Semiologia 1

 

Fpbkgit` K`isbstf fi hg prfsfikbg jf phbfeufs vfrtbkghfs dbhgtfrghfs jf hg pbfh quf sf fxtbfijfi jfsjf h`s pçrpgj`s supfrb`rfs ` binfrb`rfs mgkbg fh kgit` cfjbgh.

Kgusg 

Fh fpbkgitus fs uig gi`cghãg k`ieâibtg, fs jfkbr, fstç prfsfitf jfsjf fh igkbcbfit`. Fstg k`ijbkbûi i` fs uig finfrcfjgj, fs uig k`ijbkbûi pgsgafrg qufcçs sufhf jfsgpgrfkfr p`r sã s`h` fh pgs` jf h`s g÷`s, kugij` fh pufitf igsgh fs pr`cbifitf y jfsphgzg h`sk`i phbfeufs kutçif`s.

Zbp`s •

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Fpbkgit` tgrsgh1 fh phbfeuf kutçif` fs cçs pr`cbifitf fi fh pçrpgj` supfrb`r. Fpbkgit` bivfrs`1 fh phbfeuf kutçif` fs cçs pr`cbifitf fi fh pçrpgj` binfrb`r.

 

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Fpbkgit` pghpfdrgh1 fh phbfeuf fstç jbstrbdubj` jf beugh n`rcg fitrf gcd`s  pçrpgj`s. Fpbkgit` suprgkbhbgr1 fh phbfeuf sf fxtbfijf jfsjf hg kfag gh sgk` hgerbcgh.

Jbgeiûstbk`   Jbgeiûstbk` [b gkujf ui ib÷` k`i fpbkgit`, jfdfc`s jf sghbr jf jujgs usgij` fh ZF[Z JF

MBT[KMDFTE. K`isbstf fi hg `dsfrvgkbûi jf hg p`sbkbûi jf h`s rfnhfa`s hucbi`s`s k`rifghfs, kugij` sf pr`yfktg uig huz puitugh mgkbg hg z`ig cfjbg jf hg kgrg.

Fi h`s pgkbfitfs k`i fpbkgitus fh rfnhfa` jf hg huz fstç kfitrgj` fi gcdgs  pupbhgs. [bi fcdgre`, h`s `a`s hukfi uig nghsg gpgrbfikbg jf jfsvbgkbûi vbsugh ` n`rbgs quf pufjf sfr sbcbhgrfs gh jf h`s pgkbfitfs k`i psfuj`fij`tr`pbg psfuj`fij`tr`pbg ` k`i  psfuj`fstrgdbsc`  psfuj`fstrgd bsc` k`ivfrefitf. k`ivfrefitf.

 

Fsg nghsg gpgrbfikbg fstg efifrgjg p`r h`s phbfeufs jf fpbkgit`, h`s kughfs gtrgfi hg gtfikbûi vbsugh g hgs z`igs jf hg fskhfrg quf fstçi kfrkg jfh hgj` igsgh jf hg kûrifg. Jf fstg n`rcg h`s phbfeufs jgi hg sfisgkbûi jf quf fh ib÷` fs vbzk` ` jfsvãg ui `a`, s`drf t`j` kugij` utbhbzg hg vbsbûi hgtfrgh. Zgcdbâi pufjf `kurrbr quf ui ib÷` k`i fpbkgitus jfsgrr`hhf fstrgdbsc` u `tr`  pr`dhfcg jf k`ivfrefi k`ivfrefikbg kbg g cfjbjg quf vg krfkbfij`. _`r h` tgit`, fs bcp`rtgitf gkujbr gh `ntghcûh`e`, fxgcbigr h`s `a`s jfh pfquf÷` y gsã jfskgrtgr ` jbgei`stbkgr g tbfcp` kughqubfr pr`dhfcg jf jfsvbgkbûi vbsugh.

CG[ NTFKVFIZF Fstf rgse` fs cuy nrfkufitf fi hg rgzg `kkbjfitgh y, guiquf sufhf gtfiugrsf hg sfisgkbûi jf fstrgdbsc`, pfrcgifkf fi hg fjgj gjuhtg. Fi ib÷`s1 vg jfsgpgrfkbfij` k`i fh krfkbcbfit` jfh ib÷`, fh pufitf igsgh sf mgkf cçs pr`cbifitf, jfsphgzg h`s phbfeufs fpbkçitbk`s y fh ib÷` supfrg fstf gspfkt`.

 

Fstf phbfeuf jfh fpbkgit` pufjf sfr ui rgse` jbgeiûstbk` bcp`rtgitf fi gheuigs k`ijbkb`ifs tghfs k`c`1 [ãijr`cf jf J`wi [ãijr`cf jf ghk`m`hbsc` nftgh [ãijr`cf jf Zurifr 

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Nfibhkft`iurbg (_LV) [ãijr`cf jf Ubhhbgcs [ãijr`cf jf I``igi [ãijr`cf jf Tudbistfbi-Zgydb [ãijr`cf jf dhfngr`nbc`sbs

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 I` rfqubfrf trgtgcbfit`. trgtgcbfit`.   F_BKGIZ@_HG[ZBG •

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Fs uig kbrueãg phçstbkg ngkbgh pgrg c`jbnbkgr h`s phbfeufs jfh fpbkgit`. Fs ui pr`kfjbcbfit` jfhbkgj` p`rquf h`s phbfeufs jfh fpbkgit` sf supfrp`ifi g h`s kgighãkuh`s hgerbcghfs (kgighfs hgerbcghfs) jfh gpgrgt` hgerbcgh, quf k`itbfif hgs fstrukturgs `rdbtghfs pgrg hg pr`jukkbûi y fh jrfigaf jf hgs hçerbcgs. Fs ui pr`kfjbcbfit` jfhbkgj` p`rquf h`s phbfeufs jfh fpbkgit` sf supfrp`ifi g h`s kgighãkuh`s hgerbcghfs (kgighfs hgerbcghfs) jfh gpgrgt` hgerbcgh, quf k`itbfif hgs fstrukturgs `rdbtghfs pgrg hg pr`jukkbûi y fh jrfigaf jf hgs hçerbcgs. Hg fpbkgit`phgstbg pufjf jfagr vbsbdhfs hgs kbkgtrbkfs p`s-qubrñrebkgs. p`s-qubrñrebkgs. Vig tâkibkg k`rrfktbvg k`cñi bcphbkg fh us` jf uig Q-phgstbg

Hg fpbkgit`phgstbg pufjf jfagr vbsbdhfs hgs kbkgtrbkfs p`s qubrñrebkgs. qubrñrebkgs. Vig tâkibkg k`rrfktbvg k`cñi bcphbkg fh us` jf uig Q phgstbg  

_grçhbsbs `kuh`c`t`rgs Fxbstfi 5 cñskuh`s fxtrg`kuhgrfs1 kugtr` cñskuh`s rfkt`s, j`s cñskuh`s `dhbku`s y fh cñskuh` fhfvgj`r jfh pçrpgj` supfrb`r. [`i h`s fikgregj`s jf jfsphgzgr fh eh`d` `kuhgr mgkbg fh `daft` jf gtfikbûi jfh kgcp` vbsugh pgrg vbsugh  pgrg quf hgs bcçefifs pfrkbdbjgs p`r kgjg `a` sf nusb`ifi fi uig s`hg fi fh kfrfdr` vbsugh.

G trgvâs jf k`cphbkgj`s kbrkubt`s ifur`ighfs y kfrfdrghfs, h`s ifrvb`s y k``rjbigi hgs `kuh`c`t`rfs (pgrfs krgifghfs BBB, B^ y ^B) jbrbefi gkkb`ifs jf h`s cñskuh`s `kuhgrfs.

Fh târcbi` pgrçhbsbs `kuh`c`t`rg mgkf rfnfrfikbg g hg jbscbiukbûi jf nufrzg jf ui cñskuh`jfh cñskuh`, , h`eh`d` quf `kuhgr sf trgjukf fi uig k`rrfsp`ijbfitf rfjukkbûi jfh c`vbcbfit` jf r`tgkbûi fi hg jbrfkkbûi gh cñskuh` pgrghbzgj`.

pgrfsbg, cbfitrgs  Fh jânbkbt pgrkbgh jfh c`vbcbfit` sf jfi`cbig pgrfsbg,  cbfitrgs quf sb fh jânbkbt fs t`tgh, t`tgh, mgdhgc`s jf pgrçhbsbs pgrçhbsbs.. _ufjfi prfsfitgrsf jf cgifrg gbshgjg ` gs`kbgjgs fitrf sã.

 

[ãit`cgs Fxbstfi uig sfrbf jf sbei`s y sãit`cgs quf s`i k`cuifs pgrg t`jgs hgs pgrçhbsbs `kuh`c`t`rgs1 Fstrgdbsc` (pârjbjg jf pgrghfhbsc` jf h`s `a`s)1 hg  pgrçhbsbs `kuh`c`t`rg efifrg uig jfsvbgkbûi vfrtbkgh, m`rbz`itgh, t`rsb`igh ` cbxtg, jfpfijbfij` jfh cñskuh` ` cñskuh`s gnfktgj`s p`r hg nghtg jf bifrvgkbûi.

Jbph`pãg (vbsbûi j`dhf)1 sf pr`jukf p`rquf fi fh `a` gnfkt` jf hg  pgrçhbsbs, hg bcgefi jfh `daft` quf sf cbrg i` kgf fi fh cbsc`  puit` rftbibgi` quf fi fh `a` sgi`, pufs gcd`s `a`s `a`s i` sf cufvfi cufvfi jf n`rcg k``rjbigjg.

Z`rtãk`hbs1 hg p`sbkbûi giûcghg jf hg quf ebrg– gj`ptg fh  pgkbfitf pgrgfsk`cpfisgr hg vbsbûi j`dhf. Hg kgdfzg kgdfzg ‘sf mgkbg fh huegr j`ijf tbfif cgy`r jbnbkuhtgj fh cñskuh` pgrghbzgj`, pgrg trgtgr jf sustbtubr su gkkbûi. [feñi h`s cñskuh`s gnfktgj`s, fh t`rtãk`hbs pufjf sfr m`rbz`itgh, vfrtbkgh, t`rsb`igh ` cbxt`. Fi  pgkbfitfs k`i dgag vbsbûi jf ui `a`, `a` vge` ` gitfkfjfitfs gitfkfjfitfs jf fstrgdbsc` jfsjf fjgj tfcprgig, fh t`rtãk`hbs pufjf i` gpgrfkfr.

[b fh gnfktgj` fs fh ^B pgr krgifgh, quf bifrvg gh rfkt` hgtfrgh, fh pgkbfitf tfijrç fh `a` jfsvbgj` mgkbg jfitr` k`i hbcbtgkbûi fi hg r`tgkbûi fxtfrig. Fi fh kgs` jfh B^ pgr krgifgh quf bifrvg fxkhusbvgcfitf gh `dhbku` supfrb`r, fh `a` fstgrç jfsvbgj` mgkbg grrbdg. Fh BBB ifrvb` ‘k`itr`hg– gh rfkt` cfjb`, rfkt` supfrb`r, rfkt` binfrb`r, `dhbku` binfrb`r, fhfvgj`r jfh pçrpgj` supfrb`r y fsnãitfr jfh brbs y cñskuh` kbhbgr, p`r h` quf sb su gnfktgkbûi fs t`tgh, fh `a` fstgrç jfsvbgj` mgkbg gnufrg y mgkbg gdga`, fh pçrpgj` fstgrç kgãj` (pt`sbs) y fh pgkbfitf tfijrç hg pupbhg jbhgtgjg y i` p`jrç fin`kgr. [b hg gnfktgkbûi fs bik`cphftg, hg khãibkg jfpfijfrç jf h`s cñskuh`s gnfktgj`s.

 

Kgusgs Hg ftb`h`eãg jf hgs pgrçhbsbs fs vgrbgjg, pujbfij` cgibnfstgrsf g kughqubfr fjgj.

Fxbstfi pgrçhbsbs k`ieâibtgs, quf pufjfi sfr sfkuijgrbgs g gi`cghãgs ifur`hûebkgs, gigtûcbkgs, trgucgtbsc`s fi fh kgigh jfh pgrt` ` gsnbxbg if`igtgh.

Fitrf hgs mbpfrtfisbûi kgusgs gjqubrbjgs, jfstgkgi hgs vgskuhgrfs (p`r jbgdftfs cfhhbtus, grtfrbgh ` grtfrb`fskhfr`sbs), binfkkb`sgs, binhgcgt`rbgs,, tuc`rghfs y trgucçtbkgs. binhgcgt`rbgs

_rfvfikbûi Fi fh kgs` jf hgs pgrçhbsbs `kuh`c`t`rgs `rbefi fs  p`sbdhf hg prfvfikbûi cfjbgitf ui k`itr`h jf fstrbkt` jf vgskuhgr, h`s ngkt`rfs jf rbfse` kgrjb`vgskuhgr kgrjb`vgskuhgr (ehukfcbg, k`hfstfr`h, tfisbûi grtfrbg).

 

JBGEIÛ[ZBK@ JBGEIÛ[ZBK@   Fs nuijgcfitgh vgh`rgr fh k`cpr`cbs` sbstâcbk` jfh pgkbfitf cfjbgitf ui fstujb` fxmgustbv` quf pufjf rfqufrbr ui gd`rjgaf cuhtbjbskbphbigr,  p`r pgrtf jfh ifurûh`e` ` ifur`kbruagi`, rgjbûh`e`, fij`krbi` y/` `ikûh`e`.

Vig vfz bjfitbnbkgjg hg kgusg sf phgitfg fh trgtgcbfit`. [b hg pgrçhbsbs fstç fi ngsf geujg (> prbcfr`s cfsfs), fh trgtgcbfit` jfdf sfr k`isfrvgj`r f bikhuyf vgrbgs `pkb`ifs tfrgpâutbkgs1 •

@dsfrvgkbûi

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@khubr fh `a` (jf n`rcg ghtfrig prfnfrbdhfcfitf) pgrg fvbtgr hg vbsbûi j`dhf

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Gitbbinhgcgt`rb`s Gitbbinhgcgt` rb`s i` fstfr`bjf`s sb mgy j`h`r  Biyfkkbûi jf Z`xbig D`tuhãibkg pgrg cbibcbzgr hg k`itrgkturg jfh cñskuh` gitge`ibstg (gqufh quf rfghbzg hg gkkbûi k`itrgrbg gh cñskuh` pgrghbzgj`)

 

KTÛIBK G. [b mg mgdbj` uig rfkupfrgkbûi Kugij` mgi trgskurrbj` cçs jf > cfsfs jfsjf hg bistgurgkbûi jfh kugjr` khãibk`, mgdhgc`s jf NG[F KTÛIBKG  pgrkbgh, fxbstfi fxbstfi jbnfrfitfs jbnfrfitfs ghtfrigtbvgs ghtfrigtbvgs fi nuikbûi jf hg cgeibtuj jf hg jfsvbgkbûi jfsvbgkbûi rfsbjugh quf prfsfitf fh pgkbfitf1 pgkbfitf1 •

[b hg jfsvbgkbûi fs pfquf÷g, sf usgi prbscgs bik`rp`rgj`s g hg egng

Fh pr`kfjbcbfit` jf fhfkkbûi jfpfijfrç jfh cñskuh`

 pgrg fvbtgr hg vbsbûi j`dhf.

gnfktgj`. I` fxbstf uig ñibkg tâkibkg qubrñrebkg quf rfsufhvg t`j`s h`s kgs`s, p`r h` quf hg kbrueãg sfrç bijbvbjughbzgjg.

[b hg jfsvbgkbûi fs jf cgy`r cgeibtuj, fh prbscg i` fs dbfi t`hfrgj`  p`r h` quf fstç bijbkgj` trgtgcbfit` trgtgcbfit` qubrñrebk`. qubrñrebk`.

Fh `daftbv` sfrç h`ergr fh cçxbc` pgrghfhbsc` jf h`s `a`s fi p`sbkbûi prbcgrbg jf hg cbrgjg (cbrgij` jfrfkm` jf nrfitf), pgrg fhbcbigr hg jbph`pbg, k`rrfebr fh t`rtãk`hbs y `dtfifr fh cçxbc` kgcp` vbsugh dbi`kuhgr. Fs bcp`rtgitf tfifr fi kufitg quf hg kbrueãg i` rfstgurg hg nuikbûi jfh ifrvb` pgrghbzgj`, y quf fi `kgsb`ifs, pufjf sfr ifkfsgrbg cçs jf uig bitfrvfikbûi.