Sentence Diagramming 1
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Sentence Diagramming workbook...
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GLENCOE L ANGUAGE A RTS RTS
Sentence Diagraming
To the Teacher Sentence Diagraming is Diagraming is a blackline master workbook that offers samples, exercises, and step-by-step instructions to expand students’ knowledge of grammar and sentence structure. Each lesson teaches a part of a sentence and then illustrates a way to diagram it. Designed for students at all levels, Sentence Diagraming provides Diagraming provides students with a tool for understanding written and spoken English.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Glencoe Language Arts products. Any other reproduction, reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited prohibited without written permission permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-824702-0 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 04 03 02 01 00
PART I
Simple Se Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lesson 1
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject
Lesson 2
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order
Lesson 3
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Compound subject
Lesson 4
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Compound predicate
Lesson 5
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Compound subject and compound predicate
L esson 6
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Direct object
Lesson 7
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Compound direct object
Lesson 8
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Indirect object
Lesson 9
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Compound verb with direct and indirect objects
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Adject Adj ective ivess and Adv Adverb erbss I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Adjectives
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Adject Adj ective ivess and Adv Adverb erbss II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs
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Adject Adj ective ivess and Adv Adverb erbss III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Adverbs that modify other modifiers modifiers
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Adject Adj ective ivess and Adv Adverb erbss IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects
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Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Predicate noun
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Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Predicate adjective
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Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Compound subject complements
PAR ARTT II II
Simp Si mple le Se Sent nten ence cess wit with h Phr Phras ases es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
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Apposi App osititives ves and App Apposi osititive ve Phr Phrase asess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Appositivess and appositive phrases Appositive
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Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Used as adjectives
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Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Used as adverbs
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Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Used to modify other prepositional phrases
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Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Participles
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Participles and Participial Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Participial phrases
iii
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Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Used as subjects
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Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Used as direct objects
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Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Used as predicate nouns
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Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Used as objects of prepositions
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Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Used as adjectives
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Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Used as adverbs
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Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Used as subjects
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Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Used as direct objects
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Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Used as predicate nouns
PAR ARTT III III
Comp Co mpou ound nd an and d Com Compl plex ex Se Sent nten ence cess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
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Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Clauses connected by a semicolon
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Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Clauses connected by a conjunction
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Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Adjective clauses introduced introduced by relative pronouns pronouns
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Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Adverb clauses that modify verbs
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Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Used as subjects
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Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Used as direct objects
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Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Introduced by
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that
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Used as objects of prepositions
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Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Used as predicate nouns
ANSWER KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
iv
Simple Sentences Lesson 1
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject
Lesson 2
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order
Lesson 3
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Compound subject
Lesson 4
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Compound predicate
Lesson 5
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Compound subject and compound predicate
L esson 6
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Direct object
Lesson 7
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Compound direct object
Lesson 8
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Indirect object
Lesson 9
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Compound verb with direct and indirect objects
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Adject Adj ective ivess and Adv Adverb erbss I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Adjectives
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Adject Adj ective ivess and Adv Adverb erbss II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs
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Adject Adj ective ivess and Adv Adverb erbss III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Adverbs that modify other modifiers modifiers
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Adject Adj ective ivess and Adv Adverb erbss IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects
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Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Predicate noun
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Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Predicate adjective
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Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Compound subject complements
Sentence Diagraming
1
Name Date
1
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I A sentence diagram is a chart of a sentence. It shows how the words and parts of a sentence relate to each ea ch other and to the sentence as a whole. To diagram any sentence, begin with a diagram frame, like the one shown here. Make the vertical line that cuts through the baseline baseline equally long above and below the baseline. vertical line
Simple Subject and Simple Predicate Every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject tells what a sentence is about. The predicate says something about the subject. The subject of the sentence appears on the left side of the diagram frame. The predicate appears on the right. The simple subject of a sentence is the key noun or pronoun in the subject. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential thought about the subject. To diagram a sentence with a simple subject and simple predicate, write the simple subject on the baseline to the left of the vertical line. Write the simple predicate on the baseline to the right of the vertical line.
Example Robins fly. Robins
f ly
simp si mple le su subj bjec ectt
simp si mple le pr pred edic icat ate e
In a diagram, keep capitalization as it is in the sentence. However, leave out any punctuation. C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Understood Understoo d Subject In some sentences, the subject you subject you is not stated, but it is understood. Place the understood subject in parentheses to the left of the vertical line.
Example Sit. (you)
Sit
(unders (und erstoo tood d simp simple le sub subjec ject) t)
simple sim ple pre predic dicate ate
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Dolphins swim.
3. Turn.
2. Wait!
4. Tiffany jogs.
2
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date
2
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II Simple Subject or Simple Predicate Having More than One Word A simple subject may have more than one word. For example, it may be a compound noun, such as White House, or a person’s full name, such as President as President William Henry Harrison. A simple predicate, or verb, may also have more than one word. A main verb with its helping, or auxiliary, verbs is called a verb phrase. An example is have been voting, in which the main verb is voting and the helping verbs voting and are have and been. In a diagram, place all the words of a simple subject or simple predicate on the baseline on the correct side of the vertical rule.
Example Sojourner Truth was speaking. Sojo So jour urne nerr Trut Truthh
wass spea wa speaki king ng
simp si mple le su subj bjec ectt
simp si mple le pr pred edic icat ate e
Simple Subject and Simple Predicate in Inverted Order In some questions, the simple subject appears between a helping verb and the main verb. An example is Was she crying? The simple subject, she, comes between the words of the verb phrase, was crying. In a diagram, however, the locations of the simple subject and the simple predicate always stay the same— same—the subject at the left of the vertical line and the predicate at the right. Study the example below. Remember that capitalization stays the same as in the original sentence but that punctuation is not used.
Example Is anyone listening? . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
anyo an yone ne
Is li lisste teni ning ng
simp si mple le su subj bjec ectt
simp si mple le pr pred edic icat ate e
EXERCISE 1 Diagram each sentence. 1. Hector has been exercising.
4. Hurry!
2. Did you forget?
5. Dr Dr.. Lee has been bee n calling.
3. Ms. Alice Cummins interrupted.
6. Have guests been invited?
Sentence Diagraming
3
Name Date 2 Continued
7. Work!
8. Senator Adams will have retired.
9. Who called?
10. Did Aunt Emily go?
EXERCISE 2 In each of these sentences, the simple subject and the verb are shown in boldface type. Diagram only the boldfaced simple subject and verb of each sentence. 1. Sleet is falling on falling on the sidewalks and roads.
4. At the end of the race, drink some water.
2. Were you planning to planning to fix the broken window?
5. Plants of many kinds are sold at the garden center.
3. All year long, the Doans have been remodeling their remodeling their old house near the seashore.
6. One of these statements is false.
4
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Name Date
3
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I A simple sentence has only one main clause. That is, it has a single subject and a single predicate. Its diagram uses only one baseline. However, the subject or the predicate may have more than one part. If a simple sentence has a compound subject or predicate, its diagram still uses only one baseline. However, the baseline is forked at the appropriate side to make space for more than one part.
Compound Subject A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction— conjunction—such as an and, d, bu but, t, or or —and have the same verb. The diagram for a sentence with a compound subject has a fork in the baseline at the left (subject) side of the vertical line. Draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the subject. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their right, and write the conjunction along that dotted line. Draw angled a ngled lines from both the top and bottom subject lines to join the stack to the baseline, as this example shows:
Example Trucks and tractors raced. part 1 of compound subject
Trucks
tractors
a n d
raced part 2 of compound subject
c o n j .
verb
If a correlative conjunction such as both . . . and or either is used, write one and or either .. . . or or is word of the conjunction on each side of the dotted line. Study this example: . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
Example Both trucks and tractors raced. part 1 of compound subject
trucks
tractors
a n d
B o t h
raced part 2 of compound subject
c c o o n n j . j .
verb
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Both Emma and Becky laughed.
3. Boaters and swimmers were rescued.
2. Was Phillip or Annette returning?
4. Either Jeremy or Mark was whispering.
Sentence Diagraming
5
Name Date
4
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II Compound Predicate A compound predicate (or compound verb) verb) is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. The diagram for a sentence with a compound verb has a fork in the baseline at the right (verb) side of the vertical line. To diagram a sentence with a compound verb, draw a mirror image of the diagram for a compound subject. Look at the example below.
Example Icicles gleamed but dripped. gleamed Icicles
t u b
part 1 of compound verb simple subject
dripped
. j n o c
part 2 of compound verb
If a helping verb is not repeated, write it on the baseline between the vertical line and the fork, as in the next example.
Example Icicles were gleaming but dripping. gleaming Icicles
were
t u b
part 1 of compound verb simple subject
dripping
helping verb
. j n o c
part 2 of compound verb
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Rex was growling and biting.
4. She either complains or criticizes.
2. Waves rose and fell.
5. Elaine paused but continued.
3. Stop and listen!
6. Skiers were slipping and falling.
6
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Name Date
5
Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III Compound Subject and Compound Predicate Some sentences have both compound subjects and compound verbs. The diagram for any of those sentences has a baseline that is forked on both ends, e nds, as in this example.
Example Tracey and Donna strolled and shopped. Tracey
Donna
strolled a n d
d n a
shopped
part 1 of compound subject
part 2 of compound subject
part 1 of compound verb c o n j .
. j n o c
part 2 of compound verb
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
1. Nick and Lawanna swept and dusted.
5. Letters and packages were delivered and opened.
2. Tina and Mr. Lopez fished and talked.
6. Was Diane or Joan singing?
3. Did Ernie and you stop and look?
7. Mayor Axon visited and spoke.
4. Neither Midnight nor Belle the Cat scratches or bites.
8. Both Angela and Rudy have been traveling but will return.
Sentence Diagraming
7
Name Date
6
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I Verbs that express physical or mental action are called action verbs. Some action verbs are complete in themselves, but others pass their action on to other elements in the sentence. These elements are called the objects of the action verbs.
Direct Object A transitive verb is an action verb that is followed by a word or words that answer the question what? or whom? Such words are called direct objects. Nouns, pronouns, and other words acting as nouns may be direct objects. To diagram a sentence with a direct object, place the direct object on the baseline to the right of its verb. Separate the object from the verb with a vertical line above the baseline only only..
Example I like picnics. I
like
picnics
subject
action verb direct object
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Everyone brought food.
5. Ants were bothering us.
2. Fran packed cookies.
6. Boys and girls played baseball.
3. Tony cooked hamburgers.
7. Both Max and I hit homers.
4. Did anyone bring napkins?
8. Has everyone had fun?
8
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Name Date
7
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II Compound Direct Object If a verb has a compound direct object, the right end of the baseline, where the direct object belongs, is forked. To the right of the vertical line after the verb, draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the compound object. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their left. Write the conjunction along that line. Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom lines to join the stack to the baseline. Study this example.
Example Herbert roasted both corn and potatoes. corn Herbert
roasted
h d t o n b a
part 1 of direct object subject action verb
potatoes
. . j j n n o o c c
part 2 of direct object
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
1. Parks have tables and benches.
5. We saw neither rain nor clouds.
2. You use either grills or campfires.
6. Danelle and Gina had prepared salads and rolls.
3. Did you drink juice or cola?
7. Mike ate both food and bugs.
4. Chang was swatting houseflies and mosquitoes.
8. Campers should bring bedrolls and tents.
Sentence Diagraming
9
Name Date
8
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III Indirect Object An indirect object answers the question to who whom m or wh what at?? or for whom or what? after an action verb. Almost always, a lways, a sentence with an indirect object also a lso has a direct object. In the sentence, the indirect object appears between the verb and the direct object. To diagram a sentence with an indirect object, begin by diagraming the subject, verb, and direct object. obje ct. Then draw a line that slants down from the baseline under the verb, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Place the indirect object on the horizontal segment of the line, as in this example.
Example Ranger O’Brien gives campers directions. Ranger O'Bri rieen
gives
dire reccti tio ons campers
subject
action verb direct object indirect object
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Mr Mr.. Norris assigned a ssigned us jobs.
4. Ms. Varsey told us stories.
2. He taught me birdcalls.
5. She handed everyone marshmallows.
3. We made ourselves dinner.
6. Roger lent Manny sunglasses.
10
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Name Date
9
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV Compound Verb with Direct and Indirect Objects In some sentences with a compound verb, all parts of the verb share a single direct object. To diagram such a sentence, connect the horizontal lines holding the verb parts to the baseline at both b oth left and right, as shown below. Then extend the baseline at the right to hold the shared direct object.
Example Campers examined and compared maps. part 1 of compound verb
examined Campers
d n a
maps
subject
compared
. j n o c
direct object part 2 of compound verb
The diagram shows that the campers both examined maps and compared maps. In other sentences with a compound verb, a direct or an indirect object completes only one part of the verb. To diagram that type of sentence, connect the object(s) with only one verb part, as in this example.
Example Steve drew maps and made us copies. drew Steve
d n a
maps subject
made
copies us
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
part 1 of compound verb direct object . j n o c
part 2 of compound verb direct object indirect object
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Make sure that each direct or indirect object is related to the correct verb or verb part. 1. Rangers led hikes and gave hikers advice.
2. Campers collected and buried leftovers.
Sentence Diagraming
11
Name Date 9 Continued
3. Food can attract bears and bring campers problems.
4. Weather can help or hurt vacationers.
5. Rain gives plants nourishment but can dampen spirits. C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
6. Have you camped or visited parks?
12
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date
10
Adjectives and Adverbs I In addition to nouns, pronouns, and verbs, many sentences use modifiers. The two types of modifiers are adjectives and adverbs.
Adjectives An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun. An adjective can tell what kind, which one, how many many,, or how much. Examples include strong, this, three, and less. The articles a, an, and the are also adjectives. In addition, possessive nouns and pronouns can be considered adjectives because they describe nouns. Examples of possessive nouns are children’s, adults’, and and Mrs. Mrs. exam ple below, Dean’ Dean ’ s. s. Possessive pronouns include ou ourr, yo your ur,, hi his, s, and her. In the example every adjective is underlined. Any noun or pronoun in a sentence may be modified by one or more adjectives. To diagram a sentence with adjectives, place each adjective on a slant line below the word it modifies. If more than one adjective modifies the same word, place the modifiers from left to right in the order in which they appear in the sentence.
Example Lucy Lucy’’s ol olde derr br brot othe herr oile oiled d her her sq sque ueak akyy bi bicy cycl clee wh whee eel. l. brother L u o l d c e y ’ s r
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
oiled
wheel h e s q u b i r e a c y c k e y l
subject
verb direct object
a a d d j j e e c c t t i i v v e e 2 1
a a d a d d j j j e e e c c c t t t i i i v v v e e e 2 3 1
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Those happy fans watched a great race.
2. Did the famous cyclist win first prize?
Sentence Diagraming
13
Name Date 10 Continued
3. Many enthusiastic people attended that recent event.
4. My cousin enjoys extreme sports.
5. That adventurous teenager climbs steep mountains.
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
6. Tough triathlons attract him.
7. Dangerous activities give him memorable thrills.
14
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date
11
Adjectives and Adverbs II Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies, or describes, a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs answer the questions whe when?, n?, whe where? re?,, how how?, ?, and to what extent? In the examples below, the adverbs are underlined. To diagram a sentence with one or more adverbs, place each e ach adverb on a slant line below the word it modifies.
Adverbs Modifying Verbs Verbs In a sentence, an adverb that modifies a verb may appear either before or after the verb. It may be separated from the verb by other words or phrases. In these examples, the adverb often takes two different positions. However, because often modifies hosts in both sentences, the diagrams of the sentences are a re the same. When diagraming a sentence in which two or more adverbs modify the verb, place the adverbs under the verb in the order they appear in the sentence.
Example My family family often hosts parties parties.. My family family hosts hosts parties often often.. family hosts parties o f M t e n y
subject
verb direct object
a d j e c t i v e
a d v e r b
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
1. Cold winds howled noisily noisily..
4. Soon, everyone was seated comfortably.
2. The Dawsons greeted their guests warmly.
5. Had the Lopezes been there before?
3. Immediately, they hurried the guests inside.
6. The visit ended early.
Sentence Diagraming
15
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12
Adjectives and Adverbs III Adverbs That Modify Other Modifiers A single sentence may have both kinds of modifiers, with adjectives modifying nouns and pronouns, and adverbs modifying verbs. verb s.
Example Watchf atchful ul explo explorers rers choo choose se their paths carefu carefully. lly. exp xplo lore rerrs choose paths c a t h e W r e a t i r f u l c h l y f u l
subject
verb direct object
a d j e c t i v e
a d v e r b
a d j e c t i v e
Also, the sentence may have other adverbs modifying these modifiers. To diagram an adverb that modifies an adjective or another adverb shown on a slant line, write the additional adverb on a slant line parallel to but slightly lower than the slant line of the word modified. Connect the two lines with a short horizontal line at the top of the lower slant line. In this example, the adverbs very and extremely very and modify the adjective watchful and the adverb carefully.
Example Very watch watchful ful explorers explorers choose their paths extremely extremely carefu carefully lly.. explorers cho hoo ose paths c a w a t h e r e e t i c r V x f e r h f t r e u l l u y m e y l l y
suubject s a d e a j c d t v i v e r b e
verb direct object a d v a e d r b v e r b
a d j e c t i v e
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Alarmingly thick bushes blocked the path almost everywhere. ever ywhere.
2. The travelers looked about rather wearily.
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Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 12 Continued
3. Extremely sharp hatchets cleared a path remarkably fast.
4. The usually energetic leader walked exceedingly slowly. slowly.
5. The group was entering a particularly dangerous area. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
Suddenly,, the least courageous member yelled shockingly loudly. loudly. 6. Suddenly
Sentence Diagraming
17
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13
Adjectives and Adverbs IV Modifiers with Compound Subjects, Verbs, and Objects In a sentence with a compound subject, verb, or object, a modifier may describe one part of the compound element eleme nt or all parts. What the modifier describes affects where it is placed in the diagram. In the first example below, immediately immediately modifies modifies blew. In the second example, immediately modifies both verb parts. See how the diagrams dia grams differ.
Examples The leader turned and immediately blew a whistle. The leader leader immed immediately iately turned and blew blew a whistle. whistle. part 1 of compound verb
turned leader T h e
d n a
subject blew whistle i m m a e d i a t e y l
a d j e c t i v e
. j n o c
part 2 of compound verb direct object
part 1 of compound verb
turned leader T h e
d n a
i m m e d blew i a t e y l
a d j e c t i v e
a d v e r b
subject whistle a
a d j e c t i v e
. j n o c
a d v e r b
part 2 of compound verb
direct object a d j e c t i v e
If a modifier modifies only one part of the compound element, place it under that part of the fork. If the modifier modifies all parts, place it under the shared baseline.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The cowardly explorer shivered suddenly and fainted.
3. Both the book and its sequel sold well.
2. Scary stories always frighten and delight me.
4. The story fascinated adventurous teens and adults.
18
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Name Date
14
Subject Complements I A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of the sentence with a word or phrase describing or identifying the subject. The most common linking verb is to be. appear,, sound sound,, and feel. The word or phrase linked to the Other linking verbs are appear subject is called a subject complement. There are two kinds of subject complements: predicate nouns and predicate adjectives. They are diagramed the same way.
Predicate Noun A predicate noun is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or further identifies the subject. It may be modified by adjectives. To diagram a sentence with a predicate noun, place the noun or pronoun on the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and the predicate noun that ends at the baseline.
Example A parrot can be a good pet. parrot A
can be
subject
pet a
g o o d
linking ve verb
a d j e c t i v e
predicate no noun a a d d j j e e c c t t i i v v e e
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
1. Kiwi is a yellow cockatiel.
3. Parrots are popular pets.
2. Cockatiels are parrots.
4. How long has Kiwi been Frank’ Frank’s pet?
Sentence Diagraming
19
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15
Subject Complements II Predicate Adjective A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and further describes the subject. It may be modified by adverbs. To diagram a sentence with a predicate adjective, place the adjective on the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and the predicate adjective that ends at the baseline.
Example Many parrots are quite clever. parrots are M a n y
clever q u i t e
subject
link li nkiing ve verb rb
a d j e c t i v e
pred pr ediica cate te adj djeect ctiive a d v e r b
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Frank Frank’’s cockatiel is very friendly friendly..
4. Kiwi seems smart.
2. Kiwi appears happy ha ppy..
5. Are her tricks difficult?
3. Her birdcage is rather large.
6. Kiwi Kiwi’’s owner feels extremely fortunate.
20
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Name Date
16
Subject Complements III Compound Subject Complements Both predicate nouns and predicate adjectives may have compound parts. The diagram of a sentence with a compound subject complement has a baseline that is forked at the right of the slant line. Study these examples.
Examples Today oday,, our major parties are Republicans and Democrats. The parties’ parties’ history is quite long and colorful. part 1 of comp. predicate noun
Republicans parties are o u m a T o d r j a o r y
d n a
subject
Democrats
linking verb
a d a d j j e e c c t t i i v v e e
a d v e r b
. j n o c
part 2 of comp. predicate noun
part 1 of comp. predicate adj.
long history is T p h e a r t i e s ’
q u i t e
d n a
subject
colorful
linking verb
a a d d j j e e c c t t i i v e v e
. j n
o a d c v e r b
part 2 of comp. predicate adj.
In the second example, note how the adverb quite, which modifies both parts of the compound predicate adjective, is connected to the baseline before the fork.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first whether the sentence has a subject . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
complement or a direct object, and use a slant or straight line, as appropriate, to separate that word from the verb. 1. Political cartoons can be both funny and meaningful.
2. Their messages may be timely but durable.
Sentence Diagraming
21
Name Date 16 Continued
3. Teddy Roosevelt was both a strong president and a memorable public figure.
4. One cartoon showed Teddy and a cute bear.
5. The teddy bear is still popular and lovable. C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
6. Wartime political cartoons are often critical or inspirational.
22
Sentence Diagraming
Simple Sentences with Phrases Less Le sson on 17
Apposi App osititives ves and App Apposi osititive ve Phr Phrase asess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Appositivess and appositive phrases Appositive
Less Le sson on 18
Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Used as adjectives
Less Le sson on 19
Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Used as adverbs
Less Le sson on 20
Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Used to modify other prepositional phrases
Less Le sson on 21
Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Participles
Less Le sson on 22
Participles and Participial Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Participial phrases
Less Le sson on 23
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Used as subjects
Less Le sson on 24
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Used as direct objects
Less Le sson on 25
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Used as predicate nouns
Less Le sson on 26
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Used as objects of prepositi prepositions ons
Less Le sson on 27
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Used as adjectives
Less Le sson on 28
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Used as adverbs
Less Le sson on 29
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Used as subjects
Less Le sson on 30
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Used as direct objects
Less Le sson on 31
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Used as predicate nouns
Sentence Diagraming
23
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17
Appositives and Appositive Phrases An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies another noun or pronoun in the sentence. Any noun or pronoun may have an appositive. To diagram a sentence with an appositive, place the appositive immediately after the word it identifies, and set it off in parentheses.
Example A California stagecoach driver, Charley Parkhurst, had a secret. A
driver (Charley Parkhurst) s t a C a l g i f o r e c o n i a a c h
had
secret a
subject
(appos.)
verb dir. object
a a a d d d j j j e e e c c c t t t i i i v v v e e e
a d j e c t i v e
character,, Charley Parkhurst. Example Legends describe that colorful character Legends
describe
character (Charley Parkhurst) t h a c o o r t l f u l
subj.
verb dir. object (appos.) a a d d j j e e c c t t i i v v e e
An appositive phrase is composed of an appositive and all the words that modify it. To diagram a sentence with an appositive phrase, write the appositive within parentheses immediately after the word identified, and place the modifiers on slant lines under the appositive rather ra ther than under the word identified.
Example Parkhurst, a fearless driver, could handle almost any horse. Parkhurst (driver) could handle a f e a r l e s s
horse a n y a l m o s t
subj. (appositive)
verb dir. obj.
a a d d j j e e c c t t i i v e v e
a d j e a c d t v i v e e r b
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Charley Parkhurst was really Charlotte Parkhurst, an orphan.
2. Fifteen-year-old Charlotte, a tall, strong girl, left an a n unfriendly orphanage.
24
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Name Date 17 Continued
3. She took a man’s job, stable hand.
4. She also took a man’ man’s name, Charley Cha rley..
5. Charley, the pretend man, became the first woman voter.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
6. Her one vice, tobacco, gave Charley C harley cancer.
7. Death finally revealed her secret, her womanhood.
Sentence Diagraming
25
Name Date
18
Prepositional Phrases I A preposition is a word that indicates how a noun or pronoun relates to some other word in its sentence. Examples include before, throughout, and with. Some front nt of of and prepositions are made up of more than one word, such as in fro and except for. A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Examples of prepositional phrases are “before the storm,” storm,” “during heavy rain,” rain,” and “in front of an old barn.” barn.” Prepositional phrases may act as adjectives or as adverbs.
Used as Adjectives To diagram a prepositional phrase used as an adjective, place the preposition on a slant line below the noun or pronoun modified. Place the object of the preposition on a horizontal line connected to the slant line and lying at its right. The slant line should extend slightly beyond the horizontal line. If the object of the preposition has modifiers, write them on slant lines below the object.
Example Most people in Emma’s class like rock music. people M i o s n t
like
music r o c k
class E m m a ’ s
subject
verb direct object
a d p j e r e c p t i o v e s i t i o n
a d j e c t i v e
object of preposition a d j e c t i v e C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Posters throughout the city announced the rock concert.
2. Holders of particular tickets would also receive passes to backstage area s.
26
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 18 Continued
3. Will you get tickets for the show?
4. Spotlights in many different colors lit the stage.
5. The loudspeakers behind my ears blared announcements about souvenirs. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
6. Could you see the drummer with long blond hair?
Sentence Diagraming
27
Name Date
19
Prepositional Phrases II Used as Adverbs A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is diagramed the same way as one used as an adjective. Study this model of a prepositional phrase used to modify a verb. The preposition is placed on the slant line and its object is placed on the adjoining horizontal line. Note that the phrase is placed beneath the verb modified.
Example The science lab was displayed on Parents Parents’’ Night. lab was displayed o n s c T h e i e n Parents’’ Night Parents c e
subject
verb
a a p d d r e j j e e p c c o t t s i i v v i t e e i o n
object of preposition
If the prepositional phrase modifies only one part of a compound element, place it under that part only. Otherwise, the slant line begins beneath the shared baseline.
Example On that night, my mother came and saw the school. part 1 of compound verb
came mother m y
d n a
O n
subject saw night t h a t
school t h e
a d j .
p r e p .
. j n o c
part 2 of compound verb direct object obj. of prep.
a d j .
a d j .
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
As shown above, a prepositional phrase used as an adverb does not always immediately follow the verb. You can identify a phrase used as an adverb if it answers this question: When, where, or how does or did the action occur?
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Before Parents’ Parents’ Night, we practiced our experiments.
2. Mrs. Sanchez wrote precise instructions on the chalkboard.
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Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 19 Continued
3. Turtles and frogs crawled over the aquarium rocks.
4. A gray mouse slept quietly inside a cardboard tube.
5. The teams performed the experiments with great care. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
6. We recorded data and observations in our lab notebooks.
Sentence Diagraming
29
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20
Prepositional Phrases III Used to Modify Other Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase that modifies another prepositional phrase is diagramed like any other prepositional phrase. Simply place the phrase beneath the object of the prepositional phrase that is modified. Study this example.
Example Boaters in canoes raced down the river through the Scout camp. Boaters
i n
subject
raced canoes
d o w n
river t h e t h r o u g h
p r e p .
camp t h e
verb p r e p .
obj. of prep.
obj. of prep. a d p r e j . p .
S c o u t
obj. of prep. a a d d j j . .
In this example, the prepositional phrase “down the river” river” tells where the boaters raced, so it is placed under the verb raced. The prepositional phrase “through the Scout camp” camp ” tells which river, river, so it is placed under the object obje ct of the first phrase, river. Any sentence may contain a series of prepositional phrases. Be sure to determine which word is modified by each phrase, and place each phrase under the word it modifies.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
1. The race was held on a day with threats of rain.
2. Danny rowed with a winner of the previous previou s race.
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Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 20 Continued
3. Near the end of the race, dark clouds filled the sky.
4. Danny and his partner sped to the goal at the fork in the river.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
5. Immediately, the rowers in all of the other boats stopped.
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31
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21
Participles and Participial Phrases I Not all verb forms function in sentences as verbs. A participle is a verb form that functions in a sentence as an adjective. a djective. Participles may be either present or past. ed, but some have Present participles end in –ing. in –ing. Most past participles end in – in – ed, irregular forms.
Participles To diagram a sentence that includes a participle, first identify the word that the participle modifies. Draw a line that slants down from that word, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Write the participle on the line, curving it in the angle of the line, as shown in this example.
Example Growling, the monster charged the wounded hero. charged
monster G
r o o w w ling
t h e
hero t h e w o u n d e d
subject p a
r t i c i i p le
verb direct object a d j .
a d j .
p a
r t i c i i p le
Irregular participles such as risen or caught may not be recognized easily. caught may Remember that any verb form used as an adjective is a participle.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The hero swung a broken branch at the creature.
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
2. Defeated, the monster fled from the relieved re lieved fighter. fighter.
3. The satisfied crowd soon left the crowded theater.
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Sentence Diagraming
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22
Participles and Participial Phrases II Participial Phrases As a form of verbs, participles may take direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nouns, and predicate adjectives. They may also be modified by adverbs and prepositional phrases. A participial phrase is made up of a participle, any complements it may have, and a nd all words and phrases that modify the participle and its complements. To diagram a participial phrase, first diagram the participle on its bent line. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers in the phrase, adding them to the bent line of the participle. Be sure to place every modifier under the correct element of the participial phrase.
Example Cheerfully whistling a tune, Jacob walked to the store. Jacob
walked t o store w h i t h e s t l l i i n g tune a C h e e r f u l l y
subject p a
r t i c i i pl e a d v .
verb p r e p .
dir. obj. of participle a d j .
obj. of preposition a d j .
Participial phrases can occur almost anywhere in a sentence. Be sure to identify which word is modified by each participial phrase, and diagram the phrase so that the participle extends below that word. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Looking over his shoulder, Jacob spotted a large dog.
2. The dog, barking furiously furiously,, chased the frightened boy boy..
Sentence Diagraming
33
Name Date 22 Continued
3. Thinking quickly, quickly, Jacob jumped over a fence.
4. The confused dog stopped, giving the exhausted boy a rest.
5. Surprised, he noticed the dog’ dog ’s wagging tail. C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
6. Jacob, holding his breath, opened the gate.
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Sentence Diagraming
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23
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in a sentence as a noun. A -ing and gerund phrase is made up of a gerund, its complements, and all modifiers of the gerund and its complements. Gerunds and gerund phrases may be used in sentences wherever nouns may be used. In a diagram, a gerund is written in a curved shape over a line with a step. The stepped line lies at the top of a “stilt, stilt,” ” and the stilt is placed where you would put a noun or pronoun used as the gerund is used.
Used as Subjects To diagram a gerund or a gerund phrase used as a subject, place a stilt on the baseline where the subject usually lies. Draw a stepped line above the stilt and curve the gerund itself over the step. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers of the gerund phrase, adding these elements to the stepped line.
Example Giving speeches frightens some people. Gi v vi i n n
g
g e er u
friightens fr
d
n
speeches people s o m e
direct object of gerund verb
dire recct ob object a d j .
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
1. Jogging tires me quickly. quickly.
2. Hearing that joke reminds me of a funny story.
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35
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24
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II Used as Direct Objects To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a direct object, draw a stilt on the baseline where the direct object is usually placed. Draw a stepped line, as shown here, above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step. Add any complements or modifiers in the gerund phrase to the stepped line.
Example Armando enjoys solving difficult riddles. sol v vi i n n
g
Armando
enjoys
riddles d i f f i c u l t
g e er u
d
n
subject
verb
direct object of gerund a d j .
ing. However, gerunds act as nouns, Both gerunds and present participles end in – in – ing. while participles act as adjectives. Test for gerunds by asking this question: Can the verb form be replaced with the pronoun it ? If so, that verb form is a gerund.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. My whole family enjoyed watching the fireworks display.
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
2. I remember being lifted by b y my father for a better b etter view.
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Sentence Diagraming
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25
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III Used as Predicate Nouns To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a predicate noun, place a stilt on the baseline where the predicate noun belongs, following a slant line. Draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step, and add any other words of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example.
Example My least favorite chore has always been washing windows. as h hi
w
chore
M y
f a v l e a o r i s t t e
n g
g e er u
windows
has been a l w a y s
d
n
subject a d j .
a d j . a d v .
dir. obj. of gerund
linking verb a d v .
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Use the correct line before each gerund—straight or slanted—to indicate whether it is used as a direct object or as a predicate noun. 1. The first step of any job is finding the right tools.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
2. The tired workers stopped doing their best.
3. Elena Elena’’s hobby was repairing dolls.
Sentence Diagraming
37
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26
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV Used as Objects of Prepositions To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as the object of a preposition, prepare space for the gerund by drawing a long slant line for that preposition. Then place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step itself. Add any complements and modifiers of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example.
Example The people cheered us for entertaining them. people T h e
cheered
f o r
us
subject
nt e er r t
e
a i i ni ng
them
a d j .
verb dir. obj. p r e p .
ge r ru n d
dir. obj. of gerund
Whenever you find a gerund in a sentence to be diagramed, mentally replace it with the pronoun it and decide where you would place that pronoun in a it and diagram. Then place the gerund or gerund phrase on a stilt in that position.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first how each gerund is used, and place the stilt for the gerund in the correct place. 1. You win this game by popping five balloons.
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
2. The library has a policy against talking loudly.
3. Marsha dreams of competing in the Olympics.
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Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 26 Continued
4. I found the instructions for assembling the unit.
5. Skiing in Colorado has been extremely enjoyable.
6. Maynard Maynard’’s habit of finding lost coins is uncanny. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
7. Tutoring younger children prepares you for becoming a teacher.
Sentence Diagraming
39
Name Date
27
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I An infinitive is a verb form that matches the base form of a verb and is usually preceded by the word to. An example is “to tell.” tell.” An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive, its complements, and any modifiers of the infinitive and a nd its complements. An example is “to tell a friend the news.” news. ” Infinitives and infinitive phrases can be used in sentences as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.
Used as Adjectives Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adjectives are diagramed in the same way as prepositional phrases are. Write the word to on a slant line below the noun or pronoun modified by the infinitive. Wr Write ite the base form of the verb on a horizontal line drawn to the right of the slant line, near its lower end. Study this example.
Examples Band members announced their decision to tour again. members announced B a n d
decision t h e t o tour i r a g a i n
subject
verb dir. obj.
a d j .
a d j .
“ t o ”
infinitive (base form) a d v .
kind of decision. It acts as an The infinitive phrase “to tour again” again” tells what kind of adjective modifying decision.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
1. The audience shouted demands to play favorite songs.
2. On tour, musicians need the ability to sleep at odd hours.
3. An overnight bag to hold essential items is a necessity. necessity.
40
Sentence Diagraming
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28
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II Used as Adverbs Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adjectives and those used as adverbs are diagramed in the same way. Write Write the word to on a slant line below the word modified by the infinitive. Write the base form of the verb on a horizontal line drawn to the right of the slant line, near its lower end. Here is an example.
show.. Examples Eager fans competed to buy tickets to the show competed fans E t o a g e buy r
subject tickets t o
a d j .
verb “ t o ”
infinitive dir. obj. of infinitive
show t h e
p r e p .
obj. of prep. a d j .
In the example, the infinitive phrase “to buy tickets” tickets” tells how or why the fans how or why the competed. It acts as an adverb, modifying competed.
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. To get closer to the stage, some audience members pushed others.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
2. Guards at the auditorium worked to prevent injuries. inju ries.
3. The band played two encores to show their appreciation.
Sentence Diagraming
41
Name Date
29
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III Used as Subjects To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a noun, first identify its role in the sentence. If the phrase is used as a subject, draw a stilt on the baseline where the subject belongs. Next, draw a horizontal line above the stilt, and a short slant line at the left of that horizontal line, as in the example below. Write the word to on the slant line, and the base form of the verb on the horizontal line. (Make sure the verb form is directly above the stilt.) Add complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the horizontal line. Study this example.
Examples To build the largest ship was the engineer’ engineer’s goal. T o
build
ship t h e l a r g e s t was
" T o "
infinitive dir. obj. of infinitive
goal t h e e n g i n e e r ’ s
a d a d j j . .
verb
pred. noun
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. In good weather, to ride a bike to school saves time. C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
2. To buy a secondhand bike was a wise decision.
3. To change this tire will take twenty minutes.
42
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date
30
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV Used as Direct Objects To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a direct object, draw a stilt on the baseline where the direct object belongs. Next, draw a horizontal line above the stilt, and a short slant line at the left of that horizontal line. See the example below. Write the word to on the slant line, and the base form of the verb on the horizontal line. (Place the verb form directly above the stilt.) Add complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the horizontal line. In this example, the infinitive phrase is the direct object of the sentence.
Examples Jean asked me to go with her. her. t o Jean
“ t o ”
go
w i t h
asked
her
subject
me
infinitive
verb
p r e p .
object of prep.
indirect object
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Callers to the station asked to hear your song.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
2. The child refused to eat broccoli.
3. None of my friends can afford to buy every new video game.
Sentence Diagraming
43
Name Date
31
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V Used as Predicate Nouns An infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a predicate noun is diagramed the same way as one used as a direct object, except that it follows a slant line after the verb rather than a vertical line. Study this example. Note where the word to and the base form of the verb are placed.
Dean’’s long-range plan is to run his own business. Examples Dean t o p la n is D e l o a n n g r ’ a n s - r g e
run
“ t o ”
business o h i s w n subject
infinitive dir. obj. of inf.
verb
a a d d j j . .
EXERCISE Identify the role of the infinitive or infinitive phrase in each sentence, and then diagram the sentence. 1. Alicia Alicia’’s hobby is to ride trail horses.
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
2. The purpose of this booklet is to explain pet licenses.
3. To stick to the exact truth took courage.
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Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 31 Continued
4. Everybody wanted to see the parade.
5. One aim of the campaign is to raise awareness of this disease.
6. To increase sales at the store will not be easy easy.. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
7. Your first step is to notify the police of the theft.
Sentence Diagraming
45
Compound and Complex Sentences Less Le sson on 32
Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Clauses connected by a semicolon
Less Le sson on 33
Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Clauses connected by a conjunction
Less Le sson on 34
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Adjective clauses introduced introduced by relative pronouns
Less Le sson on 35
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Adverb clauses that modify verbs
Less Le sson on 36
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Used as subjects
Less Le sson on 37
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Used as direct objects
Less Le sson on 38
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Introduced by
Less Le sson on 39
that
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Used as objects of prepositions
Less Le sson on 40
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Used as predicate nouns
Sentence Diagraming
47
Name Date
32
Compound Sentences I A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and a nd is used as a part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can also stand alone in a simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. A compound sentence has two or more main clauses and no subordinate clauses. The clauses are joined by a semicolon or by a comma and a conjunction. In a diagram of a compound sentence, each independent clause is diagramed separately; then the clauses are connected. The type of connection used depends on whether the clauses are joined by a semicolon or a conjunction.
Clauses Connected by a Semicolon When two main clauses in a compound sentence are joined by a semicolon, first diagram the clauses separately in the order in which they appear in the sentence. Then draw a vertical dotted line between the verbs of the clauses, as shown here.
Example Folktales are always popular; you have probably heard many of them. Folktales
you
ar e
popular a l w a y s
have heard p r o b a b l y
many o f
MAIN CLAUSE #1
verb
MAIN CLAUSE #2
verb
them
EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence. 1. Some folktales have been told for generations; many different versions exist.
2. In many tales, animals talk; they stand for humans.
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Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 32 Continued
3. In some tales, the animals are wise; in others, they are foolish or selfish.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
4. Writers in various countries have made collections of folktales; the Grimm brothers are among these writers.
Sentence Diagraming
49
Name Date
33
Compound Sentences II Clauses Connected by a Conjunction When the main clauses in a compound sentence are connected by a conjunction such as and , but , or or , first diagram each clause separately. Next, write the conjunction on a solid horizontal line between the two main clauses. Last, draw vertical dotted lines to connect that solid line to the verb of each clause, as a s shown in this example.
Example Do you like scary stories, or do they give you nightmares? you
Do like or they
stories s c a r y
do give
nightmares
MAIN CLAUSE #1
verb conj.
MAIN CLAUSE #2
verb
you
EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence. 1. In very old English tales, Grendel was a terrible monster, and his mother was equally horrible.
2. Grendel terrorized the countryside, but finally the hero Beowulf stopped him.
50
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Name Date 33 Continued
3. In the Odyssey, Scylla and Charybdis were monstrous neighbors, and sailors feared them.
4. Scylla tore ships apart, or Charybdis pulled them and their crews underwater. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
Sentence Diagraming
51
Name Date
34
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and a nd is used as part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can stand alone in a simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. There are three types of subordinate clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun clauses. A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The diagram of a complex sentence depends on the type of subordinate clause it includes.
Adjective Clauses Introduced Introduced by Relative Pronouns An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause. Most adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that, and which). Always begin the diagram of a complex sentence by diagraming the independent clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Then diagram the subordinate clause separately, placing it below the main clause. Finally, connect the two clauses. To connect a main clause and an adjective clause that begins with a relative pronoun, draw a dotted line between the introductory pronoun and the word in the main clause that the adjective clause modifies. Study this example.
Example Geologists are scientists who study rocks. Geologists
are who
scientists study
rocks
MAIN CLAUSE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
modified noun relative pronoun
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Evidence that is found in rocks shows changes in the earth.
2. Information about the center of the earth ea rth is found in lava, which is rock from volcanoes.
52
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Name Date 34 Continued
3. Valerie, who is the daughter of a geologist, shares his love of rocks.
4. She also learns about the field from other geologists who work with her father. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
Sentence Diagraming
53
Name Date
35
Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II Adverb Clauses That Modify Verbs Verbs An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb in the main clause. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as these: after, before, because, as, as if, as soon as, in order that, until, although, when, where, and whenever. An adverb clause that modifies a main clause verb usually tells when, where, how, or why. To diagram a complex sentence with an adverb clause modifying a verb, first diagram the main clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Next, diagram the adverb clause, placing it below the main clause. Connect the clauses with a dotted line that begins under the modified verb in the main clause and slants down to the verb in the adverb clause. Last, write the conjunction on the dotted line. Study this example.
Example Although land on Earth looks solid, the continents are actually moving. cont co ntiine nent ntss t h e
aree m ar mov ovin ing g a c A l t u t h o a l l u g h y
land o n Earth
looks
MAIN CLAUSE
modified verb c o n j .
solid
ADVERB CLAUSE
verb
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Notice that the sentence begins with the adverb clause, but the diagram begins b egins with the main clause. The adverb clause “Although land on Earth looks solid” modifies are moving .
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Continents move because massive plates under them shift.
2. Where two plates collide, land on one plate may push over the other other..
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Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 35 Continued
3. If you could watch the collision for millions of years, ye ars, you would see the growth of a mountain.
4. When two plates pull away from each other suddenly, an earthquake results. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
Sentence Diagraming
55
Name Date
36
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Noun clauses may be used wherever nouns are used. Some noun clauses are introduced by pronouns such as who,, whom who whom,, and whatever . Others are introduced by adverbs where,, adverb s such as how , where and why . Unlike adjective and adverb clauses, a noun clause is a part of the main clause. It is diagramed within the main clause. clau se. How this is done depends on how the noun clause is used in the sentence.
Used as Subjects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as a s the subject, first draw a diagram frame for the main clause. Draw a stilt on the baseline where the subject belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Diagram the noun clause on that baseline, placing the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt. Study these examples.
Example Whatever you decide is fine. you
decide
Whatever
NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
is
fine
Example How we get there is your problem. we
get
NOUN CLAUSE
t H o w h e r e is
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
MAIN CLAUSE
problem y o u r
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Whoever made this pottery did a good job.
2. When the plane will actually depart has not yet been announced.
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Sentence Diagraming
Name Date 36 Continued
3. How a room is furnished affects its noise level.
4. What the detective discovered about her client raised new questions.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
5. Why rust forms on metal is easily explained.
Sentence Diagraming
57
Name Date
37
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II Used as Direct Objects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as a s direct object, begin with a diagram frame for the main clause. Fill in the subject, the verb, and a vertical line to separate the verb from the object. Then draw a stilt on the main clause baseline where the object obj ect belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Use that baseline to diagram the noun clause, placing the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt, as shown in the following example.
Example Mr. Denton taught us how plants make sugar. make
plants Mr. Denton
sugar h o w
NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
taught us
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. The engineers finally discovered who caused the oil spill.
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
2. At the buffet, take whatever you want.
3. That dog licks whomever it meets.
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Sentence Diagraming
Name Date
38
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III Introduced by
That
The word that is a special introductory word. It often appears before a noun that is clause, but it doesn’ doesn’t always have to. In this example, the noun clause has no introductory word.
Example Everyone says time travel is impossible. travel is t i m e Everyone
impossible
NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
says
A noun clause may begin with the word that . Usually, however, that introduces a that introduces noun clause without being part of it— it—as in the example below. To diagram a that only that on complex sentence in which that only introduces a noun clause, write that on its own solid line above the verb of the noun clause. Draw a vertical dotted line from to the verb of the noun clause. that to that
Example Everyone says that time travel is impossible. that travel is t i m e . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
Everyone
“that” impossible
NOUN CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
says
EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The police officer claimed the car had been speeding.
2. That I could even surf was incredible.
Sentence Diagraming
59
Name Date 38 Continued
3. The reporter noted that Rocky fouled fourteen pitches in a row.
4. We regret that we arrived late.
5. That the club has powerful members gives it influence. C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
6. We hope you will get well soon.
60
Sentence Diagraming
Name Date
39
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV Used as Objects of Prepositions To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the object of a preposition, first diagram the other elements of the main clause. Under the word modified by the prepositional phrase involving the noun clause, draw a long slant line for the preposition. Place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and draw a second baseline on top of the stilt. Finally, diagram the noun phrase on the second baseline. Study this example.
Example Terry made a list of whatever supplies we needed. Terry
made
list a
o f
MAIN CLAUSE
we
needed
supplies w h a t e v e r
NOUN CLAUSE
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Give this fruit to whoever wants it. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
2. Researchers were puzzled by how cave dwellers had made paintings on the cave wall.
Sentence Diagraming
61
Name Date 39 Continued
3. I read a book about how organic food is grown.
4. Your school work is affected by how late you stay up at night.
5. The kitten ran to whoever rang the bell. C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
6. Despite what her stepmother told her, Cinderella had hope.
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Sentence Diagraming
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40
Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V Used as Predicate Nouns To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as a predicate noun, first diagram the subject and verb of the main clause. Then draw a slant line after the verb to separate it from the predicate noun. Place a stilt on the main clause baseline where the predicate noun belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Diagram the noun clause on that baseline. Study this example.
Example A long vacation is what you need. you vacation A l o n g
need
is
what
NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. To Tomorrow morrow is when we leave.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
2. This hammer is what I need nee d for my construction project.
3. My wish is that I can visit a kelp forest someday.
Sentence Diagraming
63
9. Who
PART I
Lesson 1 Simple Subjects
and Simple Predicates I swi m
Emily 10. Aunt Em
1.
Dolphins
(you)
Wait
1.
Sleet
2.
Turn
2.
you
3.
(you)
3.
Doan Do anss
4.
Tiffany
4.
(you)
5.
Plants
6.
One
jogs
and Simple Predicates II Exercise 1
1.
Hect He ctor or
2.
you
3.
Ms.. Alic Ms Alicee Cumm Cummin inss
hass be ha been en ex exer erci cisi sing ng
is fa falling
Were planning
have ha ve be been en re remo mode deliling ng
drink
are sold
is
Did forget
Lesson 3 Compound Subjects
4.
(you)
5.
Dr. Lee Lee
inte in terr rrup upte ted d
and Compound Predicates I Emma 1.
Hurr y
Becky
a n d
gueest gu stss
B o t h
laughed
o r
Wass returning Wa retur ning
Phillip
hass bee ha beenn ca callllin ing g 2.
6.
Did go go
Exercise 2
Lesson 2 Simple Subjects
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
called
Annette
Hav avee bee eenn in invi vite ted d
Boaters 7.
(you)
Work
3.
swimmers 8.
Sena Se nato torr Ada Adams ms
were rescued
willll ha wi have ve re reti tire red d Jeremy 4.
Mark
Sentence Diagraming
a n d
E o i t h r e r
was whispering
65
Ernie
Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Compound
Predicates II
3.
you
growling 1.
Rex
was
d n a
stop a n d
Did
Midnight biting 4.
rose 2.
Waves
d n a
Belle the Cat
packages
Stop (you)
d n a
complains r e r h t o i e
She
a n d
o r
were
criticizes
t u b
Mayor Axon
continued
were
d n a
falling
Lesson 5 Compound Subjects Nic
Lawanna
swept a n d
d n a
dusted
Tina 2.
Mr. Lopez
66
fished a n d
d n a
spoke
d n a
talked
have been traveling a B n o d t h
Rudy
t u b
will return
Lesson 6 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I brought
food
1.
Everyone
2.
Fran
packed
cookies
3.
Tony
cooked
hamburgers
4.
anyone
5.
Ants
and Compound Predicates III
1.
opened
Was singing
Angela
slipping 6.
d n a
visited
8.
Skiers
bites delivered
paused Elaine
r o
Joan
7.
5.
scratches
N n e o i h r t e r
Diane listen 6.
4.
look
Letters fell 5.
3.
d n a
Did bring
napkins
were bothering
us
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Boys
food a n d
6.
girls
played
baseball
7.
ate
Mike
h d t o n b a
bugs bedrolls
Max 7.
I 8.
a n d
B o t h
homers
hit
Has had
everyone
8.
fun
1.
1.
2. d n a
You
use
r e r h t o i e
Mr.. No Mr Norr rriis
He
ass ssig igne ned d
taught
you
Did drink
3.
We
made
dinner ourselves
campfires
4.
Ms. Va Varsey
told
r o
5.
She
handed
Chang
was swatting
d n a
marshmallows
everyone houseflies
4.
stories us
cola . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
jobs
birdcalls
juice 3.
tents
me
benches
grills 2.
d n a
us
tables have
should bring
Lesson 8 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III
Lesson 7 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II Parks
Campers
6.
Roger
lent
sunglasses Manny
mosquitoes
rain 5.
We
saw
r e r h t o i e n n
clouds salads
Danelle 6.
Gina
a n d
had prepared
Sentence Diagraming
d n a
rolls
67
Lesson 9 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV led 1.
Rangers
d n a
3.
hikes
gave
advice
4.
hikers
people attended M e n t a n h u y s i a s t i c cousin enjoys M y
collected 2.
3.
Campers
Food
d n a
can
d n a
leftovers buried attract
bears
bring
problems
5.
6.
campers
sports e x t r e m e
teenager climbs a T h a d v t e n t u r o u s triiat tr athl hlon onss T o u g h
event t h a r e c t e n t
attr at tra act
mountains s t e e p
him
help 4.
Weather
can
vacationers
r o
7.
hurt gives 5.
Rain
nourishment plants
t u b
can dampen
Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs II spirits
1.
winds howled n o C o l i s i d l y
parks
2.
Dawsons T h e
3.
they
4.
every ryo one
camped 6.
you
Have
r o
visited
activities give thrills m e D a m o n him g e r a r o b l u s e
Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs I 1.
2.
68
fans watched T h o h a s e p p y cyclist Did win t h e f a m o u s
race a g r e a t prize f i r s t
greeted guests w a t h e r m i r l y
hurried guests I n s t h e m m i d e d i e i a t e y l was se seate ted d c o S o o m n f o r t a b y l
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
5.
6.
Lopezes t h e
Had been t h e b e r e f o r e
Lesson 13 Adjectives and Adverbs IV
visit ended e a T h e r y l
1.
explorer c T h e o w a r d l y
d n a
fainted
Lesson 12 Adjectives and Adverbs III 1.
2.
3.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
4.
5.
6.
bushe hess blocked path e v t h i t h e a l e r A l c k y m o w a r m i s t h e r n e g y l travelers T h e
looked a b w o u r a e a t t h e r i l y r
hatchets s h a r E x t r p e m e y l
cleared path a f a r e s t m a r k a b y l
shivered s u d d e n l y
frighten 2.
3.
stories S c a r y book t h e sequel i t s
a n d
me
d
a l n w a a delight y s
B o t h
sold w e l l
teens 4.
story fascinated T h e
d
a d n a v e n t u adults r o u s
leader walked e s l T h e u n e r o e g x c w y s u e e e l a l t i c l d y i n g y l group was en entering T h e
area a
d a p a n g r t i e r o c u u s l a r l y
member yelled c o t h e S o u u d s l u l d h e a r a l e n o c d y s t g e o l k i y u s n g y l
Sentence Diagraming
69
Lesson 14 Subject Complements I 1.
2.
Kiwi
is
cockatiel a y e l l o w
Cockatiels
are
Lesson 16 Subject Complements III funny 1.
parrots
cartoons can be P o l i t i c a l
h t d o n b a
meaningful
timely 3.
4.
Parrots
Kiwi
are
pets p o p u l a r
has been pet F l o n r a g n k H o w ’ s
2.
3.
messages T h e i r
may be
Teddy Roosevelt
t u b
was
durable
h t d o n b a
figure a m p u e m b i o r l a b c l e
Lesson 15 Subject Complements II 1.
cockatiel is F r a n k ’ s
friendly v e r y
Teddy 4.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
70
Kiwi
appears
birdcage H e r Kiwi
seems
tricks Are h e r owner feels K i w i ’ s
is
happy
large r a t h e r
cartoon showed O n e
d n a
bear a c u t e popular
5.
smart
bear is s t i t T h e e d l l d y
d n a
lovable critical
difficult 6.
fortunate e x t r e m e l y
president a s t r o n g
cartoons are o f W p o l t e n a r i t i c t i m e a l
r o
inspirational
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
PART II
Lesson 18 Prepositional Phrases I
Lesson 17 Appositives and Appositive
1.
Phrases 1.
Char Ch arle leyy Park Parkhu hurs rstt
2.
left Charlotte ( g i r l ) a t a s t r F i l f l o n t e e g n y - e a r - o o l d
3.
4.
e
She
oo
o
was Charlotte Parkhurst (orphan) a n r e a l l y orphanage a n u n f r i e n d l y
an a m a s t a b e n ’ s l
2.
3.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
6.
7.
Charley (m a n) became t h e p r e t e n d
vice (tobacco) o H e r n e Death
Holders o f
you
revealed f i n a l l y
gave
voter w t h e f i r s t o m a n
cancer Charley
5.
secret (womanhood) h e h e r r 6.
Sentence Diagraming
concert t h e r o c k
would receive a l s o tickets p a r t i c u l a r
Will get
took name (Charley) a l a m a s o n ’ s 4.
5.
Posters announced t h r o u g h o u t city t h e
tickets f o r
passes t o areas b a c k s t a g e
show t h e
Spotlights lit stage t h e i n colors m a d i f e n y f r e n t loudspeakers blared announcements a b T h e b e h o u i n d t souvenirs ears m y
you
Could see
drummer t h e w i t h
hair l o n b l g o n d
71
Lesson 19 Prepositional Phrases II 1.
we
practiced
B e f o r e
2.
Mrs. Sanchez
experiments o u r
Lesson 20 Prepositional Phrases III 1.
Parents' Night wrote
instructions p r e c i s e o n
2.
race was held o n T h e day a w i t h
Danny
rowed w i t h
chalkboard t h e
winner a o f
Turtles a n d
3.
crawled o v e r rocks t h e a q u a r i u m
frogs
4.
5.
mouse A g r a y
slept q u i n i e t l s i e y d
tube a
c a r d b o a r d
teams performed experiments w i t h e T h e t h care g r e a t
We
recorded
i n
d n a
clouds d a r k
rain
race t h e p r e v i o u s
filled sky t h e N e a r end t h e o f race t h e
Danny
data 6.
3.
threats o f
4.
partner h i s
5.
a n d
rowers t h e i n
sped t o
goal t h e a t
fork t h e i n river t h e
stopped I m m all e d o f i a t e boats l y t h e o t h e r
observations
notebooks o u l r a b
72
Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Lesson 21 Participles and Participal Phrases I 1.
2.
hero T h e
swung branch a a t creature t h e
fled f r o m
monster
t h e
D e f e e ate d
b
o k k en
r
h o
l d i n n g
fighter t h e e l i e e v v ed
3.
left theater s o o n t h e
s T h e a t ii s s f f i e d
spotted
Jacob L o
o k i i n n g
o v e r
2. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
3.
dog a
4.
T h e
c
o w d ed
r
tires me q u i c k l y
1.
He a ar r i
n g
l a r g e
f u s s e e d
joke t h a t
reminds me o f story a f u n n y
2.
boy t h e f r i g h t t
e n e d e
Lesson 24 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II at c ch h
w
be i in n g
stopped g i v i i n n g
2.
rest
a
i n n g
family enjoyed M w h y o l e
1.
c
o n
breath h i s
gate t h e
n g
Jacob jumped o v T h i e r n k i i n g fence a q u i c k l y dog
opened
Jogg i
shoulder h i s
chased dog T h e b a r r k k ing f u r i o u s y l
tail t h e d o g w a ' s g g i n g
Lesson 23 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I
Lesson 22 Participles and Participal Phrases II 1.
noticed
Jacob
6.
r
crowd
he S u r p r i i s e d
5.
I
remember
l i i f f t t e e d b y
father m y
display t h e f i r e w o r k s
f o r
view a
b e t t e r
boy t h e e x h a u st e d
Sentence Diagraming
73
Lesson 25 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III find i in n
g
1.
workers T h e t i r e e d d
1.
enjoyable e x t r e m e l y
best t h e i r 6.
dolls
habit is M a y n o f a r d ' s
uncanny find i in n
g
was Tut o or r i i
n g
children y o u n g e r
Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV win
game t h i s b y
unit t h e
Colorado
has been
5.
p a ai r i n g
You
ins nstr truc ucti tio ons t h e asse m m b f o r l l i i ng
i n
stopped
hobby E l e n a ’ s
foun fo und d
Ski i in n g
re
3.
I
tools t h e r g i h t
step is o f f T i h e r s t job a n y doi n n g
2.
4.
pop p i n g
7.
balloons f i v e
coins l o s t
be c co o m
i n g
teacher a
prepares you f o r
Lesson 27 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases I 2.
3.
library has T h e
Marsha
policy a a g a i n s t
1.
tal k ki i n n
g
2.
m p e t i i ng
co
i n
musicians
need O n
Olympics t h e 3.
74
shouted
demands t o play
l o u d l y
dreams
o f
audience T h e
bag A n o v e r t o n g i h t
songs f a v o r i t e
ability t h e t o sleep tour a t
is hold
hours o d d
necessity a
items e s s e n t i a l Sentence Diagraming
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Lesson 28 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases II 1.
members pushed others s o a u T o get m e d i e n c l c e o s t o e r stage t h e Guards a t auditorium t h e
2.
3.
worked t o prevent
t o 1.
t o
child T h e
hear
asked
t o
encores t w o show
Callers t o station t h e
injuries 2.
played
band T h e
Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases IV
eat
broccoli
refused
t o
appreciation t h e i r
3.
song y o u r
None can afford o f friends m y
buy
game e v n e v i e r w d e o y
Lesson 29 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases III t o
bike
ride
t o . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
saves I n
1.
T o
T o
a
time weather g o o d
bike a
buy
s e c o n d h a n d decision a w i s e
was
2.
3.
school
change
tire t h i s
will take
Sentence Diagraming
minutes t w e n t y
75
t o
Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V t o 1.
horses t r a i l
ride
hobby is A l i c i a ’ s
t o purpose T h e o f booklet t h i s
2.
T o
is
76
T o
licenses p e t
6.
increase
campaign t h e
truth t h e e x a c t
took
Every ryb body
7.
w i ll b e n o t
step Y i o u f r r s t
awareness o f disease t h i s
sales a t store t h e easy
t o is
notify
police o f t h e theft t h e
courage
t o 4.
explain
is
stick
t o
3.
aim O n e o f
5.
raise
wanted
see
parade t h e C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Sentence Diagraming
PART III
Lesson 33 Compound Sentences II
Lesson 32 Compound Sentences I
1.
1.
folk fo lkta tale less S o m e
animals
3.
2.
animals t h e
stand f o r are
monster
a t e I n tales r r i b l e o l d E n g v e l i s h r y
and
mother h i s
talk
I n they
was
have ha ve be been en to told ld f o r generations
versions exist m a d i f e n y f r e n t 2.
Grendel
tales m a n y
horrible e q u a l l y
was
Grendel
terro rori rizzed but
hero (Beowulf) t h e
humans wise I n tales s o m e
stopped him f i n a l l y
Scylla 3.
Charybdis
a n d
were
foolish they . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
4.
are i n
Writers i n countries v a r i o u s
have made
brothers are t h e G r a m i m m o n g
Sentence Diagraming
sailors
selfish collections o f folktales
4.
Scylla
Chary ryb bdis
writers t h e s e
neighbors
I n and
r o
others
coun unttry rysside t h e
ships a p a r t or
Odyssey t h e
feared
m o n s t r o u s
them
tore
them
pulle led d d n u n a d crews e r w a t h e t e r i r
77
Lesson 34 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I 1.
2.
3.
Evidence
shows
that
is found i n rocks
Information is found a b i n o u lava t center which t h e o f earth t h e Valerie
who
4.
78
changes i n earth t h e
She
shares
is
is
rock f r o m
volcanoes
love o h i s f rocks
daughter t h e o f geologist a learns a l s o a b o u t
f r o m
field t h e
geologists o t h e r
who
work w i t h
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
father h e r
Sentence Diagraming
Lesson 35 Complex Sentences with Adjective
or Adverb Clauses II 1.
Continents
Whoever
shift
you
would see
you
earthquake a n
collide
growth t h e o f
will depart W a c t h e u a n l l y
plane t h e
has been announced n o y e t t
2.
room a mountain a
could watch collision t h e f o r millions o f years results W h e n
plates t w o
is furnished H o w affects
pull a w s u f r o d a d m y e n other l y e a c h
detective t h e
level i t s n o i s e
discovered
What a b o u t client
h e r raised
4.
rust
5.
Sentence Diagraming
job a g o o d
them
3.
4.
potter y t h i s did
1.
land may push o o n W v e r h e plate other r e o n t h e e
I f
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
made
b e c a u s e
plates t w o 3.
Clauses I
move
plates m a u n s s i d v e e r 2.
Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Noun
questions n e w
forms W o n h y metal is explained e a s i l y
79
that
Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Noun
Clauses II
who
1.
engineers T h e
caused
spill t h e o i l
3.
discovered f i n a l l y
reporter T h e
noted
that we
want
you 2.
(you)
take A t
dog T h a t
whatever
4.
buffet t h e it
3.
fouled pitches i f n o u row r t e e n a
Rocky
meets
We
arrived l a t e
regret
That club t h e
whomever
has
licks
members p o w e r f u l gives
5.
influence it
Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Noun
you
Clauses III
car t h e
had been speeding 6.
We
will get s o o n
well C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
hope
officer claimed p T h e o l i c e
1.
That I
2.
80
could surf e v e n was
incredible
Sentence Diagraming
Lesson 39 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV 1.
(you)
Give
fruit t h i s
t o
2.
whoever
I
read
dwellers c a v e
book a
a b o u t
4.
. c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T y b © t h g i r y p o C
5.
6.
work s Y o u c h o r o l
kitten T h e
it
were puzzled
Researchers
b y
3.
wants
paintings o n wall t h e c a v e
had made h o w
food is grown o r h o g a w n i c
is affected stay l a h o t e w
you
b y
u p
a t
night
ran
Cinderella
t o
had
whoever
rang
hope
D e stepmother s p i h e t e r
Sentence Diagraming
bell t h e
told
what her
81
Lesson 40 Complex Sentences with Noun
Clauses V
we 1.
Tomorrow
is
I 2.
leave w h e n
need
what
f o r
hammer is T h i s
project c m y o n s t r u c t i o n
that I
3.
wish M y
is
can visit forest a s o m e d a y
k e l p
C o p y r i g h t © b y T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
82
Sentence Diagraming
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