



If ADSPEC is configured on the LSP used as the transport for the SDP, the SDP pathMTU is derived from the path MTU signaled in RSVP using the ADSPEC object Negotiated MTU for the LSP is set to the smallest MTU value found on the path

*A:PE-1>config>router>mpls# lsp "to-PE2" *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>lsp# adspec *A:PE-1>config>router>mpls>lsp# info -----------------------------------------to 10.10.10.2 adspec primary "loose" exit no shutdown -------------------------------------------

*A:PE-1# show router mpls lsp "to-PE2" path detail =============================================================================== MPLS LSP to-PE2 Path (Detail) =============================================================================== Legend : @ - Detour Available # - Detour In Use b - Bandwidth Protected n - Node Protected s - Soft Preemption =============================================================================== LSP to-PE2 Path loose ------------------------------------------------------------------------------LSP Name : to-PE2 Path LSP ID : 38922 From : 10.10.10.1 To : 10.10.10.2 Adm State : Up Oper State : Up Path Name : loose Path Type : Primary Path Admin : Up Path Oper : Up OutInterface: 1/1/3 Out Label : 131069 …. Oper CT : Record Route: Oper MTU : Adaptive : Include Grps:

0 Record 1500 Enabled

Record Label: Record Neg MTU : 1500 Oper Metric : 300 Exclude Grps:

…

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RSVP defines the ADSPEC object that can be used in the path message to collect information about the path at each router, including MTU information. Negotiated MTU for the LSP is set to the smallest MTU value found on the path. If the path of the RSVP changes, the MTU will change to reflect MTU on the new path. If ADSPEC is configured on the LSP used as the transport for the SDP, the SDP path MTU is derived from the path MTU negotiated by RSVP-TE using the ADSPEC object. Notice that the LSP MTU is 1500 bytes. The SDP path MTU is 8 bytes less to accommodate the two MPLS labels.

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

Epipe MTU Case Study – SDP path MTU - Verify Path MTU Using RSVP ADSPEC

The SDP path MTU is now 1492 bytes



The service is down because the SDP pathMTU is now less than the service MTU of 9000 bytes

*A:PE-1# show service sdp 2 ============================================================================== Service Destination Point (Sdp Id : 2) ============================================================================== SdpId Adm MTU Opr MTU IP address Adm Opr Deliver Signal -----------------------------------------------------------------------------2 0 1492 10.10.10.2 Up Up MPLS TLDP ==============================================================================

*A:PE-1# show service id 50 sdp 2:50 detail =============================================================================== Service Destination Point (Sdp Id : 2:50) Details =============================================================================== Sdp Id 2:50 -(10.10.10.2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Description : (Not Specified) SDP Id : 2:50 Type : Spoke Spoke Descr : (Not Specified) VC Type : Ether VC Tag : n/a Admin Path MTU : 0 Oper Path MTU : 1492 Far End : 10.10.10.2 Delivery : MPLS Hash Label : Disabled Admin State Acct. Pol Ingress Label … Last Status Change Last Mgmt Change Endpoint Class Fwding State Flags Peer Pw Bits …

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: Up : None : 131071

Oper State Collect Stats Egress Label

: Down : Disabled : 131069

: : : : : :

Signaling Force Vlan-Vc Precedence

: TLDP : Disabled : 4

02/09/2012 18:53:18 02/09/2012 17:56:14 N/A Down PathMTUTooSmall pwNotForwarding

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The service is down because the SDP path MTU is now less than the service MTU of 9000. The Flags field is set to PathMTUTooSmall The show service sdp detail command displays detailed information related to a particular SDP. This SDP may or may not be bound to a service. Syntax: sdp [sdp-id | far-end ip-address] [detail | keep-alive-history] Context: show>service Description: Displays SDP information. If no optional parameters are specified, a summary SDP output for all SDPs is displayed. Parameters: sdp-id — the SDP ID associated with the displayed information Default all SDPs Values 1 - 17407 far-end ip-address: Displays only SDPs matching the specified far-end IP address Default SDPs with any far-end IP address Detail: Displays detailed SDP information Default SDP summary output keep-alive-history: Displays the last fifty keep-alive events for the SDP Default: SDP summary output Some of the important pieces of information that can be obtained from this command include the following: •SDP far-end IP address: This information is the system address of the far-end router where the SDP terminates. •Delivery: This information indicates whether this SDP is a MPLS- or GRE-based SDP. •LSP Name: This information relates to the LSP associated with the SDP and their administrative and operational states. This information applies if the SDP is a MPLS-based SDP and RSVP-TE is being used as the MPLS signaling protocol. The show service id sdp detail command displays information for the specific SDPs associated with a particular service. In this case, we are displaying information about the SDP associated with the service that has a service ID of 50. Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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

Epipe MTU Case Study – Changing the Network Port MTU Changing the MTU on the link from P1 to P2 to 9212 will make the service up again *A:PE-1# show service id 50 base *A:P1# configure port 1/1/4 shutdown *A:P1# configure port 1/1/4 ethernet mtu 9212 *A:P1# configure port 1/1/4 no shutdown

*A:P2# configure port 1/1/4 shutdown *A:P2# configure port 1/1/4 ethernet mtu 9212 *A:P2# configure port 1/1/4 no shutdown

=============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 100 Last Status Change: 02/09/2012 19:15:45 Last Mgmt Change : 02/09/2012 17:56:14 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 9000 Vc Switching : False SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 1 Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Force QTag Fwd : Disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4:50 q-tag 9004 9004 Up Up sdp:2:50 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

*A:PE-1# show service sap-using =============================================================================== Service Access Points =============================================================================== PortId SvcId Ing. Ing. Egr. Egr. Adm Opr QoS Fltr QoS Fltr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1/1/4:50 50 1 none 1 none Up Up ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Number of SAPs : 1

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The service could be made operationally up by setting the service MTU to 1492; however, we want to be able to support a service MTU of 9000 bytes. Changing the MTU on the link from P1 to P2 to 9212 will make the service up again as shown. The show service sap-using command displays information for a particular SAP that may be associated with a service. You can also verify the service is up using the following command *A:PE-1# show service service-using epipe =============================================================================== Services [epipe] =============================================================================== ServiceId Type Adm Opr CustomerId Service Name ------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 Epipe Up Up 100 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Matching Services : 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Another show command that displays the service tunnel labels that are being used by the service is *A:PE-1# show service id 50 labels =============================================================================== Martini Service Labels =============================================================================== Svc Id Sdp Binding Type I.Lbl E.Lbl ------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 2:50 Spok 131071 131071 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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

 The command show service id 50 all displays detailed information related to all aspects of the service

*A:PE-1# show service id 50 all =============================================================================== Service Detailed Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 100 Last Status Change: 02/09/2012 19:15:45 Last Mgmt Change : 02/09/2012 17:56:14 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 9000 Vc Switching : False SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 1 Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Force QTag Fwd : Disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Destination Points(SDPs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sdp Id 2:50 -(10.10.10.2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Description : (Not Specified) SDP Id : 2:50 Type : Spoke Spoke Descr : (Not Specified) VC Type : Ether VC Tag : n/a Admin Path MTU : 0 Oper Path MTU : 9190 Far End : 10.10.10.2 Delivery : MPLS Hash Label : Disabled Admin State Acct. Pol Ingress Label Ingr Mac Fltr-Id Ingr IP Fltr-Id Ingr IPv6 Fltr-Id Admin ControlWord Admin BW(Kbps) Last Status Change

: : : : : : : : :

Up None 131071 n/a n/a n/a Not Preferred 0 02/09/2012 19:15:45

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Oper State Collect Stats Egress Label Egr Mac Fltr-Id Egr IP Fltr-Id Egr IPv6 Fltr-Id Oper ControlWord Oper BW(Kbps) Signaling

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: : : : : : : : :

Up Disabled 131071 n/a n/a n/a False 0 TLDP

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The command show service id all displays detailed information related to all aspects of the service. Syntax id: service-id all Context: show>service Description: Displays information for a particular service ID Parameters: service-id — the unique service identification number that identifies the service in the service domain. Some of the important pieces of information that can be obtained using this command are as follows: •Administrative and operational states: This can help you to determine if the service is administratively and operationally up. •SDP and VC ID information: The VC ID in the example in this slide is 50, and is associated with an SDP ID of 2. •Ingress and egress labels: The ingress label, which is 131071 in this example, is the label that this router has advertised to the adjacent router. The adjacent router will use the same label when sending data to this router. The egress label, which is 131071 in this example, is the label that this router will use when sending data to the adjacent router. •LSP Name: If this SDP is bound to a RSVP-TE-based LSP, then the name of the LSP is displayed. If you want to delete an epipe service, perform the following steps prior to deleting it: 1. Shut down the SAP and SDP. 2. Delete the SAP and SDP. 3. Shut down the service. You can shut down an epipe service without deleting the service parameters by using the shutdown command.

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Epipe MTU Case Study – Verification

SDP and VC Type  RFC 4448 defines two VC types for the Ethernet pseudowire  The VC type is specified when the SDP is bound to the service and is signaled by T-LDP  The service delimiting VLAN tag is stripped at the ingress and is not carried across the epipe

 VLAN - specifies tagged mode  A VLAN tags is carried in the frame  Supported on the 7750 SR mainly for interoperability with systems that only support tagged mode

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RFC 4448 defines the transport of Ethernet frames over an MPLS network and defines two VC types for the Ethernet pseudowire: tagged mode and raw mode. The 7750 SR supports both, with raw mode the default. The VC type is specified when the SDP is bound to the service and is signaled by T-LDP. In raw mode, the service delimiting VLAN tag or tags are stripped at the ingress and are not carried across the epipe. In tagged mode, a VLAN tag is carried in the frame. Tagged mode is supported on the 7750 SR mainly for interoperability with systems that only support tagged mode. If tagged mode is used, remember to add an additional 4 bytes when calculating the required service MTU. When type VLAN is specified and the SAP is defined with a service delimiting tag, this value is used for the tag on the pseudowire. If there is no service delimiting tag, a tag with value of 0 is used. The value for the tag can be configured to use a specific value.

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 Ether - specifies raw mode (default)

VC Type Configuration  The epipe on PE1 is configured with type VLAN

*A:PE-1>config>service# epipe 50 *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# spoke-sdp 2:50 shutdown *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# spoke-sdp 2:50 vc-type vlan create *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe>spoke-sdp# vlan-vc-tag 150 *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# spoke-sdp 2:50 no shutdown *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# info ---------------------------------------------service-mtu 9000 sap 1/1/4:50 create exit spoke-sdp 2:50 vc-type vlan create vlan-vc-tag 150 exit no shutdown ----------------------------------------------

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*A:PE-2# configure service epipe 50 *A:PE-2>config>service>epipe# info ---------------------------------------------service-mtu 9000 sap 1/1/4:50 create exit spoke-sdp 1:50 create exit no shutdown ----------------------------------------------

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The slide shows the configuration of epipe 50 with type VLAN using a tag value of 150 on PE1. The other end of the epipe (PE2) is still using type ether.

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 On PE2 the epipe is still using type Ether

VC Type Configuration (continued)

*A:PE-1# show service service-using epipe ====================================================== Services [epipe] ====================================================== ServiceId Type Adm Opr CustomerId Service Name -----------------------------------------------------50 Epipe Up Down 100 -----------------------------------------------------Matching Services : 1

*A:PE-1# show service id 50 sdp 2:50 detail =========================================================================== Service Destination Point (Sdp Id : 2:50) Details =========================================================================== Sdp Id 2:50 -(10.10.10.2) --------------------------------------------------------------------------Description : (Not Specified) SDP Id : 2:50 Type : Spoke Spoke Descr : (Not Specified) VC Type : VLAN VC Tag : 150 Admin Path MTU : 0 Oper Path MTU : 9190 Far End : 10.10.10.2 Delivery : MPLS Hash Label : Disabled Admin State Acct. Pol Ingress Label Ingr Mac Fltr-Id Ingr IP Fltr-Id Ingr IPv6 Fltr-Id Admin ControlWord Admin BW(Kbps) Last Status Change Last Mgmt Change Endpoint Class Fwding State Flags Peer Pw Bits Peer Fault Ip …

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: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Up None 131071 n/a n/a n/a Not Preferred 0 02/10/2012 11:27:18 02/10/2012 11:27:57 N/A Down NoEgrVCLabel None None

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Oper State Collect Stats Egress Label Egr Mac Fltr-Id Egr IP Fltr-Id Egr IPv6 Fltr-Id Oper ControlWord Oper BW(Kbps) Signaling Force Vlan-Vc Precedence

: : : : : : : : : : :

Down Disabled 0 n/a n/a n/a False 0 TLDP Disabled 4

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T-LDP will not make a pseudowire operational unless the VC ID and VC type match. The Flags field contains NoEgrVCLabel, which is an indication that there is no service at the other end.

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 T-LDP will not make a pseudowire operational unless the VC ID and VC type match

VC Type Configuration (continued)  T-LDP will not make a pseudowire operational unless the VC ID and VC type match

=============================================================================== LDP LSR ID: 10.10.10.1 =============================================================================== Legend: U - Label In Use, N - Label Not In Use, W - Label Withdrawn S - Status Signaled Up, D - Status Signaled Down E - Epipe Service, V - VPLS Service, M - Mirror Service A - Apipe Service, F - Fpipe Service, I - IES Service, R - VPRN service P - Ipipe Service, WP - Label Withdraw Pending, C - Cpipe Service TLV - (Type, Length: Value) =============================================================================== LDP Service FEC 128 Bindings =============================================================================== Type VCId SvcId SDPId Peer IngLbl EgrLbl LMTU RMTU ------------------------------------------------------------------------------E-Vlan 50 50 2 10.10.10.2 131071U -8986 0 ?-Eth 50 Ukwn R. Src 10.10.10.2 -131071S 0 8986 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of VC Labels: 2

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The show router ldp bindings fec-type services command shows two different services with VC ID of 50 but different VC types.

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*A:PE-1# show router ldp bindings fec-type services

VC Type Configuration (continued)

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 Configure the epipe on PE2 with type VLAN

*A:PE-2# configure service epipe 50 *A:PE-2>config>service>epipe# spoke-sdp 1:50 shutdown *A:PE-2>config>service>epipe# spoke-sdp 1:50 vc-type vlan create *A:PE-2>config>service>epipe>spoke-sdp# vlan-vc-tag 150 *A:PE-2>config>service>epipe>spoke-sdp# no shutdown *A:PE-2>config>service>epipe>spoke-sdp# exit *A:PE-2>config>service>epipe# info ---------------------------------------------service-mtu 9000 sap 1/1/4:50 create exit spoke-sdp 1:50 vc-type vlan create vlan-vc-tag 150 exit no shutdown ----------------------------------------------

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The remote router (PE2) is configured as type VLAN.

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VC Type Configuration (continued)  Verifying the epipe service

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*A:PE-1# show service service-using epipe ========================================================== Services [epipe] ========================================================== ServiceId Type Adm Opr CustomerId Service Name ---------------------------------------------------------50 Epipe Up Up 100 ---------------------------------------------------------Matching Services : 1 ----------------------------------------------------------

*A:PE-1# show router ldp bindings fec-type services =============================================================================== LDP LSR ID: 10.10.10.1 =============================================================================== Legend: U - Label In Use, N - Label Not In Use, W - Label Withdrawn S - Status Signaled Up, D - Status Signaled Down E - Epipe Service, V - VPLS Service, M - Mirror Service A - Apipe Service, F - Fpipe Service, I - IES Service, R - VPRN service P - Ipipe Service, WP - Label Withdraw Pending, C - Cpipe Service TLV - (Type, Length: Value) =============================================================================== LDP Service FEC 128 Bindings =============================================================================== Type VCId SvcId SDPId Peer IngLbl EgrLbl LMTU RMTU ------------------------------------------------------------------------------E-Vlan 50 50 2 10.10.10.2 131071U 131071S 8986 8986 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of VC Labels: 1

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After the remote router (PE-2) is configured as type VlAN, the service is operational

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The slide shows the different combinations of frame transmission possible for a null encapsulated SAP with different egress encapsulations. The behavior of the default dot1Q SAP is the same. Notice in the diagram above: VLAN tags received on a customer SAP port are never considered by null SAPs to be service delimiting. Therefore, ingress VLAN tags are passed transparently through the network from ingress SAP to egress SAP. Since these tags are not considered to be service delimiting, in VC type VLAN mode, we will always add a dummy tag with default VLAN ID = 0. Note: on the egress SAP, the tags configured on the SAP always encapsulate the frame, including any VLAN tag received.

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VLAN Tag Behavior With a Null SAP

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The slide shows the different combinations of frame transmission possible for a dot1Q encapsulated SAP with different egress encapsulations. An encapsulation of dot1Q with a service SAP of “0” accepts untagged traffic or traffic with VLAN ID=0. This means that untagged Ethernet traffic or Ethernet traffic with VLAN ID=0 will be mapped on this SAP. To determine the handling of VLAN tags received on a SAP ingress port, you must determine if the VLAN are considered service delimiting. Service delimiting VLANs are also called provider VLANs. If the VLANs are considered service delimiting tags, they may be sent on a VC type VLAN; however, they will be stripped on the egress PE instead of being sent out the egress PE SAP. A VLAN tag received on a SAP port is considered service delimiting if it matches the encapsulation on the SAP port. For example, in case B2 the encapsulation used on the dot1Q port is “:C”. Therefore, the encapsulation matches the VLAN ID received, hence the tag is considered service delimiting and will not be seen on the SAP egress of the far-end PE. When a VC type Ether is used, service delimiting tags are stripped rather than passed over. In the case of a VC type VLAN, a single service delimiting tag is sent over the core but stripped at the far-end PE. In case B3, the same procedure is used to determine which of the VLAN tags received are service delimiting. In this case, the SAP is dot1Q encapsulated, therefore there can only be a single service delimiting tag. The outer VLAN tag on the Ethernet frame received on the SAP is “C,” which matches the SAP encapsulation. Therefore, the outer VLAN tag is considered service delimiting. If a tag received on a SAP port is not service delimiting, as in case B2, if the VC type is Ether, the service delimiting tag “C” is not passed through; if the VC type is “VLAN,” the service delimiting tag “C” is passed through but is not seen on the egress SAP. In the cases presented here, when the VC type is VLAN, the service delimiting VLAN ID is sent over. If a VLAN-VC-tag is defined with a new VLAN-ID, it is this VLAN ID that will be sent as the service delimiting VLAN over. In the default case, the VLAN-VC-tag is not defined and the service delimiting tag that matches the SAP encapsulation tag is sent over the core.

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VLAN Tag Behavior With a dot1Q SAP

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In the cases presented here, when the VC type is VLAN, the service delimiting VLAN ID is sent over. If a VLAN-VC-tag is defined with a new VLAN-ID, it is this VLAN ID that will be sent as the service delimiting VLAN. In the default case, the VLAN-VC-tag is not defined and the service delimiting tag that matches the SAP encapsulation tag is used.

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VLAN Tag Behavior With a Q-in-Q SAP

Encapsulation and VC Type Summary



An epipe can be configured with any combination of SAP encapsulation at each end



Null SAP or default dot1Q SAP (SAP 1/1/1, SAP 1/1/1:*)



Dot1Q SAP or wildcard Q-in-Q SAP (SAP 1/1/1:10, SAP 1/1/1:10.*)  Outer VLAN tag is removed at ingress, and any remaining tags are transmitted in the pseudowire  The specified VLAN tag is added to packets on egress



Q-in-Q SAP (SAP 1/1/1:10:20)  Two outer VLAN tags are removed at ingress  The two specified VLAN tags are added to egressing packets

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There are many options for SAP encapsulations as well as two options for the VC type on an Ethernet pseudowire. An epipe can be configured with any combination of SAP encapsulation at each end; a null SAP on one side and a Q-in-Q encapsulated SAP on the other side, for example.

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 All VLAN tags received at ingress are transmitted in the pseudowire. No VLAN tags are added to egressing packets

Encapsulation Summary — dot1Q  Explicitly matched VLAN tags are stripped on the ingress PE when the SDP VC type is set to "Ether“  The VLAN tag may be regenerated at the egress PE depending on how the SAP is configured

 SAP:*, allows untagged frames and tagged frames with any VLAN ID that has not been explicitly defined on the port

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Examples: When a SAP is defined with the 1/1/1:0, any untagged frames and/or frames with a tag of “0” are accepted. When a SAP is defined with a wild card (SAP 1/1/1:*), the default SAP will allow untagged frames and tagged frames with any VLAN ID that has not been explicitly defined on port 1/1/1.

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 SAP:0, only untagged frames and/or a VLAN of 0 are accepted

Encapsulation Summary — Q-in-Q  Explicitly matched tag (SAP:Top:Bottom) is stripped at ingress when the VC type on the SDP is set to “Ether,” and regenerated at egress depending on how the egress SAP is configured

 Will also accept no bottom tag

 SAP:0.* matches untagged and/or a VLAN of 0 for the top tag

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Examples SAP 1/1/1:0.* — Will allow any untagged frames and/or frames with a top tag of “0” only. SAP 1/1/1:10.* — Will only match “10” as the top Q tag and may have any bottom tag or no bottom tag at all. SAP 1/1/1:10.0 — Will only match “10” as the top Q tag and may have a bottom tag of 0 or no bottom tag at all. SAP 1/1/1:10.* and 1/1/1:10.0 — Co-exist in the same service: traffic with a top tag of “10” will always be learned from SAP 1/1/1:10.0 SAP 1/1/1:10.11 — Will only match packets with an existing top and bottom tag, in this case the top tag is “10” and the bottom tag is “11.”

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 SAP:top.* strips the top VLAN tag and preserves the bottom (MTU implications)

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Lab 2 ― Distributed Epipe Service

In this lab you will configure and verify an epipe service.

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Section 2 — Other VPWS

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Section Objectives After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:  Describe the main characteristics of fpipe service  Describe the main characteristics of apipe service

 Describe the main characteristics of cpipe service

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In the previous section we described the epipe service in detail, and throughout this course most of the attention to Layer 2 services is given to Ethernet. Other Layer 2 services supported by the Alcatel-Lucent 7750SR are also important. Although the trend in current network deployments is increasingly to Ethernet for reasons of cost and performance, there is still a very significant demand for other technologies that represent very significant revenues to service providers. These services can be deployed on an IP/MPLS infrastructure that simultaneously provides a base for modern Ethernet and IP services. Layer 2 services available besides Ethernet (epipe) are fpipe, apipe, cpipe and ipipe (ipipe will be covered in the next section). These services are all based on RFC 4447 (Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance Using LDP) and most of the characteristics, configuration and maintenance that we describe for epipes apply to these services as well. In this section we introduce each of these services, paying particular attention to any characteristics that distinguish them from an epipe service.

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 Describe the two modes of operation supported on the AlcatelLucent 7750 SR for apipe



Fpipe provides a point-to-point Frame Relay service between users connected to 7750SR routers on the IP/MPLS network



A single Frame Relay circuit is mapped to an fpipe service



From the customer’s perspective, the PE router should appear as a native Frame Relay UNI (user network interface)



The control word is required for an fpipe because the Frame Relay header is not carried with the encapsulated frame

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In the past, VPN markets were dominated by both Frame Relay and private lines, which dominated approximately 90 percent of enterprise connections. The popularity of Frame Relay service over a private line is based on the lower cost of Frame Relay as well as its ability to support large amounts of traffic. However, growth in Frame Relay services is limited by its lower speed and the cost of multipoint solutions. For service providers with established Frame Relay services, the MPLS network allows them to leverage their existing infrastructure to enable new revenue opportunities. These new revenue opportunities are created by blending technologies through service interworking in order to create a service hybrid. For the enterprise that is seeking a gradual transition from a Frame Relay VPN to an Ethernet VPWS or who wants to add a new site with Ethernet access while still maintaining Frame Relay at the other sites, a service hybrid is ideal. UNI: user network interface. Frame Relay pseudowires are described in RFC 4619 (Encapsulation Methods for Transport of Frame Relay Over MPLS Networks). The 7750 SR supports one-to-one mode for the mapping of a Frame Relay DLCI (data link connection identifier) to a pseudowire. This means that a single Frame Relay circuit is mapped to an fpipe service. From the customer’s perspective, the PE router should appear as much as possible like a native Frame Relay UNI (user network interface). When a frame arrives at the fpipe SAP, the Frame Relay header and any padding are removed. The frame is encapsulated with a service label and transport label as for any pseudowire service. The fpipe also uses the MPLS control word, which is a 4-byte field directly following the service label. Specific values from the Frame Relay header are copied into the control word. The MPLS control word is an optional field in the RFC 4447 pseudowire encapsulation. It is not generally used in an epipe, but is always present in the fpipe encapsulation. The control word is required for an fpipe because the Frame Relay header is not carried with the encapsulated frame. When the frame is received at the ingress SAP, specific bits are copied to the control word. When the Frame Relay frame is reconstructed at the egress SAP these bits are copied to the appropriate bit in the header.

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Fpipe Service

Fpipe Common Configuration Tasks  The fpipe uses the same provisioning steps as an epipe, with the following exceptions:  The service type is fpipe

 SAP is in the form of port:DLCI (example – 1/1/1:65)

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There is no Frame Relay MDA. Frame Relay encapsulation is supported on all MDAs that support POS encapsulation.

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 The physical port or channel is a SONET port set for Frame Relay framing

Apipe Service

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ATM pseudowires are described in RFC 4717 (Encapsulation Methods for Transport of ATM Over MPLS Networks). ATM VPWS (apipes) provide a point-to-point ATM service between users connected to 7750 SR routers on an IP/MPLS network. Users are directly connected to either a 7750 SR PE or through an ATM access network. In both cases, an ATM PVC (permanent virtual circuit) is configured on the 7750 SR PE; for example, a virtual channel (VC) or a virtual path (VP) are configured on the 7750 SR PE. This feature supports local cross-connection when users are attached to the same 7750 SR PE router. VPI/VCI translation is supported in the ATM VPWS. An ATM PVC is configured on the PE; the apipe appears as an ATM circuit to the customer.

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 Apipe is used to carry ATM cells over an MPLS network.

Apipe Service – Modes of Operation Supported apipe modes of operation:  N:1 cell mode:

 ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5) frame mode:  An AAL5 SDU (service delivery unit) frame is encapsulated for transmission on the apipe

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Two different modes of operation are supported on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR for ATM apipes: the N:1 cell mode and AAL5 frame mode.

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 Individual cells or groups of cells are encapsulated for transmission on the apipe



One or more cells is transparently encapsulated in an apipe frame



The advantage of N:1 concatenation is the efficient bandwidth use



The disadvantage is that the wait required to complete an MPLS packet increases the delay for the ATM connection

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N:1 cell mode provides a service that supports the transport of control, signaling and routing information since cells arriving at the SAP are transparently carried over the apipe. The figure shows a group of ATM cells encapsulated in N:1 cell mode. An important characteristic of N:1 concatenation is that multiple cells can be encapsulated in a single MPLS packet. The advantage of concatenation is more efficient bandwidth use, since the encapsulated ATM cells are only 52 bytes each (The 5-byte ATM header is transported as 4 bytes, the Header Error Check byte (HEC) is removed). The disadvantage is that the waiting required to complete an MPLS packet increases the delay for the ATM connection. The cell-concatenation command is used in the spoke SDP context to specify the concatenation parameters for the pseudowire. The default is no cell concatenation.

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N:1 Cell Mode



AAL5 was defined for a best effort, connectionless packet service such as IP



The control word is required for an apipe in AAL5 frame mode



Allows ATM AAL5 PDUs traveling on a particular ATM PVC across the network to travel to another ATM PVC



Requires segmentation and reassembly on the ingress PE-CE ATM interface



Once reassembled, the AAL5-SDU is carried through a pseudowire to the egress PE

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The AAL5 SDU (service delivery unit) is the payload that the service is intended to carry - in this case, the IP packet. The SDU is encapsulated in an AAL5 PDU, which has no header but an 8-byte trailer, and is padded so that the SDU + trailer + padding is an exact multiple of 48 bytes long. The AAL5 PDU is then split into the necessary number of cells for transmission. This operation is known as segmentation and reassembly (SAR).

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AAL5 Frame Mode

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The AAL5 SDU (service delivery unit) is the payload that the service is intended to carry - in this case, the IP packet. The SDU is encapsulated in an AAL5 PDU, which has no header but an 8-byte trailer, and is padded so that the SDU + trailer + padding is an exact multiple of 48 bytes long. The AAL5 PDU is then split into the necessary number of cells for transmission. This operation is known as segmentation and reassembly (SAR). When the apipe is defined as VC type atm-sdu, the PEs perform the SAR operation and only the AAL5 SDU is carried in the MPLS-encapsulated packet. This provides more efficient use of the bandwidth, since the AAL5 overhead (padding and trailer) and the ATM cell headers are discarded. The SAP defines a single PVC in the format port:pvi/pci. As in the fpipe, the control word is also required for an apipe in AAL5 frame mode. The purpose is to carry the information lost when the cell headers are stripped in the SAR process.

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AAL5 Frame Mode Operation

Apipe Common Configuration Tasks  The service type is apipe  The physical port or channel is a SONET port set for ATM framing

 SAP syntax changes depending on the VC type used:  The default is AAL5 SDU with a SAP syntax of port:VPI/VCI; for example, port 1/1/1:0/100

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The same provisioning steps used in the configuration of epipe also apply to apipe, with the exceptions shown in the slide.

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 Many VC types are supported by apipe, including SDU frame mode and N:1 cell mode

Cpipe Service

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Circuit Emulation Services (CES) VPWS or Cpipe, is a point-to-point VPN service emulating a TDM leased line. Two PE routers connected to the customer sites through the local attachment circuit receive native TDM traffic, perform both VPN (PW) and transport tunnel encapsulation, and finally send the traffic through the packet-switched network to reach the remote site. The packet-switched network is PSN, usually IP/MPLS. Cpipes are an implementation of TDM pseudowires to transport T1 or E1 circuits. T-1 is a digital circuit that uses the DS-1 (Digital Signaling level 1) signaling format to transmit voice/data over the PSTN network at 1.544 Mbps. T-1 can carry up to 24 uncompressed digital channels of 64 Kbps (DS0) for voice or data. E-1 is the European equivalent of the T-1, except E-1 carries information at the rate of 2.048 Mbps. E-1 is used to transmit 30 64Kbps digital channels (DS0) for voice or data calls, plus a 64Kbps channel for signaling, and a 64Kbps channel for framing and maintenance.

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 TDM VPWS (cpipe) is used to carry TDM frames over an IP/MPLS network

Cpipe Service (continued)  SAPs are configured on a SONET/SDH port  There are two categories of cpipes:

 Structured emulation - Makes use of the TDM framing structure, where each frame is comprised of a sequence of timeslots

 The encapsulation for all cpipes includes the control word

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There are two categories of cpipes: Unstructured emulation - SAToP (Structure Agnostic TDM over Packet) pseudowires are defined in RFC 4553 and transport unstructured T1 or E1 circuits. Disregards the TDM framing structure and treats the TDM data as a stream of consecutive octets Structured emulation - CESoPSN (Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network) pseudowires are defined in RFC 5086 and transport multiple DS0 channels from a T1 or E1 circuit. Makes use of the TDM framing structure, where each frame is comprised of a sequence of timeslots.

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 Unstructured emulation - disregards the TDM framing structure and treats the TDM data as a stream of consecutive octets

Cpipe Common Configuration Tasks The following applies to the configuration of Cpipe:  The SAP will be a TDM port

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Configuring a cpipe is similar to configuring an epipe or apipe, with the exception of the VC type and the syntax used for the SAP.

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 VC types are added for cpipes depending on whether the service is using structured or unstructured TDM ports/channels

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Section 3 — VPWS Interworking Capabilities

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Section Objectives After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:  Identify the 7750 SR interworking capabilities provided with VPWS

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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 Define ipipe service and explain its main characteristics

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Interworking VPWS

ATM

Frame Relay

Ethernet

ATM

Apipe

Apipe (FRF.5 interworking)

Epipe (bridged) Ipipe (routed)

Frame Relay

Apipe (FRF.5 interworking)

Fpipe

Epipe (bridged) Ipipe (routed)

Ethernet

Epipe (bridged) Ipipe (routed)

Epipe (bridged) Ipipe (routed)

Epipe

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The Alcatel-Lucent VPWS offers network interworking for Ethernet, ATM and Frame Relay across a common IP/MPLS network. The interworking capabilities of the VPWS allow different Layer 2 networks to be connected together across an IP/MPLS core network. The table in this slide lists the various interworking scenarios possible with ATM, Frame Relay and Ethernet ports at either end of a pseudowire. •When IP traffic, encapsulated inside an Ethernet frame, needs to be transported by a bridge/router over its ATM port to a bridge/router with an Ethernet port, bridged encapsulation is used. An epipe is required to transport this type of traffic. Routed encapsulation is used when native IP traffic is transported across a bridge/router with an ATM port to a bridge/router with an Ethernet port. An ipipe is required to transport this type of traffic.

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The interworking capabilities of the 7750 SR are:

FRF.5 Interworking Over an Apipe

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On the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR, Frame Relay traffic can be transported over an ATM network to another Frame Relay network on the other side through the use of an apipe. This is known as Frame Relay Forum (FRF.5) Network Interworking. It is configured on the 7750 SR by creating an apipe service that specifies interworking FRF.5 and a Frame Relay SAP with a DLCI encapsulation ID. The port is configured for Frame Relay encapsulation. The other end of the apipe has a regular ATM SAP with VPI/VCI encapsulation ID. The VC type of the apipe must be atm-sdu

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 FRF.5 defines a standard method for encapsulating and transporting Frame Relay frames over an ATM network through the use of an apipe



Epipe is used between the Ethernet user and the ATM-attached user or Frame-Relay-attached user



Provides ATM and Frame Relay bridged encapsulation access to the epipe service of an Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR

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This slide provides an example of an Ethernet interworking VPWS. The Ethernet interworking VPWS provides a point-to-point Ethernet VPWS between Frame-Relay-attached users, ATM-attached users and Ethernet-attached users across an IP/MPLS packet-switched network. It effectively provides ATM and Frame Relay bridged encapsulation termination on the existing Epipe service of the 7750SR. The Frame Relay network must be sending and receiving Ethernet encapsulated frames as defined by RFC 2427 (Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay). The ATM network must be sending and receiving Ethernet encapsulated frames as defined by RFC 2684 (Multiprotocol Encapsulation over AAL5). One side of the epipe has either a Frame Relay or ATM SAP, the other an Ethernet SAP. Any VLAN tags in the encapsulated frames are passed transparently as they would be for a null SAP.

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Ethernet Interworking VPWS

IP Interworking VPWS (Ipipes)

 Ipipe is a point-to-point Ethernet interworking VPWS that supports interconnection between hosts that are attached to different pointto-point access circuits on either end of a pseudowire

 Only IP traffic can be transported over an ipipe  Ipipe is useful for network migration purposes

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Ipipe is a point-to-point Ethernet interworking VPWS that supports interconnection between hosts that are attached to different point-to-point access circuits on either end of a pseudowire. Ipipe supports interconnection between: •ATM - using RFC 2684 routed encapsulation. •Frame Relay - using RFC 2427 routed encapsulation. •point-to-point protocol (PPP) - using IPCP encapsulation as defined in RFC 1332 •Ethernet - using null, dot1Q or Q-in-Q encapsulation •Cisco HDLC - routed encapsulation The difference between Ethernet interworking VPWS and an IP interworking VPWS (ipipe) is that the former supports bridged encapsulation and the latter supports routed encapsulation. Ipipes provide a routed interworking service. We say routed because the encapsulated data are Layer 3 (IP) packets instead of the Layer 2 frames. They are not truly routed, since the ipipe is a point-to-point service. Ipipe is useful for network migration purposes; for example, in the interim step during ATM/Frame Relay network to Ethernet network migration, where ATM/Frame Relay equipment uses routed IP encapsulation.

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 Ipipe provides a routed interworking service

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The ipipe shown in the figure is configured with a Frame Relay SAP on PE1 and a dot1Q encapsulated SAP configured on PE2. Both PE devices must also know the IP address of the local and remote CE devices. On PE1, for example, the SAP is configured with the address of the local CE device, and the spoke SDP is configured with the address of the remote CE. PE2 is configured in a similar manner. When the service is brought up, PE 2 broadcasts an ARP request on the local LAN for the MAC address of the CE device. The two PE routers are now able to exchange encapsulated IP packets over the ipipe between the two CE devices. Any protocol that runs over IP can also run over the ipipe. OSPF, RIP, BGP sessions can be established between two CEs connected by an ipipe. IS-IS does not run over IP; we cannot establish IS-IS adjacencies between the two CEs over an ipipe.

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IP Packet Transport Through an Ipipe

Module Summary  Alcatel-Lucent supports epipe, apipe, fpipe, cpipe and ipipe as VPWS applications  Ethernet SAP encapsulation types are null, dot1q, and qinq  For null encapsulation, the service is delimited by the port

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 In dot1q encapsulation, the service is delimited by the VLAN tag  In qinq encapsulation, the service is delimited by two VLAN tags  Null SAP and default SAP are mutually exclusive on a port  On the 7750 SR, VLAN tags are stripped at the SAP ingress by default

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

Service MTU defines the maximum customer payload that can be carried in a VPN service



SAP MTU is changed by changing the port MTU



The SDP path MTU defines the maximum payload size that can be carried by a service using that SDP



Network port MTU >= SDP path-MTU + transport tunnel encapsulation overhead



Fpipe provides a point-to-point Frame Relay service between users connected to 7750SR nodes on the IP/MPLS network



Apipe provides a point-to-point ATM service between users connected to 7750 SR routers on an IP/MPLS network

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Module Summary (continued)

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

Cpipes are an implementation of TDM pseudowires to transport T1 or E1 circuits



The Alcatel-Lucent VPWS offers network interworking for Ethernet, ATM and Frame Relay across a common IP/MPLS network



FRF.5 defines a standard method for encapsulating and transporting Frame Relay frames over an ATM network



The Ethernet interworking VPWS provides a point-to-point Ethernet VPWS between Frame-Relay-attached users, ATM-attached users and Ethernetattached users across an IP/MPLS packet-switched network



Ipipe provides a routed interworking service

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Module Summary (continued)

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Learning Assessment 1. Which VPWS emulates a point-to-point TDM circuit? 2. What is the purpose of using a VLAN tag? 3. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: Multiple SAPs can be defined on a single port for different services 5. What is the default service MTU value for an Ethernet VPN service such as an epipe? 6. What is the relationship between the network port MTU and the SDP path MTU? 7. What are the two modes of operation supported on Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR for an apipe service?

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1. Which VPWS emulates a point-to-point TDM circuit? Cpipe service emulates a point-to-point TDM circuit 2. What is the purpose of using VLAN tag? VLAN tag is used to determine to which service the frame belongs 3. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: Multiple SAPs can be defined on a single port for different services. True 4. What frames will a dot1q null sap receive? A dot 1q null sap receives all untagged frames and all frames with a VLAN tag of 0 5. What is the default service MTU value for an Ethernet VPN service such as an epipe? An Ethernet VPN service, such as an epipe service, has a default service MTU of 1514 bytes 6. What is the relationship between the network port MTU and the SDP path MTU? Network port MTU >= SDP path MTU + transport tunnel encapsulation overhead 7. What are the two modes of operation supported on Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR for an apipe service? The two modes of operation supported on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR for ATM apipes are the N:1 cell mode and AAL5 frame mode.

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4. What frames will a dot1q null sap receive?

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Module 3 — Introduction to Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)

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Module Objectives After successfully completing this module, you will be able to:  Explain the operation of Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)

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 Explain how VPLS emulates a virtual Ethernet switch through its MAC learning and flooding behavior  Configure and verify a VPLS  Compare VPLS topologies (full mesh, hub and spoke, hierarchical VPLS, and spoke termination in a VPLS)

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Module 3 — Introduction to VPLS

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Section 1 — VPLS Operation

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Section Objectives After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:  Define a VPLS and list its features  Explain the similarities and differences between epipe and VPLS

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 List the advantages of a VPLS from the perspective of both the customer and service provider  Explain VPLS flooding behavior  Identify the difference between mesh SDP and spoke SDP  Describe the MAC learning process in VPLS

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

VPLS is an Ethernet service that connects multiple sites in a single switched domain over the provider-managed IP/MPLS network



VPLS is essentially an enhancement of the VPWS



Multiple VPLS services can be deployed using the same IP/MPLS core

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A VPLS is a multipoint Layer 2 service that allows multiple customer sites to be connected in a single bridged domain contained within a provider-managed IP/MPLS network. Customer sites in the VPLS appear to be on the same LAN, even if the sites are geographically-dispersed. VPLS characteristics are described in RFC 4665 (Service Requirements for Layer 2 Provider-Provisioned Virtual Private Networks) and RFC 4762 (Virtual Private LAN Service Using LDP Signaling) VPLS is essentially an enhancement of the Ethernet pseudowire service, or Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) to a multipoint service. As discussed in Module 1, the advantages of a VPLS from the customer’s perspective are: •To the customer it appears as if all sites are connected to a single switched Ethernet network. •The VPLS is transparent to the customer’s data and higher layer protocols. •The VPLS can operate over a single local site or at multiple, geographically-dispersed sites. •The VPLS performs MAC learning so that frames are forwarded only across the required links in the network. The advantages of a VPLS for the service provider are: •Only the PE devices require configuration for the VPLS service. •There is a clear demarcation of functionality between the service provider and customer networks. •Scalability – the provider can support thousands of customers per router. •Flexibility – many different services for many different customers can be provided over a single core IP/MPLS network. •The service provider can apply QoS, billing, ingress/egress traffic shaping and policing on a per service basis

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VPLS Overview

VPLS vs. Epipe



Encapsulation and transport mechanism



The signaling of transport and service labels



The SAP encapsulation types: null, dot1Q and Q-in-Q



The treatment of customer data at the SAP

Differences: 

A VPLS is a multipoint service; epipe is a point-to-point service



The VPLS appears as a single switched LAN to the customer; the epipe appears as a direct Ethernet connection



A VPLS performs MAC learning to build a forwarding database (FDB) containing the addresses of customer-attached devices

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The similarities between an epipe and a VPLS are •They both use the same encapsulation and transport mechanism: an MPLS or GRE encapsulated packet with an inner service label. •The signaling of transport and service labels is the same: LDP or RSVP-TE for transport labels and TLDP for service labels. •The SAP encapsulation types of null, dot1Q and Q-in-Q are the same for a VPLS as for an epipe. •The treatment of customer data at the SAP is the same in a VPLS as in an epipe The differences between an epipe and a VPLS service are: •A VPLS is a multipoint service instead of the point-to-point service of an epipe. •The VPLS appears as a single switched LAN to the customer, whereas the epipe appears as a direct Ethernet connection. •A VPLS performs MAC (Media Access Control) learning to build a forwarding database (FDB) containing the addresses of customer-attached devices. The VPLS uses the FDB for intelligent forwarding of customer traffic over the IP/MPLS core network. Like other pseudowire services, a VPLS can be local (multiple sites connected to a single PE) or distributed (multiple sites connected to multiple PEs).

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Similarities:

VPLS: Customer Operation  Customers maintain complete control over routing

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VPLS 1 and VPLS 2 can use the same IP address ranges due to a VPN functionality provided with the VPLS service. Note: since VPLS is a Layer 2 service, the customer site router interfaces that connect to the VPLS must belong to the same subnet. From the customer’s perspective, the routers are logically connected by a Layer 2 Ethernet switch.

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 Adding new sites requires minimal reconfiguration at existing sites



All PE routers in the VPLS are T-LDP peers and exchange labels for the service



The VC-ID configured for the service must match among targeted LDP peers



Customer frames are encapsulated with a service label and a transport label



The VPLS instance on each PE router is often referred to as a virtual switch (VS)

PE 1->PE 2: For VC ID 101 Use VC-label 131071 PE 2->PE 1: For VC ID 101 Use VC-label 131069 PE 1->PE 3: For VC ID 101 Use VC-label 131071 PE 3->PE 1: For VC ID 101 Use VC-label 131070 PE 3->PE 2: For VC ID 101 Use VC-label 131070 PE 2->PE 3: For VC ID 101 Use VC-label 131069

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For the transport of customer data, the VPLS acts as if it were a full mesh of epipes between all the PEs in the service. Note: there is only a single T-LDP session required between two routers to signal service labels, regardless of the number of services that exist between them. For example, even if there were 100 VPLS or epipe services between PE 1 and PE 2, only a single T-LDP session would exist. The T-LDP session is used to negotiate service labels for all 100 services. Note: if the VC IDs do not match point-to-point, the service label will not be present; therefore, the service will not be accessible on the remote router. The VPLS instance on each PE router is often referred to as a virtual switch (VS) since it emulates the behavior of an Ethernet switch.

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VPLS Label Signaling



VPLS connects the customer’s multiple locations like a virtual Ethernet switch



All SAPs belong to the same broadcast domain in a VPLS, regardless of the VLAN tags

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The PE routers must support all “classical” Ethernet features, such as MAC learning, packet replication and forwarding. The PE routers learn the source MAC addresses of the traffic arriving on their access and network ports. From a functional point of view, this means that the PEs must implement a switch for each VPLS instance; this is often called a virtual switch, or VS for short. The VS functionality is implemented in the PE through a forwarding data base (FDB) for each VPLS instance; this FDB is populated with all the learned MAC addresses. All traffic is switched based on MAC addresses and forwarded between all participating PE routers using the LSP tunnels. By default, packets with an unknown destination are replicated and forwarded on all LSPs to the PE routers participating in that service. This is done until the target station responds and the MAC address is learned by the PE routers associated with that service. Packet destinations may be unknown when, for example, the destination MAC address has not been learned. One significant difference between the VPLS and an Ethernet switch is that the VPLS joins any VLANs used for service delimiting tags. On an Ethernet switch, VLAN tags create separate broadcast domains. However, in a VPLS, all SAPs belong to the same broadcast domain, regardless of the VLAN tags. The figure shows six different tag values that are used at the six different sites. Since service delimiting tags are stripped at ingress, they are effectively invisible to the VPLS, and the VLANs are joined. If it is desirable to maintain VLAN tags, the SAPs can be defined using a null encapsulation.

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Virtual Switch (VS) Functionality

VPLS Flooding Behavior

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Because a VPLS provides multipoint connectivity, traffic entering the service must be appropriately replicated to the other locations. As in an Ethernet switch, known unicast traffic is sent only to the destination. The figure shows an Ethernet frame arriving at PE4. The FDB on PE4 contains the destination MAC address of the frame and thus can forward the encapsulated frame to PE3. The FDB on PE3 also contains the destination MAC so PE3 forwards the frame out the appropriate SAP.

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Known unicast traffic is sent to the destination



Traffic to multicast, broadcast or unknown unicast addresses is flooded to all local SAPs and remote PEs in the service



In a basic VPLS, the SDP is bound to the service as a mesh SDP



Mesh SDP floods frames received from a SAP or from a spoke SDP, but does not flood frames received from another mesh SDP



Mesh SDPs prevent loops

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On an Ethernet switch, traffic to multicast, broadcast or unknown unicast addresses is flooded to all ports. A VPLS also floods such traffic to all SAPs in the service. When an SDP is bound to a service, it is bound as either a spoke SDP or a mesh SDP. The type of SDP indicates how flooded traffic is transmitted. All mesh SDPs bound to a service are logically treated as a single bridge “port” for flooded traffic; flooded traffic received on any mesh SDP on the service is replicated to other “ports” (spoke SDPs and SAPs) and is not transmitted on any mesh SDPs. In the figure, PE3 forwards the frame it receives only to the SAPs and not on the SDP to PE1 or PE2. In a basic VPLS such as this one, the SDP is bound to the service as a mesh SDP. In a VPWS, the SDP is bound as a spoke SDP. The only difference between the two is their flooding behavior. A basic VPLS is configured with a full mesh of mesh SDPs between all the PE routers in the service.

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VPLS Flooding Behavior (continued)

VPLS Flooding Behavior (continued)

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A spoke SDP is treated as the equivalent of a traditional bridge “port” where flooded traffic received on the spoke SDP is replicated on to all other “ports” and not transmitted on the port it was received from. Other ports include other spoke SDPs and mesh SDPs or SAPs. In the figure shown, the service is now configured with spoke SDPs between the routers. PE 4 forwards the frame it received from the SAP to PE2 and PE3. PE3 forwards the frame it receives from PE1 to the SAPs and on the SDP to PE1. PE2 also does the same; it forwards the frame to the SAPs and on the SDP to PE1 resulting in unwanted and uncontrolled flooding of frames in the VPLS. Mesh SDPs ensure that all PE devices receive the frame without looping or duplication of frames. In section 3 we describe some specific situations where spoke SDPs are used in a VPLS.

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 Spoke SDP floods frames received from a SAP, spoke SDP or mesh SDP

VPLS Flooding Behavior – Frame Received on a SAP

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The figure shows a VPLS service on one PE. It has two SAPs on the local PE and four SDPs that lead to other PE devices. A frame received on one SAP and destined to a broadcast, multicast or unknown address must be flooded through the VPLS. It is transmitted on the other SAP, the two mesh SDPs and the two spoke SDPs. The frame is not transmitted on the port it was received from.

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 A frame received on one SAP to be flooded through the VPLS is transmitted on the other SAPs, mesh SDPs and the spoke SDPs

VPLS Flooding Behavior – Frame Received on a Spoke SDP

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The figure shows a frame received on a spoke SDP to be flooded through the VPLS, transmitted on both SAPs, the other spoke SDP and both mesh SDPs

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 A frame received on a spoke SDP to be flooded through the VPLS is transmitted on the SAPs, the other spoke SDPs and the mesh SDPs

VPLS Flooding Behavior – Frame Received on a Mesh SDP

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The figure shows a frame received on a mesh SDP to be flooded through the VPLS, transmitted on both SAPs, both spoke SDPs, but not the other mesh SDP

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 A frame received on a mesh SDP to be flooded through the VPLS is transmitted on the SAPs and the other spoke SDPs, but not the other mesh SDPs

MAC Learning in a VPLS

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The VPLS learns the MAC addresses of the customer’s attached devices in the same manner as an Ethernet switch. The learned addresses are stored in a forwarding database (FDB) kept on each PE device. The PE maintains a separate FDB for every VPLS service configured on the router. The figure shows the two FDBs maintained on PE1 for two different VPLS services.

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 The learned MAC addresses are stored in a forwarding database (FDB) kept on each PE device



PE2 receives a frame from M2 destined to M1



The frame is flooded because M1 is an unknown address



All PE routers in the VPLS have learned M2’s address

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The figure shows the transmission of a customer frame across a VPLS to see how the PE routers learn MAC addresses. When PE2 receives a frame from M2 destined to M1, it is flooded because M1 is an unknown address. Afterwards, all PE routers in the VPLS have learned M2’s address. The step-by-step process is as follows: • M2 transmits a unicast Ethernet frame destined to M1 that is received at the SAP on PE-2. • PE-2 learns the location of M2 on the SAP from the source address in the received frame and updates its FDB with M2’s MAC address. • Because M1’s address (the destination address) is unknown, PE-2 floods the frame to both SDPs in the service. • PE-1 and PE-3 both receive the frame and learn the location of M2 as being on the SDP to PE-2 and update their FDBs with M2’s MAC address. • Since the destination address is unknown to PE-1 and PE-3, they both flood the frame out their local SAPs. The frame arrives at the customer device, M1.

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Example of MAC Learning in a VPLS



M1 sends a frame to M2, the frame is sent directly to PE2



Once the frame arrives at M2, both PE1 and PE2 have learned M1’s MAC address and have it in their FDBs



PE3 does not learn the MAC address of M1

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M1 next sends a frame to M2. Since M2 is now known in the FDB, the frame does not have to be flooded and can be sent directly to PE2. Once the frame arrives at M2, both PE1 and PE-2 have learned M1’s MAC address and have it in their FDBs The step-by-step process is as follows: • M1 transmits a frame with M2 as the destination. The frame arrives at the SAP on PE1. • PE1 has the MAC address for M2 in its FDB and knows to transmit the frame on the SDP to PE2. PE1 learns the location of M1 from the source address in the frame and updates its FDB. • PE2 has the MAC address for M2 in its FDB and knows to transmit the frame out the SAP. PE2 learns the location of M1 from the source address in the frame and updates its FDB. The frame arrives at the destination, M2. After the transmission from M1 to M2, both PE1 and PE2 have an entry for M1 in their FDB. Since the frame from M1 was not flooded in the VPLS, PE3 does not have M1 in its FDB. If it receives a frame destined for M1 it will be flooded in the VPLS by PE3. Note: if M2 is to send a frame to M1, the flow of the frame will be from M2 to PE2, PE2 to PE1, and PE1 will only send it over SAP 1/1/1 to M1. The frame will not be sent over SAP 1/1/2 as in the previous slide.

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Example of MAC Learning in a VPLS (continued)

Module 3 — Introduction to VPLS

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Section 2 — VPLS Configuration and Verification

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Section Objectives After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:  Identify the steps to configure a VPLS  Configure and verify a VPLS

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 Complete Lab 3 — Configuring a VPLS

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Infrastructure Configuration  Configure IP interfaces and an IGP for basic routing in the core network  Configure MPLS interfaces and LSPs. Either LDP or a full mesh of RSVP-TE LSPs between all PE routers is required

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As for any other VPN service, the following must be done before provisioning a VPLS service on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR:  IGP configuration - OSPF is used in this case study  IGP convergence (routing tables have system addresses)  Enable signaling of transport labels with LDP or RSVP  Enable LDP for dynamic signaling of service labels using T-LDP  Create path (if using RSVP) – RSVP is used in this case study and a loose path is created  Create LSP and bind path (if using RSVP) – full mesh of RSVP-TE LSP has been created  Create SDP and bind SDP to LSP (if using RSVP or select LDP)  Change customer-facing ports to access mode and change encapsulation as required – Null encapsulation is used here  Create VPLS service  Add SAPs to service  Add SDPs to service with VC ID

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 Configure a full mesh of SDPs between all PE routers

IP Interfaces and an IGP Configuration / Verification

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*A:PE-1# show router route-table =============================================================================== Route Table (Router: Base) =============================================================================== Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.1.2.0/27 Local Local 04d23h51m 0 to-PE2 0 10.1.3.0/27 Local Local 04d23h51m 0 to-PE3 0 10.2.4.0/27 Remote OSPF 04d23h36m 10 10.1.2.2 200 10.3.4.0/27 Remote OSPF 04d23h35m 10 10.1.3.3 200 10.10.10.1/32 Local Local 22d18h14m 0 system 0 10.10.10.2/32 Remote OSPF 04d23h36m 10 10.1.2.2 100 10.10.10.3/32 Remote OSPF 04d23h36m 10 10.1.3.3 100 10.10.10.4/32 Remote OSPF 04d23h36m 10 10.1.2.2 200 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Routes: 8

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*A:PE-1>config>router>ospf# info ---------------------------------------------traffic-engineering area 0.0.0.0 interface "system" exit interface "to-PE2" interface-type point-to-point exit interface "to-PE3" interface-type point-to-point exit exit ----------------------------------------------

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A single area OSPF with traffic engineering enabled is configured on the PE routers.

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MPLS Configuration / Verification

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*A:PE-1# show router mpls lsp =============================================================================== MPLS LSPs (Originating) =============================================================================== LSP Name To Fastfail Adm Opr Config ------------------------------------------------------------------------------to-PE2 10.10.10.2 No Up Up to-PE3 10.10.10.3 No Up Up to-PE4 10.10.10.4 No Up Up ------------------------------------------------------------------------------LSPs : 3

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A full mesh of RSVP-TE LSPs are configured on the PE routers. The configuration on PE1 is shown.

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*A:PE-1>config>router>mpls# info ---------------------------------interface "system" exit interface "to-PE2" exit interface "to-PE3" exit path "loose" no shutdown exit lsp "to-PE2" to 10.10.10.2 primary "loose" exit no shutdown exit lsp "to-PE3" to 10.10.10.3 primary "loose" exit no shutdown exit lsp "to-PE4" to 10.10.10.4 primary "loose" exit no shutdown exit no shutdown -------------------------------

SDPs Configuration

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*A:PE-1# show service sdp ============================================================================== Services: Service Destination Points ============================================================================== SdpId Adm MTU Opr MTU IP address Adm Opr Deliver Signal -----------------------------------------------------------------------------2 0 9190 10.10.10.2 Up Up MPLS TLDP 3 0 9190 10.10.10.3 Up Up MPLS TLDP 4 0 9190 10.10.10.4 Up Up MPLS TLDP -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Number of SDPs : 3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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*A:PE-1>config>service# info -----------------------------------------customer 1 create description "Default customer" exit customer 1000 create description "VPLS_Customer" exit sdp 2 mpls create far-end 10.10.10.2 lsp "to-PE2" keep-alive shutdown exit no shutdown exit sdp 3 mpls create far-end 10.10.10.3 lsp "to-PE3" keep-alive shutdown exit no shutdown exit sdp 4 mpls create far-end 10.10.10.4 lsp "to-PE4" keep-alive shutdown exit no shutdown exit

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A full mesh of MPLS encapsulated SDPs are configured as shown. Note: we have also created customer 1000 as our VPLS customer.

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VPLS Configuration Steps to configure a VPLS Service:  Configure the customer-facing ports as access ports  Create the VPLS service on each of the PE routers  Add the appropriate customer-facing SAPs  Verify that the service is operationally up on all PEs  Verify connectivity through the service by pinging between the customer devices

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At this point the infrastructure configuration for the IP/MPLS network is completed, and we are ready to configure the VPLS service. The steps shown in the slides are required for a successful VPLS configuration. Note: it is possible to have VPLS topologies that don't have a full mesh; these topologies will be covered in the following section.

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 Add a full mesh of SDP bindings between the PEs

Create the VPLS Service and Bind the SDPs

*A:PE-1# configure service vpls 1000 customer 1000 create *A:PE-1>config>service>vpls$ mesh-sdp 2 create *A:PE-1>config>service>vpls>mesh-sdp$ exit *A:PE-1>config>service>vpls# mesh-sdp 3 create *A:PE-1>config>service>vpls>mesh-sdp$ exit *A:PE-1>config>service>vpls# mesh-sdp 4 create *A:PE-1>config>service>vpls>mesh-sdp$ exit *A:PE-1>config>service>vpls# no shutdown

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*A:PE-1>config>service>vpls# info -----------------------------------stp shutdown exit mesh-sdp 2:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 3:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 4:1000 create exit no shutdown

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Notice that the customer facing ports on PE1 and PE2 have been configured as access ports with null encapsulation. Any encapsulation supported for an epipe is possible in a VPLS. Recall that the port MTU changes to 1514 when it is configured as an access port. The creation of the VPLS and the binding of the SDPs to the service is shown on PE1. Similar configuration is required on all participating PEs. The mesh SDPs are used to create a loop-free core for the VPLS. Unlike binding a spoke SDP to a service where we need to specify the VC-ID, when binding the mesh SDP to the VPLS service, the VC-ID is not specified, by default it uses the def-mesh-vc-id as the VC-ID. Since the def-mesh-vc-id is the service ID by default, so the VC-ID in this case will be equal to 1000. All mesh SDPs within a single service will use the same VC-ID. To change the default mesh VC ID, use the following command: *A:PE-1>config>service# vpls 1000 def-mesh-vc-id - def-mesh-vc-id - no def-mesh-vc-id []

: [1..4294967295]

This might be required if there are two different VPLS service IDs configured that require a mesh SDP between them.

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 For a mesh SDP, the VC ID takes on the value of the service ID by default *A:PE-1# configure service vpls 1000

Create the VPLS Service and Bind the SDPs (continued) VPLS configuration and SDP bindings on all participating PE routers

*A:PE-1# configure service vpls 1000 *A:PE-1>config>service>vpls# info -----------------------------------stp shutdown exit mesh-sdp 2:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 3:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 4:1000 create exit no shutdown ------------------------------------

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*A:PE-2# configure service vpls 1000 *A:PE-2>config>service>vpls# info ------------------------------------stp shutdown exit mesh-sdp 1:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 3:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 4:1000 create exit no shutdown -------------------------------------

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A full mesh of SDPs is required for the VPLS. The VPLS ID is the same in all four PEs. All mesh SDPs use the same VC ID. A mesh SDP must be established in both directions before it becomes operational. The configuration shown is on PE1 and PE2. The configuration PE3 and PE4 are similar as shown below: *A:PE-3>config>service>vpls# info

*A:PE-4>config>service>vpls# info

------------------------------------- ------------------------------------stp

stp shutdown

shutdown

exit

exit

mesh-sdp 1:1000 create

mesh-sdp 1:1000 create

exit

exit

mesh-sdp 2:1000 create

mesh-sdp 2:1000 create

exit

exit

mesh-sdp 4:1000 create

mesh-sdp 3:1000 create

exit

exit

no shutdown

no shutdown

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

Verify the Mesh SDPs  The mesh SDPs are operationally up

*A:PE-3# show service id 1000 sdp ============================================================================= Services: Service Destination Points ============================================================================= SdpId Type IP address Adm Opr I.Lbl E.Lbl ----------------------------------------------------------------------------1:1000 Mesh 10.10.10.1 Up Up 131068 131067 2:1000 Mesh 10.10.10.2 Up Up 131065 131064 4:1000 Mesh 10.10.10.4 Up Up 131067 131067 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Number of SDPs : 3

*A:PE-1# show service id 1000 sdp ============================================================================= Services: Service Destination Points ============================================================================= SdpId Type IP address Adm Opr I.Lbl E.Lbl ----------------------------------------------------------------------------2:1000 Mesh 10.10.10.2 Up Up 131068 131068 3:1000 Mesh 10.10.10.3 Up Up 131067 131068 4:1000 Mesh 10.10.10.4 Up Up 131063 131065 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Number of SDPs : 3

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After the VPLS 1000 is configured on the other PE routers and the service is bound to the SDPs, the PEs have signaled a label for VC-ID 1000, which creates an ingress and an egress service label binding. A VC label will only be signaled when a service is bound to a SDP. For example, if we shutdown the mesh SDP binding on PE-2 towards PE-1. *A:PE-2>config>service>vpls# mesh-sdp 1 shutdown

We notice that PE-1 does not have an egress VC label, and the flag for the SDP shows NoEgrVCLabel because there has been no label signaled by PE-2. *A:PE-1# show service id 1000 sdp 2 =============================================================================== Service Destination Point (Sdp Id : 2) =============================================================================== SdpId Type IP address Adm Opr I.Lbl E.Lbl ------------------------------------------------------------------------------2:1000 Mesh 10.10.10.2 Up Down 131068 0 =============================================================================== *A:PE-1# show service id 1000 sdp 2 detail =============================================================================== Service Destination Point (Sdp Id : 2) Details =============================================================================== Sdp Id 2:1000 -(10.10.10.2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Description : (Not Specified) SDP Id : 2:1000 Type : Mesh … VC Type : Ether VC Tag : n/a Admin Path MTU : 0 Oper Path MTU : 9190 Far End : 10.10.10.2 Delivery : MPLS … Ingress Label : 131068 Egress Label : 0 … Flags : NoEgrVCLabel Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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 An ingress and an egress service label have been signaled

*A:PE-1>config>service>vpls# info ---------------------------------stp shutdown exit sap 1/1/4 create exit mesh-sdp 2:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 3:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 4:1000 create exit no shutdown ---------------------------------

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*A:PE-2>config>service>vpls# info ---------------------------------------stp shutdown exit sap 1/1/4 create exit mesh-sdp 1:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 3:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 4:1000 create exit no shutdown ---------------------------------------

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With null encapsulation there can only be one SAP ID associated with the port. The slide shows that the customer-facing ports on PE1 and PE2 (port 1/1/4), which has been configured as an access port, is now added to the service as sap 1/1/4.

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Bind the SAPs to the VPLS Service

Verify the VPLS Service

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*A:PE-1# show service id 1000 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 1000 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : VPLS Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 1000 Last Status Change: 02/17/2012 12:20:24 Last Mgmt Change : 02/21/2012 16:40:17 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1514 Def. Mesh VC Id : 1000 SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 3 Snd Flush on Fail : Disabled Host Conn Verify : Disabled Propagate MacFlush: Disabled Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Def. Gateway IP : None Def. Gateway MAC : None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4 null 1514 1514 Up Up sdp:2:1000 M(10.10.10.2) Mesh 0 9190 Up Up sdp:3:1000 M(10.10.10.3) Mesh 0 9190 Up Up sdp:4:1000 M(10.10.10.4) Mesh 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

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Once the service is configured on the other PE devices, the VPLS is operationally up.

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*A:CE1>config>router# ping 192.168.1.2 PING 192.168.1.2 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64

time=7.20ms. time=2.34ms. time=2.88ms. time=2.34ms. time=2.32ms.

---- 192.168.1.2 PING Statistics ---5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 2.32ms, avg = 3.42ms, max = 7.20ms, stddev = 1.90ms

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Once the VPLS is up, we should be able to ping through the service from devices in the CE network.

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Verify the VPLS Service (continued)

*A:CE1# show router arp ============================================================== ARP Table (Router: Base) ============================================================== IP Address MAC Address Expiry Type Interface -------------------------------------------------------------192.168.1.1 60:24:01:01:00:03 00h00m00s Oth[I] to-CE2 192.168.1.2 60:25:01:01:00:03 03h47m15s Dyn[I] to-CE2 -------------------------------------------------------------*A:PE-1# show service fdb-mac =============================================================================== Service Forwarding Database =============================================================================== ServId MAC Source-Identifier Type Last Change Age ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 60:24:01:01:00:03 sap:1/1/4 L/0 02/22/2012 14:50:33 1000 60:25:01:01:00:03 sdp:2:1000 L/900 02/22/2012 14:35:21 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Entries: 2

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The ARP table for CE1 is shown. Each CE router’s ARP table only dynamically learns ARP entries for the far-end CE router’s interface connected to the service. This is logical because the CE routers are not aware of any details of the service provider’s network, rather, the CE routers appear to be directly connected by a single Ethernet switch. After the ping we see that PE1 has learned the MAC addresses for CE1 and CE2 and stored them in its FDB. PE1 knows that it reaches one device through SAP 1/1/4 and the other through SDP 2. similarly, PE2 knows that it reaches one device through SAP 1/1/4 and the other through SDP 1 as shown below: *A:PE-2# show service fdb-mac =============================================================================== Service Forwarding Database =============================================================================== ServId

MAC

Source-Identifier

Type

Last Change

Age ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000

60:24:01:01:00:03 sdp:1:1000

L/30

02/22/2012 14:29:03

1000

60:25:01:01:00:03 sap:1/1/4

L/30

02/22/2012 14:54:53

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

When CE1 pings CE2 router interface 192.168.1.2, it first sends an ARP request to learn the destination MAC address to use for the Ethernet frame. The ARP request has a broadcast destination MAC address, and therefore PE1 floods it to all the mesh SDPs. When PE2 receives the ARP from the mesh SDP, it only floods it to the SAP towards CE-2 because traffic received from one mesh SDP is not sent to another mesh SDP binding. Because CE2 has an interface with address 192.168.1.2 it responds to the ARP message. After the ARP exchange, the MAC address of CE1 interface to PE1 and CE2 interface to PE2 are known on PE1 and PE2, but not on PE3 or PE4. From this point on, all communication between CE1 and CE2 is done using the SDPs and LSPs between PE1 and PE2. PE3 and PE4 are not used for communication.

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Verify the VPLS Service (continued)

Verify the VPLS Service (continued)

*A:PE-3# show service fdb-mac =============================================================================== Service Forwarding Database =============================================================================== ServId MAC Source-Identifier Type Last Change Age ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 60:24:01:01:00:03 sdp:1:1000 L/0 02/22/2012 15:43:24 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Entries: 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

*A:PE-4# show service fdb-mac =============================================================================== Service Forwarding Database =============================================================================== ServId MAC Source-Identifier Type Last Change Age ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 60:24:01:01:00:03 sdp:1:1000 L/0 02/22/2012 15:33:36 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Entries: 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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PE3 and PE4 have only a single entry for the source MAC address for CE1 interface to PE1. This MAC address was learned from the original ARP request broadcast by CE1 to find the MAC address of CE2 interface to PE2.

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 Traffic received from one mesh SDP is not sent to another meshSDP binding

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Lab 3 ― Configuring a VPLS

In this lab you will:  Configure and verify a VPLS service  Explore some of the different possibilities for SAP encapsulation Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Module 3 — Introduction to VPLS

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Section 3 — VPLS Network Topologies

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Section Objectives



Explain the operation of a hub and spoke VPLS



Explain the operation of a hierarchical VPLS



Explain the operation of a spoke termination on a VPLS



Configure and verify a spoke SDP termination on a VPLS



Complete Lab 4 — Spoke Termination to a VPLS

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After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:

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Fully Meshed VPLS Fully meshed VPLS is a simple and reliable approach to provision a VPLS

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A VPLS can span a single router or multiple routers. On a VPLS that spans a single router, subscriber data is distributed through multiple service access points (SAPs) on the router. A VPLS on a single router does not require a service distribution path (SDP). On a VPLS that spans multiple sites, customer data enters the service using at least one SAP on each router. Data is transported among the routers through service tunnels over an IP/MPLS provider core network. Core VPLS networks are typically fully meshed using mesh SDPs, which means that there is an SDP binding from every router to every other service-aware router. No Layer 2 loops are present. So far, the VPLS topologies we have seen in the previous sections use fully meshed topology. This is a simple and reliable approach to provisioning a VPLS. However, there are circumstances where other, more complex topologies are preferred. These topologies are introduced in the following slides.

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



Traffic flows through a central location (hub)



Spoke SDP removes the full mesh requirement

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A hub and spoke topology can be deployed when it is necessary to have traffic flowing through a central location (hub). This might be to implement security policies or packet filtering, deep packet inspection or some other constraint of the physical topology. Broadcast traffic or traffic destined to unknown MAC addresses between PE B and PE C will flow as follows: When the traffic arrives on SAP 1/2/1 of PE B it will be flooded out of the spoke SDP towards PE A. PE A will flood the traffic out of SAP 1/1/1 and the spoke SDP towards PE C. When the traffic arrives at PE C, the traffic will be flooded out of 1/1/1. As the traffic traverses, the FDB will be populated based on the source MAC address. There is no longer a requirement for an SDP between PE B and PE C because of the flooding rules that apply to a spoke SDP. In the topology in this slide, PE B and PE C will associate all remote MAC addresses with the spoke SDP going towards PE A. All traffic between PE B and PE C will traverse PE A. Note: if a spoke SDP was configured between PE B and PE C, there would be a loop on the VPLS service. In this case, spanning tree has to be enabled. Spanning tree is covered in the Alcatel-Lucent VPLS course.

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Hub and Spoke Topology (Spoke SDP)



Enables VPLS services to span multiple metro networks



Creates scalable VPLS



A spoke SDP is used to connect smaller meshed VPLSs

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H-VPLS enables VPLS services to span multiple metro networks, as shown in the diagram in this slide. This architecture minimizes the signaling overhead and avoids the use of a full mesh of tunnels and LSPs between the two metro networks. The scalability of a VPLS can be improved by joining together smaller meshed VPLSs with spoke SDPs. The number of SDPs required for a fully meshed VPLS is n * (n - 1) , where n is the number of PE routers participating in the service. Also, the addition of a new router in a fully meshed VPLS means that an SDP must be configured on every router in the network to the new router. The figure shows two metro networks that contain four fully meshed routers. If we join these two networks using fully meshed VPLS, then we need 8*7 = 56 SDP. However, if we use spoke SDP to join them, then we will only need 2* (3*4) = 24 SDPs plus another two spoke SDPs. A spoke connection is used to connect each VPLS service between the two metros. In a simple scenario, all of the VPLS services could be carried on a single tunnel LSP. Frames from PE C within metro B destined for PE A of metro A will have three different service labels. It will traverse a mesh SDP towards PE B, then follow the spoke SDP to metro A arriving at PE C. PE C will then deliver the frame to PE A using a mesh SDP.

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Hierarchical VPLS (H-VPLS)

Spoke SDP Termination on VPWS

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Using a spoke SDP reduces the number of SDPs required and simplifies the addition of new routers. Traffic to be terminated on a given VPLS service is identified by the VC label present in the service packet, as if it was connected to another VPLS service spoke SDP.

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 Connects a spoke SDP of a VPLS service with an epipe service



The VC-ID of the spoke SDPs on the epipe service and the VPLS service must match



VC-ID (100) does not have to match the service ID of either the epipe or the VPLS



The service MTU of the VPLS and epipe service must match

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The VC-ID of the spoke SDPs on the epipe service and the VPLS service must match. Recall that the VCID has point-to-point significance. Also note that the VC-ID (100) does not have to match the service ID of either the epipe or the VPLS as long as both ends are the same.

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Spoke SDP Termination on VPWS (continued)

*A:PE-1# configure service epipe 50 *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# info -----------------------------------sap 1/1/4 create exit spoke-sdp 2:100 create exit no shutdown ------------------------------------

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Spoke SDP Termination on VPWS Configuration

*A:PE-2>config>service# vpls 1000 *A:PE-2>config>service>vpls# info ----------------------------------stp shutdown exit sap 1/1/4 create exit spoke-sdp 1:100 create exit mesh-sdp 3:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 4:1000 create exit no shutdown ------------------------------------

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Spoke SDP Termination on VPWS Verification  Verify the epipe service is operationally up

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*A:PE-1# show service id 50 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 1 Last Status Change: 02/23/2012 13:11:39 Last Mgmt Change : 02/23/2012 13:11:39 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1514 Vc Switching : False SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 1 Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Force QTag Fwd : Disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4 null 1514 1514 Up Up sdp:2:100 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

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The epipe service on PE1 and the spoke SDP are operationally up.

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Spoke SDP Termination on VPWS Verification (continued)  Verify the VPLS is operationally up

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*A:PE-2# show service id 1000 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 1000 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : VPLS Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 1000 Last Status Change: 02/22/2012 15:19:06 Last Mgmt Change : 02/23/2012 12:04:08 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1514 Def. Mesh VC Id : 1000 SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 3 Snd Flush on Fail : Disabled Host Conn Verify : Disabled Propagate MacFlush: Disabled Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Def. Gateway IP : None Def. Gateway MAC : None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4 null 1514 1514 Up Up sdp:1:100 S(10.10.10.1) Spok 0 9190 Up Up sdp:3:1000 M(10.10.10.3) Mesh 0 9190 Up Up sdp:4:1000 M(10.10.10.4) Mesh 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

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The VPLS on PE2 and spoke SDP bindings are operationally up.

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Spoke SDP Termination on VPWS Verification (continued)  The CE devices can successfully communicate with each other

ttl=64 ttl=64 ttl=64 ttl=64 ttl=64

time=6.62ms. time=2.27ms. time=2.25ms. time=2.94ms. time=2.28ms.

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*A:CE1# ping 192.168.1.2 PING 192.168.1.2 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=2 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=3 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=4 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=5

---- 192.168.1.2 PING Statistics ---5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 2.25ms, avg = 3.27ms, max = 6.62ms, stddev = 1.69ms

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Spoke SDP Termination on VPWS Verification (continued) Verify the FDB

*A:PE-1# show service id 50 fdb detail MINOR: CLI Forwarding databases do not exist for this service type. *A:PE-1#

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*A:PE-2# show service id 1000 fdb detail =============================================================================== Forwarding Database, Service 1000 =============================================================================== ServId MAC Source-Identifier Type Last Change Age ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 60:24:01:01:00:03 sdp:1:100 L/0 02/23/2012 13:16:29 1000 60:25:01:01:00:03 sap:1/1/4 L/0 02/23/2012 13:16:29 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of MAC Entries: 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Legend: L=Learned; P=MAC is protected

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On PE2, the MAC address of CE2 is learned from SAP 1/1/4 and the MAC address of CE1 is learned from an SDP binding. Note that it makes no difference whether the MAC is learned from a spoke terminating in another VPLS or in an epipe. Both cases represent a simple pseudowire between the PE routers, and the MAC is learned from the pseudowire. A MAC FDB does not exist for the epipe service even when it is terminated on a VPLS. Traffic that enters SAP 1/1/4 of the epipe is simply forwarded over the spoke SDP to PE2 and traffic received from the spoke SDP is forwarded to the SAP and on to CE1.

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

*A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# spoke-sdp 2:100 shutdown *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# no spoke-sdp 2:100 *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# spoke-sdp 2:50 create *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe>spoke-sdp$ exit *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe#info ---------------------------------------------sap 1/1/4 create exit spoke-sdp 2:50 create exit no shutdown

*A:PE-1# show service id 50 base ============================================================================== Service Basic Information ============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe … Admin State : Up Oper State : Down MTU : 1514 … Service Access & Destination Points -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr -----------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4 null 1514 1514 Up Up sdp:2:50 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Down

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In the configuration shown, we have changed the VC-ID of the spoke SDP of the epipe service to 50. The VPLS spoke SDP VC-ID remains the same (100). Note: the epipe service is now operationally down because of the VC-ID mismatch. The error flag for the SDP shows NoEgrVCLabel. *A:PE-1# show service id 50 sdp detail =============================================================================== Services: Service Destination Points Details =============================================================================== Sdp Id 2:50 -(10.10.10.2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Description : (Not Specified) SDP Id : 2:50 Type : Spoke Spoke Descr : (Not Specified) VC Type : Ether VC Tag : n/a Admin Path MTU : 0 Oper Path MTU : 9190 Far End : 10.10.10.2 Delivery : MPLS Hash Label : Disabled Admin State : Up Oper State : Down Acct. Pol : None Collect Stats : Disabled Ingress Label : 131068 Egress Label : 0 … Last Status Change : 01/30/2012 16:55:09 Signaling : TLDP Last Mgmt Change : 02/23/2012 13:37:55 Force Vlan-Vc : Disabled Endpoint : N/A Precedence : 4 Class Fwding State : Down Flags : NoEgrVCLabel Peer Pw Bits : None Peer Fault Ip : None

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Spoke SDP Termination on VPWS – VC-ID Mismatch

*A:PE-2# show service id 1000 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 1000 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : VPLS Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 1000 Last Status Change: 04/18/2012 14:08:48 Last Mgmt Change : 04/18/2012 14:08:48 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1514 Def. Mesh VC Id : 1000 SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 4 Snd Flush on Fail : Disabled Host Conn Verify : Disabled Propagate MacFlush: Disabled Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Def. Gateway IP : None Def. Gateway MAC : None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4 null 1514 1514 Up Up sdp:1:100 S(10.10.10.1) Spok 0 9190 Up Down sdp:3:1000 M(10.10.10.3) Mesh 0 9190 Up Up sdp:4:1000 M(10.10.10.4) Mesh 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

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The output shows that the VPLS service is still operationally up, however, the spoke SDP binding to the epipe service is down. The error flag for the SDP shows NoEgrVCLabel. *A:PE-2# show service id 1000 sdp 1:100 detail =============================================================================== Service Destination Point (Sdp Id : 1:100) Details =============================================================================== Sdp Id 1:100

-(10.10.10.1)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Description SDP Id Spoke Descr

: (Not Specified) : 1:100

Type

: Spoke

: (Not Specified)

Split Horiz Grp

: (Not Specified)

VC Type

: Ether

VC Tag

: n/a

Admin Path MTU

: 0

Oper Path MTU

: 9190

Far End

: 10.10.10.1

Delivery

: MPLS

Hash Label

: Disabled

Admin State

: Up

Oper State

: Down

Acct. Pol

: None

Collect Stats

: Disabled

Ingress Label

: 131070

Egress Label

: 0

Signaling

: TLDP

Retries Left

: 3

… Last Status Change : 04/18/2012 14:12:03 … Flags

: NoEgrVCLabel

Time to RetryReset : never

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Spoke SDP Termination on VPWS – VC-ID Mismatch (continued)

*A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# spoke-sdp 2:50 shutdown *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# no spoke-sdp 2:50 *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# spoke-sdp 2:100 create *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe>spoke-sdp$ back *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# service-mtu 1500 *A:PE-1>config>service>epipe# info ---------------------------------------------service-mtu 1500 sap 1/1/4 create exit spoke-sdp 2:100 create exit no shutdown ----------------------------------------------

*A:PE-1# show service id 50 base ============================================================================== Service Basic Information ============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe … Admin State : Up Oper State : Down MTU : 1500 … Service Access & Destination Points -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr -----------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4 null 1514 1514 Up Up sdp:2:100 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Down

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In the configuration shown, we have changed the VC-ID of the spoke SDP of the epipe service back to 100, however we have changed the service MTU to be 1500 bytes. The VPLS spoke SDP VC-ID and service MTU remain the same. Note: the epipe service is now operationally down because of the service MTU mismatch. The error flag for the SDP shows ServiceMTUMismatch. *A:PE-1# show service id 50 sdp 2 detail =============================================================================== Service Destination Point (Sdp Id : 2) Details =============================================================================== Sdp Id 2:100 -(10.10.10.2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Description : (Not Specified) SDP Id : 2:100 Type : Spoke Spoke Descr : (Not Specified) VC Type : Ether VC Tag : n/a Admin Path MTU : 0 Oper Path MTU : 9190 Far End : 10.10.10.2 Delivery : MPLS Hash Label : Disabled Admin State Acct. Pol Ingress Label … Last Status Change Last Mgmt Change Endpoint Class Fwding State Flags Peer Pw Bits

: Up : None : 131062

Oper State Collect Stats Egress Label

: Down : Disabled : 131068

: : : : : :

Signaling Force Vlan-Vc Precedence

: TLDP : Disabled : 4

02/23/2012 13:42:05 02/23/2012 13:42:05 N/A Down ServiceMTUMismatch pwNotForwarding

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Spoke SDP Termination on VPWS – MTU Mismatch

Module Summary  VPLS is a class of VPN that allows the connection of multiple sites in a single-bridged domain over a provider-managed IP/MPLS network  VPLS emulates a virtual Ethernet switch, in particular its MAC learning and flooding behavior

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 VPLS uses T-LDP for signaling service labels  By default, the VC ID equals the service ID in mesh SDP  A VPLS can span a single router or multiple routers  Spoke SDPs and mesh SDPs can be used together to form hierarchical VPLS topologies

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Module Summary (Continued)  Hub and spoke topologies utilize spoke SDP in a single site to enforce policy

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 VPLS can be joined to an epipe service using spoke SDP termination

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Learning Assessment 1. How many SDPs must be configured for local VPLS? 2. What is the difference in behavior of an Ethernet switch and a VPLS? 4. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: Using spoke SDPs in a VPLS removes the requirement for a full mesh of SDP bindings. 5. Which signaling protocol is used to create the following: a. The inner label of a label stack in a VPLS application? b. The outer label of a label stack in a VPLS application?

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1. How many SDPs must be configured for local VPLS? None; SDPs are only used with distributed VPLS. 2. What is the difference in behavior between an Ethernet switch and a VPLS?. The VPLS merges all SAPs into a common broadcast domain regardless of the VLAN tags. An Ethernet switch uses VLAN tags to create separate broadcast domains 3. Describe how a VPLS populates the MAC FDB? The VPLS performs MAC learning by checking the source address of received frames. It associates this address with the SAP or SDP on which the frame arrived. 4. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: Using spoke SDPs in a VPLS removes the requirement for a full mesh of SDP bindings True, spoke SDPs remove the need for a full mesh since traffic is forwarded from spoke SDPs to other spoke and mesh SDPs. However, this behavior can lead to loops in the network. A mixture of spoke and mesh SDPs are often used in a VPLS and MAC learning is performed on both types 5. Which signaling protocol is used to create the following: a) The inner label of a label stack in a VPLS application? T-LDP b) The outer label of a label stack in a VPLS application? LDP, RSVP and GRE

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3. Describe how a VPLS populates the MAC FDB.

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Lab 4 ― Spoke Termination to a VPLS

In this lab you will:  Configure and verify spoke termination to a VPLS Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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3FL-30636-AAAA-ZZZZA Edition 01

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www.alcatel-lucent.com/src

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Module 4 — OAM Tools and Mirroring Service

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Module Objectives After successfully completing this module, you will be able to:

 Identify reasons to use mirroring service and differentiate between local and distributed mirror service  Configure and verify the operation of a local and remote mirror service

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Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture This course is part of the Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification (SRC) Program. Visit the AlcatelLucent web site at www.alcatel-lucent.com/src for more information on the SRC program. To locate additional information related to the topics presented in this manual, refer to the following:  Technical Practices for the specific product  Internet Standards documentation such as protocol standards bodies, RFCs and IETF drafts  Technical support pages of the Alcatel-Lucent web site located at http://www.alcatellucent.com/support

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 Use the correct operations, administration and maintenance (OAM) tools to analyze, manage and troubleshoot IP/MPLS service networks

Module 4 — OAM Tools and Mirroring Service

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Section 1 — Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM)

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Section Objectives After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:  Provide an overview of OAM tools

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 Utilize the tools available for managing and troubleshooting a service network ( lsp-ping, lsp-trace, SDP-ping, SDP-MTU, SVC-ping)  Complete Lab 5 – OAM tools

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OAM Overview  Delivery of services requires a number of operations to occur properly and at different levels in the service delivery model

 OAM diagnostics tools supplement the basic IP ping and traceroute operations with diagnostics specialized for the different levels in the service delivery model  OAM packets closely resemble customer packets to effectively test the customer's forwarding path  OAM packets are kept within the service provider's network and are not forwarded to the customer

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Traditionally, ICMP ping has been commonly used to troubleshoot IP based networks. However, as an MPLS core network has different behavior, ICMP ping will not be able to fully troubleshoot MPLS networks. ICMP ping has some shortcomings, such as the inability to detect MPLS data plane failure if the IP layer is working properly. Proper delivery of services requires a number of operations to occur properly and at different levels in the service delivery model. For example, operations such as the association of packets to a service, service labels to a service and each service to a service tunnel must be performed properly in the forwarding plane for the service to function properly. In order to verify that a service is operational, a set of in-band, packet-based OAM tools is required, with the ability to test each of the individual packet operations. For in-band testing, the OAM packets closely resemble customer packets to effectively test the customer's forwarding path, but are distinguishable from customer packets so they are kept within the service provider's network and not forwarded to the customer. The 7750 SR OS suite of OAM diagnostics supplement the basic IP ping and traceroute operations with diagnostics specialized for the different levels in the service delivery model. There are diagnostics for MPLS LSPs, SDPs, Services and VPLS MACs within a service.

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 A set of packet-based OAM tools are used to verify that a service is operational

OAM Tools OAM tools are useful in managing and troubleshooting a network  MPLS paths diagnostic tools:

 SDP diagnostic tools:  sdp-ping and sdp-mtu  Service diagnostic tools:  svc-ping

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Operations, administration and maintenance (OAM) tools available in modern routers are useful to manage and troubleshoot the network. The OAM tools that will be covered in this section are: lsp-ping and lsp-trace - These allow the network operator to diagnose and discover the condition of MPLS paths in the network. sdp-ping and sdp-mtu - These allow the network operator to diagnose and discover details about a configured SDP, including path MTU. svc-ping - This tools allows the network operator to diagnose a configured service and the SDP bindings for the service at both the local and remote ends. lsp-ping and lsp-trace are defined in RFC 4379 and can inter-operate with other vendors’ equipment. sdp-ping and svc-ping are tools proprietary to the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR.

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 lsp-ping and lsp-trace

Isp-ping and lsp-trace  Used on either LDP or RSVP-TE LSPs to verify the data path for the LSP  Modeled after the ICMP echo request/reply used by ping and traceroute to detect and localize faults in IP networks  LSP-ping verifies whether the packet reaches the egress label edge router (LER) for a given FEC  For LSP traceroute, the packet is sent to the control plane of each transit-label-switched router (LSR)

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The 7750SR LSP diagnostics are implementations of LSP ping and LSP traceroute based on RFC 4379, Detecting Multi-Protocol Label Switched (MPLS) Data Plane Failures. When an LSP fails to deliver user traffic, the failure cannot always be detected by the MPLS control plane. For the MPLS data plane verification, the IP data plane verification tools (ping and traceroute) are extended to work on the MPLS networks. The lsp Ping/traceroute, modeled after the ping/traceroute paradigm: ping is used for connectivity verifications, and traceroute is used for hop-by-hop fault localization and path tracing. LSP ping and LSP traceroute provide diagnostics and troubleshooting capabilities for MPLS LSPs. These tools provide basic building blocks for the MPLS OAM capabilities. This enables verification of the MPLS data plane consistency. The basic idea behind lsp-ping and lsp-trace tests is to verify that packets that belong to a particular Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) actually end their MPLS path on a label switching router (LSR) that is an egress for that FEC. These tests are carried out by sending a packet (OAM or MPLS echo request packet) along the same data path as other packets belonging to this FEC. An MPLS echo request also carries information about the FEC whose MPLS path is being verified. This echo request is forwarded just like any other packet belonging to that FEC. In "ping" mode (basic connectivity check), the packet should reach the end of the path, at which point it is sent to the control plane of the egress LSR, which then verifies whether it is indeed an egress for the FEC. In traceroute mode (fault isolation), the packet is sent to the control plane of each transit LSR, which performs various checks that it is indeed a transit LSR for this path; this LSR also returns further information that helps check the control plane against the data plane. For example, that the forwarding matches what the routing protocols determined as the path.

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 A UDP packet is MPLS-encapsulated and transmitted along the LSP

lsp-ping and lsp-trace Operation The MPLS echo request packet is sent to a target router through the use of the appropriate label stack associated with the LSP to be validated



The destination IP address of the MPLS echo request packet is defined as a 127.x.y.z/8 address



The 127.x.y.z/8 address prevents the IP packet from being IP switched to its destination if the LSP is broken



LSP-ping/traceroute uses the same label stack as is used by the LSP, which causes the echo to be switched inband of LSP



An MPLS echo reply is sent in response to an MPLS echo request. The reply is sent as an IP packet and it may not take the same path used by the LSP



LSP-ping/traceroute only verifies the LSP paths in one direction; it does not verify the LSP return path

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LSP ping needs to diagnose situations where the control and data planes are out of sync. It performs this by routing an MPLS echo request packet based solely on its label stack. That is, the IP destination address is never used in a forwarding decision. In fact, the sender of an MPLS echo request packet may not know, a priori, the address of the router at the end of the LSP. The MPLS echo request packet is sent to a target router through the use of the appropriate label stack associated with the LSP to be validated. Use of the label stack causes the packet to be forwarded over the LSP itself. For the LSP ping/trace packet to be treated as a control packet, the same label stack is used as is used by the LSP, which causes the echo to be switched in-band of the LSP tested. The destination of the echo request is a 127.x.y.z/8 address and not the same as the one used for selecting the LSP. Any router using the 127/8 address for forwarding (because of a broken LSP) punts the packet for local processing, for example: the packet will not be forwarded naturally and is sent to the switch CPU for process switching. 127/8 also forces the packet to be processed by the route processor (RP) at the egress router for a given LSP. The 127.x.y.z/8 address prevents the IP packet from being IP switched to its destination if the LSP is broken. LSP Ping/traceroute uses the same label stack as is used by the LSP, which causes the echo to be switched in-band of LSP. An MPLS echo reply is sent in response to an MPLS echo request. The reply is sent as an IP packet and it is forwarded using IP, MPLS, or a combination of both types of switching. The source address of the MPLS echo reply packet is an address obtained from the router generating the echo reply. The destination address is the source address of the router that originated the MPLS echo request packet. An echo reply, which may or not be labeled, has the same outgoing interface IP address as the source. The destination IP address and port are copied from the source address and port of the echo request. The echo reply can thus take an MPLS or an IP path to return to the source router. LSP Ping/Traceroute verifies only the LSP paths in one direction and not the LSP return path.

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

lsp-ping and lsp-trace for LDP

*A:PE-3# oam lsp-ping prefix 10.10.10.4/32 LSP-PING 10.10.10.4/32: 80 bytes MPLS payload Seq=1, send from intf to-PE1, reply from 10.10.10.4 udp-data-len=32 ttl=255 rtt=1.81ms rc=3 (EgressRtr)

*A:PE-3# oam lsp-trace prefix 10.10.10.4/32 detail lsp-trace to 10.10.10.4/32: 0 hops min, 0 hops max, 104 byte packets 1 10.10.10.1 rtt=1.11ms rc=8(DSRtrMatchLabel) DS 1: IfAddr 10.1.2.2 MRU=1500 label=131066 proto=3(LDP) 2 10.10.10.2 rtt=1.72ms rc=8(DSRtrMatchLabel) DS 1: IfAddr 10.2.4.4 MRU=9198 label=131069 proto=3(LDP) 3 10.10.10.4 rtt=1.73ms rc=3(EgressRtr)

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The figure shows the network topology used to demonstrate the use of lsp-ping and lsp-trace. The default metric in this network is 100 and the link between PE3 and PE4 has been set to 1000 to force traffic on a specific LSP. The default port MTU is 9212, but this has been set to 1514 on the link between PE1 and PE2. Notice that Maximum Receivable Unit (MRU) is the biggest packet size that a router can receive and forward downstream without fragmentation. LDP is configured on all router *A:PE-3# show router ldp peer =============================================================================== LDP Peers =============================================================================== Peer

Adm

Opr

Hello

Hold

KA

KA

Passive

Auto

Factor

Time

Factor

Timeout

Mode

Created

------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.10.10.1

Up

Up

3

45

4

40

Disabled

Yes

10.10.10.2

Up

Up

3

45

4

40

Disabled

Yes

10.10.10.4

Up

Up

3

45

4

40

Disabled

Yes

------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Peers: 3

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---- LSP 10.10.10.4/32 PING Statistics ---1 packets sent, 1 packets received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 1.81ms, avg = 1.81ms, max = 1.81ms, stddev = 0.000ms

lsp-ping and lsp-trace for RSVP-TE LSP

*A:PE-3# oam lsp-ping "to-PE2" LSP-PING to-PE2: 92 bytes MPLS payload Seq=1, send from intf to-PE1, reply from 10.10.10.2 udp-data-len=32 ttl=255 rtt=1.84ms rc=3 (EgressRtr)

*A:PE-3# oam lsp-trace "to-PE2" detail lsp-trace to to-PE2: 0 hops min, 0 hops max, 116 byte packets 1 10.10.10.1 rtt=1.27ms rc=8(DSRtrMatchLabel) DS 1: IfAddr 10.1.2.2 MRU=1500 label=131063 proto=4(RSVP-TE) 2 10.10.10.2 rtt=1.70ms rc=3(EgressRtr)

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The use of lsp-ping and lsp-trace is similar for RSVP-TE, although the LSP is specified by name. An LSP is configured from PE3 to PE2 using a loose path, since the metric value on the link between PE3 and PE4 is high, the path for this LSP will be via PE1 as shown below: *A:PE-3# show router mpls lsp "to-PE2" path detail =============================================================================== … LSP to-PE2 Path loose ------------------------------------------------------------------------------LSP Name : to-PE2 Path LSP ID : 17922 From : 10.10.10.3 To : 10.10.10.2 Adm State : Up Oper State : Up Path Name : loose Path Type : Primary Path Admin : Up Path Oper : Up OutInterface: 1/1/3 Out Label : 131066 … Oper MTU : 1500 Neg MTU : 1500 Adaptive : Enabled Oper Metric : 200 … ExplicitHops: No Hops Specified Actual Hops : 10.1.3.3(10.10.10.3) Record Label : N/A -> 10.1.3.1(10.10.10.1) Record Label : 131066 -> 10.1.2.2(10.10.10.2) Record Label : 131063 ResigEligib*: False

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---- LSP to-PE2 PING Statistics ---1 packets sent, 1 packets received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 1.84ms, avg = 1.84ms, max = 1.84ms, stddev = 0.000ms

lsp-ping and lsp-trace – Testing the Path MTU

*A:PE-3# oam lsp-trace prefix 10.10.10.4/32 size 1497 detail lsp-trace to 10.10.10.4/32: 0 hops min, 0 hops max, 1497 byte packets 1 10.10.10.1 rtt=1.24ms rc=8(DSRtrMatchLabel) DS 1: IfAddr 10.1.2.2 MRU=1500 label=131066 proto=3(LDP) 2 0.0.0.0 * 3 0.0.0.0 * 4 0.0.0.0 * 5 0.0.0.0 * 6 0.0.0.0 *

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*A:PE-3# oam lsp-ping prefix 10.10.10.4/32 size 1497 LSP-PING 10.10.10.4/32: 1497 bytes MPLS payload Request timed out. ---- LSP 10.10.10.4/32 PING Statistics ---1 packets sent, 0 packets received, 100.00% packet loss

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lsp-ping can be used for measuring the round trip time for a specific forwarding class, or testing the path MTU. The size of the MPLS payload can be specified as a parameter and used to determine the effective MTU of the path. In the above network, since the PE1-PE2 link has a port MTU of 1514, the maximum MPLS payload that can be accommodated is 1496 bytes (1514 – 14 bytes Ethernet header – 4 bytes MPLS label). Note: if fast reroute is used then you need to consider another 4 bytes for that, therefore the MTU value would be 1492 bytes

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*A:PE-3# oam lsp-trace prefix 10.10.10.4/32 size 1496 detail lsp-trace to 10.10.10.4/32: 0 hops min, 0 hops max, 1496 byte packets 1 10.10.10.1 rtt=2.00ms rc=8(DSRtrMatchLabel) DS 1: IfAddr 10.1.2.2 MRU=1500 label=131066 proto=3(LDP) 2 10.10.10.2 rtt=2.15ms rc=8(DSRtrMatchLabel) DS 1: IfAddr 10.2.4.4 MRU=9198 label=131069 proto=3(LDP) 3 10.10.10.4 rtt=2.06ms rc=3(EgressRtr)

SDP-ping and SDP-MTU  sdp-ping performs in-band unidirectional or round-trip connectivity tests on SDPs  Unidirectional sdp-ping  The remote SDP is not specified  The remote SDP is specified  sdp-mtu enables the service provider to get the actual path MTU supported between the service ingress and service termination points

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sdp-ping performs in-band unidirectional or round-trip connectivity tests on SDPs. The SDP ping OAM packets are sent in-band in the tunnel encapsulation, so they will follow the same path as traffic within the service. The SDP ping response can be received out-of-band in the control plane, or in-band using the data plane for a round-trip test. A Unidirectional test requires egress SDP ID and tests ability to reach the far-end IP address of the SDP within the SDP encapsulation. A bi-directional test requires a local egress SDP ID and a remote SDP ID and tests the remote SDP encapsulation. The path MTU discovery tool provides a powerful tool that enables the service provider to get the exact MTU supported between the service ingress and service termination points (accurate to one byte).

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 Bi-directional sdp-ping

SDP-ping

*A:PE-3# oam sdp-ping 4 Err SDP-ID Info Local Remote -------------------------------------------------SDP-ID: 4 N/A Administrative State: Up N/A Operative State: Up N/A Path MTU: 9190 N/A Response SDP Used: No IP Interface State: Up Actual IP Address: 10.10.10.3 10.10.10.4 Expected Peer IP: 10.10.10.4 10.10.10.3 Forwarding Class be be Profile Out Out Request Result: Sent - Reply Received RTT: 1.61(ms)

Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

*A:PE-3# oam sdp-ping 4 resp-sdp 3 Err SDP-ID Info Local Remote -------------------------------------------------SDP-ID: 4 3 Administrative State: Up Up Operative State: Up Up Path MTU: 9190 N/A Response SDP Used: Yes IP Interface State: Up Actual IP Address: 10.10.10.3 10.10.10.4 Expected Peer IP: 10.10.10.4 10.10.10.3 Forwarding Class be be Profile Out Out Request Result: Sent - Reply Received RTT: 1.70(ms)

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The figure shows a network topology with an SDP configured between PE3 and PE4. The SDP IDs at PE3 and PE4 are 4 and 3 respectively. The metric for the link between PE3 and PE4 has been set to 1000 to force traffic on a specific LSP. The default port MTU is 9212, but this has been set to 1514 on the link between PE1 and PE2. Note: the SDP has a path MTU of 9190 (9212 – 14 – 4 – 4) even though the link between PE1 and PE2 has an MTU value of 1514. As described in Module 2, the path MTU is set based on the network port MTU unless adspec is configured on the RSVP-TE LSP. *A:PE-3# show router mpls lsp "to-PE4" path detail … LSP to-PE4 Path loose ------------------------------------------------------------------------------LSP Name : to-PE4 Path LSP ID : 52240 From : 10.10.10.3 To : 10.10.10.4 Adm State : Up Oper State : Up Path Name : loose Path Type : Primary Path Admin : Up Path Oper : Up OutInterface: 1/1/3 Out Label : 131070 … Record Route: Record Record Label: Record Oper MTU : 9198 Neg MTU : 9198 … Actual Hops : 10.1.3.3(10.10.10.3) Record Label : N/A -> 10.1.3.1(10.10.10.1) Record Label : 131070 -> 10.1.2.2(10.10.10.2) Record Label : 131065 -> 10.2.4.4(10.10.10.4) Record Label : 131070 ResigEligib*: False LastResignal: n/a CSPF Metric : 0 ===============================================================================

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*A:PE-3# show service sdp 4 ============================================================================== Service Destination Point (Sdp Id : 4) ============================================================================== SdpId Adm MTU Opr MTU IP address Adm Opr Deliver Signal -----------------------------------------------------------------------------4 0 9190 10.10.10.4 Up Up MPLS TLDP ==============================================================================

SDP-MTU

*A:PE-3# oam sdp-mtu 4 size-inc 1450 1550 step 10 Size Sent Response ---------------------------1450 . Success 1460 . Success 1470 . Success 1480 . Success 1490 . Success 1500 ... Request Timeout

*A:PE-3# oam sdp-mtu 4 size-inc 1490 1500 step 1 Size Sent Response ---------------------------1490 . Success 1491 . Success 1492 . Success 1493 ... Request Timeout Maximum Response Size: 1492

Maximum Response Size: 1490

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The sdp-mtu command can be used to find the actual path MTU of the SDP as shown. The value of 1492 is as expected and is calculated as (1514 - 8 - 14 = 1492). Note: the path MTU is 4 bytes less than the MTU discovered using lsp-ping in slide 11. This is because lsp-ping uses only a single MPLS label, while sdp-mtu uses both the service and transport label.

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Used to find the actual path MTU of the SDP

SVC-ping  Provides end-to-end connectivity testing for an individual service  Service ping operates at a higher level than the SDP diagnostics

 Alcatel-Lucent’s implementation functions for both GRE and MPLS tunnels and tests the following from edge-to-edge:  Tunnel connectivity  VC label mapping verification  Service existence  Service provisioned parameter verification  Round-trip path verification  Service dynamic configuration verification

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svc-ping verifies the correct configuration of a service and can help verify any miss-configuration. Service ping is initiated from a 7750 SR router to verify round-trip connectivity and delay to the far-end of the service. Transport tunnels can run svc-ping on a continuous basis to monitor the health of the tunnel and optionally notify the operator of a connectivity issue.

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 It verifies an individual service and not the collection of services carried within an SDP

SVC-ping Parameters 

svc-ping is configured using the following command:



The parameter local-sdp specifies that the ping should be sent to the far-end in-band using the SDP



The parameter remote-sdp specifies that the return ping should be sent in-band

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The parameter local-sdp specifies that the ping should be sent to the far end in-band using the SDP, and the parameter remote-sdp specifies that the return ping should be sent in-band. If local-sdp / remote-sdp parameters are not specified the ping is sent out of band.

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oam svc-ping service [local-sdp] [remote-sdp]

Example of svc-ping 

This example specifies local-sdp, and the output shows that the SDP was not used by the remote end

Err Info Local Remote ---------------------------------------------------Type: EPIPE EPIPE Admin State: Up Up Oper State: Up Up Service-MTU: 1514 1514 Customer ID: 1 1 IP Interface State: Up Actual IP Addr: 10.10.10.3 10.10.10.4 Expected Peer IP: 10.10.10.4 10.10.10.3 SDP Path Used: Yes No SDP-ID: 4 3 Admin State: Up Up Operative State: Up Up Binding Admin State:Up Up Binding Oper State: Up Up Binding VC ID: 100 100 Binding Type: Spoke Spoke Binding Vc-type: Ether Ether Binding Vlan-vc-tag:N/A N/A Egress Label: 131062 131062 Ingress Label: 131062 131062 Egress Label Type: Signaled Signaled Ingress Label Type: Signaled Signaled Request Result: Sent - Reply Received

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The slide shows an example of svc-ping for the configured epipe 100. This example specifies local-sdp, and the output shows that the SDP was not used by the remote end.

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*A:PE-3# oam svc-ping 10.10.10.4 service 100 local-sdp Service-ID: 100

Example of svc-ping (continued) 

The local-sdp and the remote-sdp are specified, and the output shows that the SDP was used by the remote end



The svc-ping output shows the service MTU as the configured value for the epipe

Err Info Local Remote ----------------------------------------------------Type: EPIPE EPIPE Admin State: Up Up Oper State: Up Up Service-MTU: 1514 1514 Customer ID: 1 1 IP Interface State: Up Actual IP Addr: 10.10.10.3 10.10.10.4 Expected Peer IP: 10.10.10.4 10.10.10.3 SDP Path Used: Yes Yes SDP-ID: 4 3 Admin State: Up Up Operative State: Up Up Binding Admin State:Up Up Binding Oper State: Up Up Binding VC ID: 100 100 Binding Type: Spoke Spoke Binding Vc-type: Ether Ether Binding Vlan-vc-tag:N/A N/A Egress Label: 131062 Ingress Label: 131062 Egress Label Type: Signaled Ingress Label Type: Signaled Request Result: Sent - Reply Received

131062 131062 Signaled Signaled

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The slide shows another example of svc-ping for the configured epipe 100. The localsdp and the remote-sdp are specified and the output shows that the SDP was used by the remote end. Note: the output shows the service MTU as the configured value for the epipe. There is no verification by svc-ping that the service is actually able to transport a payload of this size. The sdp-mtu command in slide 14 shows that the effective path MTU for this service is actually 1492 bytes. *A:PE-3# show service id 100 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 100 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe … Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1514 … Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/1 null 1514 1514 Up Up sdp:4:100 S(10.10.10.4) Spok 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

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*A:PE-3# oam svc-ping 10.10.10.4 service 100 local-sdp remote-sdp Service-ID: 100

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Lab 5 ― OAM tools

In this lab you will  Explore OAM commands using the epipe service  Explore the MTU issues related to a Layer 2 service Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Module 4 — OAM Tools and Mirroring Service

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Section 2 — Mirroring Service

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Section Objectives After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:  Describe mirroring service  Differentiate between local and distributed mirror service

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 Configure and verify the operation of a local and remote mirror service  Complete Lab 6 – Mirror Service

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Mirroring Service Overview  Port-mirroring: traditional routers and switches allow the operator to replicate traffic received or sent on one port to be replicated on another  The mirror source can be a port, SAP, MPLS label, IP filter or MAC filter  The replicated traffic can be sent to a destination on the local router or through an SDP to a remote location  Mirror source: The source of the traffic on a specific point to be mirrored  Mirror destination: The location to which mirrored traffic is sent

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When troubleshooting complex operational problems, customer packets can be examined as they traverse the network. One way to accomplish this is with an overlay of network analyzers, together with skilled technicians operating them to decode the data provided. This method of traffic-mirroring often requires setting up complex filters in multiple switches and/or routers. At best, these switches and routers are only able to mirror from one port to another on the same device. Alcatel-Lucent mirroring service extends and integrates these capabilities into the network and provides significant operational benefits. Each device can mirror packets from a specific service to any destination point in the network, regardless of interface type or speed. While some Layer 3 switches and routers can mirror on a per-port basis within the device, the AlcatelLucent 7750 SR provides a similar feature with much more powerful capabilities. The mirror source can not only be a port, but other service entities such as a SAP, MPLS label, IP filter or MAC filter. •The replicated traffic can not only be sent to a destination on the local switch, but also through an SDP to a remote location. •Original packets are forwarded, while a copy is sent from the mirrored port to the mirroring (destination) port. •Mirroring service allows an operator to see the actual traffic on a customer’s service with a sniffer sitting in a central location. In many cases, this reduces the need for a separate, costly overlay sniffer network. •The mirrored frame size that is transmitted to the mirror destination can be explicitly configured using slicing features. This enables mirroring only the parts needed for analysis. For example, only the headers can be copied for analysis, protecting the integrity and security of customer data, or conversely, copying the full packet, including customer data.

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 The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR provides more powerful capabilities:



The mirror source and mirror destination are on the same device



The mirror destination is created first, as a mirror service



The mirror service includes a SAP that identifies where the traffic is replicated



If a dot1Q encapsulation is used, the same physical port can be used for multiple distinct service destinations



The mirror source can be a port, SAP, IP filter, MAC filter, or ingress label

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Mirror destinations can terminate on egress virtual ports, which allows multiple mirror destinations to send to the same packet decode device, delimited by IEEE 802.1Q (Dot1q) tags. This is helpful when troubleshooting a multi-port issue within the network. Mirror sources can be ports in either access or network mode. On a 7750 SR Port, mirroring is supported in the following combinations: Port Type

Port Mode

Port Encap Type

faste/gige/xgige

access

dot1q, null

faste/gige/xgige

network

dot1q, null

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Local Mirror Service

Local Mirror Configuration Configuration requirements:  Mirror destination parameters:  A mirror destination ID  A mirror destination SAP

 A mirror source ID, which is the same as the mirror destination service ID  At least one source type specified (port, SAP, IP filter, MAC filter, or ingress label)

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The configure mirror mirror-dest command is used to specify where the mirrored traffic should be sent. *A:PE-1# configure mirror mirror-dest - mirror-dest [create] [type ] - no mirror-dest

: [1..2147483648]|



: keyword - mandatory while creating an entry.

: ether|frame-relay|ppp|ip-only|atm-sdu|satop-e1|satopt1|cesopsn|cesopsn-cas

The debug mirror-source command is used as traffic selection criteria to identify traffic that is to be mirrored at the source. *A:PE-1# debug mirror-source - mirror-source - no mirror-source

: [1..2147483648]|

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 Mirror source parameters:



The mirror destination is configured on SAP 1/1/2



The mirror source is configured on SAP 1/1/4 of the epipe to mirror both ingress and egress traffic

*A:PE-1# configure mirror mirror-dest 99 *A:PE-1>config>mirror>mirror-dest# info ---------------------------------------------sap 1/1/2 create exit no shutdown ----------------------------------------------

*A:PE-1# debug mirror-source *A:PE-1>debug>mirror-source# *A:PE-1>debug>mirror-source# *A:PE-1>debug>mirror-source#

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99 sap 1/1/4 ingress egress no shutdown exit

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The diagram in this slide displays a sample configuration of a local mirror service where the source and destinations are on the same device (PE1). An epipe service is configured between PE1 and PE2, the mirror destination is configured on SAP 1/1/2, while the mirror source is configured on SAP 1/1/4 of the epipe to mirror both ingress and egress traffic to the destination. The service destination is created using the configure mirror mirror-dest create command. The mirror source is configured using the debug mirror-source command. A packet sniffer is attached to port 1/1/2 of PE1. The mirrored traffic is transmitted on this port and received by the sniffer. When PE1 gets traffic from CE1, it sends it to PE-2 and replicates it out of SAP 1/1/2 towards the sniffer. In this example, we configure a router with an IP filter on a local epipe SAP to emulate the sniffer. The filter captures traffic sent to the IP address of the far end router. The filter configuration is shown later. The epipe is operationally up as shown below: *A:PE-1# show service id 50 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe … Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1514 … Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4 null 1514 1514 Up Up sdp:2:50 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

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Example of Local Mirror Configuration

Example of Local Mirror Configuration (continued)

The mirror service can be verified using the following commands:

*A:PE-1# show mirror mirror-dest =============================================================================== Mirror Services =============================================================================== Id Type Adm Opr Destination SDP Lbl/ Slice SAP QoS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------99 Ether Up Up SAP 1/1/2 1 0 ===============================================================================

*A:PE-1# show service service-using mirror =============================================================================== Services [mirror] =============================================================================== ServiceId Type Adm Opr CustomerId Service Name ------------------------------------------------------------------------------99 Mirror Up Up 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Matching Services : 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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A mirror source can only have one destination. If a mirrored destination service ID is shut down, the corresponding mirror source is put into an operational down mode. The default state for a mirror destination is shutdown, while the default state for a mirror source is noshutdown.

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

Example of Local Mirror Configuration (continued)

Creating a sniffer using IP filter on an epipe SAP configuration

*A:Sniffer>config>filter# info ----------------------------------------log 111 create destination memory 100 exit ip-filter 11 create entry 10 create match dst-ip 192.168.1.0/27 exit log 111 action forward exit exit -----------------------------------------

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*A:Sniffer>config>service>epipe# info ------------------------------------sap 1/1/1 create exit sap 1/1/2 create ingress filter ip 11 exit exit no shutdown --------------------------------------

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In this example, we are not using a conventional PC to function as a sniffer, instead we are configuring an IP filter to replace the PC and act as a sniffer. When the packets arrive at SAP 1/1/4 on PE1, they will be replicated to SAP 1/1/2. To examine these packets, we need a network protocol analyzer or sniffer. The slide shows the configuration of an IP filter on a local epipe 110 that is configured on the sniffer router. The filter is configured to capture traffic sent to destination 192.168.1.0/27, forward it through the local epipe 110, and log this information and store it the memory. The filter is applied at SAP 1/1/2 for the ingress traffic.

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

Example of Local Mirror Configuration (continued)

ttl=64 ttl=64 ttl=64 ttl=64 ttl=64

time=2.52ms. time=2.58ms. time=2.47ms. time=2.45ms. time=2.50ms.

*A:Sniffer>config>service>epipe# show filter log 111 =============================================================================== Filter Log =============================================================================== Admin state : Enabled Description : (Not Specified) Destination : Memory Wrap : Enabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maximum entries configured : 100 Number of entries logged : 10 2012/03/02 17:06:12 Ip Filter: 11:10 Desc: SAP: 1/1/2 Direction: Ingress Action: Forward Src MAC: 60-24-01-01-00-03 Dst MAC: 60-25-01-01-00-03 EtherType: 0800 Src IP: 192.168.1.1 Dst IP: 192.168.1.2 Flags: 0 TOS: 00 TTL: 64 Protocol: ICMP Type: Echo Request Code: 0 2012/03/02 17:06:12 Ip Filter: 11:10 Desc: SAP: 1/1/2 Direction: Ingress Action: Forward Src MAC: 60-25-01-01-00-03 Dst MAC: 60-24-01-01-00-03 EtherType: 0800 Src IP: 192.168.1.2 Dst IP: 192.168.1.1 Flags: 0 TOS: 00 TTL: 64 Protocol: ICMP Type: Echo Reply Code: 0

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If we ping the far-end CE router with a count of two, the packets are replicated and sent to the mirror destination. This can be seen by viewing the filter log as shown. Because the packets are replicated, the original packets are still forwarded through the epipe and a reply received. Both ingress and egress traffic is mirrored so we see both the echo request and the echo reply. *A:Sniffer>config>service>epipe# show filter log 111 =============================================================================== Filter Log =============================================================================== Admin state : Enabled Description : (Not Specified) Destination : Memory Wrap : Enabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maximum entries configured : 100 Number of entries logged : 10 2012/03/02 17:06:12 Ip Filter: 11:10 Desc: SAP: 1/1/2 Direction: Ingress Action: Forward Src MAC: 60-24-01-01-00-03 Dst MAC: 60-25-01-01-00-03 EtherType: 0800 Src IP: 192.168.1.1 Dst IP: 192.168.1.2 Flags: 0 TOS: 00 TTL: 64 Protocol: ICMP Type: Echo Request Code: 0 2012/03/02 17:06:12 Ip Filter: 11:10 Desc: SAP: 1/1/2 Direction: Ingress Action: Forward Src MAC: 60-25-01-01-00-03 Dst MAC: 60-24-01-01-00-03 EtherType: 0800 Src IP: 192.168.1.2 Dst IP: 192.168.1.1 Flags: 0 TOS: 00 TTL: 64 Protocol: ICMP Type: Echo Reply Code: 0 2012/03/02 17:06:13 Ip Filter: 11:10 Desc: SAP: 1/1/2 Direction: Ingress Action: Forward Src MAC: 60-24-01-01-00-03 Dst MAC: 60-25-01-01-00-03 EtherType: 0800 Src IP: 192.168.1.1 Dst IP: 192.168.1.2 Flags: 0 TOS: 00 TTL: 64 …

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*A:CE1# ping 192.168.1.2 PING 192.168.1.2 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=2 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=3 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=4 64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=5



Mirror source and mirror destination are on different routers



The mirror source and mirror destination parameters must be configured using the same mirror service ID



The router with the mirror source (PE2) has an SDP as the mirror destination



The mirrored traffic is encapsulated and sent to the far-end router (PE1)



The far-end router has a local mirror destination defined that accepts the packets from the remote source

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Remote mirroring uses a service distribution path (SDP), which acts as a logical way of directing traffic from one 7750 SR (PE2) to another (PE1) through a unidirectional service tunnel. The SDP terminates at the far-end 7750 SR (PE1), which directs packets to the correct destination on that device. The SDP configuration from the mirrored device to a far-end 7750SR requires a return-path SDP from the far-end 7750 SR (PE1) back to the mirrored router (PE2). Each device must have an SDP defined for every remote router to which it wants to provide mirroring services. SDPs must be created before services can be configured.

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Remote Mirror Service

Remote Mirror Service Configuration Configuration requirements:  Mirror destination parameters:  A mirror destination ID, which is the same as the mirror source service ID

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 The remote source needs to be specified in the mirror destination service  A mirror destination SAP or SDP  Mirror source parameters:  A mirror source ID, which is the same as the mirror destination service ID  An SDP as the mirror destination  At least one source type specified (port, SAP, IP filter, MAC filter, or ingress label) Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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

An SDP is specified as the mirror destination



The mirror source is configured on SAP 1/1/4 to mirror both ingress and egress traffic

*A:PE-2# configure mirror mirror-dest 999 create *A:PE-2>config>mirror>mirror-dest$ spoke-sdp 1:999 create *A:PE-2>config>mirror>mirror-dest>spoke-sdp$ back *A:PE-2>config>mirror>mirror-dest# no shutdown *A:PE-2>config>mirror>mirror-dest# exit *A:PE-2>config>mirror# info ---------------------------------------------mirror-dest 999 create spoke-sdp 1:999 create exit no shutdown exit ---------------------------------------------*A:PE-2# debug mirror-source 999 *A:PE-2>debug>mirror-source# sap 1/1/4 ingress egress *A:PE-2>debug>mirror-source# no shutdown *A:PE-2>debug>mirror-source# exit all *A:PE-2# show debug debug mirror-source 999 sap 1/1/4 egress ingress no shutdown exit

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The diagram in this slide displays a sample configuration of a remote mirror service where the source is on PE2 and the destination is on PE1. An epipe service is configured between PE1 and PE2, the mirror destination is configured on SAP 1/1/2 while the mirror source is configured on SAP 1/1/4 of the epipe to mirror both ingress and egress traffic to the destination via the spoke SDP 1:999. A packet sniffer is attached to port 1/1/2 of PE1. The mirrored traffic is transmitted on this port and received by the sniffer. In this example, we configure a router with an IP filter on a local epipe SAP to emulate the sniffer. The filter configuration is shown below. *A:Sniffer>config>filter# info ----------------------------------------log 111 create destination memory 100 exit ip-filter 11 create entry 10 create match dst-ip 192.168.1.0/27 exit log 111 action forward exit all ----------------------------------------*A:Sniffer>config>service>epipe# info ------------------------------------sap 1/1/1 create exit sap 1/1/2 create ingress filter ip 11 exit exit no shutdown

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Example of Remote Mirror Configuration – Mirror Source



The remote source needs to be specified in the mirror destination service



The mirror source is configured on SAP 1/1/4 to mirror both ingress and egress traffic

*A:PE-1>config>mirror# mirror-dest 999 create *A:PE-1>config>mirror>mirror-dest# remote-source *A:PE-1>config>mirror>mirror-dest>remote-source# far-end 10.10.10.2 *A:PE-1>config>mirror>mirror-dest>remote-source# exit *A:PE-1>config>mirror>mirror-dest# sap 1/1/2 create *A:PE-1>config>mirror>mirror-dest>sap$ back *A:PE-1>config>mirror>mirror-dest# info ---------------------------------------------remote-source far-end 10.10.10.2 exit sap 1/1/2 create exit no shutdown ---------------------------------------------*A:PE-2# show service sdp-using =============================================================================== SDP Using =============================================================================== SvcId SdpId Type Far End Opr S* I.Label E.Label ------------------------------------------------------------------------------999 1:999 Spok 10.10.10.1 Up n/a 131060

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For the spoke binding used for the mirror service to be operationally up, the far-end has to be configured so there will be an egress label. The mirror destination configuration at the far- end of the tunnel (PE1) is shown in the slide. Once the remote mirror destination is configured on PE1, an egress label is signaled to PE2 using T-LDP and the mirror service is up. There is no egress label signaled by PE2, since a mirror service really only requires a one-way pseudowire.

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Example of Remote Mirror Configuration – Mirror Destination

Example of Remote Mirror Configuration – Verification

The filter log is cleared and then ping packets are sent

*A:Sniffer# clear filter log 111 *A:Sniffer# show filter log 111 =============================================================================== Filter Log =============================================================================== Admin state : Enabled Description : (Not Specified) Destination : Memory Wrap : Enabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maximum entries configured : 100 Number of entries logged : 10 2012/03/05 12:23:49 Ip Filter: 11:10 Desc: SAP: 1/1/2 Direction: Ingress Action: Forward Src MAC: 60-24-01-01-00-03 Dst MAC: 60-25-01-01-00-03 EtherType: 0800 Src IP: 192.168.1.1 Dst IP: 192.168.1.2 Flags: 0 TOS: 00 TTL: 64 Protocol: ICMP Type: Echo Request Code: 0 2012/03/05 12:23:49 Ip Filter: 11:10 Desc: SAP: 1/1/2 Direction: Ingress Action: Forward Src MAC: 60-25-01-01-00-03 Dst MAC: 60-24-01-01-00-03 EtherType: 0800 Src IP: 192.168.1.2 Dst IP: 192.168.1.1 Flags: 0 TOS: 00 TTL: 64 Protocol: ICMP Type: Echo Reply Code: 0 …

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The mirror service is operationally up as shown below. When ping packets are sent between the CE routers, the packets will be replicated and sent to the sniffer as shown in the slide. The slide shows that we see packets on the “sniffer” router. There are only 10 in this case, 5 in each direction. *A:PE-2# show service service-using mirror =============================================================================== Services [mirror] =============================================================================== ServiceId

Type

Adm

Opr

CustomerId Service Name

------------------------------------------------------------------------------999

Mirror

Up

Up

1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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

Remote Mirror Service — Filter-Based Source Filter-based source configuration requirements: 

Define a filter, either IP or MAC, with at least one entry



Apply that filter to a SAP or an IP interface



Under the debug mirror-source context, define one or more entries to the filter, which will identify matching traffic for mirroring

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The regular rules regarding filters still apply here; only one ingress and one egress filter are permitted, and in each case either an IP filter or a MAC filter may be used, but not both. This example will use an IP filter. The filter must be applied to a SAP or IP interface. If a filter is defined but not associated with a SAP or IP interface, mirroring will not be enabled as there are no packets to mirror. In this example the filter is applied to SAP 1/1/4 on PE2. Simply having a filter applied to a SAP or IP interface does not cause mirroring; by default, none of the packets matching any of the filter criteria are mirrored. The mirroring of packets must be explicitly defined by identifying the entries to use for matching. All packets are mirrored as they appear on the wire. Ingress packets are mirrored as they appear before any ingress modifications. Egress packets are mirrored as they appear after all egress modifications and encapsulations have been applied. Note: an IP filter cannot be applied to a mirror destination SAP. No change is necessary to the configuration of the mirror destination (compared with the previous example).

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

Example of Remote Mirror Service — Filter-Based Source

*A:PE-2>config>service>epipe# sap 1/1/4 *A:PE-2>config>service>epipe>sap# egress filter ip 101 *A:PE-2>config>service>epipe>sap# exit *A:PE-2>config>service>epipe# info ---------------------------------------------sap 1/1/4 create egress filter ip 101 exit exit spoke-sdp 1:50 create exit no shutdown

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Define the filter

Applying the filter to SAP 1/1/4

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In this example an IP filter is applied to SAP 1/1/4 on PE2. The IP filter specified only the destination IP address of the ping (192.168.1.0/27)

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*A:PE-2# configure filter ip-filter 101 create *A:PE-2>config>filter>ip-filter$ entry 10 create *A:PE-2>config>filter>ip-filter>entry$ match dst-ip 192.168.1.0/27 *A:PE-2>config>filter>ip-filter>entry$ action forward *A:PE-2>config>filter>ip-filter>entry$ exit *A:PE-2>config>filter>ip-filter# info ---------------------------------------------entry 10 create match dst-ip 192.168.1.0/27 exit action forward exit ----------------------------------------------

*A:PE-2# debug mirror-source 999 *A:PE-2>debug>mirror-source# ip-filter 101 entry 10 *A:PE-2>debug>mirror-source# exit *A:PE-2# show debug debug mirror-source 999 ip-filter 101 entry 10 no shutdown exit exit

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An entry to the filter is applied under the debug mirror source instead of the previously configured SAP 1/1/4. This entry identifies the matching traffic for mirroring. We need to clear the filter log before we ping 192.168.1.1 from CE2 in order to verify the configurations. After the filter log is cleared we can see that there are 0 entries logged. *A:Sniffer# clear filter log 111 *A:Sniffer# show filter log 111 =============================================================================== Filter Log =============================================================================== Admin state : Enabled Description : (Not Specified) Destination : Memory Wrap

: Enabled

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maximum entries configured : 100 Number of entries logged

: 0

===============================================================================

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Example of Remote Mirror Service — Filter-Based Source (continued)

*A:Sniffer# show filter log 111 =============================================================================== Filter Log =============================================================================== Admin state : Enabled Description : (Not Specified) Destination : Memory Wrap : Enabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Maximum entries configured : 100 Number of entries logged : 5 2012/03/05 15:54:48 Ip Filter: 11:10 Desc: SAP: 1/1/2 Direction: Ingress Action: Forward Src MAC: 60-24-01-01-00-03 Dst MAC: 60-25-01-01-00-03 EtherType: 0800 Src IP: 192.168.1.1 Dst IP: 192.168.1.2 Flags: 0 TOS: 00 TTL: 64 Protocol: ICMP Type: Echo Reply Code: 0 2012/03/05 15:54:49 Ip Filter: 11:10 Desc: SAP: 1/1/2 Direction: Ingress Action: Forward Src MAC: 60-24-01-01-00-03 Dst MAC: 60-25-01-01-00-03 EtherType: 0800 Src IP: 192.168.1.1 Dst IP: 192.168.1.2 Flags: 0 TOS: 00 TTL: 64 Protocol: ICMP Type: Echo Reply Code ...

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Ping packets are sent to the far-end CE (CE1) router as shown: *A:CE2# ping 192.168.1.1 PING 192.168.1.1 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=2.31ms. 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=2.30ms. 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=2.31ms. 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=2.29ms. 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=4.34ms. ---- 192.168.1.1 PING Statistics ---5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0.00% packet loss

The slide shows that we see packets on the “sniffer” router. There are only five in this case (only two are shown) since the IP filter for the mirror source specified only the destination IP address of the ping.

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Example of Remote Mirror Service — Filter-Based Source (continued)

Mirror Slicing  Mirror service allows network operators to ‘slice’ customer data, mirroring only the parts they need to analyze  Allows only a specified number of bytes to be transmitted to the mirror destination  Enables the copying of a specific packet size of each frame

 Can mirror large frames  Limits the size of the stream of packets traveling through the router and the network

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In traditional routers, replication of mirrored packets typically affected performance and needed to be used with caution. Due to the duplication of some or all packets, the total amount of traffic within the network would increase, possibly causing congestion in downstream links and routers. The replication of packets is handled by the hardware on the IOM (Input/Output Module) and thus has minimal impact on router performance. However, it is important to remember that mirroring involves the duplication of traffic and thus increases the bandwidth required. If ingress and egress traffic on a 1 Gb/s port is mirrored, this could represent as much as an additional 2 Gb/s of traffic to the mirror destination. When a mirror destination is configured, the packet slice option can truncate mirrored packets to the destination. This minimizes replication and tunneling overhead. Slicing is useful for monitoring network usage without having to copy the actual data. Slicing enables you to mirror frames larger than the destination-packet decode equipment can handle. It also enables the conservation of mirroring resources by limiting the size of the stream of packets traveling through the SR and the core network. When a mirror slice size is defined, a threshold is created that truncates a mirrored frame to a specific size. For example, if the value of 256 bytes is defined, up to the first 256 bytes of the frame are transmitted to the mirror destination. The original frame is not affected by the truncation. Mirrored frames will most likely be slightly larger due to encapsulation overhead, but no more than 256 bytes of the original packet will be transmitted. The transmission of a sliced or non-sliced frame is also dependent on the mirror destination SDP path MTU and/or the mirror destination SAP physical MTU. Packets that require a larger MTU than the mirroring destination supports are discarded if the defined slice size does not truncate the packet to an acceptable size.

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 Can monitor network usage without copying the actual data

Mirror Slicing Configuration

*A:PE-2# configure mirror mirror-dest 999 *A:PE-2>config>mirror>mirror-dest# slice-size 128 *A:PE-2>config>mirror>mirror-dest# info ---------------------------------------------spoke-sdp 1:999 create exit slice-size 128 no shutdown ----------------------------------------------

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*A:PE-2>config>mirror>mirror-dest# slice-size - no slice-size - slice-size : [128..9216] Default: no slice-size — mirrored packet truncation is disabled. Parameters: bytes — the number of bytes to which mirrored frames will be truncated; the value is expressed as a decimal integer. Values: 128 – 9216

This command enables mirrored frame truncation and specifies the maximum size, in bytes, of a mirrored frame that can be transmitted to the mirror destination. It enables the mirroring of frames larger than the destination-packet decode equipment can handle. It also allows conservation of mirroring resources by limiting the size of the packet stream traveling through the router and the core network. The actual capability of the 7750 SR to transmit a sliced or non-sliced frame is also dictated by the mirror destination SDP path MTU and/or the mirror destination SAP physical MTU. Packets that require a larger MTU than the mirroring destination can support are discarded if the defined slice size does not truncate the packet to an acceptable size. The no form of the command disables mirrored packet truncation. The slide shows the configuration of mirror slicing on PE2. Recall that epipe 50 service MTU is 1514, the maximum payload that can be carried through the service is 1514-14 = 1500 bytes. The SDP MTU is 9190 as shown below. *A:PE-2# show service id 50 base =============================================================================== Service Id : 50 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : Epipe … MTU : 1514 … Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4 null 1514 1514 Up Up sdp:1:50 S(10.10.10.1) Spok 0 9190 Up Up Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Configuring slice size for a remote mirror service

Mirror Slicing Verification

---- 192.168.1.1 PING Statistics ---1 packet transmitted, 1 packet received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 3.08ms, avg = 3.08ms, max = 3.08ms, stddev = 0.000ms

*A:Sniffer# show filter ip 11 counters ======================================================================= IP Filter ======================================================================= Filter Id : 11 Applied : Yes Scope : Template Def. Action : Drop Radius Ins Pt: n/a CrCtl. Ins Pt: n/a Entries : 1 Description : (Not Specified) ----------------------------------------------------------------------Filter Match Criteria : IP ----------------------------------------------------------------------Entry : 10 Ing. Matches : 1 pkts (132 bytes) Egr. Matches : 0 pkts

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To verify mirror slicing, we have cleared the filter IP (see below), therefore there are no packets captured. Then we sent a ping from CE2 to CE1 with a size of 1200 byte, as shown in the slide (the size value specifies the size of the ping packet; recall that the maximum size for a successful ping would be 1472 bytes). If we check the IP filter counter we see (as expected) there is only one packet that has been matched on the ingress, and the size of that packet is 132 bytes - 4 bytes more than the 128 bytes configured in the mirror slicing due to encapsulation overhead. *A:Sniffer# clear filter ip 11 *A:Sniffer# show filter ip 11 counters ====================================================================== IP Filter ====================================================================== Filter Id : 11 Applied : Yes Scope : Template Def. Action : Drop Radius Ins Pt: n/a CrCtl. Ins Pt: n/a Entries : 1 Description : (Not Specified) ----------------------------------------------------------------------Filter Match Criteria : IP ----------------------------------------------------------------------Entry : 10 Ing. Matches : 0 pkts Egr. Matches : 0 pkts

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*A:CE2# ping count 1 192.168.1.1 size 1200 PING 192.168.1.1 1200 data bytes 1208 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=3.08ms.



OAM tools are provided in modern routers to help manage and troubleshoot the network



lsp-ping command is used to verify LSP connectivity



lsp-trace command is used to determine the hop-by-hop path for an LSP



sdp-mtu performs in-band MTU path tests on an SDP to determine the largest path MTU supported on an SDP



sdp-ping tests an SDP for in-band unidirectional or round-trip connectivity with a round-trip time estimate



svc-ping tests a service ID for correct and consistent provisioning between two service end-points

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Module Summary

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

Mirror services can be implemented on the same device (local) or on two different devices (remote)



Remote mirroring makes use of the SDP tunnel



Mirror source is configured under the debug context, whereas the mirror destination is configured under the config mirror context



The mirror source can be one of:

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Module Summary (continued)

 Port  SAP  IP filter  MAC filter  Ingress label

 Mirror slicing enables the copying of a specific packet size of each frame

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Learning Assessment 1. What are the OAM SDP diagnostic tools? 2. What is lsp-ping used for? 3. Why is the path MTU found using sdp-mtu 4 bytes less than the MTU discovered using lsp-ping?

5. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: Traffic from more than one ingress mirror source can be mirrored to the same traffic analyzer using different SAPs on the same access port. 6. How many SDPs in total are involved in local mirroring? 7. How many mirror destinations can a mirror source have within a mirror service?

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1. What are the OAM SDP diagnostic tools? The OAM SDP diagnostic tools are sdp-ping and sdp-mtu 2. What is lsp-ping used for? lsp-ping can be used for measuring the round trip time for a specific forwarding class, or testing the path MTU 3. Why is the path MTU found using sdp-mtu 4 bytes less than the MTU discovered using lsp-ping? The path MTU found using sdp-mtu is 4 bytes less than the MTU discovered using lsp-ping because lsp-ping uses only a single MPLS label, while sdp-mtu uses both the service and transport label. 4. In oam svc-ping, what do the parameters local-sdp and remote-sdp indicate? The parameter local-sdp specifies that the ping should be sent to the far-end in-band using the SDP and the parameter remote-sdp specifies that the return ping should be sent in-band 5. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: Traffic from more than one ingress mirror source can be mirrored to the same traffic analyzer using different SAPs True 6. How many SDPs in total are involved in local mirroring? None 7. Within a mirror service, how many mirror destinations can a mirror source have? One

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4. In oam svc-ping, what do the parameters local-sdp and remote-sdp indicate?

Learning Assessment (continued) 8. What happens to a mirror source when the corresponding mirror destination service ID is shut down?

10. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: With local mirroring, the local mirror source and mirror destination components must be configured using the same service ID.

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8. What happens to a mirror source when the corresponding mirror destination service ID is shut down? The mirror source is put into an operational down mode. 9. Which command syntax is used to configure a mirror source? Which command syntax is used to configure a mirror destination? A mirror source uses the debug>mirror-source context, while the mirror destination uses the config>mirror context. 10.Verify whether the following statement is true or false: With local mirroring, the local mirror source and mirror destination components must be configured under the same service ID context. True

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9. Which command syntax is used to configure a mirror source? Which command syntax is used to configure a mirror destination?

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Lab 6-1 ― Local Mirror Service

In this lab you will:  Configure a local mirror service

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Lab 6-2 ― Remote Mirror Service

In this lab you will:  Configure a remote mirror service Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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3FL-30636-AAAA-ZZZZA Edition 01

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www.alcatel-lucent.com/src

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Module 5 — Layer 3 Services

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Module 5 – Page 1

Module Objectives After successfully completing this module, you will be able to:  Provide an overview of IES and its features  Describe the operation and implementation of an IES  Describe the application of Layer 3 service spoke termination to a Layer 2 service  Configure and verify an IES spoke termination to a VPLS

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Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture This course is part of the Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification (SRC) program. Refer to the Alcatel-Lucent website located at www.alcatel-lucent.com/src for more information on the SRC program. To locate additional information relating to the topics presented in this manual, refer to the following: •Technical Practices for the specific product •Internet standards documentation such as protocol standards bodies, RFCs, and IETF drafts •Technical support pages of the Alcatel-Lucent website located at http://www.alcatellucent.com/support

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 Configure and verify an IES

Module Objectives (continued)

 Describe the Alcatel-Lucent VPRN service and recognize its benefits

 Explain the interaction between the control and data plane of a VPRN service  Configure, verify and troubleshoot an IPv4 and IPv6 VPRN service

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 Identify the protocols and technologies required to implement the Alcatel-Lucent VPRN service

Module 5 — Layer 3 Services

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Section 1 — Internet Enhanced Service (IES) Overview

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Section Objectives



Describe customer access to IES



Explain IES characteristics



Configure and verify an IES



Complete Lab 7 — Configuring an IES

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After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:

Internet Enhanced Services (IES)  IES is a routed connectivity service where the customer communicates with an IP router interface to send and receive Internet traffic.  An IES has one or more logical IP routing interfaces, each with a SAP that acts as the access point to the customer’s network

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Internet enhanced service (IES) is a routed connectivity service where the customer communicates with an IP router interface to send and receive Internet traffic. An IES has one or more logical IP routing interfaces, each with a SAP that acts as the access point to the customer’s network. IES allows customer-facing IP interfaces to participate in the same routing instance used for service network core routing connectivity. From the customer’s perspective, it provides a direct connection to the Internet. Unlike other services such as epipe, VPLS and VPRN, there is nothing virtual or private about an IES.

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 IES provides direct Internet access to the customer

IES Characteristics  Multiple IES services are created to separate customer-owned IP interfaces  More than one IES service can be created for a single customer ID  Multiple interfaces can be configured in a single IES

 IES allows customer-facing IP interfaces to participate in the same routing instance used for service network core routing connectivity  The service provider can apply all billing, QoS and accounting to the customer  Does not necessarily require a service distribution path (SDP); traffic is routed rather than encapsulated in a tunnel

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The Internet Enhanced Service (IES) is essentially a way of providing a Layer 3 interface to a customer. It is similar to a normal Layer 3 interface, but treated as a service, with the port configured as a SAP (SAPs support multiple encapsulation types such as Ethernet null, dot1Q, Q-in-Q.). This provides more flexibility and also the ability to use all service-oriented capabilities of an access port such as QoS, accounting and filtering. Like any IP interface, the customer can use the IES interface as a neighbor for a routing protocol such as OSPF, IS-IS or BGP. The IES provides access to the service provider’s core routing instance. Since the traffic in an IES communicates using an IP interface for the core routing instance, there is no need for the concept of tunneling traffic to a remote router. As such, a simple IES does not necessarily require the configuration of any SDPs when configuring the service. In the following section we will discuss how an IES can provide Layer 3 termination of a Layer 2 VPLS service. In that case, a spoke SDP is used in conjunction with an IES.

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 All IP interfaces created within an IES belong to the same customer

IES Configuration Tasks Basic IES configuration tasks:  Creating an IES and associating it with a customer ID  Configuring an IES interface

 Enabling the service

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The tasks performed to configure IES include: Associate an IES with a customer ID Create an interface •Specify the name for the interface •Specify the IP address, including the mask Define the SAP parameters on the interface •Specify port and Q tag values (if any) •Optional — select QoS policies other than the default (configured in the config>qos context) •Optional — select filter policies (configured in the config>filter context) •Optional — select accounting policy (configured in the config>log context) Enable the service The slide shows the network diagram we will be using to configure an IES on PE1. Customer A would like to have two access points to the internet using the service provider network. An IES will be created with two interfaces, one to Customer Site 1, and the other to Customer Site 2, as shown in the following slides.

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 Configuring a SAP on the interface specifying the access port and encapsulation values (if any)

*A:PE-1# configure service ies 100 *A:PE-1>config>service>ies# info ---------------------------------------------interface "to-Site1" create address 192.168.100.2/27 sap 1/1/4:1 create exit exit interface "to-Site2" create address 192.168.200.2/27 sap 1/1/4:2 create exit exit no shutdown ----------------------------------------------

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An IES 100 is configured with two interfaces as shown. The customer CE router interfaces are configured as shown below: *A:CE1>config>router# info #-------------------------------------------------echo "IP Configuration" #-------------------------------------------------interface "IES_1" address 192.168.100.1/27 port 1/1/3:1 exit interface "IES_2" address 192.168.200.1/27 port 1/1/3:2 exit interface "system" address 10.10.10.5/32 exit #--------------------------------------------------

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Example of IES Configuration

*A:PE-1# show router interface =========================================================================== Interface Table (Router: Base) =========================================================================== Interface-Name Adm Opr(v4/v6) Mode Port/SapId IP-Address PfxState --------------------------------------------------------------------------system Up Up/Down Network system 10.10.10.1/32 n/a to-Site1 Up Up/Down IES 1/1/4:1 192.168.100.2/27 n/a to-Site2 Up Up/Down IES 1/1/4:2 192.168.200.2/27 n/a to-PE2 Up Up/Down Network 1/1/1 10.1.2.1/27 n/a to-PE3 Up Up/Down Network 1/1/3 10.1.3.1/27 n/a

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*A:PE-1# show service id 100 base ============================================================================== Service Basic Information ============================================================================== Service Id : 100 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : IES Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 1 Last Status Change: 03/12/2012 16:35:04 Last Mgmt Change : 03/12/2012 12:11:39 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up SAP Count : 2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr -----------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4:1 q-tag 1518 1518 Up Up sap:1/1/4:2 q-tag 1518 1518 Up Up

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The configured IES interfaces appear as regular Layer 3 interfaces in the base router instance. We refer to the core routing instance on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR as the base router instance. Although the IES interface is similar to a standard IP interface, the SAP provides the QoS, accounting and billing capabilities of a service interface. You can use the command show service id 100 sap 1/1/4:1 detail to see those details. The same default SAP MTU rules that were covered for Layer 2 services apply to an IES. The SAP MTU is based on the physical port to which it is bound. Access ports have a default MTU of 1514 if their encapsulation type is null, 1518 if their encapsulation type is dot1Q, and 1522 if their encapsulation type is Q-in-Q. Notice that the SAP MTU value is 1518 bytes, because we have used dot1Q encapsulation. Notice that when we use the command show service service-using ies there is another IES created; it has a service ID of 2147483648. After release 8.0, service objects such as interfaces, SAPs and related objects can be automatically created for internal use in IES or in configured VPRN services. *A:PE-1# show service service-using ies =============================================================================== Services [ies] =============================================================================== ServiceId

Type

Adm

Opr

CustomerId Service Name

------------------------------------------------------------------------------100

IES

Up

Up

1

2147483648 IES

Up

Down 1

_tmnx_InternalIesService

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Matching Services : 2

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IES Verification

*A:CE1>config>router>ospf# info ---------------------------------------------area 0.0.0.0 interface "IES_1" interface-type point-to-point mtu 1500 exit interface "IES_2" interface-type point-to-point mtu 1500 exit exit ----------------------------------------------

*A:CE1# show router ospf neighbor ============================================================================ OSPF Neighbors ============================================================================= Interface-Name Rtr Id State Pri RetxQ TTL ----------------------------------------------------------------------------IES_1 10.10.10.1 Full 1 0 38 IES_2 10.10.10.1 Full 1 0 34 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Neighbors: 2

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In order for Customer A to have access to the provider core and exchange routes, OSPF is configured between CE1 and PE1. The slide shows OSPF configuration on CE1. Notice that the port MTU on the CE router must match the SAP MTU of the IES in order for the OSPF adjacency to be established. OSPF configuration on PE1 is shown below: *A:PE-1>config>router>ospf# info ---------------------------------------------area 0.0.0.0 interface "system" exit interface "to-PE2" interface-type point-to-point exit interface "to-PE3" interface-type point-to-point exit interface "to-Site1" interface-type point-to-point exit interface "to-Site2" interface-type point-to-point exit exit

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Connecting Customer’s CE Interface Through IES

Connecting Customer’s CE Interface Through IES (continued)

*A:CE1# show router route-table =============================================================================== Route Table (Router: Base) =============================================================================== Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.1.2.0/27 Remote OSPF 19h43m26s 10 192.168.100.2 200 10.1.3.0/27 Remote OSPF 19h43m26s 10 192.168.100.2 200 10.2.4.0/27 Remote OSPF 19h43m26s 10 192.168.100.2 300 10.3.4.0/27 Remote OSPF 19h43m26s 10 192.168.100.2 400 10.10.10.1/32 Remote OSPF 19h43m26s 10 192.168.100.2 100 10.10.10.2/32 Remote OSPF 19h43m26s 10 192.168.100.2 200 10.10.10.3/32 Remote OSPF 19h43m26s 10 192.168.100.2 200 10.10.10.4/32 Remote OSPF 19h43m26s 10 192.168.100.2 300 10.10.10.5/32 Local Local 35d01h48m 0 system 0 192.168.100.0/27 Local Local 19h55m06s 0 IES_1 0 192.168.200.0/27 Local Local 19h54m12s 0 IES_2 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Routes: 11

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The customer is able to receive the routes from the provider core and will be able to access the Internet via the core network.

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The customer receives the routes from the provider core

Connecting Customer’s CE Interface Through IES (continued) Layer 3 service performs fragmentation to accommodate larger packets. *A:CE1# ping 10.10.10.4 source 192.168.100.1 size 1472 count 1 PING 10.10.10.4 1472 data bytes 1480 bytes from 10.10.10.4: icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=2.99ms.

*A:CE1# ping 10.10.10.4 source 192.168.100.1 size 1473 count 1 PING 10.10.10.4 1473 data bytes 1481 bytes from 10.10.10.4: icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=3.02ms. ---- 10.10.10.4 PING Statistics ---1 packet transmitted, 1 packet received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 3.02ms, avg = 3.02ms, max = 3.02ms, stddev = 0.000ms

*A:CE1# ping 10.10.10.4 source 192.168.100.1 size 1473 count 1 do-not-fragment PING 10.10.10.4 1473 data bytes Request timed out. icmp_seq=1. ---- 10.10.10.4 PING Statistics ---1 packet transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss

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The ping test shown verifies that the customer can reach destinations within the provider core. Since the CE router system interface has not been advertised through the network (as shown in previous slide for the OSPF configuration of the CE router), a source address needs to be specified in the ping because the default behavior of the 7750 SR is to use the system interface as the source address of a ping destined to a non-directly attached network. The frame size generated by the ping with size 1472 bytes equals to 1518 bytes ( 1472 + 20 IP header + 8 ICMP header + 14 Layer 2 header + 4 VLAN tag). In this case, the ping is successful because the frame size is less than the SAP MTU. In the second ping test, the frame size equals 1519 bytes (ping size 1473), which is larger than the SAP MTU; however, the ping is still successful. The reason is that Layer 3 service performs fragmentation to accommodate larger packets. In the third ping test, when the do-not-fragment option is added, the ping is not successful because fragmentation is not performed. This results in a frame size larger than the SAP MTU.

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---- 10.10.10.4 PING Statistics ---1 packet transmitted, 1 packet received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 2.99ms, avg = 2.99ms, max = 2.99ms, stddev = 0.000ms

Module 5 — Layer 3 Services

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Section 2 —Layer 3 Service Spoke Termination to Layer 2 VPN

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Section Objectives



Describe the application or use of Layer 3 service spoke termination to a Layer 2 VPN



Highlight the MTU issues that can arise when configuring a Layer 3 service spoke termination to a Layer 2 VPN service



Describe the steps for configuring IES spoke termination to VPLS



Complete Lab 8 – IES Spoke Termination to a VPLS

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After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:

Layer 3 Service Spoke SDP Termination Overview

 Introduces the ability to connect the spoke SDP of a Layer 2 service with a Layer 3 service  See left diagram below: the spoke is tied to a Layer 2 Service (VPLS or epipe)

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Sometimes it is desirable to use a Layer 2 service, such as an epipe or a VPLS, to connect the customer to the Layer 3 (IES or VPRN) interface. This is known as a spoke termination on an IES or VPRN, respectively. This feature introduces the ability to cross-connect traffic entering on a spoke SDP used for Layer 2 services to a Layer 3 service. From a logical point of view, the spoke SDP entering on a network port is connected to the Layer 3 service as if it had entered through a service SAP. The main exception applies to traffic entering the Layer 3 service through a spoke SDP; in this case, the traffic is handled based on network QoS policies rather than access QoS policies. This section will show the configuration details of spoke termination on an IES. Similar configuration steps are used for spoke termination on VPRN. The diagram shows a network where a spoke SDP is used to connect Layer 3 service to Layer 2 service. On the left, the spoke is tied to a VPLS or epipe service: no special or different configuration is required. On the right, a Layer 3 (IES or VPRN) IP interface terminates the spoke-SDP. As usual, one SDP may carry other services in addition to the IES or VPRN service.

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 See right diagram below: a Layer 3 (IES or VPRN) IP interface terminates the spoke SDP

 Traffic that has to be terminated on a given Layer 3 service is identified by the SDP ID and VC label present in the service packet  A Layer 3 service can only terminate a spoke SDP, not a mesh SDP  Layer 2 and Layer 3 service MTUs must be equal

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Both MPLS and GRE spoke SDPs are supported. Note: T-LDP must be configured between the SR with the VPLS service and the SR with the IES service so that they can exchange VC labels. The spoke SDP must terminate on a remote Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR. You cannot create an IES service on the same router as the epipe/VPLS service for spoke SDP termination: the VC-ID can only be used in one service.

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IES Spoke SDP Termination Overview

*A:PE-1# configure service ies 100 *A:PE-1>config>service>ies# info ---------------------------------------------interface "To_VPLS_1000" create address 192.168.100.2/27 spoke-sdp 2:100 create exit exit no shutdown ---------------------------------------------

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*A:PE-2>config>service>vpls# info ---------------------------------------------stp shutdown exit sap 1/1/4 create exit spoke-sdp 1:100 create exit mesh-sdp 3:1000 create exit mesh-sdp 4:1000 create exit no shutdown ----------------------------------------------

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In the network shown, the service provider is providing a VPLS to its customer that terminates on an IES. This supplies a Layer 3 interface to the customer. The slide shows the IES configuration. Notice that the spoke SDP connected to the service is included in the IES instead of a SAP. *A:CE>config>router# info ------------------------------------echo "IP Configuration" #-----------------------------------interface "system" address 10.10.10.6/32 exit interface "to-IES" address 192.168.100.1/27 port 1/1/3 exit -------------------------------------

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IES Spoke SDP Termination to a VPLS - Configuration

IES Spoke SDP Termination to a VPLS - Verification

*A:PE-1# show service id 100 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 100 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : IES Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 1 Last Status Change: 03/12/2012 11:43:33 Last Mgmt Change : 03/12/2012 11:43:42 Admin State : Up Oper State : Down SAP Count : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sdp:2:100 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Down

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 The status of the spoke SDP in the IES service is operationally down. More detailed investigation is required.

IES Spoke SDP Termination to a VPLS - MTU Mismatch  The spoke SDP is not operational with a flags value of ServiceMTUMismatch  The VC-MTU signaled from the IES side is based on the network port MTU (9212 bytes)  The VC-MTU signaled from the VPLS is based on the service MTU of the VPLS, which is 1514 by default

*A:PE-1# show service id 100 sdp 2:100 detail ========================================================================= Service Destination Point (Sdp Id : 2:100) Details ========================================================================= Sdp Id 2:100 -(10.10.10.2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------Description : (Not Specified) SDP Id : 2:100 Type : Spoke Spoke Descr : (Not Specified) VC Type : Ether VC Tag : n/a Admin Path MTU : 0 Oper Path MTU : 9190 Far End : 10.10.10.2 Delivery : MPLS Admin State Acct. Pol Ingress Label … Admin ControlWord Last Status Change Last Mgmt Change Class Fwding State Flags Peer Pw Bits …

: Up : None : 131064 : : : : : :

Oper State Collect Stats Egress Label

Not Preferred Oper ControlWord 01/30/2012 16:55:09 Signaling 03/12/2012 11:43:42 Down PWPeerFaultStatusBits ServiceMTUMismatch pwNotForwarding

*A:PE-1# show router ldp bindings fec-type services ============================================================================== LDP LSR ID: 10.10.10.1 ============================================================================== … LDP Service FEC 128 Bindings ============================================================================== Type VCId SvcId SDPId Peer IngLbl EgrLbl LMTU RMTU -----------------------------------------------------------------------------I-Eth 100 100 2 10.10.10.2 131064U 131062D 9176 1500 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of VC Labels: 1

: Down : Disabled : 131062 : False : TLDP

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We see that the spoke SDP is not operational with a flags value of ServiceMTUMismatch. This is because the MTU signaled from the IES side is based on the network port MTU (network port MTU is 9212 by default), and the MTU signaled from the VPLS is based on the service MTU of the VPLS which is 1514 by default. The pseudowire will not become operational if the MTUs are not the same. show router ldp bindings fec-type services command shows the different MTU values signaled by the two ends of the pseudowire. The network port MTU is 9212 as shown below. The VC MTU will be equal to 9176 bytes ( 9212-14 port encapsulation – 14 Ethernet header – 4 transport label – 4 service label). *A:PE-1# show port 1/1/1 =============================================================================== Ethernet Interface =============================================================================== Description

: 1-Gig Ethernet SFP

Interface

: 1/1/1

Oper Speed

Link-level

: Ethernet

Config Speed

: N/A

Admin State

: up

Oper Duplex

: full

Oper State

: up

Config Duplex

: N/A

Physical Link

: Yes

MTU

: 9212

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: 1 Gbps

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 The spoke SDP binding only becomes operationally up if the VC-MTU (signaled using T-LDP ) on both ends match.

Spoke SDP Termination: MTU Considerations

 The VC-MTU is derived from the configured service MTU (VC-MTU = configured service MTU — 14 (Ethernet overhead, FCS not counted).

 If no service MTU is configured, the VC-MTU is derived from the configured SDP path MTU (VC-MTU = configured SDP path MTU — 14 (Ethernet overhead, FCS not counted).  If the SDP path MTU is not configured, the SDP path MTU and the VC-MTU are derived from the network port MTU.  SDP path MTU = network port MTU — 4 (transport label) — 4 (VC-label) — port encapsulation (14 in case of null encapsulation, 18 in case of dot1Q...)  VC-MTU = network port MTU — 14 (port encap) — 4 (transport label) — 4 (VC-label) — 14 Ethernet overhead

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 Service MTU cannot be configured on IES or VPRN service.

Spoke SDP Termination: MTU Considerations (continued)  By default, epipe and VPLS services are configured with a service MTU of 1514. By default, the signaled VC-MTU is 1500.  IES and VPRN services have no service MTU configured. By default, there is also no SDP path MTU configured.  On PE1, the following applies:

 SDP path MTU = 9212 — 4 — 4 — 14 = 9190  VC-MTU = 9190 — 14 = 9176

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SDP path-MTU = network port MTU – 4 (transport label) – 4 (VC-label) – port encapsulation (14 in case of null encapsulation, 18 in case of Dot1Q...) VC-MTU = network port-MTU – 14 – SDP path-MTU

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 Network port MTU = 9212

IES Spoke SDP Termination to a VPLS- IP MTU The MTU values can be made to match by:  Changing the VC-MTU of the IES using the ip-mtu command (preferred method)

*A:PE-1# configure service ies 100 interface “To_VPLS_1000" *A:PE-1>config>service>ies>if# ip-mtu 1500 *A:PE-1>config>service>ies>if# info

 Adjusting the SDP path MTU ( not recommended)  Adjusting the network port MTU (not recommended)

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Whereas in epipe and VPLS services the signaled VC-MTU = configured service-mtu – 14 (Ethernet header), in the case of an IES or VPRN service, the signaled VC-MTU = configured IP-MTU. The following command is used to configure the ip-mtu: *A:PE-1>config>service# ies 100 interface "To_VPLS_1000" ip-mtu - ip-mtu - no ip-mtu

: [512..9000]

Another option to solve the MTU mismatch is changing the SPD path MTU. However, setting the SDP path MTU may also impact other services running over that SDP. A third option is to change the network port MTU. However, this option is also not recommended for the following reasons: •It needs to be configured on the network ports of both routers. •It will impact all services over that port.

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 For Layer 3 service: the signaled VC-MTU = configured IP-MTU.

IES Spoke SDP Termination to a VPLS - Verification

*A:PE-1# show service id 100 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 100 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : IES Name : (Not Specified) Description : (Not Specified) Customer Id : 1 Last Status Change: 03/12/2012 11:54:50 Last Mgmt Change : 03/12/2012 11:43:42 Admin State : Up Oper State : Up SAP Count : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sdp:2:100 S(10.10.10.2) Spok 0 9190 Up Up

*A:PE-1# show router ldp bindings fec-type services =============================================================================== LDP LSR ID: 10.10.10.1 =============================================================================== … output omitted =============================================================================== LDP Service FEC 128 Bindings =============================================================================== Type VCId SvcId SDPId Peer IngLbl EgrLbl LMTU RMTU ------------------------------------------------------------------------------I-Eth 100 100 2 10.10.10.2 131064U 131062S 1500 1500

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*A:PE-2# show service id 1000 base =============================================================================== Service Basic Information =============================================================================== Service Id : 1000 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : VPLS … Admin State : Up Oper State : Up MTU : 1514 Def. Mesh VC Id : 1000 SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 4 Snd Flush on Fail : Disabled Host Conn Verify : Disabled Propagate MacFlush: Disabled Per Svc Hashing : Disabled Def. Gateway IP : None Def. Gateway MAC : None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/4 null 1514 1514 Up Up sdp:1:100 S(10.10.10.1) Spok 0 9190 Up Up sdp:3:1000 M(10.10.10.3) Mesh 0 9190 Up Up sdp:4:1000 M(10.10.10.4) Mesh 0 9190 Up Up ===============================================================================

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The spoke SDP binding and IES are operationally up

IES Spoke SDP Termination to a VPLS – Connectivity Verification

 The CE router can now ping the IES interface  The CE router ARP cache has the MAC address of the PE router with the IES

*A:CE# ping 192.168.100.2 count 1 PING 192.168.100.2 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=3.64ms. ---- 192.168.100.2 PING Statistics ---1 packet transmitted, 1 packet received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 3.64ms, avg = 3.64ms, max = 3.64ms, stddev = 0.000ms

*A:CE# show router arp =========================================================== ARP Table (Router: Base) =========================================================== IP Address MAC Address Expiry Type Interface ----------------------------------------------------------192.168.100.1 60:25:01:01:00:03 00h00m00s Oth[I] to-IES 192.168.100.2 60:20:ff:00:00:00 03h59m54s Dyn[I] to-IES

*A:PE-2# show service id 1000 fdb detail =============================================================================== Forwarding Database, Service 1000 =============================================================================== ServId MAC Source-Identifier Type Last Change Age ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 60:20:ff:00:00:00 sdp:1:100 L/1005 03/14/2012 14:19:06 1000 60:25:01:01:00:03 sap:1/1/4 L/0 03/14/2012 14:36:09

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When traffic is sent from the CE router, it enters the SAP of the VPLS on PE2. Traffic is passed to PE1 using the spoke SDP between PE2 and PE1. From PE1 traffic can be sent to other routers as an IP packet using the IGP. The ARP table of the CE router has one dynamically learned entry for the gateway address. However, because the gateway address is an IES interface on a spoke SDP, the MAC address supplied to the CE router is the chassis MAC of PE1. The VPLS learns two MAC addresses. The first address is the MAC of the CE router, which it learns from the SAP. The second MAC address is PE1 chassis MAC address for the IES interface. *A:PE-1# show chassis =============================================================================== Chassis Information =============================================================================== Name : PE-1 … Base MAC address : 60:20:ff:00:00:00 *A:CE# show router interface "to-IES" detail =============================================================================== Interface ------------------------------------------------------------------------------If Name : to-IES Admin State : Up Oper (v4/v6) : Up/Down Protocols : None IP Addr/mask : 192.168.100.1/27 Address Type : Primary IGP Inhibit : Disabled Broadcast Address : Host-ones ------------------------------------------------------------------------------… MAC Address : 60:25:01:01:00:03 Arp Timeout : 14400

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interface

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Lab 7: Configuring an IES

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Lab 8 – IES Spoke Termination to a VPLS

Module 5 — Layer 3 Services

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Section 3 — VPRN Overview

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Section Objectives



Define VPRN and explain its features



Describe the key mechanisms and features that make up the VPRN architecture



Explain the implementation of label stack in VPRN



Describe the usage of the VPN routing and forwarding (VRF) table in VPRN



Describe the distribution of VPRN routing information between CE-PE and PE-PE routers



Describe data packets forwarding across a service provider network from a CE router to a remote CE

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After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:

VPRN

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VPRN service allows multiple customer sites to communicate securely at the IP level over a provider-managed MPLS network. As shown in the slide, a single provider-managed IP/MPLS infrastructure permits the deployment of multiple, distinct customer-routed networks that are fully isolated from each other. Although VPRNs are known by many names, they all have the same definition: a Layer 3 routed service across a provider-managed IP/MPLS core. Other names commonly used to define VPRNs include: Layer 3 Backbone VPNs, Layer 3 MPLS-based VPNs, MPLS-based IP-VPNs, or Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)/MPLS-based VPNs (according to the standard RFC 2547bis, which is co-authored by Alcatel-Lucent). RFC 2547bis is an extension of the original RFC 2547, which details a method of distributing routing information and forwarding data to provide a Layer 3 virtual private network (VPN) service to endcustomers. Although RFC 2547bis has long been quoted as an industry standard and is used in common terminology to define this class of VPN, this RFC has since been made obsolete by RFC 4364.

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 Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN) is an IP (Layer 3) service that connects multiple sites in a single routed domain over the provider-managed IP/MPLS network.

Network Model  Advantages:  Customer’s perspective: each site is connected to a routed network administered by the service provider that appears to be solely dedicated to the customer

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A VPRN is the Alcatel-Lucent service implementation of a MPLS Layer 3 VPN. RFC 4364 describes a method of a Layer 3 VPN service that provides the following functions to the customer: •Distributing the customer’s routing information between sites. •Forwarding customer originated data packets to the appropriate destination. •Providing secure Layer 3 routing connectivity among the various customer sites. Each VPRN consists of a set of customer sites connected to one or more provider routers. Each associated provider router maintains a separate IP forwarding table for each VPRN. Customers can manage their own IP addressing and select their own preference in terms of the routing protocol. The provider network remains a shared infrastructure, offering services to multiple customers while securely isolating the routing and packet forwarding of each customer. Moreover, the provider can offer a full range of IP-enabled services to its customers. Each customer router becomes a routing peer of the provider router that is directly connected to, not a peer to the other customer routers. A customer router provides the provider router with routing information for the private (not necessarily implementing private IP addressing) customer network. Regardless of the routing exchange between the customer and provider routers, the provider infrastructure is provisioned in such a way that from the point of view of the customer routers, they appear to be directly connected at Layer 3. The service provider can reuse the IP/MPLS infrastructure to offer multiple services to each or all customers.

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 Service provider’s perspective: The IP/MPLS core infrastructure is shared among multiple customers and can be reused to offer multiple services

VPRN Features

 VPRN site additions or removals can be accomplished with minimal additional configuration  The outer label allows traffic to transit across the MPLS network.  The inner label determines the VPRN  Provides connectivity among any number of customer sites  Provides customer routers with transparent IP connectivity without knowledge of the core router

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VPRNs take advantage of the dynamics of IP routing protocols, supporting site additions or removal of the VPN using the same infrastructure. This type of VPN invokes label stacking with a top label that allows traffic received from a customer to transit the interior gateway protocol (IGP) service provider cloud and a bottom label that directs the traffic to the appropriate outgoing interface or service towards the final destination of the customer network. An additional feature of the VPRN includes the ability to support any-to-any IP-only connectivity, providing connectivity among any number of customer sites.

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 VPRN utilizes MPLS label stacking

VPRN Features (continued)

 Simplifies the routing topology at customer sites  The service provider manages the core network and the customer routes

 Layer 2 is independent — allows different Layer 2 connectivity at customer sites  Allows the usage of overlapping private IP address space among different customers  Different sites belonging to same customer can use different IP subnets

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There are many benefits to be gained by implementing a Layer 3 VPRN service, such as: • Routing at customer sites can be simplified as the provider is managing the routed infrastructure. • Some sites can achieve full connectivity with only a default route. • The entire infrastructure can be provider-managed and provider-maintained. Redundancy and resiliency are provided by the service provider’s infrastructure, and any architectural benefits designed in the core can be leveraged by the customer. Privacy is maintained by the isolation of each customer network and routing topology, which separates routes into logical routing tables (VRF). The customer is permitted to use virtually any addressing hierarchy and structure, independent of the provider’s choice of addressing and the addressing of any other customer of the provider. Any type of physical interconnection can be used between the CE and the PE provided that the routers support the required interface type.

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 Customers receive the redundancy benefits designed in the provider core

VPRN Architecture  Customer Edge devices (CE)

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The Customer Edge (CE) device is the interface from the customer site to the service provider network. In a Layer 3 VPN, the CE device is typically a router; however, in some service implementations, an Ethernet switch can be used as the CE device. In the VPRN context, the CE is typically Layer 3-aware. If the CE device is a switch, a static route pointing to the switch subnet is configured on the PE device. The customer typically owns and operates these devices. These routers will run a routing protocol for the purposes of internal routing at the site, using the customer’s choice of IP addressing. The CE also runs a common routing protocol with the service provider router in order to exchange routes with the provider network. This routing protocol can be the same as or differ from the routing protocol used internally at the customer site or in the provider network. The CE is typically unaware of the existence of the MPLS protocol or the VPNs and runs standard IP routing protocols.

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 Exchange IP routing information with other customer routers at the same site  Exchange IP routing information with the service provider  CE devices are unaware of the existence of MPLS or the VPRN

VPRN Architecture (continued)  Provider Backbone devices (PE and P)

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The service provider’s backbone consists of PE routers as well as other routers ("P routers") that do not attach to CE devices. The Provider Edge (PE) is the device that interfaces the customer network to the provider-managed IP MPLS network. A PE is commonly shared among multiple customers, or in some cases, can be dedicated to a single customer. The provider owns and operates the PE devices in which each PE runs multiple instances of routing protocols and serves a different purpose. They will run a routing protocol for the purposes of internal routing in the provider core using the provider’s choice of IP addressing. There is typically only one routing protocol instance used for this purpose. The PE will run a routing protocol with all other PE devices in the provider core in order to exchange VPRN routes. The PE also runs a common routing protocol with each connected CE to exchange routes with the local customer site. This protocol can be the same or different than the routing protocol used internally to the provider core. Each instance of a routing protocol used for PE-CE routing should be fully isolated from the other. The PE must be configured for MPLS and related protocols and must be aware of the VPRNs. They run standard IP routing protocols for various exchanges of required routing information and additional protocols that exchange MPLS-related information to enable the VPRN service. Provider (P) devices are devices that comprise the internal provider network core. These devices can be connected to other PE or P routers but do not have any connections to the CE. They will run a routing protocol for the purposes of internal routing in the provider core using the provider’s choice of IP addressing. There is typically only one routing protocol instance used for this purpose.

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 PE exchanges each customer’s routes (VPRN routes) with other PEs  The VPN network layer is terminated at the PE  P routers are unaware of the PE to CE routing protocol

VPRN Architecture (continued)  Label Stack

 The outer label is known as the top, transport or LSP label and identifies the transport tunnel between PEs.  The inner label is known as the service or VPN label and identifies the customer VPRN.

 Only the IP packet that is encapsulated for transmission across the VPRN

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In the VPRN context, each packet should have a label stack consisting of two labels applied by the PE router that receives the packet from the customer. The top label is known as the outer label, transport label or LSP label and identifies the label switched path (LSP) between PEs. The inner label is known as the service label or VPN label and identifies the customer VPRN. Note: Layer 2 encapsulation is removed and only the IP packet that is encapsulated for transmission across the VPRN.

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 A VPRN service uses a label stack consisting of two labels.

VPRN Architecture (continued)  Virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) table  Each PE contains an isolated routing table per VPRN service.

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A VRF is a logical private forwarding routing table created within a PE router. It securely isolates the routing information of one customer from the next, and also from the routes of the provider core network. The SP network provides connectivity between same-customer sites while isolating customers from each other. The keystone of the PE-based VPN model is the isolation between routing tables, achieved at two levels: Isolation between customers—Customer-specific routing tables (VRF tables) are used on the edge routers. At any particular edge router, one VRF routing table is associated with each site connected to that router. Entries from one VRF table do not leak to another unless explicitly configured to do so. Isolation between core and edge routing—Provider’s routes, used by PE routers to reach each other over the provider backbone, are kept separate from customer’s routes. As a matter of fact, most provider core routers (P-routers) store only these routes while overlooking customer routes. Each PE router maintains a number of separate forwarding tables. One of the forwarding tables is the “default forwarding table”. The others are “VPN routing and forwarding tables” or "VRFs". VPRN service uses VRFs within a PE device to maintain forwarding information on a per-site basis. Each PE can maintain multiple separate VRFs based on the number of customer sites it connects to.

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 A PE may maintain multiple VRFs.

VPRN Control Plane Routing Functions  CE to PE Routing Control Plane

 PE to PE Routing Control Plane  CE routes are exchanged between PE routers

 PE to CE Routing Control Plane  Propagates remote CE routes within the VRF to the locally attached CE

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The routing control plane function of the VPRN provides the necessary exchange of routing information between devices that are aware of the VPRN. A PE maintains a specific VRF containing routes for each VPRN. A CE maintains a standard IP routing table containing routes for the VPRN to which it belongs. The customer is running a routing protocol internal to their site. A PE learns the routes of a customer site from the CE using the routing protocol configured between the CE and the PE. The internal customer network routing protocol and the CE to PE routing protocol do not have to be identical. PE maintains the base routing table with internal provider network routes and maintains separate VRFs for the associated VPRNs. PE devices exchange routes among each other across the provider core. Isolation must be maintained between the routes received from each customer (per-VRF) and from provider core routes. Routes received from each CE might need to be propagated to multiple remote PE devices. PE to CE route exchange: a policy is required to advertise the remote customer routes to the local CE. The PE-CE routing protocol, supported on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750, includes static routes, OSPF, RIP, and BGP

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 CE routes are advertised to the PE and stored in the appropriate VRF

VPRN Control Plane Label Signaling  VPN labels are signaled between PE devices  VPN Label — Identifies the VPRN to which the prefix belongs

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All routers in the provider core are MPLS-enabled and perform MPLS label signaling and label exchange functions in order to form the MPLS label switched path or LSP between PEs. The LSP label is signaled for this purpose. These LSPs form the forwarding path between PE devices across the provider core network. Label signaling, used to create the LSP, is not sufficient to establish a VPRN service. The LSP label only provides the packet with the information required to reach the far-end PE at the edge of the MPLS domain. There is no indication of which VPRN the packet should be sent to once it reaches the edge. VPN labels are also signaled between PE devices. VPN labels are used with other identification values to differentiate between the specific customer destination networks. VPN labels are the second set of labels used in the VPRN context to identify the customer site as the destination of the VPRN service.

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— Identifies the customer network on the egress PE

VPRN Data Plane Functions  The customer’s data packets received from a CE will be forwarded across the service provider’s network to the remote CE.  CE to Ingress PE (VPRN Data Plane)

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CE devices are not MPLS-enabled and are only configured with traditional routing protocols. The CE forwards unlabeled packets from the customer site to the PE based on the routing table of the originating CE. The ingress PE receives the packets and pushes (inserts or imposes) a label stack onto each customer packet. The LSP label identifies the egress PE for this VPRN and the VPN label identifies the specific VPRN (customer network) on the egress PE. The VPRN appears as an IP router to the customer network. This means that data arriving at the VPRN has the Layer 2 encapsulation removed and the PE makes a forwarding decision. It is the IP packet that is encapsulated for transmission across the VPRN.

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 CEs forward unlabeled packets from the customer site to the PE  The ingress PE pushes a label stack onto each customer packet

VPRN Data Plane Functions (continued)  PE to PE  The ingress PE sends the labeled packets to the provider core  Provider core P devices label-switch the packets to the correct egress PE

 Egress PE to CE  The egress PE forwards unlabeled packets to the customer based on the VPN label

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PE to PE: The ingress PE switches the labeled packets into the provider core. The P devices internal to the provider core label switch the packets to the correct egress PE using the LSP label. The VPN label should never be visible to P devices since these devices forward exclusively based on the LSP label. Moreover, there should not be any routing of customer packets by the P routers. For customer packets, only label switching occurs in the provider core. Egress PE to CE: The egress PE receives a label stacked packet from the provider core. Since it is the endpoint of the LSP, the LSP terminates. The LSP label is popped (removed) from the packet and the egress PE exposes the VPN label in the packet. The VPN label is now visible to the egress PE so it can determine which VPRN the packet is associated with. The VPN label is popped (removed) from the packet. Based on the VRF associated to the VPN label, the egress PE forwards unlabeled packets to the correct customer.

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 The egress PE receives label stacked packets from the provider core

Module 5 — Layer 3 VPNs

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Section 4 — VPRN Control Plane Details

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Section Objectives



Explain the role of virtual routing and forwarding instances (VRFs) in establishing a VPRN service



Identify a VPN-IPv4 address family and explain its usage in VPRN



Define a route distinguisher (RD) and explain its function



Explain how the VPRN routing information is distributed among PE routers through the use of Multiprotocol BGP extensions

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After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:



Define a route target (RT) and explain how it is used to identify the set of VPNs in which a particular VRF participates



Explain the requirements of distributing VPRN routing information between PE-CE routers



List transport tunnel creation options and explain how they are used in VPRN



Demonstrate VPN label signaling via MP-BGP

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Section Objectives (continued)

VPRN Control Plane Tasks  The MPLS/VPRN control plane consists of routing information and label exchange  Distinct sets of routes must be exchanged

 Distinct sets of labels must be exchanged  VPN service labels

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VPRN control plane tasks include the routing exchange and label exchange. Routes must be exchanged between all routers in the provider network for core routing purposes and separately between routers at the customer edge for VPRN connectivity.

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 Provider core routing  Customer VPRN routing

Overlapping IP Addressing

Route Route Table Table (Router: (Router: Base) Base) =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Dest Address Next Type Proto Age Metric Pref Dest Address Next Hop Hop Type Proto Age Metric Pref ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.1.1.0/24 CE_Blue Remote BGP 03d18h53m 0 170 10.1.1.0/24 CE_Blue Remote BGP 03d18h53m 0 170 10.1.1.0/24 CE_Red Remote 00h25m00s 170 10.1.1.0/24 CE_Red Remote BGP BGP 00h25m00s 00 170

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If BGP sessions are established between the PE devices, we can accomplish the goal of route exchange and policy which can be applied to the exchange. Secondly, the provider core P routers do not have to run BGP at all, eliminating the need for the P routers to manage the volume of routes present and increasing security through the isolation of the P network from the customer routes. BGP sessions established between PE devices will transport all VRF routes across the provider core. The sessions must be established in a logical iBGP full mesh between all PE peers. BGP will also provide the required separation of the provider core routing from the customer VRF routes since the provider core routes are to never be carried by BGP. Although BGP provides the scalable solution to the exchange of routes across the provider core, it does not immediately address all issues. BGP was designed for public Internet use where all addressing (and routes) are managed by a central authority and must be unique. In the VPRN context, a provider core links separate sites of a private routed domain using the VPRN; however, the provider deals with multiple customers. It is possible that any or all of these customers have implemented private (RFC 1918) addressing in their network. Furthermore, it is possible that more than one of these customers has implemented the same (overlapping) addressing. If these customer networks were not linked by a common provider core, this would not present a problem because the overlapping routes would be isolated from each other. This is not true in the VPRN context since a single BGP session carries all prefixes between PEs across the same provider core. BGP was not designed with this intention in mind, therefore you would not be able to see a routing table similar to the one above in real situation. Therefore, we have to look for an alternative.

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 A single BGP session carries all prefixes between PEs across the same provider core for all its customers

Overlapping IP Addressing Problem  Multiple customers can have the same IP address architecture  Routes from different customers with the same IPv4 address prefix are treated as equivalent by BGP

Flag Nexthop LocalPref Flag Network Network Nexthop LocalPref MED MED VPN As-Path VPN Label Label As-Path ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------u*> CE_Blue none none u*> 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 CE_Blue none none 64496 64496 u* 10.1.1.0/24 CE_Red none none u* 10.1.1.0/24 CE_Red none none 64497 64497

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An important consideration to note with overlapping addressing is that if BGPv4 sees two (or more) separate entries for the same IPv4 address prefix, it will treat these prefixes as if they are going to the same destination and will install only one route in the routing table (by default) based on the route selection criteria. In the case of VPRN, this poses a problem. The routes are for the same destination prefix but have originated in different customer VPRNs. Therefore, they are completely separate and distinct destination networks.

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 Only one route will be selected as 'best' according to the route selection criteria

Solution: VPN-IPv4 Address Family

 The VPN-IPv4 address family contains an identifier called the route distinguisher (RD) whose sole purpose is to ensure that IP prefixes are globally unique

 VPN-IPv4 allows BGP to recognize multiple entries that exist with the same prefixes but originate from distinct customers

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IP version 4 expects all address instances to be unique. In the VPRN model, it is expected that this will not occur. A new addressing structure, called the VPN-IPv4 address family, is defined. VPN-IPv4 Address Family A solution to this problem requires a mechanism that allows BGP to recognize multiple entries that exist with the same prefixes and have originated from distinct customers. This makes it possible to install multiple routes for the same prefix in the BGP table with a unique identifier to distinguish from which customer VPRN the route originated. RFC 4364 supports this capability by defining the VPN-IPv4 address family. An RD is simply a number that does not contain any inherent information and does not identify the origin of the route or the set of VPNs to which the route is to be distributed. The purpose of the RD is solely to allow one to create distinct routes to a common IPv4 address prefix. Other means are used to determine where to redistribute the route.

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 The RD is appended to the IPv4 prefix to form the 12-byte VPNIPv4 prefix

Route Distinguisher Format  The route distinguisher is an 8-byte parameter containing three fields:  Type (2 bytes)  Administrator (Length)

 ALU supports the three types of RDs defined in RFC 4364 Type

Administrator

Assigned Number

VPN-IPv4 example

2 Bytes (Type 0)

2 Bytes (ASN)

4 Bytes

0:64496:100:10.1.1.0/24

2 Bytes (Type 1)

4 Bytes (IP Address)

2 Bytes

1:10.10.10.10:100:10.1.1.0/24

2 Bytes (Type 2)

4 Bytes (ASN)

2 Bytes

2:64496:100:10.1.1.0/24

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The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR supports type 0, 1, and 2 route distinguisher formats. Type 0  Administrator subfield (2 bytes)  Assigned number subfield (4 bytes)  The administrator field must contain an AS number (using private AS numbers is discouraged). The assigned number field contains a number assigned by the service provider. Example: For the IPv4 address 10.1.1.0/24, the VPN-IPv4 address is 0:64496:100:10.1.1.0/24 where 64496 is the AS number and 100 is the assigned number. Type 1  Administrator subfield (4 bytes)  Assigned number subfield (2 bytes)  The administrator field must contain an IP address (using a private IP address space is discouraged). The assigned number field contains a number assigned by the service provider. Example: For the IPv4 address 10.1.1.0/24, the VPN-IPv4 address is 1:10.10.10.10:100:10.1.1.0/24 where 10.10.10.10 is the IP address and 100 is the assigned number. Type 2  Administrator subfield (4 bytes)  Assigned number subfield (2 bytes)  The administrator field must contain a 4-byte AS number (using a private AS number is discouraged). The assigned number field contains a number assigned by the service provider. Example: For the IPv4 address 10.1.1.0/24, the VPN-IPv4 address is 2:64496:100:10.1.1.0/24 where 64496 is the 4 byte AS number and 100 is the assigned number. The VPN-IPv4 address appears only in the PE control plane - it is added when the prefix is exported from the VRF to the VPRN. The CE router never sees the VPN-IPv4 address and it never appears anywhere in any IP packet on the network. Usually, it makes sense to assign the same route distinguisher to the VRFs of sites belonging to the same VPRN so that all the routes of the network will have the same route distinguisher. For more information about BGP support for four-octet AS number space, refer to RFC 4893.

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 Assigned Number (Value)

Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP)

 The VPN-IPv4 address family is only used in the provider core control plane when exchanging MP-BGP routing updates. Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol (MP-BGP) MP-BGP extensions are used to encode customer IPv4 address prefixes into unique VPN-IPv4 Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI) values. NLRI refers to a destination address in MPBGP. In the context of IPv4 MP-BGP, NLRI refers to VPN-IPv4 Prefix that is carried in the BGP routing updates. The multiprotocol nature of MP-BGP allows the overlapping routing information to be transported across the provider core as VPN-IPv4 addressing. VPRN routes are not distributed within the provider core network as IPv4 routes, but as 12-byte VPN-IPv4 routes. VPN-IPv4 addresses are only present within the service provider network and should never be made visible to the customer. They are created at the ingress PE by appending a route distinguisher to the customer route and are transported across the provider domain. At the egress PE, the route distinguisher is removed from the route and a traditional IPv4 route is restored. It is important to note that the VPN-IPv4 address family is used only in the provider core control plane when exchanging MP-BGP routing updates between PEs. All data traffic is carried in standard IP version 4 packets.

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 Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) extensions allow VPN-IPv4 prefixes to distribute VPRN routing information across the service provider’s network

MP-BGP Update received at PE-2

 The sending PE will add the RD to the IPv4 prefixes before sending the VPN-IPv4 prefixes in MP-BGP updates  Problem: How will the receiving PE know which routes belong to which VRFs? Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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When using the MP-BGP: before sending an update to the remote PE, the sending PE will prepend a unique (per-customer) 64-bit route distinguisher to each customer’s 32-bit IPv4 prefix thus exchanging unique VPN-IPv4 routing updates with the remote PE. The PE routers (BGP peers) will send each other these prepended VPN-IPv4 routes. Now how is the router going to know what routes belong to which VRF? A new identifier, separate from the route distinguisher, is required to associate a route to a VRF and defines the VPRN membership of the route. This identifier is called route target.

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Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) (continued)

Route Target (RT)

 Route Target (RT) is a BGP extended community used to advertise the VPRN membership identifier to the receiving PE

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BGP-extended community is a mechanism for including additional information to be carried in BGP updates. The route target (RT) is the closest approximation to a VPRN membership identifier in the VPRN architecture, and identifies the VRF table that a prefix is associated with to the receiving PE. When a VPN-IPv4 route is created (from an IPv4 route that the PE has acquired from a CE) by a PE router, it is associated with one or more route target attributes. These are carried in BGP as attributes of the route. Any route associated with route target T must be distributed to every PE router that has a VRF associated with route target T. When such a route is received by a PE router, it is eligible to be installed in the PE’s VRFs that are associated with route target T. A route target attribute can be thought of as identifying a set of sites or a set of VRFs. It is used to filter the appropriate routes into the correct VRFs.

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 RT is the mechanism from which VPRN controls the distribution of VPN routing information

MP-BGP Update received at PE-2

 MP-BGP updates include VPN-IPv4 unique addressing for customer routes and the RT to identify VPRN membership at the receiving PE  The route target identifies to the receiving PE the VRF that a VPN-IPv4 prefix is associated with Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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The routes associated with a VRF are ‘exported’ out of the VRF table of the originating PE with defined route target values associated to the prefix. VPN-IPv4 prefixes are exported by a PE with the route target attached. The receiving PE will install routes into the associated VRFs if its configured ‘import’ route target is the same value as the route target 'exported' by the originating PEs. For example, if routes are exported on the sending PE with a route target value of '64496:10', these routes will only be imported into a VRF on the receiving PE if that VRF imports route target values of '64496:10'. Each VPRN route is tagged with one or more route target values when it is exported from a VRF by the sending PE and transported across the provider core by MP-BGP. Therefore, the import route target value of the receiving PE should match the export route target value of the originating PE. You can also associate a set of route targets with a VRF, and any route tagged with at least one of those route targets will be imported into the VRF. This technique allows the creation of complex VPRN topologies. In these cases, a single VPRN might need more than one route target for successful implementation, and VRF policies must be used instead of the simple vrf-target command. This is discussed in details in the VPRN course.

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Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) (continued)

PE to CE Route Exchange  IPv4 routing information is exchanged between the PE and CE after being received via MP-BGP updates over the provider core

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A routing protocol must be run between the PE and CE for the purposes of exchanging the customer routing information from the receiving PE to the customer sites. The receiving PE will propagate routes from the VRF to the CE as IPv4 routes.

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 Routing protocol, or static routes, may be used to propagate routes to the CE

VPRN Label Signaling - VPN Service Labels  VPN Service Labels via MP-BGP  Inner MPLS (VPN) label is included in the MP-BGP update

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After the establishment of the routing topology in the provider core, the network must be MPLSenabled to support services such as VPRN. Transport tunnels must be created between the PEs. The transport tunnel is either an MPLS LSP or a GRE point-to-point tunnel between PEs. These tunnels serve as the label switched paths the customer packets will take as they cross the provider core network. VPRNs are also known as BGP/MPLS VPNs. BGP is used to distribute VPRN routing information across the provider's backbone and MPLS is used to forward VPRN traffic from one VPRN site to another. BGP is a fundamental protocol in the VPRN implementation that is used in the control plane for both routing exchange and label signaling. Multiprotocol extensions to BGP (MP-BGP) convey the inner label that a specific VPRN uses between different PE routers. MP-BGP is also used to advertise routes between VPRN sites. Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR routers support MP-BGP for VPN label signaling for VPRN service regardless of whether RSVP-TE or LDP is used for the LSP signaling

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 Tells the far-end PE which label to push on the stack such that VPRN data is encapsulated to the correct VRF

Creating MPLS Transport in a VPRN  Using the auto-bind option under the VPRN service instance  auto-bind allows a VPRN service to automatically resolve the BGP nexthop from VPRN routes to a GRE or MPLS LSP

 Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR supports auto-bind {ldp|gre|rsvp-te|mpls} options

 Configure SDP and bind the VPRN service instance to the SDP instance

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The 7750 SR supports multiple mechanisms to provide transport tunnels for the forwarding of traffic between PE routers: RSVP-TE protocol to create tunnel LSP's between PE routers LDP protocol to create tunnel LSP's between PE routers GRE tunnels between PE routers. The transport tunnel in a VPRN is created either by configuring the auto-bind option under the VPRN service instance or by configuring an SDP and binding the VPRN service instance to the SDP instance. When the 'auto-bind' command is used, next-hop resolution refers to the base (core) routing instance for IP reachability. For VPRN service, auto-bind specifies the lookup to be used by the routing instance if an SDP to the destination does not exist. In this way auto-bind acts as a replacement by creating SDPs for the transport tunnels manually. •Auto-bind ldp binds the VPRN service to the LDP FECs in the core without the need to configure SDPs explicitly •Auto-bind rsvp-te 

Allows the use of traffic-engineered paths between PE routers for VPRN services without explicitly defining them through the SDP configuration mechanism.



If configured, this feature will use the RSVP-TE-based LSP with the lowest metric to resolve the MPBGP route within a VPRN context.

Auto-bind mpls allows auto-bind to select available RSVP-TE or LDP LSPs to resolve IP-VPN routes from remote PEs. For VPRN services, SDP tunnels can be created using MPLS/rsvp-te. If SDP-based tunnels are used, they must be created prior to their binding to the VPRN service. The configuration of an SDP includes specifying the far-end PE address and the type of encapsulation used, such as MPLS.

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 auto-bind specifies the lookup to be used by the routing instance if an SDP to the destination does not exist

Module 5 — Layer 3 VPNs

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Section 5 — VPRN Case Study

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Section Objectives



Identify the requirements for a successful operation of a VPRN service



Configure a MP-BGP for the provider network and verify its operation



Configure VPRN service instances and verify their operations



Configure a PE-CE routing protocol (BGP) and verify its operation

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After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:



Demonstrate an end-to-end route exchange for a given VPRN network.



Demonstrate an end-to-end data flow for a given VPRN network.



Verify that the VPRN service is operational using OAM tools (oam vprn ping, oam vprn trace)



Complete Lab 9 – Configure and verify basic IPv4 VPRN using LDP.

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Section Objectives (Continued)

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The network diagram will be used to demonstrate the configuration and operation of VPRN. The loopback interfaces simulate locally-connected networks. Customer sites, belonging to different VPRNs, will be able to use the same private IP address space.

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Network Diagram

VPRN Implementation  Successful operation of a VPRN service requires the following preliminary configuration steps:  Configure the foundation network infrastructure  Configure the IGP for the provider core routing protocol

 Configure MP-BGP between PE devices

 Configure the CE-PE routing protocol

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Students should be able to configure the foundation network infrastructure, IGP for provider core routing (OSPF is used), and the provider core for MPLS tunneling (LDP is used). These configurations are not shown. Note: If the tunnel type is chosen to be IP/GRE, then no MPLS tunneling configuration is needed.

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 Configure the provider core for MPLS tunneling (if desired)

Provider Core Network Preparation  OSPF is selected as the IGP routing in the core

A:PE1>config>router>ospf# info ---------------------------------------------area 0.0.0.0 interface "system" exit interface "toPE2" interface-type point-to-point exit exit ----------------------------------------------

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A:PE1>config>router>ldp# info -----------------------------------------interface-parameters interface "toPE2" exit exit targeted-session exit ------------------------------------------

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Configure the IGP routing protocol (IGP for the provider core network) on the system interface and all provider-core-facing interfaces of all PE and P devices. Typically OSPF or IS-IS are used.

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 LDP is used to provide MPLS tunneling

Configuring MP-BGP

PE1# configure router autonomous-system 64496 PE2# configure router autonomous-system 64496

 Configure a MP-BGP session between the PE routers A:PE1>config>router>bgp# info ---------------------------------------------group "multi-bgp“ family vpn-ipv4 peer-as 64496 neighbor 10.10.10.2 local-address 10.10.10.1 exit exit ----------------------------------------------

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A:PE2>config>router>bgp# info ---------------------------------------------group "multi-bgp“ family vpn-ipv4 peer-as 64496 neighbor 10.10.10.1 local-address 10.10.10.2 exit exit ----------------------------------------------

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To enable BGP on the PE devices, the BGP autonomous system number is first configured in the global context. The MP-BGP sessions established between the PE routers allow for the exchange of customer VPRN routes across the service provider core network. Sessions must be established between all PE routers in the MPLS domain to ensure a scalable and reliable implementation. The MP-BGP sessions also enable the exchange of VPN labels which are transported along with the routing information in MPBGP updates. To transport VPN-IPv4 routes, the 'vpn-ipv4' address family must be configured under the BGP context. All remaining parameters related to the MP-BGP session are then configured under the 'vpnipv4' address family in a fashion similar to the configuration of traditional BGP neighbors. Defining a BGP group is mandatory; within this group, the peer parameters will be configured. The remote and local device addresses used for the session must be defined. The MP-BGP sessions should always be established between the system addresses of each PE device.

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 Configure the BGP autonomous system

Verifying MP-BGP sessions

A:PE1# show router bgp neighbor ------------------------------------------------------------------------------BGP Neighbor ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Peer : 10.10.10.2 Group : multi-bgp ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Peer AS : 64496 Peer Port : 179 Peer Address : 10.10.10.2 Local AS : 64496 Local Port : 50603 Local Address : 10.10.10.1 Peer Type : Internal State : Established Last State : OpenSent Last Event : recvKeepAlive Last Error : Cease Local Family : VPN-IPv4 Remote Family : VPN-IPv4 -output omitted Local Capability : RtRefresh MPBGP 4byte ASN Remote Capability : RtRefresh MPBGP 4byte ASN Import Policy : None Specified / Inherited Export Policy : None Specified / Inherited ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Neighbors : 1

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The show router bgp neighbor command is used to verify the details of the BGP sessions of the PE, including the operational status of the MP-BGP sessions. The following is shown in the slide:  The verification of the internal PE neighbor  The VPN-IPv4 address family is supported between the neighbors for the purpose of VPRN route exchange

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 Check that the MP-BGP sessions are established between all PE routers.

Configuring a VPRN on the PE The steps required to configure a VPRN include:  Creating customer accounts  Create VPRN service instances  Define route distinguishers  Define route targets  Configuring VPRN interfaces  Configuring the tunnel type  Activating the VPRN service

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The service configuration commands to provision a VPRN service are located under the ‘config>service>vprn’ context The show commands are in the ‘show>service’ context. A summary of the steps required to provision a VPRN customer are shown and detailed in the following pages. Only the configurations on PE1 will be shown.

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 Configuring VPRN service instances

Creating a Customer Account

PE1# configure service PE1>config>service# customer 10 create PE1>config>service>cust# description "Customer Blue" PE1>config>service>cust# exit all PE1#

PE1# configure service PE1>config>service# customer 20 create PE1>config>service>cust# description "Customer Red" PE1>config>service>cust# exit all PE1#

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All customer accounts must have a customer ID. Other parameters are configurable under the customer context but are optional and include the following: •

Description

•

Contact name

•

Telephone number

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Create a customer record on each PE where the VPRN service must be provisioned.

Creating a VPRN Service

PE1>config>service# vprn 10 customer 10 create PE1>config>service>vprn$ description "VPRN Service for Customer Blue" PE>config>service>vprn$ router-id 10.10.10.1 PE1>config>service>vprn$

PE1>config>service# vprn 20 customer 20 create PE1>config>service>vprn$ description "VPRN Service for Customer Red" PE>config>service>vprn$ router-id 10.10.10.1 PE1>config>service>vprn$

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The VPRN service must be defined and associated to the customer ID created in an earlier configuration. A description for the VPRN should always be included for ease of reference and troubleshooting. The router ID is manually configured to establish a predictable identifier for the protocols that require one, such as OSPF and BGP. This is preferred over leaving the router ID selection to the default mechanism, which can result in unpredictable values. The creation of the VPRN for customer Blue and customer Red in PE1 is shown in the slide.

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Create VPRN services associated with the customers IDs.



Available options to add or select routes based on the RT on 7750 SR are:  vrf-target {|export |import }  vrf-import [...(upto 5 max)]  vrf-export [...(upto 5 max)]



Specified vrf-import or vrf-export policies override the vrf-target policy

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The simplest way is to use the vrf-target command. For example, the command vrf-target target:64496:10 will add the community string target:64496:10 to all routes taken from the VRF into MPBGP and select all MP-BGP routes with this community string and put them in the VRF. Context: Syntax: community>} Parameters:

Default:

config>service>vprn - vrf-target {|export |import config>service# vprn 10 PE1>config>service>vprn$ route-distinguisher 64496:1 PE1>config>service>vprn$

The route target will be added to advertised routes and compared to the value contained in received routes. PE1>config>service# vprn 10 PE1>config>service>vprn$ vrf-target target:64496:10 PE1>config>service>vprn$

PE1>config>service# vprn 20 PE1>config>service>vprn$ vrf-target target:64496:20 PE1>config>service>vprn$

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The route-distinguisher command sets the identifier attached to routes that distinguish the VPN they belong to. Each routing instance must be associated with a unique (within the carrier’s domain) route distinguisher. A route distinguisher must be defined for a VPRN to be operationally-active. The vrf-target command facilitates a simplified method to configure the route target to be added to advertised routes or compared against received routes from other VRFs on the same or remote PE routers (using MP-BGP). The vrf-target command does not allow multiple export or import route targets to be specified.

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PE1>config>service# vprn 20 PE1>config>service>vprn$ route-distinguisher 64496:2 PE1>config>service>vprn$

Creating the VPRN Interfaces

PE1>config>service# vprn 10 PE1>config>service>vprn# interface "toCE1" create PE1>config>service>vprn>if$ description "Customer BlueSite1" PE1>config>service>vprn>if$ address 10.1.3.1/27 PE1>config>service>vprn>if$ sap 1/1/3 create PE1>config>service>vprn>if$ exit all

PE1>config>service# vprn 20 PE1>config>service>vprn# interface "toCE3" create PE1>config>service>vprn>if$ description "Customer RedSite1" PE1>config>service>vprn>if$ address 10.1.6.1/27 PE1>config>service>vprn>if$ sap 1/1/2 create PE1>config>service>vprn>if$ exit all

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The PE routers’ customer-facing interfaces are configured and associated to the VPRN service.

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A minimum of one interface must be created and associated with each VPRN service on the PE.

Configuring the Tunnel Type  The auto-bind ldp command is used in this case study. It binds LDPbased transport tunnels to the VPRN service.

*A:PE1# configure service vprn 10 *A:PE1>config>service>vprn# info #------------------------------------------------service vprn 10 customer 10 create description "Customer Blue" router-id 10.10.10.1 autonomous-system 64496 route-distinguisher 64496:1 auto-bind ldp vrf-target target:64496:10 interface "toR3" create address 10.1.3.1/27 sap 1/1/3 create exit exit

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auto-bind ldp is used in this case study. The auto-bind ldp feature is only used for the VPRN service via LDP-based transport tunnels.

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PE1# configure service PE1>config>service# vprn 10 customer 10 PE1>config>service>vprn# auto-bind ldp PE1>config>service>vprn# exit all



Select the PE to CE routing protocol (BGP is used in this case)



Configure the PE







Define the route policy on the PE



Configure the VPRN routing protocol

Configure the CE 

Define the route policy on the CE (optional)



Configure BGP on the CE

The same PE-CE routing protocol is not mandatory for all sites

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Static routing, RIP, OSPF, or BGP can be used as the PE-CE routing protocol. In this case study, BGP will be used. When BGP is used as the PE-CE routing protocol, PE and CE routers will become BGP peers. The CE will use BGP to tell the PE router the set of address prefixes that are reachable at the router site of the CE. To configure BGP on the PE, the BGP instance must be created under the VPRN service context. The CE is configured with a standard BGP instance, since it is not MPLS-aware. When BGP is configured in the CE, care must be taken to ensure that address prefixes from other sites (for example, address prefixes learned by the CE router from the PE router) are never displayed to the PE. Specifically, if a PE router receives a VPN-IPv4 route and as a result distributes an IPv4 route to a CE, then that route must not be distributed back from the site of the CE to a PE router, either from the same or a different router. This topic is discussed in further detail in the VPRN course.

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Configuring PE to CE Routing

 PE1 and PE2 are already MP-BGP peers  CE1 and CE3 will be configured as BGP peers of PE1  CE2 and CE4 will be configured as BGP peers of PE2 Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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If BGP is used as the PE-CE protocol, then each PE device will have multiple BGP peerings. The MPBGP mesh must be maintained between PE devices. Meanwhile, a traditional BGP session must be established for each CE running BGP with the PE.

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BGP Peerings

Defining the PE-CE Route Policy on the PE

*A:PE1>config>router>policy-options# info *A:PE1>config>router>policy-options# info ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------policy-statement "mpbgp-bgp" policy-statement "mpbgp-bgp" entry 10 entry 10 from from protocol bgp-vpn protocol bgp-vpn exit exit action accept action accept exit exit exit exit exit exit -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Policy must be defined to allow the exchange of routes from MP-BGP into the configured PE-CE protocol. The route policy can be applied as an import policy or an export policy. The policies must be defined before they can be applied. Routes that belong to a VPRN must use the protocol owner, VPN-IPv4, to denote that it is a VPRN route. This can be used within the route policy match criteria.

.

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VPN route exchange from MP-BGP to BGP is controlled by policy.

Configuring BGP on the PE

PE1# configure service vprn 10 PE1# configure service vprn 10 PE1>config>service>vprn# autonomous-system 64496 PE1>config>service>vprn# autonomous-system 64496 PE1>config>service>vprn# bgp PE1>config>service>vprn# bgp PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp$ group "toCE1" PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp$ group "toCE1" PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group$ neighbor 10.1.3.3 PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group$ neighbor 10.1.3.3 PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group>neighbor$ export mpbgp-bgp PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group>neighbor$ export mpbgp-bgp PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group>neighbor$ peer-as 64497 PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group>neighbor$ peer-as 64497

PE1# configure service vprn 20 PE1# configure service vprn 20 PE1>config>service>vprn# autonomous-system 64496 PE1>config>service>vprn# autonomous-system 64496 PE1>config>service>vprn# bgp PE1>config>service>vprn# bgp PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp$ group "toCE3" PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp$ group "toCE3" PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group$ neighbor 10.1.6.6 PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group$ neighbor 10.1.6.6 PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group>neighbor$ export mpbgp-bgp PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group>neighbor$ export mpbgp-bgp PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group>neighbor$ peer-as 64499 PE1>config>service>vprn>bgp>group>neighbor$ peer-as 64499

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The PE must also be configured with BGP by defining the CE as a peer. This is done in traditional BGP fashion. All PE BGP configuration is performed under the service context, including the autonomous system number, except in the case of VPRN. The defined policy is applied to the configured PE-CE routing protocol as a route export policy to control the flow of routing information from MP-BGP to BGP.

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The defined policy is applied to the VPRN BGP instance to control the exchange of routes from MP-BGP to BGP.

Defining the Route Policy on the CE

*A:CE1>config>router>policy-options# info *A:CE1>config>router>policy-options# info ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------policy-statement "direct-bgp" policy-statement "direct-bgp" entry 10 entry 10 from from protocol direct protocol direct exit exit to to protocol bgp protocol bgp exit exit action accept action accept exit exit exit exit exit exit -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Recall that in this case study we are using the loopback interfaces to simulate locally connected networks. It is more likely that the customer would be running a routing protocol like OSPF, in that case the OSPF routes need to be exported into BGP.

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A policy is configured on the CE to control the advertisement of the customer site routes into BGP.

Configuring the CE for BGP

CE1# configure router CE1# configure router CE1>config>router# autonomous-system 64497 CE1>config>router# autonomous-system 64497 CE1>config>router# bgp CE1>config>router# bgp CE1>config>router>bgp$ group “toPE1" CE1>config>router>bgp$ group “toPE1" CE1>config>router>bgp>group$ peer-as 64496 CE1>config>router>bgp>group$ peer-as 64496 CE1>config>router>bgp>group$ neighbor 10.1.3.1 CE1>config>router>bgp>group$ neighbor 10.1.3.1 CE1>config>router>bgp>group$ export "direct-to-bgp" CE1>config>router>bgp>group$ export "direct-to-bgp" CE1>config>router>bgp>group>neighbor$ exit all CE1>config>router>bgp>group>neighbor$ exit all

CE3# configure router CE3# configure router CE3>config>router# autonomous-system 64499 CE3>config>router# autonomous-system 64499 CE3>config>router# bgp CE3>config>router# bgp CE3>config>router>bgp$ group “toPE1" CE3>config>router>bgp$ group “toPE1" CE3>config>router>bgp>group$ peer-as 64496 CE3>config>router>bgp>group$ peer-as 64496 CE3>config>router>bgp>group$ neighbor 10.1.6.1 CE3>config>router>bgp>group$ neighbor 10.1.6.1 CE3>config>router>bgp>group$ export "direct-to-bgp" CE3>config>router>bgp>group$ export "direct-to-bgp" CE3>config>router>bgp>group>neighbor$ exit all CE3>config>router>bgp>group>neighbor$ exit all

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The CE will be configured with BGP as the routing protocol, as shown in the slide. Note: the autonomous system is defined in the global context and a policy is specified to control the set of prefixes exchanged with peers.

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Configure the CE for BGP with the specified route policy applied.

A:PE1# show router 10 bgp summary A:PE1# show router 10 bgp summary =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Router ID:10.10.10.1 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 BGP Router ID:10.10.10.1 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Admin State : Up BGP Oper State : Up BGP Admin State : Up BGP Oper State : Up Total Peer Groups : 1 Total Peers : 1 Total Peer Groups : 1 Total Peers : 1 Total BGP Paths : 4 Total Path Memory : 512 Total BGP Paths : 4 Total Path Memory : 512 Total IPv4 Remote Rts : 3 Total IPv4 Rem. Active Rts : 2 Total IPv4 Remote Rts : 3 Total IPv4 Rem. Active Rts : 2 Total IPv6 Remote Rts : 0 Total IPv6 Rem. Active Rts : 0 Total IPv6 Remote Rts : 0 Total IPv6 Rem. Active Rts : 0 Total Supressed Rts : 0 Total Hist. Rts : 0 Total Supressed Rts : 0 Total Hist. Rts : 0 Total Decay Rts : 0 Total Decay Rts : 0 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Summary BGP Summary =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Neighbor Neighbor AS PktRcvd InQ Up/Down State|Rcv/Act/Sent (Addr Family) AS PktRcvd InQ Up/Down State|Rcv/Act/Sent (Addr Family) PktSent OutQ PktSent OutQ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.1.3.3 10.1.3.3 64497 13750 0 04d19h23m 3/2/3 (IPv4) 64497 13750 0 04d19h23m 3/2/3 (IPv4) 13845 0 13845 0

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When issued from the PE, the CE should appear as a BGP neighbor under the show router bgp summary command. The details of the CE-PE BGP neighbor relationship will be visible under the show router bgp neighbor command.

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Verifying BGP Peering

CE Routing Table



Routing table on CE1 before enabling the VPRN service

=============================================================================== =============================================================================== Route Table (Router: Base) Route Table (Router: Base) =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.1.3.0/27 Local Local 01h35m30s 0 10.1.3.0/27 Local Local 01h35m30s 0 toPE1 0 toPE1 0 10.10.10.3/32 Local Local 05d04h01m 0 10.10.10.3/32 Local Local 05d04h01m 0 system 0 system 0 192.168.1.0/27 Local Local 01h14m50s 0 192.168.1.0/27 Local Local 01h14m50s 0 BlueSite1 0 BlueSite1 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Routes: 6 No. of Routes: 6 =============================================================================== ===============================================================================

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The show router route-table command (in this case on the CE) is used to verify the contents of the base routing instance. As shown in the slide, this table contains only the locally connected customer routes. There are no remote routes as the VPRN service is not yet enabled.

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A:CE1# show router route-table A:CE1# show router route-table

Enabling the VPRN Service

*A:PE1# configure service vprn 10 *A:PE1# configure service vprn 10 *A:PE1>config>service>vprn# info *A:PE1>config>service>vprn# info #-------------------------------------------------#-------------------------------------------------service service vprn 10 customer 10 create vprn 10 customer 10 create description "Customer Blue" description "Customer Blue" router-id 10.10.10.1 router-id 10.10.10.1 autonomous-system 64496 autonomous-system 64496 route-distinguisher 64496:1 route-distinguisher 64496:1 auto-bind ldp auto-bind ldp vrf-target target:64496:10 vrf-target target:64496:10 interface "toR3" create interface "toR3" create address 10.1.3.1/27 address 10.1.3.1/27 sap 1/1/3 create sap 1/1/3 create exit exit exit exit bgp bgp group "toCE1" group "toCE1" neighbor 10.1.3.3 neighbor 10.1.3.3 export "mbgp-bgp" export "mbgp-bgp" peer-as 64497 peer-as 64497 exit exit exit exit exit exit no shutdown no shutdown

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To enable the VPRN service, no shutdown command is used. The slide shows the complete VPRN configuration on PE1 for customer Blue. Similar configurations are on PE2 as shown below: ---------------------------------------vprn 10 customer 10 create description "Customer Blue" router-id 10.10.10.2 autonomous-system 64496 route-distinguisher 64496:1 auto-bind ldp vrf-target target:64496:10 interface "toR4" create address 10.2.4.2/27 sap 1/1/3 create exit exit bgp group "toCE2" neighbor 10.2.4.4 export "mbgp-bgp" peer-as 64498 exit exit exit no shutdown

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 Complete the VPRN service configuration on PE1 for Customer Blue.

Verifying the VPRN Service  Verify that the VPRN Service is operational.

Route Dist. Dist. ASRoute Number AS Number ECMP ECMP Max IPv4 Routes MaxIPv6 IPv4Routes Routes Max Max IPv6 Routes Ignore NH Metric Ignore NH Metric Hash Label Hash Label Vrf Target Vrf Target Vrf Import VrfExport Import Vrf Vrf Vrf Export MVPN Target MVPNVrf VrfImport Target MVPN MVPN VrfExport Import MVPN Vrf MVPN Vrf Export

: 64496:1 64496:1 : :64496 64496 : :Enabled : :NoEnabled Limit Limit : :NoNoLimit No Limit : :Disabled : Disabled : Disabled : Disabled : target:64496:10 target:64496:10 : :None None : :None None : :None None : :None : None : None : None

VPRN Type VPRN Type Router Id Router ECMP Max Id Routes ECMPBind Max Routes Auto Auto Bind

: regular regular : :10.10.10.1 : :1 10.10.10.1 1 : :LDP : LDP

SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 0 SAP Count : 1 SDP Bind Count : 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Service Access & Destination Points Service Access & Destination Points ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr Identifier Type AdmMTU OprMTU Adm Opr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sap:1/1/3 null 1514 1514 Up Up sap:1/1/3 null 1514 1514 Up Up

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The show service id base command displays detailed information for a particular service ID. Shown in this slide is the verification of the configuration of auto-bind for LDP, the configured route distinguisher and the route target. Note: the SAP count is ‘1,’ indicating that a SAP has been associated to this service; however, the SDP bind count is ‘0’ because we have not used an SDP in this configuration.

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A:R1# show service id 10 base A:R1# show service id 10 base =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Service Basic Information Service Basic Information =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Service Id : 10 Vpn Id : 0 Service Id 10 Vpn Id : 0 Service Type : :VPRN Service Type VPRNSpecified) Name : :(Not Name (Not Specified) Description : :Customer Blue Description Customer Id : :10Customer Blue Customer 10 Last StatusIdChange: :03/23/2011 13:43:51 LastMgmt Status Change: 03/23/201113:43:51 13:43:51 Last Change : 03/23/2011 Last Mgmt Change Admin State : :Up03/23/2011 13:43:51Oper State : Up Admin State : Up Oper State : Up

Verifying the VPRN Service (continued)



Verify the routing table on the CE.

=============================================================================== =============================================================================== Route Table (Router: Base) Route Table (Router: Base) =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.1.3.0/27 Local Local 01h35m30s 0 10.1.3.0/27 Local Local 01h35m30s 0 toPE1 0 toPE1 0 10.2.4.0/27 Remote BGP 00h27m11s 170 10.2.4.0/27 Remote BGP 00h27m11s 170 10.1.3.1 0 10.1.3.1 0 10.10.10.3/32 Local Local 05d04h01m 0 10.10.10.3/32 Local Local 05d04h01m 0 system 0 system 0 10.10.10.4/32 Remote BGP 00h27m11s 170 10.10.10.4/32 Remote BGP 00h27m11s 170 10.1.3.1 0 10.1.3.1 0 192.168.1.0/27 Local Local 01h14m50s 0 192.168.1.0/27 Local Local 01h14m50s 0 BlueSite1 0 BlueSite1 0 192.168.2.0/27 Remote BGP 00h27m11s 170 192.168.2.0/27 Remote BGP 00h27m11s 170 10.1.3.1 0 10.1.3.1 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Routes: 6 No. of Routes: 6 =============================================================================== ===============================================================================

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The show router route-table command (in this case on the CE) is used to verify the contents of the base routing instance. As shown in the slide, this table should contain customer routes only. The service ID parameter is not required on the CE because this device is not MPLS-aware and runs only standard IGP routing protocols.

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A:CE1# show router route-table A:CE1# show router route-table

Verifying the VPRN Service (continued)



Verify the VPRN service’s routing table on the PE.

=============================================================================== =============================================================================== Route Table (Service: 1) Route Table (Service: 1) =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.1.3.0/27 Local Local 00h26m35s 0 10.1.3.0/27 Local Local 00h26m35s 0 toCE1 0 toCE1 0 10.2.4.0/27 Remote BGP VPN 00h40m13s 170 10.2.4.0/27 Remote BGP VPN 00h40m13s 170 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 10.10.10.3/32 Remote BGP 00h25m45s 170 10.10.10.3/32 Remote BGP 00h25m45s 170 10.1.3.3 0 10.1.3.3 0 10.10.10.4/32 Remote BGP VPN 00h39m29s 170 10.10.10.4/32 Remote BGP VPN 00h39m29s 170 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 192.168.1.0/27 Remote BGP 00h25m45s 170 192.168.1.0/27 Remote BGP 00h25m45s 170 10.1.3.3 0 10.1.3.3 0 192.168.2.0/27 Remote BGP VPN 00h39m29s 170 192.168.2.0/27 Remote BGP VPN 00h39m29s 170 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Routes: 6 No. of Routes: 6 =============================================================================== ===============================================================================

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The show router route-table command is used to verify the contents of the routing instance for the specified service. As shown in the slide, this table should contain customer routes such as physical links to the PE devices, system interfaces of the CE devices, and internal customer LAN networks. The prefixes received from the local CE will be learned from the configured PE-CE protocol (BGP), while the prefixes received from the remote CE will be learned from the BGP VPN (MP-BGP) protocol.

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A:PE1# show router 10 route-table A:PE1# show router 10 route-table

Verifying the VPRN Service (continued)  Verify the MPLS labels with an active binding  The label owned by VPRN is the VPN label for the service.  The label owned by LDP is the transport tunnel label for the service.

A:PE1# show router mpls label 32 131071 in-use A:PE1# show router mpls label 32 131071 in-use ================================================================= ================================================================= MPLS Labels from 32 to 131071 (In-use) MPLS Labels from 32 to 131071 (In-use) ================================================================= ================================================================= Label Label Type Label Owner Label Label Type Label Owner --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------131068 dynamic VPRN 131068 dynamic VPRN 131069 dynamic VPRN 131069 dynamic VPRN 131070 dynamic ILDP 131070 dynamic ILDP 131071 dynamic ILDP 131071 dynamic ILDP --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------In-use labels (Owner: All) in specified range : 4 In-use labels (Owner: All) in specified range : 4 In-use labels in entire range : 4 In-use labels in entire range : 4 ================================================================= =================================================================

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The show router mpls label command displays the bindings of the in-use MPLS labels and their owner. In this case, there should be labels bound to LDP as a result of the transport tunnel signaling and labels bound to the VPRN as a result of MP-BGP service label signaling. ILDP is an interface LDP and refers to the transport tunnel (LSP) label, while VPRN refers to the inner (VPN) label. Although it is considered optional to configure MPLS when using LDP as the label signaling protocol, any show router mpls command can be available when MPLS is enabled.

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 If RSVP were configured, the label owned by RSVP would be the LSP label.

Verifying the VPRN Service (continued)

A:PE1# show router bgp routes vpn-ipv4 A:PE1# show router bgp routes vpn-ipv4 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Router ID:10.10.10.1 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 BGP Router ID:10.10.10.1 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 Legend Legend Status codes : u - used, s - suppressed, h - history, d - decayed, * - valid Status codes : u - used, s - suppressed, h - history, d - decayed, * - valid Origin codes : i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete, > - best Origin codes : i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete, > - best =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP VPN-IPv4 Routes BGP VPN-IPv4 Routes =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Flag Network LocalPref MED Flag Network LocalPref MED Nexthop VPNLabel Nexthop VPNLabel As-Path As-Path ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------u*>i 64496:1:10.2.4.0/27 100 None u*>i 64496:1:10.2.4.0/27 100 None 10.10.10.2 131069 10.10.10.2 131069 No As-Path No As-Path u*>? 64496:1:10.10.10.4/32 100 None u*>? 64496:1:10.10.10.4/32 100 None 10.10.10.2 131069 10.10.10.2 131069 64498 64498 u*>? 64496:1:192.168.2.0/27 100 None u*>? 64496:1:192.168.2.0/27 100 None 10.10.10.2 131069 10.10.10.2 131069 64498 64498 u*>i 64496:2:10.2.5.0/27 100 None u*>i 64496:2:10.2.5.0/27 100 None 10.10.10.2 131068 10.10.10.2 131068 No As-Path No As-Path u*>? 64496:2:10.10.10.5/32 100 None u*>? 64496:2:10.10.10.5/32 100 None 10.10.10.2 131068 10.10.10.2 131068 64450 64450 u*>? 64496:2:192.168.2.0/27 100 None u*>? 64496:2:192.168.2.0/27 100 None 10.10.10.2 131068 10.10.10.2 131068 64450 64450 Routes : 6 Routes : 6

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The show router bgp routes vpn-ipv4 command displays the VPN-IPv4 routes received by PE1, including the VPN label.

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 Verify that the VPN-IPv4 routes are received.

Verifying the VPRN Service (continued)

A:PE1# show router 10 fib 1 A:PE1# show router 10 fib 1 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== FIB Display FIB Display =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Prefix Protocol Prefix Protocol NextHop NextHop ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.1.3.0/27 LOCAL 10.1.3.0/27 LOCAL 10.1.3.0 (toCE1) 10.1.3.0 (toCE1) 10.2.4.0/27 BGP_VPN 10.2.4.0/27 BGP_VPN 10.10.10.2 (VPRN Label:131069 Transport:LDP) 10.10.10.2 (VPRN Label:131069 Transport:LDP) 10.10.10.3/32 BGP 10.10.10.3/32 BGP 10.1.3.3 Indirect (toCE1) 10.1.3.3 Indirect (toCE1) 10.10.10.4/32 BGP_VPN 10.10.10.4/32 BGP_VPN 10.10.10.2 (VPRN Label:131069 Transport:LDP) 10.10.10.2 (VPRN Label:131069 Transport:LDP) 192.168.1.0/27 BGP 192.168.1.0/27 BGP 10.1.3.3 Indirect (toCE1) 10.1.3.3 Indirect (toCE1) 192.168.2.0/27 BGP_VPN 192.168.2.0/27 BGP_VPN 10.10.10.2 (VPRN Label:131069 Transport:LDP) 10.10.10.2 (VPRN Label:131069 Transport:LDP) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Entries : 6 Total Entries : 6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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The show router fib command can be used to verify the contents of the FIB. Prefixes learned from traditional routing mechanisms are listed and associated with the traditional IP forwarding parameters of the next-hop address and egress interface. Prefixes learned from MP-BGP as VPN-IPv4 routes are listed and associated with the egress label and MPLS forwarding and LSP parameters.

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Verify the IP and MPLS forwarding information.

Verifying the VPRN Service (continued)

A:CE1# ping 192.168.2.1 PING 192.168.2.1 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=1 64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=2 64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=3 64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=4 64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=5

ttl=62 ttl=62 ttl=62 ttl=62 ttl=62

time=2.33ms. time=3.01ms. time=2.32ms. time=2.48ms. time=2.47ms.

---- 192.168.2.1 PING Statistics ---5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 2.32ms, avg = 2.52ms, max = 3.01ms, stddev = 0.255ms

A:CE1# traceroute 192.168.2.1 traceroute to 192.168.2.1, 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 10.1.3.1 (10.1.3.1) 1.77 ms 1.91 ms 1.76 ms 2 10.2.4.2 (10.2.4.2) 2.13 ms 2.11 ms 2.24 ms 3 192.168.2.1 (192.168.2.1) 2.86 ms 2.85 ms 2.86 ms

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Verify the connectivity from the local CE to the remote CE after service implementation. The MPLS-enabled core routers will not be reported as valid traceroute hops and will not be visible in the traceroute output (not shown here). The egress PE will report a timeout represented by the '* * *' in the traceroute output. Therefore, the ingress PE device and the routers at the customer site are the only devices visible in the traceroute results.

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Verify the routes are reachable via the VPRN service using ping and traceroute commands.

A:PE1# oam vprn-trace 1 source 10.1.3.1 destination 10.2.4.2 A:PE1# oam vprn-trace 1 source 10.1.3.1 destination 10.2.4.2 TTL Seq Rcvd-on Reply-Path RTT TTL Seq Rcvd-on Reply-Path RTT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[Send request TTL: 1, Seq. 1.] [Send request TTL: 1, Seq. 1.] 1 1 cpm In-Band 0.826ms 1 1 cpm In-Band 0.826ms Node-Id 10.10.10.2 Node-Id 10.10.10.2 Requestor 10.10.10.1 Requestor 10.10.10.1 Route: 10.2.4.0/27 Route: 10.2.4.0/27 Vpn Label: 131069 Metrics 0 Pref 170 Owner bgpVpn Vpn Label: 131069 Metrics 0 Pref 170 Owner bgpVpn Next Hops: [1] ldp tunnel Next Hops: [1] ldp tunnel Route Targets: [1]: target:64496:10 Route Targets: [1]: target:64496:10 Responder 10.10.10.2 Responder 10.10.10.2 Route: 10.2.4.2/32 Route: 10.2.4.2/32 Vpn Label: 0 Metrics 0 Pref 0 Owner local Vpn Label: 0 Metrics 0 Pref 0 Owner local Next Hops: [1] ifIdx 2 nextHopIp 10.2.4.2 Next Hops: [1] ifIdx 2 nextHopIp 10.2.4.2 A:PE1# oam vprn-trace 2 source 10.1.6.1 destination 10.2.5.2 A:PE1# oam vprn-trace 2 source 10.1.6.1 destination 10.2.5.2 TTL Seq Rcvd-on Reply-Path RTT TTL Seq Rcvd-on Reply-Path RTT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[Send request TTL: 1, Seq. 1.] [Send request TTL: 1, Seq. 1.] 1 1 cpm In-Band 0.915ms 1 1 cpm In-Band 0.915ms Node-Id 10.10.10.2 Node-Id 10.10.10.2 Requestor 10.10.10.1 Requestor 10.10.10.1 Route: 10.2.5.0/27 Route: 10.2.5.0/27 Vpn Label: 131068 Metrics 0 Pref 170 Owner bgpVpn Vpn Label: 131068 Metrics 0 Pref 170 Owner bgpVpn Next Hops: [1] ldp tunnel Next Hops: [1] ldp tunnel Route Targets: [1]: target:64496:20 Route Targets: [1]: target:64496:20 Responder 10.10.10.2 Responder 10.10.10.2 Route: 10.2.5.2/32 Route: 10.2.5.2/32 Vpn Label: 0 Metrics 0 Pref 0 Owner local Vpn Label: 0 Metrics 0 Pref 0 Owner local Next Hops: [1] ifIdx 2 nextHopIp 10.2.5.2 Next Hops: [1] ifIdx 2 nextHopIp 10.2.5.2

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In order to verify that a service is operational, a set of in-band, packet-based operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM) tools is required with the ability to test each of the individual packet operations. For in-band testing, the OAM packets closely resemble customer packets to effectively test the customer's forwarding path, but they are distinguishable from customer packets so they are kept within the service provider's network and not forwarded to the customer. The suite of OAM diagnostics supplements the basic IP ping and traceroute operations with diagnostics specialized for the different levels in the service delivery model. The oam vprn-ping command is used to verify that the customer VPRN service is operational. The oam vprn-trace command is used to verify the path taken for the customer VPRN service and the tunneling mechanism used across the provider core.

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Verifying the VPRN using OAM tools

VPRN Control Plane Flow  CE learns a route and propagates to the PE via the configured PE-CE protocol.

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The control plane flow demonstration is shown for the Blue VPN. This case study uses BGP as the PE-CE routing protocol; however, static, RIP, OSPF, OSPFv3 or EPGP routing may also be used. The CE router needs a policy to advertise directly connected routes to the PE. CE-x to PE-x routing protocol may be configured independent of any other CE-y-PE-y routing protocol. A:CE1>config>router>policy-options# info ---------------------------------------------policy-statement "direct-bgp" entry 10 from protocol direct exit to protocol bgp exit action accept exit exit exit A:CE1>config>router>bgp# info ---------------------------------------------group "toPE1" peer-as 64496 neighbor 10.1.3.1 export "direct-bgp" exit all

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 The PE will install the route into the VRF based on the configuration of the interface the route was received on.

VPRN Control Plane Flow (continued)

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When PE propagates customer routes to a BGP table, it becomes a VPN-IPv4 route by adding the RD and RT. CE to PE routing protocol may be configured independent of any other CE-PE routing protocol.

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 On PE1, customer routes are automatically propagated into a BGP table.

VPRN Control Plane Flow (continued)

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PE1 and PE2 are BGP neighbors and thus have a BGP session in which MP-BGP updates are exchanged. Each VPRN appears as an additional routing instance and the routes for a service are exchanged via MP-BGP between various PEs.

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 MP-BGP updates pass customer routes via VPN-IPv4 prefixes and route targets across the provider core.

VPRN Control Plane Flow (continued)

PE2 FIB

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Prefix

VPN Label

192.168.1.0/27

131069

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 The receiving PE (egress PE) installs the VPN-IPv4 routes into a VRF based on the route target in the MP-BGP update.

VPRN Control Plane Flow (continued)

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A:PE2>config>router>policy-options# info ---------------------------------------------policy-statement "mbgp-bgp" entry 10 from protocol bgp-vpn exit to protocol bgp exit action accept exit all ---------------------------------------------echo "Service Configuration" service customer 10 create description "Default customer" exit vprn 10 customer 10 create bgp group "toCE1" neighbor 10.1.3.3 export "mbgp-bgp" peer-as 64497 exit exit exit no shutdown

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 A policy is required to exchange the VRF routes to the PE-CE routing protocol.

VPRN Control Plane Flow (continued)  Return Path

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Similarly, route exchanges must occur in the opposite direction. CE2 learns a route and propagates to PE2 via the configured PE-CE protocol (BGP). PE2 will then install the route into the VRF based on the configuration of the interface the route is received on. Customer routes are then automatically propagated into the BGP table on the PE2. MP-BGP updates pass the customer routes via VPN-IPv4 prefixes and route targets across the provider core. The receiving PE (PE1) places all VPN-IPv4 routes into the VRFs corresponding to the proper route targets. The VRF routes are then exchanged to the PE1-CE1 routing protocol via policy.

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 A bi-directional route exchange must occur across the core

VPRN Data Plane Flow

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Packet Flow: 1. An IP Packet intended for 192.168.1.1 is forwarded by the CE2 router via its routing table to the PE2 router. 2. At PE2, the packet is received on an interface associated to the Blue VRF. The PE thus knows that it will use the Blue VRF for forwarding decisions. 3. In the Blue VRF, the next-hop address for the FEC is PE1.

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 Packet Flow CE2 to PE2

VPRN Data Plane Flow (continued)  Packet Flow at PE2

PE2 FIB

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Prefix

VPN Label

192.168.1.0/27

131069

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Packet Flow: The packet will receive a service label by PE2 defining the service on the egress PE.

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 The VPN label is determined by the BGP table, defining the service

VPRN Data Plane Flow (continued)  Packet Flow at PE2

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Packet Flow: 1. A label will be determined for the next-hop address from the LFIB. The label associated to 10.10.10.1 is 131071. 2. The packet will be labeled by PE2 with a transport label of 131071, which defines the transport tunnel to the egress PE. Note: Packet flow at P routers (not shown in the slide): each P router along the path will swap the LSP label and label switches the packet towards the egress PE. There are no changes to the IP header or the VPN label in the core network. The packet will be label switched across the provider core until it reaches the egress PE.

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 The transport label is determined by the LFIB for the next-hop, defining the transport tunnel

VPRN Data Plane Flow (continued)  Packet Flow at PE1

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Packet Flow: 1. The egress PE will POP the LSP label as there is no egress label in the LFIB. 2. The result is an MPLS labeled packet.

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 The LSP label will be popped, while the next label will be processed

VPRN Data Plane Flow (continued)  Packet Flow at PE1

PE1 FIB

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Prefix

VPN Label

192.168.1.0/27

131069

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Packet Flow: 1. The egress PE will reference the VPN label and determine the associated VRF as there is a unique one-to-one association between a VPN label and a VRF. 2. The VPN label is popped and results in an unlabeled packet forwarded via the VRF based on the longest match lookup algorithm. 3. The next-hop is identified as being external to the MPLS domain. The packet will be forwarded by PE1 to CE1. 4. CE1 receives an unlabeled packet for destination 192.168.1.1 and will route the unlabeled packet via its routing table.

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 The VPN label will be popped, while the unlabeled packet will be sent out to the interface corresponding to the longest match lookup algorithm

Lab 9: IPv4 VPRN AS 64497 Blue VPN Site 1

AS 64499 Red VPN Site 1 BGP Pod 2

Pod 1

Pod 3

Pod 4

BGP AS 64498 Blue VPN Site 2

AS 64500 Red VPN Site 2

In this lab you will configure an IPv4 VPRNs Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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MP-BGP LDP

Module 5 — Layer 3 VPNs

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Section 6 — IPv6 VPRN

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Section Objectives



Describe the operation of 6VPE



Configure and verify a basic 6VPE



Complete Lab 10 – Configure and verify an IPv6 VPRN using BGP as the PE-CE routing protocol and LDP for signaling in the IPv4 core

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After successfully completing this section, you will be able to:

Transition from IPv4 to IPv6  Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a replacement of IPv4  IPv6 is deployed in phases

 How can we enable those isolated IPv6 networks to communicate with each other?  Tunneling technologies are used to connect separated IPv6 networks

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Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a replacement of IPv4. The industry believes that IPv6 will boost the development of a series of new services and technologies, particularly in mobile communications and digital home appliances. IPv6 cannot be deployed in one action. IPv4 is currently a dominant protocol of the Internet in which almost all applications on the IP network are based on it. Thus, the applications of IPv6 are to be developed step-by-step. Currently, the main body of the Internet is still using IPv4, whereas IPv6 is deployed in merely a few IPv6 backbone networks such as the CNGI in China and the e-Japan in Japan. The primary issue is how to enable those isolated IPv6 networks to communicate with each other. There are many issues involved when interconnecting IPv4 and IPv6 networks, as well as many strategies for transitioning to IPv6. Tunneling technologies are used to connect separated IPv6 networks.

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 Currently, the main body of the Internet is still using IPv4, whereas IPv6 is only deployed in a few IPv6 backbone networks

6VPE Technology What is 6VPE?  6VPE technology is an extension of VPRN technology for IPv6, which can carry an IPv6 or IPv4 VPN service on IPv4 MPLS backbone networks.

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6VPE (BGP-MPLS IPv6 VPN) is a RFC 4364-like VPN model for IPv6 networks. It is a method in which a service provider may use its packet-switched backbone to provide Virtual Private Network services for its IPv6 customers. 6VPE supports multiple IPv6 VRFs on the PE routers. The 6VPE route delivery and packet forwarding principles are consistent with those of the VPRN using traditional IPv4. The 6VPE router is a PE router that provides a BGP-MPLS IPv6 VPN service over an IPv4-based MPLS core. As explained earlier, VRF is a VPN routing and forwarding instance in a PE. Meanwhile, a VRF table is a routing and a forwarding table associated with a VRF. This customer-specific table enables the PE router to maintain independent routing states for each customer.

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 6VPE logically separates routing table entries for VPN customers.

6VPE Versus IPv4-VPRN Similarities  A route distinguisher (RD) is used to create prefixes that are unique across multiple VPRNs.  A single instance of MP-BGP is used to distribute customer IPv6 routes across the VPRN.  A route target (RT) is used to select routes for a specific VPRN.

 The ingress PE makes a forwarding decision based on the contents of the VRF. Differences  A new address family, VPN-IPv6 is defined.  A VPN-IPv6 address is a 16-byte IPv6 address prepended with an 8-byte RD to form a 24byte address.  The PE routers run a dual stack of IPv4 and IPv6.  IPv6 routes must be resolved to an IPv6 next-hop.

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In principle, no difference exists between IPv4 VPNs and IPv6 VPNs, as specified in RFC 4659 “BGPMPLS IP VPN Extension for IPv6 VPN”. Similar to IPv4, MP-BGP is the centerpiece of the MPLS VPN-IPv6 architecture. It is used to distribute IPv6 routes over the SP backbone with the same set of mechanisms to deal with overlapping addresses, redistribution policies, and scalability issues. Although IPv6 should not have overlapping address space, the IPv6 VPN addresses are still prepended with a route distinguisher. The route target extended community is used to control distribution of routing information, by tagging exported routes and filtering imported ones. Similar to VPN-IPv4, the ingress PE makes a forwarding decision in the data plane based on the contents of the VRF. IPv6 data packets are encapsulated with a service and transport label for transmission across the core. The differences between 6VPE and VPN-IPV4 are: A new address family, VPN-IPv6 is defined for 6VPE, the VPN-IPv6 address is created by adding the eight byte route distinguisher (RD) to a 16 byte IPv6 address. The PE routers run a dual stack of IPv4 and IPv6. Only IPv4 is required in the core network. IPv6 routes must be resolved to an IPv6 next-hop. IPv4 addresses in the core are mapped to IPv6 addresses to accomplish this.

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 PE routers maintain a VRF for each VPRN on that router.

6VPE Overview  Customer IPv6 VPRN routes are exchanged between 6VPE routers across the IPv4 MPLS provider core infrastructure.  The customers connected to 6VPE could run a native IPv6 or IPv4.

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The routing component of the VPN operation is divided into core routing and edge routing. Core routing, which involves PE routers and P routers, is typically performed by an IPv4 IGP such as OSPF or IS-IS. The core routing enables connectivity among the P and PE routers. Edge routing takes place in two directions: routing between PE pairs achieved via MP-BGP using a specific address family (VPN-IPv6) and routing between a PE and a CE. Routing between the CE and its PE is achieved using a routing protocol that is VRF-aware. At this time, only static routes and BGP are VRF-aware. The following routing tables are used at PE1: • IPv6 VRFs: a set of customer-specific IPv6 routing tables that contains customer routes. Each of these routing tables contains routes received from the CE routers, as well as routes from remote sites in the same VPN. • A default routing table that is exclusively used to reach routers inside the provider network. It is an IPv4 table if the MPLS core is IPv4 based (as in this case), and IPv6 otherwise. • A BGP table that contains entries from all customer-specific IPv6 routing tables. Similar to VPRN for IPv4 customers, route distribution between sites occurs as follows: 1. The CE1 router announces a customer prefix to the provider router (PE1). Although this entry belongs to the default routing table at the CE1, it is installed in a VRF IPv6 table (red) at the PE1. The interface on which these entries are received determines the table into which they should be installed. 2. PE1 redistributes this entry into its MP-BGP table after prefixing it with the RD, referencing the VRF table the entry is coming from. 3. Once in the BGP table, the entry is announced to the BGP peer at PE2. 4. Once installed in the PE2 BGP table, the entry is redistributed into one or more VRF tables after stripping off the RD. Note: the RD is used solely to distinguish entries in BGP, not as a policy mechanism to determine what entry from which VRF table is to be redistributed in which VRF table on the remote PE. Instead, BGP communities (route targets) are used for that purpose. 5. From the VRF table, the entry is finally redistributed into the customer site.

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 Each PE router maintains a separate logical routing table (VRF) for each IPv6 VPRN.

6VPE Label Stack

 The outer label is known as the top, transport, or LSP label that identifies the transport tunnel between PE’s.  Signaled via LDP or RSVP  The inner label is known as the service, VC, or VPN label that identifies the customer VPRN.  Signaled via MP-BGP  These labels are applied on the IPv6 packet directly (no additional headers are needed although the core is IPv4) Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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 The IPv6 VPRN Service, similar to IPv4 VPRNs, uses a label stack consisting of two labels.

6VPE Control Plane – Next-hop  For the VPN IPv6 address family, the next-hop has to be an IPv6 address, regardless of the nature of the network between the PEs.  The MP-BGP next-hop is updated to make it IPv6-compliant.

 A value of “::FFFF:” gets prepended to the IPv4 next-hop.

 If the provider network is a native IPv6, the next-hop will be the IPv6 address of the egress PE.

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The 6VPE BGP sessions are established over an IPv4 core, and the core (P) routers do not have IPv6 enabled. When announcing a prefix, MP-BGP running on one PE inserts a BGP next-hop in the update message sent to a remote PE. This next-hop is the address of the PE sending the update message (egress PE). For the VPN-IPv6 address family, it has to be an IPv6 address, regardless of the nature of the network between the PE speakers.

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 If the provider network is an IPv4, the next-hop of the advertising 6VPE router will be an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.

6VPE Data Plane – Ingress 6VPE Router

 When the ingress 6VPE router receives an IPv6 packet, it looks for the destination address in the VRF table.  This destination prefix is either local to the 6VPE (which is another interface participating in the VPN) or a remote ingress 6VPE router.

 For the prefix learned through the remote 6VPE router, the ingress router does a

 The VPN-IPv6 route has an associated MPLS label to a MBGP next-hop and an associated VPRN service label.  The ingress 6VPE router needs to push two MPLS labels in order to send the packets to the egress 6VPE router.  The top label is an MPLS IPv4 label that is used to reach the egress 6VPE router.  The bottom label is an MPLS label that is advertised in MBGP by the remote 6VPE router for the IPv6 prefixes in the VRF.

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lookup in the VPN-IPv6 forwarding table.

6VPE Data Plane – Egress 6VPE Router  The provider core (P) routers label switch the packets to the correct egress 6VPE via the transport label.  The egress 6VPE router receives label-stacked packets from the core.

 The egress 6VPE router pops the bottom IPv6 VPRN service label and identifies the target VRF and the address family.  A further Layer 3 lookup is performed in the target VRF and the IPv6 packet is sent toward the proper customer edge router in the IPv6 domain.  The egress 6VPE forwards unlabeled packets to the customer

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 The egress 6VPE router pops the top transport label.

Router

System addresses

Loopback interfaces configured on

PE1

10.10.10.1/32

CE1

2001:db8:1:1f1::1/64

2001:db8:1:100::1/128

CE2

2001:db8:1:1f2::2/64

PE2

10.10.10.2/32 2001:db8:1:100::2/128

CE1

2001:db8:1:200::1/128

CE2

2001:db8:1:200::2/128

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6VPE operation is very similar to MPLS VPN for IPv4. The main difference is that the advertised customer routes are IPv6 instead of IPv4. The provider edge (PE) routers must run IPv4 (to communicate with the IPv4 MPLS core) and IPv6 (to communicate with customers). The provider core routers are IPv6-unaware and do not need to run BGP.

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6VPE Configuration

Network Diagram  There are two separate sites of an IPv6 VPN customer.  These customer sites (CE1 and CE2) only run IPv6. They are separated in the middle by the IPv4 network.

 MP-BGP is used as the PE-CE routing protocol.

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The network diagram will be used to demonstrate the configuration and operation of 6VPE (Blue VPN). The loopback interfaces simulate locally connected networks. The goal of this case study is to test IPv6 VPN routing over IPv4 MPLS infrastructure with BGP routing between CE and PE (static routing can also be used). This architecture requires no backbone infrastructure upgrades nor a reconfiguration of core routers since forwarding is purely based on MPLs labels. No changes are made to the core routing configuration from the IPv4 VPRN case study. OSPF is used for core routing and LDP as the transport tunnel. Note: In order to use IPv6 on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR, you must first enable chassis mode “c”.

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 PE1 and PE2 are dual stack (IPv4/IPv6) routers. They have interfaces connected to both IPv6 or IPv4 networks.

PE-CE BGP IPv6 Routing Configuration

#-------------------------------------------------#-------------------------------------------------echo "BGP Configuration" echo "BGP Configuration" #-------------------------------------------------#-------------------------------------------------bgp bgp local-as 64497 local-as 64497 group "toPE1" group "toPE1" family ipv6 family ipv6 neighbor 2001:db8:12::2 neighbor 2001:db8:12::2 export "direct-bgp" export "direct-bgp" peer-as 64496 peer-as 64496 exit exit exit exit exit exit exit exit

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BGP is used as a PE-CE protocol. The BGP configuration is pretty straightforward with an “ipv6” family and the use of an IPv6 address for neighbor declaration. No changes are needed for the policy configuration, which are used to redistribute customer routes into BGP. #-------------------------------------------------echo "Policy Configuration" #-------------------------------------------------policy-options begin policy-statement "direct-bgp" entry 10 from protocol direct exit to protocol bgp exit action accept exit exit exit commit exit

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 CE1 BGP Configuration (Similar to CE2).

PE-CE BGP IPv6 Routing Configuration (continued)

vprn 10 customer 10 create vprn 10 customer 10 create description "Customer Blue" description "Customer Blue" router-id 10.10.10.1 router-id 10.10.10.1 autonomous-system 64496 autonomous-system 64496 route-distinguisher 64496:1 route-distinguisher 64496:1 auto-bind ldp auto-bind ldp vrf-target target:64496:10 vrf-target target:64496:10 interface "toR3" create interface "toR3" create ipv6 ipv6 address 2001:db8:12::2/64 address 2001:db8:12::2/64 exit exit sap 1/1/3 create sap 1/1/3 create exit exit exit exit bgp bgp group "toCE1" group "toCE1" family ipv6 family ipv6 export "mpbgp-bgp" export "mpbgp-bgp" neighbor 2001:db8:12::1 neighbor 2001:db8:12::1 peer-as 64497 peer-as 64497 exit exit exit exit exit exit no shutdown no shutdown exit exit

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 PE1 VPRN BGP Configuration (similar to PE2).

6VPE Routers Configuration

#-------------------------------------------------#-------------------------------------------------echo "BGP Configuration" echo "BGP Configuration" #-------------------------------------------------#-------------------------------------------------bgp bgp group "multi-bgp" group "multi-bgp" family vpn-ipv4 vpn-ipv6 family vpn-ipv4 vpn-ipv6 neighbor 10.10.10.2 neighbor 10.10.10.2 local-address 10.10.10.1 local-address 10.10.10.1 peer-as 64496 peer-as 64496 exit exit exit exit exit exit exit exit

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PE1 and PE2 are the 6VPE routers in the network. They run IPv4 (towards the core) and IPv6 (towards the CE and other PEs). In order to support 6VPE and exchange the IPv6 VPN routes, they need to run multi-protocol BGP (MBGP) between them. LDP is used in the IPv4 network to setup MPLS tunnels for IPv6 over IPv4.

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 6VPE Routers MP-BGP Configuration (PE1 and PE2).

6VPE Routers Configuration (continued)

#-------------------------------------------------#-------------------------------------------------echo "Policy Configuration" echo "Policy Configuration" #-------------------------------------------------#-------------------------------------------------policy-options policy-options begin begin policy-statement "mpbgp-bgp" policy-statement "mpbgp-bgp" entry 10 entry 10 from from protocol bgp-vpn protocol bgp-vpn exit exit to to protocol bgp protocol bgp exit exit action accept action accept exit exit exit exit exit exit commit commit exit exit

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The route policy “mpbgp-bp” is used at the 6VPE router in order to export MBGP IPv6 routes into the VPN. There is no need to define any import policy to advertise VPN IPv6 prefixes when BGP is being used as a PE-CE routing protocol. The VRF route-target attribute needs to be set and match in order to import/export routes between 6VPEs. In our example, we used a route-target value of “target:64496:10”. Note: that the core routers (not present in this network) do not run BGP. They use IPv4 MPLS to switch the packets.

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 BGP VPN Route Policy Configuration on PE1 (similar to PE2).

6VPE Verification

*A:PE1# show router 10 bgp summary *A:PE1# show router 10 bgp summary =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Router ID:10.10.10.1 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 BGP Router ID:10.10.10.1 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Admin State : Up BGP Oper State : Up BGP Admin State : Up BGP Oper State : Up Total Peer Groups : 1 Total Peers : 1 Total Peer Groups : 1 Total Peers : 1 Total BGP Paths : 6 Total Path Memory : 760 Total BGP Paths : 6 Total Path Memory : 760 Total IPv4 Remote Rts : 0 Total IPv4 Rem. Active Rts : 0 Total IPv4 Remote Rts : 0 Total IPv4 Rem. Active Rts : 0 Total IPv6 Remote Rts : 3 Total IPv6 Rem. Active Rts : 2 Total IPv6 Remote Rts : 3 Total IPv6 Rem. Active Rts : 2 Total Supressed Rts : 0 Total Hist. Rts : 0 Total Supressed Rts : 0 Total Hist. Rts : 0 Total Decay Rts : 0 Total Decay Rts : 0 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Summary BGP Summary =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Neighbor Neighbor AS PktRcvd InQ Up/Down State|Rcv/Act/Sent (Addr Family) AS PktRcvd InQ Up/Down State|Rcv/Act/Sent (Addr Family) PktSent OutQ PktSent OutQ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2001:db8:12::1 2001:db8:12::1 64497 244 0 01h17m27s 3/2/3 (IPv6) 64497 244 0 01h17m27s 3/2/3 (IPv6) 238 0 238 0 =============================================================================== ===============================================================================

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After the configuration, both IPv6 networks are visible to each other via the 6VPE routers. The show router 10 bgp summary command can be used at the PE to verify that the BGP session to CE is established and that VPN IPv6 routes are exchanged.

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 Verify that the BGP session to CE is established and VPN IPv6 routes are exchanged.

6VPE Verification (continued)

A:PE2# show router bgp summary A:PE2# show router bgp summary =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Router ID:10.10.10.2 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 BGP Router ID:10.10.10.2 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Admin State : Up BGP Oper State : Up BGP Admin State BGP Oper Total Peer Groups : :1 Up Total PeersState : :1 Up TotalBGP Peer Groups TotalPath Peers 1 Total Paths : :141 Total Memory : :1792 Total BGP Paths : 14 Total Path Memory Total IPv4 Remote Rts : 0 Total IPv4 Rem. Active Rts : :0 1792 Total IPv4 Remote Rts : 0 Total IPv4 Rem. Active Rts Total IPv6 Remote Rts : 0 Total IPv6 Rem. Active Rts : :0 0 TotalSupressed IPv6 Remote TotalHist. IPv6 Rts Rem. Active Rts : :0 0 Total Rts Rts : :0 0 Total TotalDecay Supressed Total Hist. Rts : 0 Total Rts Rts : :0 0 Total Decay Rts : 0 Total VPN Peer Groups : 2 Total VPN Peers : 2 TotalVPN VPNLocal Peer Rts Groups : :7 2 Total VPN Peers : 2 Total TotalVPN-IPv4 VPN Local RtsRts : :4 7 Total Rem. Total VPN-IPv4 Rem. Act. Rts: 4 TotalVPN-IPv6 VPN-IPv4Rem. Rem.Rts Rts: :3 4 TotalVPN-IPv6 VPN-IPv4Rem. Rem.Act. Act.Rts: Rts:3 4 Total Total TotalL2-VPN VPN-IPv6 TotalL2VPN VPN-IPv6 Total Rem.Rem. Rts Rts: :0 3 Total Rem. Rem. Act. Act. Rts Rts: : 03 TotalVPN L2-VPN TotalVPN L2VPN Rem. Total Supp.Rem. Rts Rts : :0 0 Total Hist. RtsAct. Rts : :0 0 TotalVPN VPNDecay Supp.Rts Rts Total VPN Hist. Rts : 0 Total : :0 0 TotalMVPN-IPv4 VPN DecayRem RtsRts : :0 0 Total Total MVPN-IPv4 Rem Act Rts : 0 TotalMDT-SAFI MVPN-IPv4 TotalMDT-SAFI MVPN-IPv4 Total RemRem RtsRts: :0 0 Total RemRem ActAct RtsRts: :0 0 Total MDT-SAFI Rem Rts : 0 Total MDT-SAFI Rem Act Rts : 0 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Summary BGP Summary =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Neighbor Neighbor AS PktRcvd InQ Up/Down State|Rcv/Act/Sent (Addr Family) ASPktSent PktRcvdOutQ InQ Up/Down State|Rcv/Act/Sent (Addr Family) PktSent OutQ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.10.10.1 10.10.10.1 64496 58529 0 01h46m16s 0/0/0 (IPv4) 64496 58512 58529 0/0/0(IPv6) (IPv4) 0 0 01h46m16s0/0/0 58512 0 0/0/0(VpnIPv4) (IPv6) 4/4/4 4/4/4(VpnIPv6) (VpnIPv4) 3/3/3 3/3/3 (VpnIPv6)

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The show router bgp summary command can be used at the PE to verify that the MP-BGP session to 6VPE is established and that VPN IPv6 routes are exchanged.

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 Verify that the MP-BGP session to PE is established and VPN IPv6 routes are exchanged.

6VPE Verification (continued)

A:PE1# show router bgp routes vpn-ipv6 A:PE1# show router bgp routes vpn-ipv6 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Router ID:10.10.10.1 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 BGP Router ID:10.10.10.1 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Legend Legend Status codes : u - used, s - suppressed, h - history, d - decayed, * - valid Status codes : u - used, s - suppressed, h - history, d - decayed, * - valid Origin codes : i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete, > - best Origin codes : i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete, > - best =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP VPN-IPv6 Routes BGP VPN-IPv6 Routes =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Flag Network LocalPref MED Flag Network LocalPref MED Nexthop VPNLabel Nexthop VPNLabel As-Path As-Path ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------u*>i 64496:1:2001:db8:56::/64 100 None u*>i 64496:1:2001:db8:56::/64 100 None ::FFFF:A0A:A02 131069 ::FFFF:A0A:A02 131069 No As-Path No As-Path u*>? 64496:1:2001:db8:1:200::2/128 100 None u*>? 64496:1:2001:db8:1:200::2/128 100 None ::FFFF:A0A:A02 131069 ::FFFF:A0A:A02 131069 64498 64498 u*>? 64496:1:2001:db8:1:1f2::/64 100 None u*>? 64496:1:2001:db8:1:1f2::/64 100 None ::FFFF:A0A:A02 131069 ::FFFF:A0A:A02 131069 64498 64498 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Routes : 3 Routes : 3 =============================================================================== ===============================================================================

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The VPN IPv6 routes received by PE1 and PE2 can be seen using the show router bgp routes vpnipv6 command. A:PE2# show router bgp routes vpn-ipv6 ============================================================================= BGP Router ID:10.10.10.2 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 ============================================================================= Legend Status codes : u - used, s - suppressed, h - history, d - decayed, * - valid Origin codes : i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete, > - best ============================================================================= BGP VPN-IPv6 Routes ============================================================================= Flag Network LocalPref MED Nexthop VPNLabel As-Path ----------------------------------------------------------------------------u*>i 64496:1:2001:db8:12::/64 100 None ::FFFF:A0A:A01 131070 No As-Path u*>? 64496:1:2001:db8:1:200::1/128 100 None ::FFFF:A0A:A01 131070 64497 u*>? 64496:1:2001:db8:1:1f1::/64 100 None ::FFFF:A0A:A01 131070 64497 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Routes : 3

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 Verify that the VPN IPv6 routes are received by PE1 and PE2.

6VPE Verification (continued)

A:PE1# show router 10 route-table ipv6 A:PE1# show router 10 route-table ipv6 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== IPv6 Route Table (Service: 1) IPv6 Route Table (Service: 1) =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2001:db8:12::/64 Local Local 02h16m34s 0 2001:db8:12::/64 Local Local 02h16m34s 0 toR3 0 toR3 0 2001:db8:56::/64 Remote BGP VPN 00h49m29s 170 2001:db8:56::/64 Remote BGP VPN 00h49m29s 170 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 2001:db8:1:200::1/128 Remote BGP 01h31m32s 170 2001:db8:1:200::1/128 Remote BGP 01h31m32s 170 2001:db8:12::1 0 2001:db8:12::1 0 2001:db8:1:200::2/128 Remote BGP VPN 00h27m49s 170 2001:db8:1:200::2/128 Remote BGP VPN 00h27m49s 170 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 2001:db8:1:1f1::/64 Remote BGP 01h31m32s 170 2001:db8:1:1f1::/64 Remote BGP 01h31m32s 170 2001:db8:12::1 0 2001:db8:12::1 0 2001:db8:1:1f2::/64 Remote BGP VPN 00h27m49s 170 2001:db8:1:1f2::/64 Remote BGP VPN 00h27m49s 170 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 10.10.10.2 (tunneled) 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Routes: 6 No. of Routes: 6 =============================================================================== ===============================================================================

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The show router 10 route-table ipv6 command can be used in PE1 and PE2 to verify VPN. IPv6 routes are learnt via MBGP from the remote 6VPE router. A:PE2# show router 10 route-table ipv6 ============================================================================= IPv6 Route Table (Service: 1) ============================================================================= Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric ----------------------------------------------------------------------------2001:db8:12::/64 Remote BGP VPN 01h55m11s 170 10.10.10.1 (tunneled) 0 2001:db8:56::/64 Local Local 00h50m59s 0 toR4 0 2001:db8:1:200::1/128 Remote BGP VPN 01h32m39s 170 10.10.10.1 (tunneled) 0 2001:db8:1:200::2/128 Remote BGP 00h29m21s 170 2001:db8:56::6 0 2001:db8:1:1f1::/64 Remote BGP VPN 01h32m39s 170 10.10.10.1 (tunneled) 0 2001:db8:1:1f2::/64 Remote BGP 00h29m21s 170 2001:db8:56::6 0 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Routes: 6

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 Verify that the VPN IPv6 routes are learnt via MP-BGP from the remote 6VPE router and installed in the VRF.

6VPE Verification (continued)

A:CE1# show router route-table ipv6 A:CE1# show router route-table ipv6 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== IPv6 Route Table (Router: Base) IPv6 Route Table (Router: Base) =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric Next Hop[Interface Name] Metric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2001:db8:12::/64 Local Local 02h06m09s 0 2001:db8:12::/64 Local Local 02h06m09s 0 toR1 0 toR1 0 2001:db8:56::/64 Remote BGP 00h46m54s 170 2001:db8:56::/64 Remote BGP 00h46m54s 170 2001:db8:12::2 0 2001:db8:12::2 0 2001:db8:1:200::1/128 Local Local 01h29m24s 0 2001:db8:1:200::1/128 Local Local 01h29m24s 0 system 0 system 0 2001:db8:1:200::2/128 Remote BGP 00h25m21s 170 2001:db8:1:200::2/128 Remote BGP 00h25m21s 170 2001:db8:12::2 0 2001:db8:12::2 0 2001:db8:1:1f1::/64 Local Local 01d02h10m 0 2001:db8:1:1f1::/64 Local Local 01d02h10m 0 BlueSite1 0 BlueSite1 0 2001:db8:1:1f2::/64 Remote BGP 00h25m21s 170 2001:db8:1:1f2::/64 Remote BGP 00h25m21s 170 2001:db8:12::2 0 2001:db8:12::2 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. of Routes: 6 No. of Routes: 6 =============================================================================== ===============================================================================

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The show router route-table ipv6 command can be used in CE1 and CE2 to verify the VPN. IPv6 routes are learnt via the PE-CE BGP session and installed in the route table. The ping command can be used in CE1 to verify that CE2’s advertised network is accessible. A:CE1# ping 2001:db8:1:200::2 PING 2001:db8:1:200::2 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 2001:db8:1:200::2 icmp_seq=1 hlim=62 time=2.80ms. 64 bytes from 2001:db8:1:200::2 icmp_seq=2 hlim=62 time=3.13ms. 64 bytes from 2001:db8:1:200::2 icmp_seq=3 hlim=62 time=2.67ms. 64 bytes from 2001:db8:1:200::2 icmp_seq=4 hlim=62 time=3.82ms. 64 bytes from 2001:db8:1:200::2 icmp_seq=5 hlim=62 time=3.61ms. ---- 2001:db8:1:200::2 PING Statistics ---5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0.00% packet loss round-trip min = 2.67ms, avg = 3.21ms, max = 3.82ms, stddev = 0.448ms

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 Verify that the VPN IPv6 routes are learned via the PE-CE BGP session and installed in the route table.

6VPE Verification (continued)

*A:PE1# show router bgp routes 64496:1:2001:db8:1:200::2/128 hunt *A:PE1# show router bgp routes 64496:1:2001:db8:1:200::2/128 hunt =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP Router ID:10.10.10.1 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 BGP Router ID:10.10.10.1 AS:64496 Local AS:64496 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Legend Legend Status codes : u - used, s - suppressed, h - history, d - decayed, * - valid Status codes : u - used, s - suppressed, h - history, d - decayed, * - valid Origin codes : i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete, > - best Origin codes : i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete, > - best =============================================================================== =============================================================================== BGP VPN-IPv6 Routes BGP VPN-IPv6 Routes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RIB In Entries RIB In Entries ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network : 2001:db8:1:200::2/128 Network : 2001:db8:1:200::2/128 Nexthop : ::FFFF:A0A:A02 Nexthop : ::FFFF:A0A:A02 Route Dist. : 64496:1 VPN Label : 131069 Route Dist. : 64496:1 VPN Label : 131069 From : 10.10.10.2 From : 10.10.10.2 Res. Nexthop : n/a Res. Nexthop : n/a Local Pref. : 100 Interface Name : NotAvailable Local Pref. : 100 Interface Name : NotAvailable Aggregator AS : None Aggregator : None Aggregator AS : None Aggregator : None Atomic Aggr. : Not Atomic MED : None Atomic Aggr. : Not Atomic MED : None Community : target:64496:10 Community : target:64496:10 Cluster : No Cluster Members Cluster : No Cluster Members Originator Id : None Peer Router Id : 10.10.10.2 Originator Id : None Peer Router Id : 10.10.10.2 Flags : Used Valid Best Incomplete Flags : Used Valid Best Incomplete AS-Path : 64498 AS-Path : 64498 VPRN Imported : 1 VPRN Imported : 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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The show router bgp routes 64496:1:2001:db8:1:200::2/128 hunt command can be used to verify that the IPv6 route is learnt via M-BGP over the IPv4 core. The next-hop for the route is an IPv4-mapped IPv6 route. This command also displays the VPN label 131069 used for 6VPE (remember from IPv4 MPLS VPNs that we use platform-based labeling). Note: that BGP must have a valid next hop for the route before it is installed in the route table. If the MPLS transport in the VPRN (auto-bind ldp in this case) has not been configured, then the route will be marked as Invalid and not used by BGP as there is no transport tunnel to the next hop.

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 Verify that the IPv6 route is learned via M-BGP over the IPv4 core.

Lab 10: IPv6 VPRN

AS 64497 Blue VPN Site 1

AS 64499 Red VPN Site 1 BGP

MP-BGP LDP

Pod 3

Pod 4

BGP AS 64498 Blue VPN Site 2

AS 64500 Red VPN Site 2

In this lab you will configure and verify IPv6 VPRNs Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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In this lab, students will configure and verify IPv6 VPN (6VPE) routing over IPv4 MPLS infrastructure with BGP routing between CE and PE.

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Pod 2

Pod 1

Module Summary  IES is a routed Layer 3 connectivity service.  IES provides direct Internet access with billing, ingress and egress shaping and policing capabilities.

 A functional IES requires customer association and interface configuration.  The IES interface must be assigned an IP address and must terminate either a SAP or a spoke SDP.  Multiple interfaces may be configured for each IES.  A Layer 3 service can only terminate a spoke SDP, not a mesh SDP.  Layer 3 service termination to a Layer 2 service may require adjustment of the IP-MTU parameter.

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 IES allows customer-facing IP interfaces to participate in the same routing instance used for service network core routing connectivity.

Module Summary (continued)  A VPRN consists of customer sites connected to PE routers where the provider associates each of these sites with a VPRN service.

 PE routers must run traditional routing protocols with the CE and MPLS protocols with the P routers.  P routers are MPLS-enabled but are not aware of customer VPRNs.  PE routers maintain a separate VRF for each VPRN.  VPRN service uses an MPLS label stack consisting of two labels:  The LSP label defines the forwarding path between PEs. 

The VPN label identifies the customer network on the egress PE.

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 CE routers are not MPLS-enabled and are only configured with traditional routing protocols.

Module Summary (continued)  VPN-IPv4 addresses were created to extend BGP’s ability to carry overlapping routing information.

 A VPN-IPv4 address is a 12-byte value consisting of an 8-byte route distinguisher (RD) and a 4-byte IPv4 prefix.  The 8-byte route target (RT) is a BGP-extended community attribute used as the VPN identifier.  LSP label signaling is exchanged between provider core routers via RSVPTE or LDP.  PE routers exchange the routing information learned from all customer sites via MP-BGP.

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 VPN-IPv4 addresses are carried only across the provider's backbone by the MP-BGP protocol.

Module Summary (continued)  VPRN label signaling is carried between PE routers in MP-BGP updates.  The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR router assigns one label per VRF.  Customer packets crossing the service providers backbone are IPv4 packets with an added MPLS label stack.

 Creating customer accounts  Defining the VPRN service  Creating VPRN interfaces and SAP associations  Selecting and configuring the transport tunnel type for the VPRN service  Selecting and configuring the CE-PE routing protocol  Configuring route redistribution  Activating the VPRN Service

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 VPRN service configuration will include the following items:

Module Summary (continued)

 6VPE is a tunneling technology that makes use of MPLS tunnels to transport IPv6 information over the IPv4 MPLS infrastructure.

 As in IPv4 VPRN, MP-BGP is used to distribute routes from an IPv6 VPN site to all the other PE routers connected to a site of the same IPv6 VPN.  PEs use VPN routing and forwarding tables (VRFs) to maintain the reachability and forwarding information for each IPv6 VPN separately.

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 In 6VPE, the PE routers run a dual stack of IPv4/IPv6 and exchange the IPv6 routes using MP-BGP.

Learning Assessment 1. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: An IES must be configured with a SAP and an SDP.

3. When an IES is used to provide a Layer 3 termination for a SAP, what extra configuration is necessary within the SAP? 4. When an IES is used to terminate the spoke SDP of a VPLS, what extra configuration must be done on the VPLS side? 5. When an IES is used to terminate the spoke SDP of a VPLS, what extra configuration must be done on the IES side? 6. When an IES is used to terminate the spoke SDP of a VPLS, what MAC address appears in the VPLS FDB for the IES interface?

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1. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: An IES is configured with a SAP and a SDP. False 2. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: An IES may configured to either a SAP or on a network port. False; it cannot be configured on a network port. 3. When an IES is used to provide a Layer 3 termination for a SAP, what extra configuration is necessary within the SAP? No extra configuration is required for the SAP. 4. When an IES is used to terminate the spoke SDP of a VPLS, what extra configuration must be done on the VPLS side? No extra configuration is required within the VPLS. 5. When an IES is used to terminate the spoke SDP of a VPLS, what extra configuration must done on the IES side? The VC MTU must match on both sides of the spoke SDP, so it will typically be necessary to define the IP-MTU setting for each interface within the IES. 6. When an IES is used to terminate the spoke SDP of a VPLS, what MAC address appears in the VPLS FDB for the IES interface? The MAC address of the IES corresponds to the base chassis MAC address of the IES router.

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2. Verify whether the following statement is true or false: An IES may be configured to either a SAP or on a network port.

Learning Assessment (continued)

7. What are the three key functions described in RFC 4364 to provide a Layer 3 VPN service? 8. What table is used for a VPRN service in PE routers? 10. Contrast between the functions of a PE and P device. 11. How does a VPRN service allow the usage of overlapping customer addressing? 12. What is the function of a VPN label?

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Learning Assessment Answers 7. What are the three key functions described in RFC 4364 to provide a Layer 3 VPN service? Distributing the customer’s routing information between sites. Forwarding the customer originated data packets to the appropriate destination. Providing secure Layer 3 routing connectivity between the various customer sites. 8. What table is used for a VPRN service in PE routers? The VPN (or virtual) routing and forwarding (VRF) table is used. 9. List three benefits of a VPRN service. A VPRN service simplifies the routing topology at customer sites. The service provider manages the core network and the customer routes. Customers receive the redundancy benefits designed into the provider core. 10. Contrast between the functions of a PE and P device. PE devices are the interface to the provider network for one or more CE devices, from one or more distinct customers. P devices comprise the internal provider network core without connections to the customer. 11. How does a VPRN service allow the usage of overlapping customer addressing? A VPRN service allows the usage of overlapping customer addressing by securely isolating routes from different customers in a logical routing table known as the VRF. 12. What is the function of a VPN label? The VPN (or inner) label differentiates between the specific customer destination networks at the egress to the MPLS domain.

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9. List three benefits of a VPRN service.

Learning Assessment (continued) 13. Fill in the blanks: The VPRN service distributes the customer’s routing information using __________________ and forwards their data packets using __________________ tunnels.

15. What are the different types of CE-PE routing protocols supported for the VPRN service? 16. Fill in the blanks: A VPN-IPv4 address is a ______byte value consisting of the _______byte route distinguisher (RD) and the ____ byte IPv4 address prefix. 17. Why are VPN-IPv4 addresses used for a VPRN service? 18. Is there a fixed association between the choice of PE-CE protocols and the choice of MPLS protocols used in a VPRN network?

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Learning Assessment Answers 13. Fill in the blanks: The VPRN service distributes customer’s routing information using MP-BGP and forwards their data packets using MPLS or GRE tunnels. 14. Fill in the blank: For VPRN services, PE routers exchange the routing information learnt from all customer sites according to the MP-BGP routing protocol. 15. What are the different types of CE-PE routing protocols supported for the VPRN service? Alcatel-Lucent supports static, RIP, OSPF, OSPFv3, and BGP as CE-PE routing protocols for the VPRN service. 16. Fill in the blanks: A VPN-IPv4 address is a 12-byte value consisting of the 8-byte route distinguisher (RD) and the 4-byte IPv4 address prefix. 17. Why are VPN-IPv4 addresses used for a VPRN service? VPN-IPv4 addressing allows the IP address prefixes used within different VRFs to overlap (in other words, to be the same). 18. Is there a fixed association between the choice of PE-CE protocols and the choice of MPLS protocols used in a VPRN network? There is no fixed association between the choice of protocols used in a MPLS network. Any PE-CE routing protocol can be used in association with any transport tunnel label signaling protocol.

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14. Fill in the blank: For VPRN services, PE routers exchange the routing information learnt from all customer sites according to the _________________ routing protocol.

Learning Assessment (continued) 19. What is the purpose of a route target (RT)? 20. How is a BGP session configured to carry VPN-IPv4 prefixes? 21. Will the VPRN PE-CE interface be operationally active if the route distinguisher is not configured? 23. What routing tables are used by a 6VPE router?

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Learning Assessment Answers 19. What is the purpose of a route target (RT)? The route target (RT) provides the ability for MP-BGP to install the routes into the correct egress VRF table. 20. How is a BGP session configured to carry VPN-IPv4 prefixes? A BGP session is configured to carry VPN-IPv4 prefixes by defining the 'family vpn-ipv4‘ parameter under the BGP configuration. 21. Will the VPRN service be operationally active if the route distinguisher is not configured? A route distinguisher must be defined in order for VPRN PE-CE interface to be operationally active. 22. What is a dual stack router? Dual stack means that a router can support both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks. Such a router can communicate with an IPv4 and IPv6 router directly. Therefore, it can be regarded as a connection point between IPv4 and IPv6 networks. 23. What routing tables are used by a 6VPE router? IPv6 VRFs: a set of customer-specific IPv6 routing tables that contains customer routes. Each of these routing tables contains routes received from the CE routers as well as routes from remote sites in the same VPN. A default routing table that is exclusively used to reach routers inside the provider network. A BGP table that contains entries from all the customer-specific IPv6 routes.

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22. What is a dual stack router?

This appendix is provided as supplementary material for students who did not take the latest IRP course version. Its material is not part of the services exam.

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Appendix — IPv6

Appendix Overview

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Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture This course is part of the Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification (SRC) program. Refer to the Alcatel-Lucent website located at www.alcatel-lucent.com/src for more information on the SRC program. To locate additional information relating to the topics presented in this manual, refer to the following: • Technical Practices for the specific product • Internet standards documentation such as protocol standards bodies, RFCs, and IETF drafts • Technical support pages of the Alcatel-Lucent website located at http://www.alcatellucent.com/support

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 IPv6 addressing  ICMPv6  Configuring IPv6 interfaces on Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR

IPv6 Addressing

Three types of addresses defined in IPv6  Unicast (single host)  Multicast (multiple hosts)  Anycast (multiple hosts)  Closest host with the anycast address responds

No broadcast address  Solicited-node multicast used instead of broadcast

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IPv6 defines three different types of addresses: Unicast— A unicast address provides an address for a single host. Multicast — A multicast address provides an address for a group of hosts. Anycast — An anycast address is a unicast address used by more than one host. A packet addressed to an anycast address is delivered to the nearest host as determined by the routing protocol. IPv6 does not define broadcast addresses. There is a link-local multicast address for all routers on the link (ff02::1) and solicited-node multicast addresses that replace the IPv4 ARP protocol.

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 Hosts must join the multicast group

IPv6 Addressing

 IPv6 is 128 bits, expressed in groups of 4 hex digits  Eg. 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0021:0000:4ab9:0300

 Only one group can be omitted  Eg. 2001:0db8::0021:0000:4ab9:0300

 Leading zeroes can be omitted  Eg. 2001:db8::21:0:4ab9:300

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Since the IPv6 address is 128 bits, there are a number of conventions used to shorten them as much as possible. 1. Addresses are written in groups of 4 hex digits, separated by a single colon. For example 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0021:0000:4ab9:0300. 2. One or more groups of zeroes can be replaced by two colons. The number above becomes 2001:0db8::0021:0000: 4ab9:0300. 3. Only one group of zeroes can be replaced with double colons. Otherwise it would not possible to tell where the zeroes are located. However, leading zeroes in a group can also be omitted. The address above becomes 2001:db8::21:0: 4ab9:300.

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 One or more groups of consecutive zeroes can be omitted

 64 bits for routing prefix  48 bit global prefix  16 bit subnet

 2000::/3 is reserved as the global routing prefix  64 bits for interface identifier  May be derived from MAC address

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Regular IPv6 unicast addressing uses a fixed structure where 64 bits are defined as the routing prefix and 64 bits are defined as the interface identifier. For a globally routed address, 48 bits of the routing prefix are used as the global routing prefix and 16 bits are the local routing prefix (or subnet). The allocation for globally routed IPv6 addresses is the address space 2000::/3. This represents one eighth of the entire address space and is all addresses beginning with the bit pattern 001. An ISP is typically allocated a network assignment of /32 or larger (larger means a smaller prefix such as /31 or 30 and hence a larger network range). An individual enterprise typically receives a /48 or larger. Since a /48 has 16 bits available for the local subnet, this provides 65,536 individual subnets. The interface ID portion of the address is locally assigned, but can be automatically derived from the 48 bit MAC address. It might also be assigned from a DHCPv6 server, through an auto-discovery mechanism or manually assigned.

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Unicast Addresses

 Uses modified EUI-64, derived from MAC address  7th most significant bit of OUI is flipped  Hex string ff:fe is inserted between OUI and individual address component

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To derive an IPv6 interface ID from the MAC address, the approach is to create a modified EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier-64). This involves flipping the 7th most significant bit of the OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) and inserting the hex string ff:fe between the 3 bytes of the OUI and the 3 bytes of the NIC-specific component. For example, assume an organization is assigned the prefix 2001:db8/48. The organization has 16 bits for subnetting. Perhaps they have 30 locations and decide to assign the first 8 bits based on the location and the next 8 on the subnet at that location. Subnet 10 at location 3 gives a subnet value of 030a, for a routing prefix of 2001:db8:0:30a::/64. With the modified EUI-64 assignment, the host with MAC address 00:16:4d:13:5c:ae has an interface ID of 0216:4dff:fe13:5cae. The resulting IPv6 address is 2001:db8::30a:216:4dff:fe13:5cae.

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Deriving IPv6 Interface ID

Special IPv6 Addresses

 ::/128 is the unspecified host address  ::1/128 is the loopback address  ::/0 is the default route (same as IPv4)  All interfaces automatically have a link-local address

 fc00::/7 defines Unique Local Address (ULA) range  Similar to private addresses in IPv4

 ::ffff:0:0/96 is a prefix to map IPv4 addresses  May use notation such as ::ffff:0:0:192.168.1.0

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There are a number of other unicast addresses in IPv6 that have special meaning. ::/128 is the unspecified host address (all zeroes). This address might be used until an address is assigned to the device. ::1/128 is the loopback address (all zeroes except the last bit). This corresponds to the address 127.0.0.1 in IPv4. ::/0 is the default unicast route (the same as 0.0.0.0/0 in IPv4). fe80::/64 is the prefix for the link-local address (binary 1111111010 followed by 54 zeroes). IPv6 requires that every IPv6 interface have a link-local address. This is not a valid routing prefix and is only used for communications on the local link. Typically the link-local interface ID is assigned the same value as the global interface ID which means using the modified EUI-64 address. For the global address 2001:db8:0:30a:216:4dff:fe13:5cae, the link local address would be fe80::216:4dff:fe13:5cae. fc00::/7 defines a range known as Unique Local Addresses (ULA, RFC 4193). These are addresses intended to be used on a private network and not routed on the global Internet (similar to private addresses in IPv4). The ULA range is split into two ranges, depending on the value of the eighth bit. fd00::/8 is intended to be used as a 48-bit prefix with the remaining 40 bits self-assigned using a pseudo-random generator. This means that even though addresses are self-assigned, the probability of two networks sharing the same prefix is very small. This is intended to make it easier to interconnect privately-addressed networks. fc00::/8 addresses are intended to have the remaining 40 bits allocated by a registrar to provide globally unique private addresses, although the mechanism is yet to be defined (draft-hain-ipv6-ulac-02) at the time of writing. ::ffff:0:0/96 is a prefix for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses. This provides an IPv6 address space that can be used by native IPv4 applications. It is acceptable to use the standard IPv4 notation for the low order 32 bits of the address. For example 192.168.0.1 is mapped to the IPv6 address ::ffff:0:0:192.168.0.1.

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 fe80::/64 is the prefix for link-local addresses

IPv6 Multicast Addresses

 Next four are flag bits  Following four are scope bits  Remaining 112 identify the multicast group

 Some well-known multicast addresses  ff02::1 – all routers on the local link  ff02::2 – all routers on the local link  ff02::1:2 – all DHCPv6 servers Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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All IPv6 multicast addresses have an 8 bit prefix of all ones (ff00::/8) followed by 4 flag bits and 4 bits that define the multicast scope. For general multicast addresses, the remaining 112 bits define the multicast group. Some well known IPv6 multicast addresses are: ff02::1 - All routers on the local link. ff02::2 - All routers on the local link. ff02::1:2 - All DHCPv6 servers and relays on the local link.

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 Multicast addresses have an 8-bit prefix of all ones (ff::/8)

 Replaces the broadcast address from IPv4  In 112-bit field, 79 zeroes followed by 9 ones, then 24 bits from the unicast address  Last 24 bits are last 24 bits of unicast address being solicited

 03-03-xx-xx-xx-xx reserved by IEEE for IPv6 multicast  MAC multicast address formed from last 32 bits of IPv6 multicast address Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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IPv6 also defines a group of multicast addresses called ‘solicited-node multicast.’ The sixteen bits of the prefix, flags and scope are followed by 79 zeroes and 9 ones. The remaining 24 bits are taken from the last 24 bits of the unicast address (or addresses) that is being solicited. If the destination router has the address 2001:db8::30a:216:4dff:fe13:5cae, then the solicited-node multicast address becomes ff02::1:ff13:5cae. The IEEE provides the range of multicast addresses of 03-03-xx-xx-xx-xx for IPv6, where the xx-xx-xxxx string is the 32 low-order bits of the multicast IP address. Each IPv6 node on Ethernet automatically joins the multicast groups corresponding to their solicited-node address and the all-routers address. Thus, the host in this example will receive the Ethernet multicast groups: 03-03-ff-13-5c-ae and 03-03-00-00-00-01 The use of solicited-node multicast for host address resolution is described in the ICMPv6 section.

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IPv6 Solicited-Node Multicast

Anycast Addresses

 Anycast address is a special use of a unicast address  Any unicast address can be used for anycast

 Useful for redundant services such as DNS

 RFC 2526 reserves the highest 128 addresses on every subnet as anycast addresses  Must not be assigned as unicast addresses

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Anycast addresses are used in limited situations in IPv4, but IPv6 formally incorporates the concept of an anycast addresses. Think of an anycast address as a virtual unicast address shared by multiple hosts. An IPv6 packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the nearest reachable host assigned the anycast address. This is a useful mechanism for providing a redundant service, such as a DNS server. An anycast address can be formed from any unicast address. In addition, RFC 2526 defines a range of anycast addresses to be reserved on every subnet for well-known services. This range is the highest 128 interface addresses on the subnet. These addresses must never be assigned as unicast addresses. It’s similar to the concept in IPv4 of reserving the highest address as the broadcast address on a subnet, except that a range of 128 addresses (from 0 to 127) is reserved for anycast in IPv6. To date, only one address in this range has been assigned - the value 126, for Mobile IPv6 Home Agents.

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 Packets with an anycast address are routed to closest device assigned the address

 Header is simplified from IPv4  Extension headers support extra features  Forwarding is similar to IPv4  No fragmentation by routers  No header checksum  Fixed header size Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Despite the significant differences in addressing, IPv6 has many similarities to IPv4 - it’s actually a fairly conservative revision of the protocol. The forwarding mechanism is essentially the same as in IPv4. Packets are forwarded hop-by-hop based on a lookup in the forwarding table for the longest prefix match. This provides the next hop for forwarding the packet. The IPv6 header has some significant changes that simplify the forwarding process compared to IPv4. The main changes in the forwarding process are: - No header length field to process since the IPv6 header is a fixed length. -No checksum calculations. In IPv4 the header checksum is verified and recalculated at each hop since the TTL value changes at each hop. IPv6 relies on the error checking performed by Layer 2 and the error checking of upper layer protocols. - No fragmentation operations to perform

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IPv6 Header

IPv6 Header Fields

 Version – identifies protocol version (as in IPv4)  Traffic Class – similar to TOS in IPv4  First 6 bits are DSCP, last two Explicit Congestion Notification  Payload length – like IPv4 except that it does not include headers  Next header – like protocol field in IPv4, except that it may also indicate an extension header  Hop limit – similar to TTL, except that it is strictly a hop count  Source and destination addresses – as in IPv4 except that it contains 128 bit addresses

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Version — As in IPv4 this field contains the protocol version number, in this case the value 6. Traffic Class — Similar to the TOS (Type of Service) field in IPv4, this value is used for prioritizing the treatment of traffic. The first 6 bits are to be interpreted as the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) defined in RFC 2474 and the last two as Explicit Congestion Notification defined in RFC 3168. Flow Label— This field has no counterpart in IPv4. It can be used to indicate that this packet belongs to a specific data flow of an upper layer protocol or application. This could be used as a simple classification mechanism by an intermediate router to identify all the packets belonging to a specific application, for example. The use of this field is defined in RFC 3697. Payload Length — Similar to the IPv4 total length field except that this field indicates payload length only. Since this is a 16 bit field, the maximum size of a regular size IPv6 packet is 65,535 bytes plus headers. A larger size field in the hop-by-hop options extension header provides for “jumbograms” up to a maximum of 232 - 1 bytes. Next Header — This corresponds to the Protocol field in IPv4. In IPv6 it is also used to indicate that there are extension headers in use. An IPv6 packet may have 0 or multiple extension headers. The value in this field in the last extension header indicates the upper layer protocol carried in the packet. Hop Limit — This is the same as the TTL field in IPv4, although it is considered strictly a hop count in IPv6. The value is decremented by each router. If the value reaches zero the packet is discarded and an ICMPv6 message is sent to the source. Source and Destination Address — These fields have the same meaning as in IPv4, except that each requires 128 bits in IPv6.

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 Flow label – identifies packet as part of higher layer flow

Value 0 6 17 41 43 44 50 51 58 59 60

Description IPv6 Hop-by-hop options Upper layer protocol – TCP Upper layer protocol – UDP IPv6 Encapsulation header (tunneling) Routing extension header Fragment extension header Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Authentication Header (AH) ICMPv6 IPv6 No next header Destination options

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In general, only the IPv6 header is used by intermediate routers for forwarding, and the extension headers are only processed at the destination. The exception is the hop-by-hop options header that must be processed by each intermediate router. Therefore, if it exists, it must be the first extension header after the IPv6 header. The extension headers described below must be supported by all IPv6 routers. Hop-by-hop options — These are a grouping of options that must be processed by intermediate routers. These include the option for jumbograms (RFC 2675) and the Router Alert option (RFC 2711). Routing extension header — This provides the ability for source routing. RFC 2460 defines a Type 0 routing header (RH0) for loose source, but this was deprecated in RFC 5095 because of security concerns. Mobility support in IPv6 (RFC 3775) defines a Type 2 routing header (RH2). Fragment extension header — IPv6 routers do not fragment IPv6 packets, but the fragment extension header allows the source router to fragment packets in case the payload supplied by the upper layer protocol is too large for the link or path MTU. This should not be a common occurrence. ESP header — The ESP header (RFC 2402) is an IPsec header that provides security for IPv6 and IPv4. ESP provides authentication, data integrity and data confidentiality for all fields after the ESP header, but not for the IPv6 header. AH header — The AH header (RFC 2406) is an IPsec header that provides authentication for IPv6 and IPv4. AH provides authentication and data integrity services for the entire packet, except for the fields of the header that might change in transit (Traffic Class, Flow Label and Hop Limit). Destination options — The destination extension header defines options that are to be examined only by the destination router. Mobility support in IPv6 (RFC 3775) defines a Type 201 destination option for carrying the Home Address of a mobile router. Except for the hop-by-hop options header, the extension headers have no impact of the forwarding of IPv6 packets and are not discussed any further in this course.

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IPv6 Next Header Field

 New version of ICMP defined in RFC 4443 for IPv6  Similar structure as for IPv4, but more functionality

 Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol replaces ARP  Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) replaces IGMP

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The ICMPv6 header is similar to ICMPv4. The meaning of each field is described below: Type — The 8-bit type field indicates the type of ICMPv6 message. Code — Similar to IPv4, a specific ICMPv6 message type may (or may not) have a number of codes defined to further define the nature of the message. Checksum — A 16-bit checksum of the ICMPv6 message, plus the IPv6 pseudo-header (includes the source address, destination address, length and next header fields of the IPv6 header). Message — The contents of the message body varies, depending on the type of message.

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ICMPv6

ICMPv6 Message Types Message

1

Destination Unreachable

2

Packet Too Big

3

Time Exceeded

4 127

Parameter Error Reserved for expansion of ICMPv6 error messages

128

Echo Request

129

Echo Reply

130

Multicast Listener Query

131

Multicast Listener Report

132

Multicast Listener Done

133

Router Solicitation

134

Router Advertisement

135

Neighbor Solicitation

136

Neighbor Advertisement

137

Redirect Message

255

Reserved for expansion of ICMPv6 informational messages

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For the type value, the range 0 to 127 (high order bit zero) is used for error messages. The range 128 to 255 (high order bit one) is used for informational messages (anything other than an error message). Some of the different ICMPv6 message types are shown above. At present (2011) the IANA has allocated all the values from 128 thru 154. Some of the ICMPv6 message types are described in more detail below: Destination Unreachable — Generated when the packet could not be routed to the destination or the upper layer protocol. Code values 0 thru 6 are defined. Packet Too Big — Generated when the MTU of the forwarding interface is too small for the packet to be forwarded. This message is used for path MTU discovery, which should be supported by IPv6 routers. A sender will initially choose its link MTU as the path MTU. If this is too large for transmission to the destination, the sender will receive a Packet Too Big message with the MTU of the smaller link. The sender will reset the path MTU to the MTU of the smaller link and will continue in this way until no more Packet Too Big messages are received. If the path to the destination changes during a session and a Packet Too Big message is received, the sender resets the path MTU to this value. When the path MTU is smaller than the local link MTU, the sender may periodically (every 10 minutes is recommended) send a packet at the size of the link MTU to determine whether the path MTU can be increased. A sender that does not support path MTU discovery should always use the minimum IPv6 MTU of 1280 for its transmissions. Time Exceeded —Generated if the hop limit is exceeded or the time to reassemble a packet at the destination is exceeded (60 seconds). Parameter Error —Generated if an unknown or illegal parameter is found in the header, such as an unknown value in the Next Header field. Echo Request, Echo Reply — A program such as ping will send an Echo Request to a destination router. The destination should respond with an Echo Reply message.

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Type

Neighbor Discovery Functions

 Router discovery – find routers on a link  Prefix discovery – find address prefixes on a link  Parameter discovery – find link parameters  Address resolution – resolve IPv6 address to a link layer address  Next-hop determination – find next-hop address for a destination  Neighbor unreachability – determine that the neighbor is not reachable  Duplicate address detection – identify duplicate addresses on a link  Redirect – inform host of a better next hop

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The neighbor discovery (ND) protocol for IPv6 (RFC 4861) provides the capabilities handled in IPv4 by ARP, router discovery and router redirect and quite a few additional capabilities as well. The functions handled by ND are: Router discovery — Find routers on a link. Prefix discovery — Find the address prefixes for a link. Parameter discovery — Find link parameters such as MTU or hop Limit. Address autoconfiguration—Mechanism that allows an interface to configure its own address (defined in RFC 4862). Address resolution — Resolve a destination IP address to a link layer address. Next-hop determination — Map an IP address into the next-hop address that the packet should be sent to. Neighbor unreachability detection — Mechanism to determine that the neighbor is no longer reachable. If this is the default router, the host can change its default to another router. Duplicate address detection — Mechanism to identify duplicate addresses on the link. Redirect — Allow a router to inform a host of a better next hop to a destination.

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 Address autoconfiguration – automatically configure an address

Neighbor Discovery Message Types

Description

133 Router Solicitation

New host asking for a Router Advertisement

134 Router Advertisement

Router advertising itself and link parameters

135 Neighbor Solicitation

Used to find the link address of a neighbor

136 Neighbor Advertisement Response to a Neighbor Solicitation 137 Redirect

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Informs a host of a better next hop

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ND uses five different ICMPv6 messages to perform the functions described above. The messages are: Router Solicitation (Type 133) — When a host becomes active on a link it can send a Router Solicitation to ask for a Router Advertisement immediately. Router Advertisement (Type 134) — Routers advertise their presence and link parameters periodically with Router Advertisement messages. This information can include link MTU, link prefixes and route information. Neighbor Solicitation (Type 135) — Used by a router to determine the link address on a neighbor, or to verify that the neighbor is still reachable. If the link address is unknown, the message is sent to the solicited node multicast address. Since this address is formed with the last 24 bits of the IP address, it is unlikely that there will be more than one router with the address. This makes the protocol much less disruptive than ARP. If the router is verifying a known link address, the message is sent to the unicast address. Neighbor Advertisement (Type 136) —Response to a Neighbor Solicitation sent to the unicast address. A router may also send an unsolicited Neighbor Advertisement to announce a link address change. Redirect (Type 137) — Sent by a router to inform a host of a better next hop address.

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Type Message

 Router sends Neighbor Solicitation to solicited-node multicast address (03-03-ff-0e-93-31)  Neighbor responds with Neighbor Advertisement to unicast address Alcatel-Lucent Services Architecture v3.2

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Neighbor Discovery replaces the ARP protocol in IPv4. A device that wants to resolve an IPv6 address to a MAC address sends a Neighbor Solicitation message containing the IPv6 address. This message is sent to the solicited node multicast address formed from the desired unicast address. The neighbor that has this unicast address is likely the only one listening to this multicast group. It responds with a Neighbor Advertisement message containing its MAC address. ND is more efficient than ARP since other hosts on the network do not have to process a broadcast message. The flags in the Neighbor Advertisement message have the following meaning: Router — The advertisement message was sent by a router. Solicited —The advertisement was sent in response to a Neighbor Solicitation message. Override —The advertisement should override an existing cache entry.

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MAC Address Discovery

Configuring IPv6 Interfaces

 Link-local address automatically created from MAC address  Global routing addresses can be assigned as needed

*A:R1# *A:R1# configure configure system system chassis-mode chassis-mode cc force force *A:R1# *A:R1# configure configure router router *A:R1>config>router# *A:R1>config>router# interface interface "toR2" "toR2" ipv6 ipv6 *A:R1>config>router if>ipv6# exit exit *A:R1>config>router>>if>ipv6# *A:R1>config>router# *A:R1>config>router# interface interface "toR3" "toR3" ipv6 ipv6 *A:R1>config>router>if>ipv6# *A:R1>config>router>if>ipv6# exit exit *A:R1>config>router# *A:R1>config>router# interface interface "system" "system" ipv6 ipv6 *A:R1>config>router>if>ipv6# *A:R1>config>router>if>ipv6# address address 2001:db8:1:100::1/128 2001:db8:1:100::1/128 *A:R1>config>router>if>ipv6# *A:R1>config>router>if>ipv6# exit exit

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Configuring IPv6 interfaces and routing for IPv6 is very similar to configuration of IPv4. The most obvious difference is the use of IPv6 addresses. IPv6 and IPv4 can be configured in parallel on the same network. In order to use IPv6 on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR, you must first enable chassis mode “c” or higher. IPv6 is only supported on IOM2s or newer. As soon as we enable IPv6 on the interface, a link local address is automatically assigned based on the modified EUI-64 address. If it’s not necessary to route to the interfaces, we don’t need to assign them global routing addresses - we can simply use the link local addresses. In this example, the enterprise has been allocated a prefix from their service provider, 2001:db8:1::/48. The enterprise decides to subnet the prefix using the first 8 bits to identify a specific location and the second 8 bits to identify subnets at that location. The router in this example is at location 01. System interfaces are addressed using subnet 00 at all locations. The system address for this router is thus 2001:db8:1:100::1/128, which is assigned to the system interface.

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 Router must have chassis-mode ‘c’ or higher

Interface Verification

 IPv4 and IPv6 addresses can be used at the same time

=============================================================================== =============================================================================== Interface Interface Table Table (Router: (Router: Base) Base) =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Interface-Name Adm Opr(v4/v6) Port/SapId Interface-Name Adm Opr(v4/v6) Mode Mode Port/SapId IP-Address PfxState IP-Address PfxState ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------system Up Up/Up Network system Up Up/Up Network system system 10.10.10.1/32 n/a 10.10.10.1/32 n/a 2001:DB8:1:100::1/128 PREFERRED 2001:DB8:1:100::1/128 PREFERRED toR2 Up Up/Up Network 1/1/1 toR2 Up Up/Up Network 1/1/1 10.1.2.1/27 n/a 10.1.2.1/27 n/a FE80::225:BAFF:FE30:7908/64 PREFERRED FE80::225:BAFF:FE30:7908/64 PREFERRED toR3 Up Up/Up Network toR3 Up Up/Up Network 1/1/3 1/1/3 10.1.3.1/27 n/a 10.1.3.1/27 n/a FE80::225:BAFF:FE30:790A/64 PREFERRED FE80::225:BAFF:FE30:790A/64 PREFERRED ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Interfaces Interfaces :: 33 =============================================================================== ===============================================================================

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The interfaces have already been configured with IPv4 addresses. You can see that the link local address was formed from the MAC address of the interfaces. The router is running both IPv4 and IPv6 and the interfaces are up for both protocols. IPv6 defines state for prefixes. They can be tentative, preferred, duplicated or deprecated. An address should be preferred, which means it can be used without restrictions. An IPv6 interface performs duplicate address detection and the state of the prefix is Tentative until the address has been confirmed as unique.

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*A:R1>config>router# *A:R1>config>router# show show router router interface interface

Interface Verification (continued)

 Link-local addresses never appear in the route table  Router can route both IPv4 and IPv6

=============================================================================== =============================================================================== IPv6 IPv6 Route Route Table Table (Router: (Router: Base) Base) =============================================================================== =============================================================================== Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Dest Prefix Type Proto Age Pref Next Metric Next Hop[Interface Hop[Interface Name] Name] Metric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2001:DB8:1:100::1/128 Local 00h08m56s 2001:DB8:1:100::1/128 Local Local Local 00h08m56s 00 system 00 system ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No. No. of of Routes: Routes: 11 =============================================================================== =============================================================================== *A:R1>config>router# *A:R1>config>router#

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The interfaces have already been configured with IPv4 addresses. You can see that the link local address was formed from the MAC address of the interfaces. The router is running both IPv4 and IPv6 and the interfaces are up for both protocols.

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*A:R1>config>router# *A:R1>config>router# show show router router route-table route-table ipv6 ipv6

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