Semiología Del Miembro Inferior

 

_chlb`bkè ic hlchmr lgfcrlb  Agirca Oarb`lga Brduc`a ^au`a Iaglc`a Vl``ahlzar

 

Oaicr  pc`vl

 

@a artlou`aolÿg obxb-fchbra` slkulcgtcs o bxb-fchbra` obgtlcgc `bs slkulcgtcs `lkahcgtbs4 Mlpcicstaolÿg y haroja @lkahcgtb l`lb-fchbra`4 `lkahcgtb `lkahcgtb cg y ic  mlkc`bw @lkahcgtbb lsqulbfchbra` @lkahcgt

@lkahcgtbb pumb-fchbra` @lkahcgt

Cvltag uga cxocslva rbtaolÿg lgtcrga y cxocslva cxtcgslÿg ic `a oaicra o aicra

Cvlta `a amiuoolÿg cxocslva

 

@bs hôsou`bs ic csta sc ilvlicg sckôg su `boa`lzaolÿg cg c` fìhur4

Agtcrlbrcs4 F`cxbrcs

^bstcrlbrcs4 Cxtcgsbrcs

^sbas L`laob ]cotb agtcrlbr _artbrlb

◂ ◂ ◂

K`ôtcb haybr, `bs fasoèou`bs hás pbstcrlbrcs ic` k`ôtcb hcilb  lsqulbtlmla`cs4 schlhchmragbsb, schltcgilgbsb,mèocps.

Cxtcrgbs4 Amiuotbrcs Lgtcrgbs4Aiuotbrcs K`ôtcb haybr K`ôtcb hcilb K`ôtcb hcgbr Ycgsbr ic `a fasola `ata

Aiuotbr haybr Aiuotbr hcilagb Aiuotbr hcgbr ^cotègcb

]cotb lgtcrgb  

Cg su cxp`braolÿg jay quc tcgcr cg oucgta `a ciai c iai ic` paolcgtc4

]colìg gaolib4 `uxaolÿg obgkìglta

@aotagtc y glñb pcqucñb4 _lgbvltls tragsltbrla b

artrltls sìptloa. ^rcaib`csocgola4  cgfcrhciai ic ^crtjcs

Aib`csocgola4 cplfislb`lsls ic `a oamcza fchbra`.

Aiu`tb dbvcg4 gcorbsls lsquìhloa ic `a oamcza fchbra`. ^bm`aolÿg scgl`4 obxartrbsls y fraotura ic` ouc``b fchbra`

 Lgspcoolÿ

 

Icoômlt

 cg su obhprcgslÿg iaq parcstcsla a Gcrvlb fchbrb-outágcb4 fchbrb-outágcb4 cg glvc` agtcrlbr ic` hus`b, ``ahaia HC]A@KLA ^A]C_YÌ_LOA

^a`par `a orcsta l`èaoa y ic c``a `a csplga l`laoa agtcrbsupcrlbr. _c pa`pa c` pu`sb fchbra` cg `a artcrla fchbra` `boa`lzaia cg c` trlágku`b fchbra` icmadb ic` `lkahcgtb lgkulga`.

_c vlsua`lza cg c` obgtbrgb prbxlha` ic` hus`b c` hôsou`b tcgsbr ic `a fasola `ata K`ôtcb hcilb, quc sc cgoucgtra cgoucgtra cg `a oara cxtcrga y pbr ictrás ic cstc c` k`ôtcb supcrlbr.

C` rc`lcvc ic` rcotb agtcrlbr, boupagib `a oara agtcrlbr ic` hus`b jasta `a csplga l`èaoa agtcrblgfcrlbr.

Hôsou`bs aiuotbrcs aiuotbrcs y c` rcotb lgtcrgb b kráol`, umloaibs cg `a oara lgtcrga ic` hus`b.

^a`par `a tumcrbsliai lsqulátloa

 Lgspcoolÿ

 

 

Mlpcicstaolÿ

aotltui fida b obgtraotura o bgtraotura y uga lgo`lgaolÿg ic `a pc`vls b másou`a pì`vloa.

Vlslÿ Agtcrlb 

F`cxlÿg ic` trbgob jaola ic`agtc quc prbkrcslvahcgtc pucic iarsc cg uga obgtrao obgtraotura tura cg ﬍cxlÿg b rctraoolÿg ic` psbas l`laob. Auhcgta `a `bribsls `uhmar y sc aobrta rc`atlvahcgtc c` hlchmrb lgfcrlbr obrrcspbgilcgtc aotltui fida cg ﬍cxb-aiuotb-rbtaolÿg lgtcrga

Aotltui fida cg rbtaolÿg cxtcrga

obxartrbsls

Jchlp`cdla b pará`lsls ocrcmra`

 Lgspcoolÿ

 

 

Mlpcicstaolÿ obgtraotura cg amiuoolÿg pbr jlpcrtbgèa ic `bs hôsou`bs amiuotbrcs @a pc`vls icsolcgic ic` `aib cgfcrhb y jay

Vlslÿ Agtcrlb  Vlslÿ @atcra  -Jlpcr`bribsls -Lgo`lgaolÿg ic` trbgob jaola atrás -Icsaparlolÿg ic a`kôg rc`lcvc husou`ar.

aslhctrèa afcotaia csic`ahlchmrbs hás `arka)lgfcrlbrcs (`a plcrga Obgtraotura cg aiuoolÿg pbr jlpcrtbgèa ic `bs hôsou`bs aiuotbrcs

@a pc`vls sc c`cva ic` `aib cgfcrhb y `a cxtrchliai lgfcrlbr cgfcrha cstará hás obrta quc `a saga

 Lgspcoolÿ

 

 

Mlpcicstaolÿ Vlslÿ ^stcrlb 

-Aslhctrèa ic p`lckucs k`ôtcbs -Másou`a pì`vloa4 lgo`lgaolÿg u bm`louliai ic `a pc`vls pbr uga aslhctrèa ic `bs hlchmrbs lgfcrlbrcs. -Csob`lbsls ibrsb`uhmar

^rucm i trcgic`chmur hôsou`b k`ôtcb hcilb

_c `c plic quc jaka `b hlshb pcrb obg `a plcrga saga.

C` paolcgtc cstá ic plc y c` cxahlgaibr `c plic quc `cvagtc `a plcrga quc sc qulcrc cva`uar hlcgtras sc apbya obg `a saga para hagtcgcr c` cqul`lmrlb, y `a orcsta l`laoa cg obgilolbgcs gbrha`cs hagtlcgc `a jbrlzbgta`

^B_LYLVB4 @A ^C@VL_ ^C@ OACIC JAOLA C@ @AIB _AGB \ _C CVLICGOLA C@VL_ _LKGB ISOJCGGC

 Lgspcoolÿ

 

Cstuil i ` Haroj Haroja Agtlá`kloa

C` pasb cs aobrtaib y c` trbgob sc hucvc obg `a plcrga afcota obhb ug tbib y c` paolcgtc sc lgo`lga sbmrc c` `aib afcotaib para ilshlgulr `a obgtraoolÿg ic `bs HÔ_OS@B_ AMISOYB]C_.

Haroja bsol`agtc b agaicagtc

Haroja cg Yrcgic`chmurk

afcotaolÿg ml`atcra` ic `bs amiuotbrcs am iuotbrcs

icml`liai ugl`atcra` ic` k`ôtcb hcilb

iuragtc `a fasc ic apbyb hbgbpbia` c` oucrpb y `a pc`vls p c`vls sc lgo`lgag jaola c` `aib sagb.

^a`paolÿ

 

Icoômlt _uplg Csplga l`laoa agtcrbsupcrlbr4 lgscrolÿg ic`

@a orcsta l`èaoa y `a csplga l`èaoa agtcrblgfcrlbr4 tcgiÿg ilrcotb ic` rcotb agtcrlbr.

sartbrlb. cgtrc c` hôsou`b sartbrlb y c` tcgsbr ic `a fasola `ata sc cgoucgtra `a chcrkcgola ic` gcrvlb fìhbrb-outágcb

slkgb ic tlgc` pbsltlvb

(hcra`kla parcstcsloa) Yrboágtcr Hcgbr

Ob`boagib `a plcrga cg fbrha ic ouatrb, oruzaia sbmrc `a btra

sgapplgk jlp sygirbhc, jay ib`br cg `a jlpcrcxtcgslÿg ic `a oaicra. -Avu`slÿg ic` psbas.

^a`paolÿ

 

Icoômlt _uplg bstcbpatèa ilgáhloa ic` pumls sc pa`pará tahmlìg c` pumls y `a lgscrolÿg ic `bs aiuotbrcs.

Jcrgla lgkulga` quc sc umloa icgtrb ic `a artcrla fchbra` ^a`par `a artcrla fchbra` icmadb ic` `lkahcgtb lgkulga` qulstc slgbvla` b uga mursltls l`lb-pcotègca, pa`pam`cs a hcguib pbr fucra ic `a artcrla fchbra`.

aicgbpatèas lgkulga`cs y ic `bs amsocsbs ic` psbas.

^a`paolÿ

 

Icoômlt @atcra  Yrboágtcr haybr4 mursltls trboagtìrca, trboagtìrca, ib`br y cg `a ﬍cxb-cxtcgslÿg ﬍cxb-cxtcgsl ÿg jay olcrta orcpltaolÿg `boa` Oaicra cg rcsbrtc4 ojasqulib auilm`c quc prbvboa `a fasola `ata y su hôsou`b tcgsbr ouagib ìsta sa`ta sbmrc c` trb trboágtcr oágtcr haybr, a` pasar ic `a ﬍cxlÿg a `a cxtcgslÿg.

frcoucgtcs ic `bs hôsou`bs Yumcrbsliai Lsqulátloa4  Lsqulátloa4  avu`slbgcs frcoucgtcs lsqulbtlmla`cs,mursltls y ic fraoturas, tagtb trauhátloas obhb bstcbha`áoloas (`ègcas ic @bbscr-Hl`ehagg)

^a`paolÿ

 

Icoômlt @atcra 

Yrbgob olátlob4 cstá olátlob4 cstá cgtrc `a tumcrbsliai lsqulátloa y `a csplga l`laoa pbstcrbsupcrlbr y sc jaoc pa`pam`c cg c` pugtb p ugtb ic va``clx

_ègirbhc ic` plrlfbrhc4 c` gcrvlb pucic quciar obhprlhlib pbr c` hôsou`b plrlfbrhc plrlfbrhc,, a vcocs mèfiib, quc sc lgscrta cg `a oara pbstcrlbr ic` trboágtcr

Icoômlt ^rbg

_c pa`pag `as csplgas l`èaoas pbstcrbsupcrlbrcs, pbstcrbsupcrlbr cs, `as saorbl`èaoa saorbl`èaoas, s, c` saorb y c` oÿoolx, para cgobgtrar ic prbgtb ug `uhmakb quc gbs ilrlda a uga saorbl`cètls. Ib`br cg c` saorb4 fraoturas, lgfcoolbgcs y tuhbrcs Ib`br cg c` Oboolx4fraoturas obg ﬍cxlÿg agtcrlbr ic` jucsb pbr

oaèia jaola atrás scgtaib, b oboolkbilgla obo olkbilgla

Cxp braolÿ

 

Ilshctrè c hlchmr lgfcrlbrc Vcriaicra4 jay uga a`tcraolÿg ic `bs jucsbs ic `as plcrgas, quc prbvboag ug aobrtahlcgtbb b a`arkahlcg aobrtahlcgt a`arkahlcgtb tb ic uga cxtrchliai obg rcspcotb a `a btra. Aparcgtc b fugolbga`4 Jay uga csob`lbsls, obgtraotura ic `a oaicra b másou`a pì`vloa quc prbv prbvboa boa `a ilshctrèa. @a hcdbr hagcra ic cva`uar uga Bm`louliai pì`vloa cs obg o bg c` paolcgtc ic plc y icsoa`zb y c` cxahlgaibr pa`pa `as obg `bs icibs ic ahmas hagbs `as ibs orcstas l`èaoas, orcagib uga `ègca lhaklgarla quc tlcgc quc scr para`c`a a` suc`b.

cqul`lmragib a` háxlhb `a pc`vls y traoolbgagi traoolbgagibb `lkcrahcgtc `bs plcs, hlrar `bs ta`bgcs y vcr sl cstág a `a hlsha a`tura b gb

^rucma ic Ka`cazzl-c``ls

Hlilcgib obg olgta hìtrloa `a `bgkltui ic oaia uga ic `as cxtrchliaics icsic `a csplga l`èaoa agtcr agtcrbsupcrlbr bsupcrlbr a` ha`ìb`b

lgtcrgb

 

Oxatrsl Artrbsls ic oaicra cs uga cgfcrhciai ickcgcratlva, ibgic sc cvlicgola pìrilia ic` oartè`akb artlou`ar, fbrhaolÿg ic bstcbfitbs y `a icfbrhliai ic `a artlou`aolÿg Aotltui cg rbtaolÿg cxtcrga fida ic tbia `a cxtrchliai quc a`kugas vcocs gb sc obrrlkc.

Icsoartar uga aotltui cg ﬍cxlÿg fida (oaicra ﬍cda) pbr obgtraotura b rctraoolÿg ic` psbas l`èaob (pará`lsls ocrcmra` b trauhatlshb) icsoartar , ouagib sc bmscrva uga prbtruslÿg agtcrlbr ic` trbgob jaola ic`agtc `a mlpcicstaolÿg y `a haroja cg `a cg jlpcr`bribsls `uhmar, prbtuslÿgb rc`atlva ic` amibhcg y `bs k`ôtcbs.

Ilp`cdl cspástlo prcscgta uga aotltui cg ﬍cxb-aiuotb-rbtaolÿg lgtcrga, lhplic `a icahmu`aolÿg pbr pará`lsls ocrcmra`, jchlp`cdlas, trauhatlshbs orágcb-cgocfá`lobs, tuhbrcs cto.

 

_ègirbh i ` ha`rbtaolÿ i `a cxtrchliaic lgfcrlbrc

_c icmc  a oausa ic uga agtcvcrslÿg b rctrbvcrslÿg cxocslvas ic` ouc``b fchbra` b pbr uga tbrslÿg tlmla` y icfbrhliai ic `bs plcs, a`tcrag `a mlpcicstaolÿg y `a haroja.

ágku`b ic agtcvcrslÿg ic` ouc``b va ilshlguycgib ilshlguy cgib a hcilia quc sc orcoc, pcrb p crb sl gb rÿtu`as sc ia gbrha` c` sègirbhc,  mlzoas aicgtrb oausa (agtc (agtcvcrslÿg vcrslÿg obg ugcd4pugta ic `bs plcs jaola aicgtrb HA]OJA CG OB[MB\) jaola afucra (rctrbvcrslÿg obg `a pugta ic `bs plcs jaola afucra HA]OJA IC OJA]@BY)

 

Hbvl`lia i `a oaicra F@CZLßG

CZYCG_LßG

11>´-1=>´ cg háxlha ﬍cxlÿg ic rbil``a y usb ic `a art. obxbfchbra`, pcrb gb pasa ic ´ sl `a rbil``a cstá cxtcgilia.

ic tag sb`b 1>´-13´, y sc plcric rápliahcgtc cg `a obxartrbsls

a oarkb ic` psbas l`èaob y ic` rcotb agtcrlbr, pcrb tahmlìg c` sartbrlb, c` pcotègcb, `bs

A oarkb ic` k`ôtcb haybr y a `a partc pbstcrlbr ic`

aiuotbrcs y c` rcotb lgtcrgb.  ^ara va`brar ‐tcstar cs c` psbas‘, sc jará obg c` cgfcrhb scgtaib cg c` mbric ic `a oahl``a y `a plcrga ob`kagib, hlcgtras quc sl sc qulcrc va`brar `a fucrza ﬍cxbra cg su obgdugtb, sc jará obg `a rbil``a cg cxtcgslÿg y c` paolcgtc cg icoômltb suplgb (tcst ic _tlgojfic`i).

cva`ôa cg icoômltb prbgb, cs

k`ôtcb tahmlìg aotôag `bsschlhchmragbsb cxtcgsbrcs ic `a y oaicrahcilb, `bs lsqulbtlmla`cs (mèocps, schltcgilgbsb) y c` aiuotbr haybr ^ara va`brar`a sc ob`boará c` cgfcrhb cg icoômltb prbgb y sc `c jará jaocr cxtcgslÿg ic `a oaicra cg ﬍cxlÿg ic rbil``a para rc`adar `bs lsqulbtlmla`cs (cva`ôag c` k`ôtcb haybr y tcgilgltls ic` k`ôtcb (tcst

ic \cbhag).  

 

haglbmr i Yjbha (cxtcgslÿ)) Yjbha (cxtcgslÿ Cvlicgola `a aotltui rca` cg ﬍cxlÿg ic `a oaicra o aicra y pcrhltc c` cxahcg ic `a jlpcrcxtcgslÿg ic `a oaicra cg icoômltb ibrsa`.

_c cxp`bra `a oaicra quc gbrha`hcgtc qucia cg cxtcgslÿg a` ﬍cxlbgar `a oaicra bpucsta (jlpcrcxtcgslÿg gbrha` ?>¾, ic 1:>¾ ``cka a =1>¾. A` gb cxlstlr `a jlpcrcxtcgs jlpcrcxtcgslÿg lÿg gbrha` obg `a haglbmra, `a oaicra gb sc jlpcrcxtlcgic y `a oaicra sc ﬍cxlbga. Cg icoômltb vcgtra`, sc obhprucmag pìrilias hcgbrcs ic cxtcgslÿg, sc sudcta `a pc`vls obg uga hagb y obg `a btra sc c`cva c` hus`b tbhagib `a rbil``a, obhprbmagib c` obgtra`atcra`.

^ìrilia ic cxtcgslÿg prlhcr slkgb ic icrrahc

obxbfchbra`

 

Hbvl`lia i `a oaicra AMISOOLßG

AISOOLßG

93´ y `bs 6>´, para hcilr`a sc icmc fidar `a pc`vls obg uga hagb, sc

_c oruza `a plcrga cg cxtcgilia ic `a oaicra sbmrc `a btra cg `a

tbha `a csplga agtcrbsupcrlbr obg uga hagb yl`èaoa `a btra sc fida obg c` agtcmrazb, obg `a btra hagb sc hucvc `atcra`hcgtc `a plcrga.

rcklÿg hcila` ic` hus`b( 13¾-?>´)

cg obgdugtb sc jaoc obklcgib `bs ibs tbml``bs y, obg `as rbil``as cstlraias, scparar a` háxlhb ahmas plcrgas

oarkb ic` krupb ic `bs aiuotbrcs, tahmlìg ic` rcotb lgtcrgb y ic` pcotègcb. sc va`brará obg c` cgfcrhb cg icoômltb suplgb, c` cxahlgaibr amiuolcgib paslvahcgtc `a cxtrchliai c lgvltagib a` cgfcrhb a ocrrar`a obgtra rcslstcgola

A oarkb ic `bs k`ôtcbs (haybr, hcilb y hcgbr) y c` hôsou`b tcgsbr ic `a fasola `ata y c` sartbrlb _C JAOC CG ^B_LOLßG _S^LGB \ A@KSGA_ VCOC_ ^B_LOLßG ^]BGB,

_LCH^]C IC FB]HA OBH^A]AYLVA

 

Hbvl`lia i `a oaicra ]BYAOLßG LGYC]GA Ahp`ltui gbrha` ic 93¾ ^aolcgtc cg icoômltb ibrsa` sc ﬍cxlbga `a rbil``a ¾ obg uga hagb y obg `a btra sc tbha c` ta`ÿg, sc `atcra`lza c` plc, a`cdagib`b ic `a `ègca hcila (jaola aicgtrb) A oarkb ic trcs aiuotbrcs (haybr, `arkb y mrcvc), `a partc agtcrlbr ic `bs hcilb y hcgbr, c` pcotègcb y c`k`ôtcbs tcgsbr ic `a fasola `ata c` rcotb lgtcrgb, Obhparaolÿg slhu`tágca y scgslm`c Obhparaolÿg ic `a rbtaolÿg lgtcrga ic ahmas oaicras cs plilcgib a` paolcgtc quc cg icoômltb vcgtra` hagtcgka `as rbil``as dugtas hlcgtras c` cxp`braibr

]BYAOLßG CZYC]GA Ahp`ltui gbrha` ic 93¾ ^aolcgtc cg icoômltb ibrsa` sc ﬍cxlbga `a rbil``a ¾ obg uga hagb y obg `a btra sc tbha c` ta`ÿg, sc `atcra`lza c` plc, a`cdagib`b ic `a `ègca hcila (jaola afucra) A oarkb ic bmturaibrcs cxtcrgb c lgtcrgb, ouairaib fchbra`, `bs kìhlgbs supcrlbr c lgfcrlbr y c` plrlfbrhc, y c` k`ôtcb haybr, `a partc pbstcrlbr ic` k`ôtcb hcilb y c` sartbrlb sar tbrlb

_c va`bra oruzagib uga plcrga sbmrc `a btra (rbil``a ¾) sl gb pucic rca`lzar `as rbtaolbgcs sc ob`boa c` paolcgtc cg icoômltb ibrsa`, hlchmrb lgfcrlbr cxtcgilib, sc klra c` plc cg rbtaolÿg lgtcrga y

`atcra`lza ahmbs plcs.

rbtaolÿg cxtcrga.

 Lsqulbtlmla`c  Lsqulb tlmla`c

 

@a `bgkltui ic `bs lsqulbtlmla`cs sc hlic ic ibs hagcras4 1. Ob Obg g c` c` pa paolc olcgt gtcc i icc p plc, lc, lg lgvlt vltági ágib` b`cc a ttboar boar,, obg `a pugta ic `bs icibs, `a pugta ic `bs plcs slg ibm`ar `as rbil``as, y vlcgib sl cs =.

oapaz b gb. Ob Obg g c` c` pa paol olcg cgtc tc cg scic scicst stao aolÿ lÿg g ob obg g ``as as plcrgas ob`kagib a ´ y c` raquls mlcg crkulib, sc `c cstlra paslvahcgtc `as rbil``as y sc bmscrva oÿhb aparcoc ug auhcgtb ic `a `bribsls `uhmar y `a oaèia ic `a pc`vls jaola atrás Mrcvciai ic `bs lsqulbtlmla`cs  pucic scr obgstltuolbga`,`, pbr obgstltuolbga p br ilsarhbgèa cgtrc c` orcolhlcgt orcolhlcgtbb

ÿscb y c` obrrcspbgilcgtc orcolhlcgtb husou`ar, scougiarla a uga railou`bpatèa pbr jcrgla ilsoa` by sc vc hás cg c` scxb fchcglgb

 

^AYB@BKÈA ICKCGC]AYLVA IC @A OAIC]A 

_tlgojfic`  `  Ycs i _tlgojfic C` paolcgtc cg icoômltb suplgb, sc `c lgiloa quc `cvagtc `a plcrga a cxp`brar obg `a rbil``a cg cxtcgslÿg y obgtra `a rcslstcgola ic` cxahlgaibr ^bsltlva sl prcscgta ib`br y sc icmc sbspcojar4 - pa patb tb`b `bkè kèaa i ick ckcg cgcr crat atlv lvaa i icc ``aa ooai aicr cra. a. - tc tcgi gilg lglt ltls ls i ic` c` ps psba bass b i ic` c` rcot rcotbb

^rucm i Agvl  C` paolcgtc cg icoômltb suplgb y `as rbil``as cg cxtcgslÿg, sc kb`pca varlas vcocs cg c` ta`ÿg lpsl`atcra`

^bsltlva sl prcscgta ib`br cg `a oaicra sl jay uga patb`bkèa ickcgcratlva

agtcrlbr

 

CZ^@B] OLßG IC @ O IC] IC@ ]COLÌG G OLIB \ C@ @ OY GYC Cg c` rcolìg gaolib jay quc icsoartar uga ilsp`asla b uga `uxaolÿg obgkìglta ic `a oaicra. ^br lgspcoolÿg sc bmscrva uga tcgicgola a `a ﬍cxlÿg-rbtaolÿg cxtcrga cxocslva ic uga cxtrchliai, b sl jay uga aslhctrèa ic p`lckucs k`ôtcbs cg icoômltb vcgtra`. vcgtra`.

Ycs i Ka`cazz-C``l ob`boa `as oaicras y `as rbil``as cg háxlha ﬍cxlÿg y bmscrva sl `as rÿtu`as cstág cg c` hlshb p`agb. Gb cs uga prucma icfigltlva y slrvc para glñbs

_lkgb ic jart b tcst ic `a amiuoolÿg _c cvlicgola `lhltaolÿg ic `a amiuoolÿg cg háxlha ﬍cxlÿg ic oaicra sl jay uga `uxaolÿg obgkìglta ic `a oaicra

haybrcs hbstragib + prcolslÿg.

 

C_Y ML@LI I IC @ O IC]

^rucm i Btb`ag  LH^B]YAGYC cg `as ibs prlhcras schagas iccg vlia. Obg c` glñb icoômltb suplgb, sc ob`boag `as oaicras y `as rbil``as cg ﬍cxlÿg, hagtcglìgib`as obg `as hagbs, ic hagcra quc c` pu`kar sc cgoucgtrc sbmrc c` oÿgil`b lgtcrgb y `bs icibs ocgtra`cs sbmrc c` trboágtcr Cgtbgocs haybr. sc jaoc uga amiuoolÿg prbkrcslva ic `as oaicras cg `lkcra traoolÿg, hlcgtras sc chpuda obg `bs icibs c` trboágtcr haybr.

_l `a oaicraiccstá tcgirc tcgirchbs hbs `a scgsaolÿg quc`uxaia, `a oamcza sc rciuoc

obg ug ‐o`lo‘

 

Ycs i Mar`bw 

_lkg ic tc`csobpl   slkg i Iupuytrc

Cg ug prlhcr tlchpb, y cg `a hlsha pbslolÿg quc `a prucma ic brtb`agl, sc cfcotôa uga aiuoolÿg y prcslÿg axla` hlcgtras c` pu`kar chpuda `a rbil``a jaola fucra para prbvboar uga sum`uxaolÿg b `uxaolÿg ic `a oaicra Cg ug sckugib tlchpb sc amiuoc `a oaicra, hagtcglcgib `a prcslÿg axla` para vb`vcr`a a rciuolr, `b quc sc bmscrva obg ug ‐‐o`lo‘ o`lo‘

Obg `a oaicra y `a rbil``a cg ﬍cxlÿg ic ´, c` cxahlgaibr obg uga hagb m`bquca `a pc`vls y pa`pa c` trboágtcr haybr, y obg `a btra jaoc traoolÿg `bgkltuilga` cg c` cdc ic` fìhur. _l cxlstc uga `uxaolÿg obgkìglta ic oaicra, sc tlcgc `a lhprcslÿg ic quc `a plcrga ‐sc a`arka‘‘ a` ttraoolbgar a`arka raoolbgar y ‐sc aobrta‘ a` rciuolr

 

]bil``

 

 

 Lgspcoolÿ

^aolcgtc cg mlpcicstaolÿg, sc icmc va`brar `a a`lgcaolÿg ic `as cxtrchliaics lgfcrlbrcs. Va`kb fislb`ÿklob4 c` cdc ic` hus`b rcspcotb a` cdc ic `a plcrga fbrha ug ágku`b ic 3´ amlcrtb jaola fucra

Kcgu varb

`as rbil``as tlcgicg a scpararsc hlcgtras `as plcrgas sc dugtag pbr amadb, cs icolr, c` cdc hcoáglob ic `aic cxtrchliai pva`bra br icgtrb ic `a `a `ègca hcila `a rbil``a,pasa sc pbr pbr

Kcgu va`kb

`as rbil``as sc dugtag y `as plcrgas sc scparag rc`atlvahcgtc, rc`atlvahcg tc, aibptagib c` tèplob asp aspcotb cotb cg Z ic `as cxtrchliaics lgfcrlbrcs, cs icolr, c` cdc hcoáglob pasa pbr fucra ic `a `ègca hcila ic `a rbil``a, sc va`bra hlilcgib ilstagola lgtcrha`cb`ar

ilstagola cgtrc ahmbs oÿgil`bs fchbra`cs lgtcrgbs

cxprcsaia cg ocgtèhctrbs

 

Kcgu ﬍cxb

Kcgu rcourvatuh

b icsvlaolÿg agtcrlbr agtcrlbr ic `a rbil``a, ìsta sc icsvèa jaola ic`agtc pbr uga ilshctrèa ic `as cxtrchliaics lgfcrlbrcs, ug trastbrgb gcurb`ÿklob quc oursc obg cspastloliai ic `bs lsqulbtlmla`cs, ug prbocsb sìptlob b ug iìfiolt ic cxtcgslÿg ic tlpb ickcgcratlvb

`a rbil``a sc icsvèa jaola atrás, pcrb hás aocgtuaib pucic scr tahmlìg cxprcslÿg ic uga lgcstaml`liai artlou`ar pbr `cslÿg ic` `lkahcgtb oruzaib pbstcrlbr y `as cstruoturas oapsu`arcs

pbstcrlbrcs

b pbst-qulrôrklob pbst-qulrôrklob..

 

Atrbfia

lg﬍ahaolÿ atlou`a b  pcrlatlou`a 

husou`arc

Icoômltb suplgb, musoahbs atrbfias ic `bs ouáirlocps (pcrèhctrb ic` hus`b a 13 oh ic` pb`b supcrlbr ic `a rbil``a), varb lgtcrgb y obg prcibhlglb artlou`ar

patb`bkèa hcglsoa` lgtcrga sc bmscrva uga jlpbtbgèa ic` hôsou`b sartbrlb (slkgb ic Ysojae`lg)

@a lg﬍ahaolÿg artlou`ar sc oaraotcrlza pbr `a prcscgola ic ug icrrahc artlou`ar (c` slkgb ic` pc`btcb rbtu`lagb b ojbquc rbtu`lagb), sc cxprlhc obg uga hagb c` fbgib ic saob sumouairlolplta`, y obg c` icib ic `a btra chpudar `a rÿtu`a jaola amadb para vcr slègiloc sc icprlhc pbr `a prcscgola ic hás b hcgbs `èqulib artlou`ar brlkcg4 gbrha`, lg﬍ahatbrlb (slgbvltls), hctamÿ`lob (kbta, obgirboa`olg obgirboa`olgbsls), jchátlob b sìptlob (plartrbsls) y bsls), uga pìrilia ic (jchartrbsls) sus rc`lcvcs gbrha gbrha`cs `cs ic `a

rbil``a (rbil``a k`bmu`bsa)

 

Yuhcfaoolbgc `boa`lzaia Qulstc ic maecr (qulstc pbp`ètcb ic obgtcglib slgbvla`) Kagk`lbgcs cg `a rbil``a

Yuhcfaoolbgcs `boa`lzaias (rcibgicaia) (rcibgicaia)

Qulstcs hcglsoa`cs (lgtcr`ègca cxtcrga, dugtb obg c` `lkahcgtb `atcra` cxtcrgb) aparcocg cg ﬍cxlÿg y icsaparcocg cg cxtcgslÿg

oara agtcrlbr ic `a rbil``a jaoc pcgsar cg ug jlkrbha b mursltls prc-rbtu`laga b lgfra-rbtu`laga (ha` ic hbgdas)  mursltls agscrlga4 lg﬍ahaolÿg ic `a

lgscrolÿg ilsta` ic `bs lsqulbtlmla`cs lgtcrgbs cg `a oara agtcrblgtcrga ic `a

lg﬍ahaolÿg ic `a krasa ic Jbffa (Jbffitls), huy oaraotcrèstlob ic `a hudcr, a `as scouc`as ic uga cgfcrhciai ic Bskbbi-_oj`attcr cgolha ic `a

tlmla

tumcrbsliai tlmla` agtcrlbr

 

]ÿtu` ]ÿtu`a

]ÿtu`a `atcra`lzaia4 slkgb ic icsaxaolÿg rbtu`laga, obhôg cg c` kcgu va`kb y cg `as pcrsbgas fchcglgas sègirbhc ic jlpcrtcgslÿg cxtcrga rbtu`laga (_JC])

]ÿtu`a jaola icgtrb4 (rÿtu`as mlzoas)  sbg lgiloatlvas ic uga ha`rbtaolÿg ic `as cxtrchliaics lgfcrlbrcs

]ÿtu`a cxocslvahcgtc a`ta (patc``a a`ta) (klma ic oahc``b) pbr prbhlgcgo prbhlgcgola la ic `a krasa ic Jbffa ]ÿtu`a cxocslvahcgtc mada sc vc icspuìs ic olrukèa b obhb ug c`chcgtb

hás ic `a kbgartrbsls, y oursa obg ilshlguolÿg ic `a pbslml`liai p bslml`liai ic ﬍cxlÿg.

 

Iìfiol i ` cxtcgslÿ

 

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kb kbga gart rtrb rbsl slss cvb vb`u `uol olbg bgai aiaa

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m`b m`bquc qucbb artlo artlou`a u`arr (dÿv (dÿvcg cgcs) cs),, cs ico icolr lr,, ug pr prbm` bm`cha cha hcoáglob prbiuolib pbr ug oucrpb `lmrc (ratÿg artlou`ar)

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bstcbo bstc bobg bgir irlt ltls ls b uga uga fr frao aotu tura ra rup ruptur turaa `b `bgkl gkltui tuilga lga`` cg asa ic ooumb umb i ic` c` h hcg cglsob lsob lgtcr lgtcrgb gb b lgo`usb uga p`loa slgbvla` obhp`cta, ic `boa`lzaolÿg (supra-patc`ar).

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_LKGB IC ^SCGYC4 pbslml`liai ic pasar `a hagb pbr icmadb ic `a rbil``a ouagib, cg icoômltb, sc lgiloa a` paolcgtc quc tlrc `a rbil``a jaola atrás y pbr `b kcgcra` lgiloa uga uga ruptura ic` oucrgb pbstcrlbr ic` hcglsob lgtcrgb

 

_lkg ic Yìhpag

Obgslstc cg quc obg ahmbs icibs ègilocs è gilocs obhprlhlr `a rÿtu`a jaola `a artlou`aolÿg

fchbrbtlmla` y scgtlr sl jay rcmbtc, obhb sl `a fchbrbtlmla` rÿtu`a cstuvlcra "﬍btagib"

^ucic scr slkgb ic icrrahc artlou`ar cg `a rbil``a

 

Auhcgtb ic oa`br

(slgbvltls, lgfcoolÿg) b (mursltls `boa`lzaia)

^a`paolÿ orcpltaolÿg artlou`ar

Icrrahc artlou`ar haglbmra ic` pc`btcb rbtu`lagb

brlkcg fìhbrbpatc`ar b ic brlkcg slgbvla`, cvlicgola ﬍cxb cxtcgslÿg lgtcr`ègca lgtcrga cg `bs prbocsbs ickcgcratlvbs (kcgu varb), `cslbgcs hcglsoa`cs lgtcrgb, a`hbjail``a ailpbsa hcila` ic `a rbil``a b cg trlkkcr pblgt, b cg ib`br rcfcrlib ic brlkcg fìhbrb-patc`ar.

pugtbs ib`brbsbs C` ib`br a `a pa`paolÿg ic `a lgtcr`ègca cxtcrga cs prbplb ic` kcgu va`kb artrÿslob y ic `as rupturas ic` hcglsob cxtcrgb C` ib`br cg c` pb`b supcrlbr ic `a rÿtu`a suklcrc uga cgtcsltls

oÿgil`bs fchbra`cs lgtcrgb b cxtcrgb, cg ﬍cxlÿg háxlha ic rbil``a prbpla

ic` tcgiÿg ouairlolplta` b uga patc``a mlpartlta (ib`brbsa) (ib`brbsa)

bstcbobgirbslss duvcgl`cs y ic `a gcorbsls lsquìhloa ic` oÿgil`b lgtcrgb ic` aiu`tb bstcbobgirbsl

(slkgb ic Axjauscg)

 

 

Cxp`braolÿ i ` rÿtu` @a cxp`braolÿg ic `a rÿtu`a ( sc cxp`bra obg `a plcrga cstlraia y c` cgfcrhb mlcg rc`adaib) y ic `a artlou`aolÿg fìhbrb-patc fìhbrb-patc`ar `ar,, obg `bs icibs pu`kar c ègiloc ic ahmas hagbs sc va`bra su sltuaolÿg y sc `a hbvl`lza arrlma y amadb, icrcoja c lzqulcria. _l sc prcslbga obgtra c` fìhur (haglbmra ic` ocpl``b b ic` ]ambt `bgkltuilga` y tragsvcrsa`), y scrá ib`brbsb cg `a artrbsls fìhbrb-patc`ar y `a obgirbha`aola rbtu`laga

Ycst ic `a cstaml`liai rbtu`laga

va`brag `a tcgicgola a `a sum`uxaolÿg cxtcrga b `uxaolÿg ic `a rÿtu`a, hás prbplb ic `a patc``a a`ta asbolaia a ug kcgu va`kb  b ic uga ilsp`asla rbtu`laga (rÿtu`a [lmcrk LLL)

_c va`bra chpudagib obg ahmbs pu`karcs `a rÿtu`a jaola fucra y jaolcgib quc c` paolcgtc ibm`c `a rbil``a, `b quc pucic kcgcrar ib`br b scgsaolÿg ic `uxaolÿg

lghlgcgtc ic `a rÿtu`a4 cs c` tcst ic `a aprcgslÿg ic _hl``lc  

Va`braolÿ i ` hbvl`lia 

 

@a hbvl`liai fugiahcgta` fugiahcgta` ic `a rb rbil``a il``a cs cg ﬍cxb-cxtcgslÿg, pcrb cg schl﬍cxlÿg jay uga pbslml`liai ic rbtaolbgcs lgtcrga y cxtcrga.

F@CZLßG Ahp`ltui prbhcilb ic 1?>¾, icoômltb prbgb (11>-1=>¾)

CZYCG_LßG cg icoômltb suplgb, `cvagtagib `lkcrahcgtc `lkcrahcg tc `bs ibs tbml``bs ic` p`agb ic `a oahl``a y cs ic >¾

sc va`bra cg icoômltb suplgb y cg háxlha ﬍cxlÿg ic `a oaicra, sc rc`ada c` rcotb agtcrlbr (﬍cxbr asè ic `a oaicra y cxtcgsbr ic `a rbil``a) @a jlpcr﬍cxlÿg cs ib`brbsa tagtb cg prbocsbs ickcgcratlvbs avagzaibss obhb cg `a patb`bkèa hcglsoa`, cspcola`hcgtc cg `a avagzaib frcoucgtc ruptura ic``aoucrgb ic` hcglsob lgtcrgb. _c pucic obhparar ﬍cxlÿgpbstcrlbr obg `a rbil``a obgtra`atcra`,

obgtraotura ﬍cxlÿg bprbgb, iìfioltobg ic`as cxtcgslÿg  ic `a rbil``a, cg icoômltb plcrgas fucra ic `a oahl``a a partlr ic `as rbil``as y hlilcgib `a a`tura ilfcrcgtc cg quc quciag `bs ibs ta`bgcs (prbgc jagklgk tcst)

Sga pbslml`liai ic jlpcrcxtcgslÿg aotlva ic

hlilcgib `a ilstagola cgtrc c` ta`ÿg y c` k`ôtcb ic ahmas plcrgas.

 

3 -1> pucic vcrsc cg lgilvliubs `axbs y cg olcrtas gcurbpatèas

Va`braolÿ i ` hbvl`lia  ]BYAOLßG sbg pbslm`cs cg ﬍cxlÿg ic `a rbil``a, A ´ ic ﬍cxlÿg y obg `a rbil``a ob`kagib, `a pbslml`liai ic rbtaolÿg cslgtcrga ic ugbs =3´-?>´, hlcgtras quc `acxtcrga rbtaolÿg cs ic sb`b 1>´

@a rbtaolÿg cxtcrga vlcgc `lhltaia  pbr `a tcgslÿg ic `a oápsu`a pbstcrblgtcrga, c` `lkahcgtb bm`loub pbstcrlbr ic Jukjstbg, c` `lkahcgtb `atcra` lgtcrgb, `bs ibs oruzaibs y `bs hôsou`bs lsqulbtlmla`cs lgtcrgbs

`a rbtaolÿg lgtcrga cstá `lhltaia  pbr `a oápsu`a pbstcrb cxtcrga, c` `lkahcgtb `atcra` cxtcrgb, c` pbp`ètcb, `bs ibs oruzaibs, c` tcgiÿg ic` mèocps y `a fasola `ata.

Cxp`braolÿ hcglsoa 

 

@bs slkgbs ic `a cxp`braolÿg hcglsoa` vag icstlgaibs, icstlgaibs, ugbs a prbvboar ib`br (slkgbs fugolbga`cs)  y btrbs bt rbs a prbvboar ug orudlib b ug rcsa`tc hcglsoa` (slkgbs hcoáglobs)4

_bg hás pbsltlvbs cg fasc akuia y pucicg scr tbta`hcgtc gckatlvbs ouagib c` prbocsb cs ic `arka iuraolÿg, y gb sbg cg amsb`utb patbkgbhÿglobs ic ruptura hcglsoa`

_LKGB_ FSGOLBGA@C_ ^ucicg scr pbsltlvbs tahmlìg cg artrbpatèas ickcgcratlvas b lg﬍ahatbrlas, c lgo`usb cg ictcrhlgaia patb`bkèa fìhbrb-patc`ar.

 

 

_lkg fugolbga`c _lkg i _tclghag L _lkg i _tclghag LL  c` paolcgtc cg icoômltb suplgb, c` cxp`braibr fida `a `a hagb ylzqulcria obghagtlcgc `bs icibs cgrbil``a ahmasobg lgtcr`ègcas, obg `a btra `a rbil``a cg uga ﬍cxlÿg ic 6>´ c lhprlhc uga scrlc ic rbtaolbgcs ráplias.

Obg `a rbil``a cg ﬍cxlÿg y ibs icibsiuc`c cg `a hás lgtcr`ègca lgtcrga, sc jaocg ﬍cxlbgcs ( ﬍cxlÿg c` icib pbstcrlbr y c` ib`br sc tras`aia jaola c` icib ic ic`agtc,, ouagib ic `a ﬍cxlÿg sc pasa a `a cxtcgslÿg) ic`agtc y cxtcgslbgcs suocslvas ic `a rbil``a.

@cslÿg hcglsob lgtcrgb, cxtcrgb ib`crá a, `a rbtaolÿg cxtcrga,ic` `cslÿg ic` hcglsob pucic

pbsltlva `cslbgcs ic` hcglsob lgtcrgb lgtcrgb

ib`cra `a rbtaolÿg lgtcrga

 

_lkg fugolbga`c _lkg i Mrakar  _lkg i Möj`c Obg c` paolcgtc cg icoômltb suplgb y `a rbil``a cg ﬍cxlÿg, sc cfcotôa ug varb y ug va`kb a`tcrgatlvbs. Cg uga `cslÿg ic` hcglsob lgtcrgb, pucic prbvboar ib`br ouagib sc aocgtôa c` varb, y cg uga `cslÿg ic` hcglsob cxtcrgb, pucic prbvboar ib`br ouagib sc aocgtôa c` va`kb

Cg rbtaolÿg lgtcrga y cxtcrga a`tcrgagtcs, obg `a rbil``a a ´ ic ﬍cxlÿg. C` ib`br auhcgta b ilshlguyc, cg rbtaolÿg cxtcrga c` hcglsob lgtcrgb y cg rbtaolÿg lgtcrga c` hcglsob cxtcrgb

 

 

_lkg hcoáglo @bs slkgbs hcoáglobs gb lgtcgtag prbvboar ib`br, slgb atrapar c` frakhcgtb hcglsoa` obg `a plgza oÿgil`b-tlmla` y prbvboar ug orudlib b ug rcsa`tc quc pucic scr, cg a`kugbs oasbs, patbkgbhÿglob ic `cslÿg hcglsoa`.

Ycs i HoHurra HoHurra

Obg c` paolcgtc cg icoômltb suplgb, `a rbil``a ibm`aia y c` plc cg rbtaolÿg cxtcrga obhp`cta, c` cxp`braibr cstlra `a rbil``a y sc prbvboa ug rcsa`tc cg `a lgtcr`ègca lgtcrga sl c` hcglsob lgtcrgb cstá `cslbgaib @a prucma slrvc tahmlìg para c` hcglsob cxtcrgb sl `a plcrga sc ob`boa cg rbtaolÿg lgtcrga

c` ta`ÿg scña`a slchprc c` hcglsob `cslbgaib .  

 

_lkg hcoáglo Krlgilg Ycs Ycs i Ap`c Ap  prcslÿ `c  prucm i traoolÿ  Obg c` paolcgtc cg icoômltb prbgb, c` cxp`braibr fida c` hus`b obg su rbil``a y ﬍cxlbga `a rbil``a ic` cgfcrhb a ´. Cg ug prlhcr hbhcgtb cfcotôa uga `cvc traoolÿg, hlcgtras jaoc rbtaolÿg cxtcrga y rbtaolÿg lgtcrga suocslvas. Cg ug sckugib tlchpb cfcotôa uga olcrta prcslÿg, hlcgtras jaoc tahmlìg rbtaolÿg cxtcrga c lgtcrga a`tcrgagtcs. @a traoolÿg ib`brbsa slkglfioa `cslÿg oapsu`ar y/b `lkahcgtbsa `lkahcgt bsa y `a prcslÿg cs hás prbpla ic `a

`cslÿg hcglsoa` lgtcrga (rbtaolÿg cxtcrga) y cxtcrgb (rbtaolÿg lgtcrga)

 

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts @as `cslbgcs `lkahcgtbsas akuias akuias cg `a rbil``a pucicg scr ic ? kraibs4 ^rlhcr Kraib4 oaráotcr `cvc,ja `cvc,ja jamlib uga pcqucña ruptura fimrl`ar, y sc oaraotcrlzag oaraotcrlza g pbr ib`br hbhcgtág hbhcgtágcb, cb, lgtcrva`b `lmrc, pboa p boa rcaoolÿg lg﬍ahatbrla y cstaml`liai obhp`cta ic `a rbil``a.

_ckugib Kraib4 ]uptura lgobhp`cta, obg ib`br, rcaoolÿg lg﬍ahatbrla cvlicgtc, cvlicgtc, lgo`usb obg icrrahc artlou`ar pcrb jay cstaml`liai cg `a rbil``a.

Ycrocr Kraib4 ic oaráotcr kravc y cg ibgic jamrèa uga ruptura `lkahcgtbsa obhp`cta lhp `lkahcgtbsa lhpbrtagtc brtagtc y, pbr tagtb, uga o`ara lgcstaml`liai artlou`ar

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts

 

1.

@a ruptura obhp`cta ic` `lkahcgt `lkahcgtb, b, tlcgc uga o`aslfioaolÿg fugolbga` ic kravciai prbkrcslva =. LGC_YAML@LIAI HBIC]AIA4 `as LG LGC_ C_Y YAML@ AML@LI LIAI AI @L @LKC KC]A ]A44 `as supcrfiolcs artlou`arcs sc scparag cgtrc 3 y supcrfiolcs artlou`arcs sc scparag 1> hh. hcgbs ic 3 hh

Icrrah Atlou`a 

K ]AVC4 VC4 `as ?. LGC_YAML@LIAI K]A supcrfiolcs artlou`arcs sc scparag hás ic 1> hh.  cs kcgcraib pbr uga jchartrbsls, pbr uga ruptura ic` Icrrahc lghcilatb `lkahcgtb oruzaib agtcrlbr, icslgscrolbgcs pcrlfìrloas hcglsoa`cs y fraoturas bstcbobgira`cs Icrrahc Artlou`ar Yarièb Yarièb44 taria cgtrc 1= y =9 jbras cg aparcocr, lgiloa hás mlcg icrrahc slgbvla`.

 

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts Jay quc cvlicgolar sl cg c` paolcgtc cxlstc4 -Aotltui ic ﬍cxlÿg obg uga obgtraotura husou`ar. -Icfbrhliai `atcra` cg varb b cg va`kb asè obhb uga jlpcrcxtcgslÿg, @C_LßG K]AVC _c cva`ôa cg ug csta scoucgola4 - @bs `lkahcgtbs `lkahcgtbs ob`atcra`cs. - C` `lkahcgtb oruzaib agtcrlbr. - C` `lkahcgtb oruzaib pbstcrlbr. - @as pbslm`cs p bslm`cs lgcstaml`liaics rbtatbrl rbtatbrlas. as.

 

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts ^rucma i Cstaml`lia I ` @lkahcgt Ob`atcra`c

Haglbmr i va`k Fbzai ^aolcgtc cg icoômltb suplgb, c` cxp`braib ^aolcgtc cxp`braibrr sudcta `a rbil``a pbr `a oara cxtcrga y obg `a btra hagb, sudcta c` plc. @b prlhcrb quc sc jará cs uga cxtcgslÿg obhp`cta cg ibgic `a hbvl`liai `atcra` scrá patb`ÿkloa, y icspuìs a ?>´ ic ﬍cxlÿg, _l jay uga lgcstaml`liai cg va`kb a >¾ sc plcgsa cg uga `cslÿg cg `a oápsu`a pbstcrblgtcrga, c` `lkahcgtb pbp`ètcb bm`loub ic Jukjstbg y c` `lkahcgtb oruzaib pbstcrlbr.

A ?>´, `a `cslÿg cs ic` `lkahcgtb `atcra` lgtcrgb.

 

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts Haglbmr ic Var Fbzai

_c jaoc ic `a hlsha hagcra, pcrb oahmlagib `a hagb y fbrzagib c` varb. Yahmlìg sc jará a >´ y a ?>´.

icspuìs ic` `lkahcgtb `atcra` cxtcrgb, `bs prlgolpa`cs cstaml`lzaibrcs `atcra`cs sbg c` `lkahcgtb oruzaib agtcrlbr, agtcrlbr, `a fasola `ata y c` pbp`ètcb

Hbilfioaolÿg ic Jukjstbg

c` cxahlgaibr ob`boa uga hagb cg `a oara `atcra` ic `a rbil``a para jaocr `a obgtra a` va`kb quc cdcroc obg `a btra hagb sudctagib c` icib kbrib ic` plc. pucic ap`loarsc ug varb fbrzaib ob`boagib `a hagb cg `a oara lgtcrga ic `a rbil``a y obklcgib `bs icibs ouartb ouar tb y qulgtb ic`

plc.

 

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts Ycst ic Hbrakas va`bra `a lgtckrliai ic` `lkahcgtb `atcra` cxtcrgb Obg `a plcrga cg rbtaolÿg cxtcrga y ﬍cxlÿg, y c` plc oruzaib pbr cgolha ic `a btra plcrga, sc amrc `a lgtcr`ègca cxtcrga, puilìgibsc pa`par obg c` pu`kar c` obriÿg tcgsb ic` `lkahcgtb `atcra` cxtcrgb sl cstá ègtckrb.

 

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts ^rucma i Va`braolÿ ic @lkahcgt oruzai agtcrlb  ^rucma ilrcota4 cva`uaolÿg ic `a lgtckrliai ic` `lkahcgtb oruzaib agtcrlbr tlragib ic `a tlmla jaola ic`agtc. Ycst ic` oadÿg agtcrlbr b tcst ic _`bouh paolcgtc cg icoômltb suplgb, `a oaicra cg ﬍cxlÿg ic 93´, `a rbil``a cg ﬍cxlÿg ic ´, lghbvl`lza c` plc,`a`as hagbs cg `a partc supcrlbr ic `a tlmla parasc asckurar prlhcrb rc`adaolÿg ic `bs ﬍cxbrcs, y icspuìs sc tlra `a tlmla jaola ic`agtc para vcr sl jay ug icsp`azahlcgtb agtcrlbr ic `bs p`atl``bs tlmla`cs

OAG, oadÿg agtcrlbr gcutrb4 ^lc cg rbtaolÿg gcutra

]uptura ic` `lkahcgtb OA]C, oadÿg agtcrlbr rbtatbrlb cxtcrgb `lkahcgtb bm`loub pbstcrlbr ic Jukjstbg y c` ágku`b pbstcrblgtcrgb (^A^L) (^A^L) ic `a oapsu`a

OA]L, oadÿg agtcrlbr rbtatbrlb lgtcrgb

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts

 

^rucma i Va`braolÿ ic @lkahcgt oruzai agtcrlb  Ycst ic` oadÿg agtcrlbr b tcst ic _`bouh

Cstc tlcgc a`kugas varlagtcs4 varlagtcs4

[catjcrwax

Fcaklg

sc ob`boa `a plcrga cg `a axl`a ic` cxahlgaibr y sc jaoc c` oadÿg agtcrlbr icsic `a pbslolÿg ic ´ ic ﬍cxlÿg ic `a oaicra y `a rbil``a. (oadÿg agtcrlbr a ´-´)

c` cgfcrhb scgtaib, `b quc ayuia a tlrar `a tlmla jaola amadb pbr `a kravciai y rc`ada `a husou`atura. C` tcst sc praotloa chpudagib, obg `bs pu`karcs, `bs oÿgil`bs fchbra`cs jaola tras y ic `a tlmla jaola ic`agtc obg `bs btrbs icibs

 

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts ^rucma i Va`braolÿ ic @lkahcgt oruzai agtcrlb  Ycst ic @aojhag-Yrl``at Csta prucma cs lgicpcgilcgtc ic` kraib ic obgtraoolÿg ic` ouáirlocps b ic `bs ﬍cxbrcs, y pbr cstb cs hás scgslm`c para `as `cslbgcs akuias b orÿgloas ic` `lkahcgtb oruzaib agtcrlbr. icmc gbtar `a prcscgola b auscgola ic tbpc cg c` icsp`azahlcgtb agtcrlb agtcrlbrr ic `a tlmla, y obhparar slchprc obg `a rbil``a obgtra`atcra`. _c pbirèa cg icoômltb prbgb y cg icoômltb suplgb cg c` quc sc pbirá jaocr `a hbilfioaolÿg ic fcaklg y jay ug @aojhag aotlvb, cg c` quc cs c` ouáirlocps ic` cgfcrhb c` quc jaoc c` icsp`azahlcgtb agtcrlbr

 

 

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts ^rucma i Va`braolÿ ic @lkahcgt oruzai agtcrlb  ^rucmas ilgáhloas4 prbvboar b rciuolr `a sum`uxaolÿg agtcrlbr ic `a hcscta tlmla` cxtcrga, ouagib `a rbil``a cstá ocroa ic `a cxtcgslÿg

sc jaocg prbvboagib ug cstrìs cg va`kb a `a rbil``a, cstagib `a tlmla rbtaia lgtcrgahcgtc.

_C JAG IC_O]LYB ? FA_C_4

fasc lglola` ic sum`uxaolÿg4  `a rbil``a cstá oa oasl sl cxtcgilia y `a hcscta cxtcrga cg sum`uxaolÿg agtcrlbr.

fasc ic tcgslÿg4 `a rbil``a sc ﬍cxlbga jasta `bs ?>´ y sc ap`loa va`kb, `a tcgslÿg ic` traotb l`lb-tlmla` y `a sum`uxaolÿg agtcrlbr ic `a tlmla cs háxlha. fasc ic rciuoolÿg4 c auhcgta `a ﬍cxlÿg ic `a rbil``a, y c` traotb l`lb-tlmla` oac pbr ictrás ic` oÿgil`b `atcra`, a obgtlguaolÿg obgtlg uaolÿg sc prbiuoc `a rciuoolÿg mrusoa ic `a

ob t uao ÿ sc p biuoc a ciuoo ÿ m usoa ic a sum`uxaolÿg agtcrlbr ic `a tlmla.

 

Cxp`braolÿ @lkahcgts ^rucma i Va`braolÿ ic @lkahcgt oruzai agtcrlb  Ycst ic` oadÿg pbstcrlbr sc jaoc obg c` paolcgtc cg `a hlsha pbslolÿg quc para c` oadÿg agtcrlbr,, obg `a rbil``a a ´ y `a oaicra a 93´, p agtcrlbr pcrb crb aquè sc chpuda `a tlmla jaola atrás.

Ycst ic @aojhag pbstcrlbr b @aojhag lgvcrtlib _c jaoc ug oadÿg pbstcrlbr p bstcrlbr a 1>´-13´ ic ﬍cxlÿg, c lgiloa uga lgcstaml`liai pbstcrb`atcra`, obg oadÿg pbstcrlbr, rbtaolÿg cxtcrga y mbstczb artlou`ar `atcra`.

Cs pbsltlva ouagib4 c` ouagib4 c` rc`lcvc ic `a tumcrbsliai tlmla` agtcrlbr icsaparcoc obhparatlvahcgtc obg c` `aib sagb

_c pucic jaocr cg icoômltb suplgb b prbgb

 

Ybml``  pl 

 

artlou`aolbgcs ic hbvlhlcgtb4 sbg `a tlmlb-pcrbgcb-astraka`lga,  rcspbgsam`c ic `a

﬍cxb-cxtcgslÿg lÿg ic` tbml``b, y `as ic `bs icibs hctatarsbfa`ágkloas c lgtcrfa`ágkloas (﬍cxb-cxtcgs ) artlou`aolbgcs ic aobhbiaolÿg sbg `a sumastraka`lga, `a ic Ojbpart y `a ic @lsfrago

hbvlhlcgtbs ic lgvcrslÿg (?>´) y

_umastraka`lga

cvcrslÿg (1>´) ic` plc

artlou`aolÿg ic Ojbpart

artlou`aolÿg ic @lsfrago

hbvlhlcgtbs ic amiuoolÿg y aiuoolÿg, y ic ﬍cxb-cxtcgslÿg ic` hcilbplc.

slrvc para `a aiaptaolÿg a` suc`b ic` apbyb

hctatarsa`.

 

IB@B] ib`br cg c` rctrbplì

Ib`br cg c` ta`ÿg

ib`br ic `a sumastraka`lga

ib`br cg c` tarsb hcilb (@lsfrago) ib`br ic` agtcplì b hctatarsa`

uga patb`bkèa lg﬍ahatbrla a cstc glvc`, cg c` aqul`cs.

Cspb`ÿg oa`oágcb haroja sbmrc supcrfiolcs lrrcku`arcs

_c icmc a uga prbocsb ickcgcratlvb y lgtcrgb scougiarlb uga a`tcraolÿg ic` arob

sc pucic icmcr a pbiakra, uga artrltls ic `a hctatarsb-fa`ágkloa ic` prlhcr icib icmlib a `a kbta

 Lgspcoolÿ

 

_cicstaolÿ A`tcraolbgcs ic` agtcplì4 hctatarsb varb, icfbrhliaics ilklta`cs A`tcraolbgcs ic` arob lgtcrgb y ic` rctrbplì4 oa`oágcb va`kb, oa`oágcb varb

Mlpcicstaolÿ _c pbirèa bmscrvar ug plc oavb b ug plc p`agb quc sc suc`c aobhpañar ic ic ug olcrtb va`kb ic` rctrbplì

`a prcscgola ic oa``bsliaics b jc`bhas, vcrruka p`agt p`agtar ar b `as hlobsls lgtcri lgtcrilklta`cs. lklta`cs.

^rcscgola ic tuhcfaoolÿg, ya sca `boa`lzaia b kcgcra`lzaia.

Kcgcra`lzaia4 slgbvltls Kcgcra`lzaia4 ic` tbml``b

 

@lgca` y `boa`lzaia4slgbvltls ic `bs cxtcgsbrcs, ic `bs pcrlgcbs, ic` tlmla` pbstcrlbr b ic` Aqul`cs

 Lgspcoolÿ Mlpcicstaolÿ lgsufiolcgola ufiolcgola ic` prlhc prlhcrr ja``ux va`kus (duagctc)4  pbr uga lgs hctatarslagb. Icib cg hartl``b4 jlpcrcxtcgslÿg ic `a hctatarsb-fa`ágkloa, hctatarsb-f a`ágkloa, ﬍cxlÿg ic `a lgtcrfa`ágkloa prbxlha` y ﬍cxlÿg b tahmlìg cxtcgslÿg ic `a lgtcrfa`ágkloa lgtcrfa`ág kloa ilsta`,

Icsvlaolbgcs ic` qulgtb icib4 qulgtus supraiuotus b qulgtus lgfraaiuotus

 

 

 Lgspcoolÿ

Haroj

_c suc`c agiar ilrlklcgib `a pugta ic`

Ybml``b

plc jaola fucra _c suc`c agiar sbmrc c`  mbric lgtcrgb lgtcrgb ic` plc.

^lc p`agb Hctatarsa`kla ta`ÿg ib`brbsb

tcgilgltls b uga mursltls ic` Aqul`cs cvlta `a fasc ic

sc tlcgic a apbyar c`  mbric cxtcrgb cxtcrgb ic` plc

lhpu`sb ic` agtcplì.

Ib`br cg c` agtcplì4 _c aobrta c`

pasb.

 

 

haroja p`agtèkraia y sc lgo`lga c` trbgob jaola ic`agtc.

^a`paolÿ

_c va`bra4 -hbvl`liai -hbvl`li ai artlou`ar ic oaia artlou`aolÿg. ^a`paolÿg - pbslm`c tuhcfaoolÿg y scgslml`liai ic oaia artlou`aolÿg. - auhcgtb ic tchpcratura y c` oa`br `boa`. •-ib`br cg a`kôg pugtb ictcrhlgaib.

ic tbml``b

F`cxlÿg ibrsa`4 =>¾-?>¾ F`cxlÿg pa`har4 3> ¾ _c va`bra obg `a rbil``a cg ﬍cxlÿg y cg cxtcgslÿg. `a lgtcr`ègca artlou`ar pbr agtcrlbr4 tuhcfaoolÿg (artlou`ar, cxtraartlou`ar b hlxta), ib`br b slkgbs ic lg﬍ahaolÿg Ha`cb`b tlmla` y pcrlgca`4`lkahcgtb pcrlgca`4`lkahcgtb ic`tblicb cg c` `aib lgtcrgb y c` `lkahcgtb `atcra` cxtcrgb (pcrbgcb-astrak (pcrbgcb-astraka`lgb a`lgb agtcrlbr, agtcrlbr, c` pcrbgcb-oa`oágcb y c` pcrbgcb-astraka`lgb pbstcrlbr) sc icskarrag pbr cskulgoc y fbrha c` jucvb ic pa`bha

 

 

^a`paolÿ ^a`paolÿg ic tbml``b Ictrás ic` ha`ìb`b lgtcrgb4 tcgibgcs ic` tlmla` pbstcrlbr y `bs

﬍cxbrcs ic `bs icibs, asè obhb `a artcrla y c` gcrvlb tlmla` pbstcrlbr pbstcrlbr.. Ictrás ic` ha`ìb`b cxtcrgb4 tcgibgcs ic `bs pcrbgcbs, quc sc pbgcg ic haglficstb cg cvcrslÿg y ﬍cxlÿg p`agtar ic` plc. tcgibgcs quc pasag pbr ic`agtc ic` tbml``b4 c` tlmla` agtcrlbr, ibrsl﬍cxbr c lgvcrsbr ic` plc, y c` tcgiÿg cxtcgsbr prbplb ic` icib kbrib

^a`paolÿ

 

Atlou`aolÿ sumastraka`lg lgvcrslÿg4 =>¾-=3¾ Cvcrslÿg4 13¾-=>¾ _c va`bra sudctagib `a plcrga obg uga hagb y c` ta`ÿg obg `a btra. _cgb ic` tarsb4 ib`brbsb tagtb cg afcoolbgcs rcuhátloas obhb trauhátloas obhb ug cskulgoc ic tbml``b cg c` quc tahmlìg partlolpa

c` hôsou`b pcilb

^a`paolÿ

 

 

Atlou`aolbgc Hcilbtaslaga  i @lsfrag  ^rbgaolÿg4 =>¾ _uplgaolÿg4 ?>-?3¾

Yumìrou`b ic` csoafblics4 rcsu`ta ib`brbsb cg

`a bstcbobgirltls ic cstc jucsb cgfcrhciai ic Eöj`cr L y cg boaslbgcs cg c`bplc p`agb.

Ob`a ic` qulgtb hctatarslagb4 hctatarslagb4 cstá cg c` mbric cxtcrgb, sc lgscrta c` pcrbgcb `atcra` obrtb y cs ug pugtb ic ib`br cg suplgaolÿg cg `a cgtbrsls ic` tbml``b. ^ucic cvlicgolarsc `a fraotura ic  dbgcs

Oamcza ic` Astráka`b4 sc jaoc huypbrquc prbhlgcgtc cg c` plc p`agb kravc, sc icsp`aza lgtcrga y p`agtarhcgtc

^a`paolÿ ic rctrbpl  ob` ic astráka`

 

 

`a ob`a ic` astráka`b pbob pb ob susocptlm`c ic pa`paolÿg, pcrb ib`brbsa cg `as fraoturas ic _jcpjcri, _jcpjcri, c` oa`oágcb y c` tcgiÿg ic Aqul`cs ^A@^AOLßG IC@ OA@OÁGCB -

^artc cxtcrga4 tumìrou`bs ic `bs pcrbgcbs p crbgcbs y `a tum tumcrbsliai crbsliai haybr haybr..

-

^artc lgtcrga4 `a apÿfisls hcgbr ayuia a sbstcgcr c` astráka`b

-

^artc lgfcrlbr4 c` tumìrou`b hcila`, ibgic sc lgscrta `a husou`aturaa obrta p`agtar y `a apbgcurbsls5 ib`brbsa cg cspb`ÿg husou`atur oa`oágcb y ic fasoltls p`agtar.

-

^artc pbstcrlbr y supcrlbr pbr ic`agtc ic` Aqul`cs, c` bstcbfitb ic

`a cgfcrhciai ic Jak`ugi b `a bstcbobgirltls bstcb obgirltls ic` gôo`cb scougiarlb ic `a tumcrbsliai haybr cgfcrhciai ic _cvcr ic `bs glñbs    

 

^a`paolÿ ic tcgiÿ i Aqul`c @a ruptura ickcgcratlva ic` tcgiÿg ic Aqul`cs, kcgcra lhpbtcgola fugolbga`, lhpbslml`liai para pbgcrsc ic pugtl``as, pcrb a vcocs cra lgobhp`cta

HAGLBM]A IC YJBH^_BG

C` tcgiÿg ic Aqul`cs cs huy sumoutágcb, tagtb t agtb trauhátloa, lg﬍ahatbrla y ic rctraoolÿg

paolcgtc cg icoômltb prbgb, oobg paolcgtc bg `bs plcs ob`kagib y obhprlhlcgib fucrtchcgtc `a husou`atura ic `a pagtbrrl``a4 sl jay tragshlslÿg, uga ﬍cxlÿg p`agtar paslva, pcrbsc paslva, sl prbiuolrá gb jay tragshlslÿg c` plc gb sc hbvcrá y slkglfioará quc jay ruptura -

Ycgilgltls murs murslt ltls ls rctr rctrba baqu què` è`ca ca pbr c` rboc rboc ic ic``

Sga varlagtc ic c``a cs `a prucma ic _lhhbgi, obg `a rbil``a a ´

-

zapatb, cspcola`hcgtc pbr zapatbs ic taoÿg a`tb murs murslt ltls ls prca prcaqu què` è`ca ca ib ib`b `brb rbsa sa,, ccg g ``aa cgfcrhciai ic Jak`ugi

 

 

^a`paolÿ i `a hctatasbfa`ágkloa @a artlou`aolÿg hctatarsbfa`ágkloa ic` ja``ux tlcgc uga hbvl`liai cg ﬍cxlÿg ibrsa` (cxtcgslÿg) ic ugbs :>´, y cg ﬍cxlÿg p`agtar ic ugbs ?3´.

@as btras hctatarsb-fa`ágkloas tlcgcg uga ﬍cxlÿg ibrsa` aotlva ic ugbs 9>´ (paslvahcgtc ``ckag a 6>´ b hás) y uga ﬍cxlÿg p`agtar ic ugbs 9>´   Icfbrhliai ic `a artlou`aolÿg cs c` JA@@SZ VA@KS_ (icsvlaolÿg `atcra` ic` icib, cg ibgic sc fbrha uga cxorcocgola ÿsca sbmrc `a oamcza ic` prlhcr hctatarslagb b muglbg quc suc`c scr ib`brbsb

prbm`chas lg﬍ahatbrlbs obhb `a fahbsa pbiakra ic `a artrltls kbtbsa   

 

^a`paolÿ i `a hctatasbfa`ágkloa Cg `a hctatarsb-fa`ágkloa ic` qulgtb icib pucic vcrsc uga cxorcocgola ÿsca ib`brbsa, obgbolia obhb duagctl``b ic sastrc. @a hctatarsb-fa`ágkloa ic` prlhcr icib pucic tahmlìg pcricr su hbvl`liai y iar `ukar a ug ja``ux rlklius obg orudlibs artlou`arcs.

^aicocr uga `uxaolÿg ibrsa` ic `a 1ra fa`agkc (artrltls rcuhatblic rcuhatblic)) hctatarsa`kla pbr jlpcrapbyb ocgtra` (plc p`agb tragsvcrsb), y pucic scr scr scougiarlas a ug gcurbha lgtcrilklta` ic Hbrtbg, `boa`lzaib obg haybr frcoucgola cgtrc c` tcrocrb y c` ouartb hctatarslagbs, y hcgbs frcoucgtchcgtc cgtrc c` sckugib y c` tcrocrb

oursa a vcocs obg a`tcraolbgcs scgsltlvas cg c` tcrocrb b ouartb icibs y quc tlcgc uga haglbmra obhprcslÿg `atcra` ic Kégss`cg

^a`paolÿ i `a lgtcrfa`ágkloa

 

@a lgtcrfa`ágkloa ic` 1cr icib tlcgc ﬍cxlÿg ic jasta :>´

@as ichás lgtcrfa`ágkloas ﬍cxlbgag ugbs 3>´ (prbxlha`cs)

@as ichás lgtcrfa`ágkloas ﬍cxlbgag ugbs 9>¾ (ilsta`)

Icib cg hartl``b, oaraotcrlzaib pbr uga jlpcrcxtcgslÿg ic `a hctatarsb-fa`ágkloa y ic `a lgtcrfa`ágkloa ilsta`, obg ﬍cxlÿg ic `a lgtcrfa`ágkloa prbxlha`. Icib cg hazb b cg hartl``b ic `a lgtcrfa`ágkloa ilsta`, oaraotcrlzaib pbr `a ﬍cxlÿg

jlpcrcxtcgslÿg paslva =>´-=3´

als`aia ic `a lgtcrfa`ágkloa ilsta` oaraotcrlzaib pbr ug ugaa jlpcr jlpcrcxtcgslÿg cxtcgslÿg ic `as Icib cg karra ic @c`lêvrc, oaraotcrlzaib hctatarsb-fa`ágkloas y ﬍cxlÿg ic `as lgtcrfa`ágkloas prbxlha` y ilsta `  

 

^a`paolÿ i ` p`agt ic pl  @bs rc`lcvcs hás ib`brbsbs sbg `as oamczas ic `bs hctatarslagbs y `bs 1 crbs scsahblicbs ic` quc sc sum`uxa cg c` ja``ux va`kus y quc pucicg lg﬍aharsc c lgo`usb rbhpcrsc agtc ug apbyb huy rcpctltlvb (scsahbliltls) .

@as oamczas ic hctatarslagbs iuc`cg iuc` cg sl jay ug ha` apbyb p`agtar, , obg `a aparlolÿg ic``bs jc`bha ib`brbsb pbr ib`brbsb sbmrcoarka, quc afcota a` p`agtar sckugib y a` tcrocrb Cg `a partc pbstcrlbr ic `a p`agta cg c` tumìrou`b hcila` ic` oa`oágcb pucic scr ib`brbsb4

fasoltls p`agtar

 

cspb`ÿg oa`oágcb

`a cgfcrhciai ic @ciicrjbsc

Mlm`lbkrafè

1. Arkcgtc JA, Á`varcz HC. ^artc ZLLL4 _lstcha bstcbartlou`ar bstcbart lou`ar.. Oapètu`b =?. Cg4 _chlb`bkèa hìiloa. Mucgbs Alrcs (Arkcgtlga)4 Ciltbrla` Hìiloa ^agahcrloaga _.A5 = gia Cilolÿg. =>1?. p.=>1-=3;. =. Kragcrb Zlmcrta Kragcrb Zlmcrta Davlcr Davlcr.. Hagua` sc cxp`braolÿg fèsloa ic` slstcha `b slstcha `bobhbtbr obhbtbr,, _chlb`bkèa Hìiloa y tìogloa tì ogloa cxp`bratbrla. 1 ci. Maroc`bga (Cspaña)5 =>1>. p. ?. Kuèa ic schlb`bkèa ic `a fugiaolÿg Sglvcrsltarla Sglvcrsltarla _agltas rca`lzaia pbr Ibocgtcs ic OHA^_ (Obhp`cdb Hu`tlfugolbga` Avagzaib ic ^ráotloas y _lhu`aolÿg) 9. jttp4/ jttp4//pum`loaolbgcshcilolga.uo.o`/ /pum`loaolbgcshcilolga.uo.o`/Hagua`_chlb`bkla/Artlou`yOb`uh Hagua`_chlb`bkla/Artlou`yOb`uh.jth` .jth`