(Seminario 6) Órtesis y Prótesis

 

Tcpûdeiam Dleivmrimfm Oc Wcfczucem Hifistcril Oce ^locr ^lpuemr ^mrm Em Couamaiñf Sfivcrsiomo Mrturl Hiabcecfm Gmauetmo Aicfaims Oc Em Qmeuo Csaucem Gisiltcrmpim.

Iftc`rmftcs; Dcacrrm, Kcsûs A.I 40.174.2>9. Hmrtèfcz, Hmrimfm 42.104.>44 Tmhls, Tlsaciey A.IA.I 42.>21.1=9 Tmsabicry, Hiabceec A.I 47.17=.>?9.

^rñtcsis Qcaaiñf =_. Olacftc; Tlkms, Abmrecs.

 



 Euxmaiñf oc amocrm; Qc prlouac ufm péroiom alhpectm oc em alf`rucfaim mrtiauemr cftrc em amdczm gchlrme y ce mactíduel. Laurrc grcaucftchcftc plr uf hcamfishl oc metm cfcr`èm.



  Oispemsim alf`éfitm oc amocrm;

_icfc hmylr prcolhifil cf ce scxl gchcfifl. Ce oim`flstial ocdc bmacrsc cf gl glrh rhmm pr prca calz lz; rcai aiéf éf fm fmai aiol olcspcaime y em emat atmf tc mftcacocftcs hcfl hc flrr hc hcoi oimf mftc tc em sls lspc pcab abmm sistchítiam oc; emrc mgcaaiñf, cf simftc bmy gmhieimrcs. Aemsigiamaiñf;   Oispemsim •

• •

   Qudeuxmaiñf Euxmaiñf

Oim`fñstial; Qc oc ocdc dc sl slsp spca cabm bmrr si bm bmyy mf mftc tcac acoc ocft ftcs cs gmhieimrcs

 



  Cfgcrhcomo oc ecc`- amevc amevc  ‑  pcrtbcs;

Lstclfcarlsis ioilpítiam oc em cpègisis gchlrme oce fiýl. Em como oc alhicfzl cs cftrc ? y 2 mýls, sif chdmr`l pucoc mpmrcacr bmstm ce hlhcftl oce aicrrc oceels amrtèem`l cspigisimril. Aumorl aeèfial;   Alkcrm; si`fl dísial •

• •

   Olelr l rloieem;plsitivl pucoc scr huy oisarctl l ifcxistcftc. pucoc ifcxistcftc. Qi`fl oc oc amocrm trcfocechdur`

_rmtmhicftl; Ocpcfoicfol em como y cxtcfsiñf oce omýl sc ocdcrí hmftcfcr slemhcftc cf ldscrvmaiñf l cgcatumr uf trmtmhicftl lrtlpéoial l quirûr`ial.    Ocglrhiomocs  mf`uemrcs

oc em rloieem;

Qlf tloms mquceems prlouacf ufmalhl mf`uemaiñf oc em rloieem. Hís meeí oc els eèhitcs flrhmecs, ymocglrhiomocs scm cf ce pemflquc mftcrlplstcrilr emtcrme oce hichdrl.

 



 @cfus Wmrus;

Cs ce ocspemzmhicftl cxtcrfl oc em rloieem, ce ckc elf`ituoifme oce géhur cstí cf mdouaaiñf mocftrl. y em tidim cf mouaaiñf glrhmfol mhdls uf íf`uel mdicrtl bmaim 

 @cfus Wme`us;

Cs ce ocspemzmhicftl iftcrfl oc em rloieem, ce ckc elf`ituoifme oce géhur cstí cf mouaaiñf y ce oc em tidim cf mdouaaiñf, glrhmfol cftrc els 4 uf íf`uel mdicrtl bmaim gucrm. 

 @cfus Tcaurvmtuh;

Laurrc aumfol em rloieem sc ocspemzm bmaim mtrís y ce géhur y em tidim glrhmf uf íf`uel mdicrtl bmaim ocemftc. Oim`fñstial.

Cpiochilel`èm.

_rmtmhicftl.

Ctilpmtl`cfim.

 



 Grmaturms Ifcstmdecs;

Ems grmaturms oc em oiígisis tidime grcaucftchcftc rcsuetmf oigèaiecs oc rcouair y oc cstmdieizmr. Sfm metcrfmtivm oc trmtmhicftl lrtlpéoial pmrm rcslevcr ce prldechm el alfstituyc ce usl oce vcfomkc cfycsmol alf m`ukms oc trmfsgixiñf ñscm c ifalrplrmom me vcfomkc cfycsmol. 

 ^ic ^emfl Moquiriol oce Mouetl;

Qc ocgifc alhl em amèom l mpemfmhicftl oce mral elf`ituoifme oce pic alf ifsugi ifs ugiaic aicfai faimm oce slp slplrt lrtcc oc pmr pmrtcs tcs dem demfom fomss pls plstcr tcrlhc lhcoim oimecs ecs oce tld tldie ieel el y rctrlpié, el quc metcrm ce mplyl oc cstc. Aeèfiam.

Cxmhcf gèsial.

Aemsigiamaiñf;   Ctmpm I.   Ctmpm II.   Ctmpm III.   Ctmpm IW.   Ctmpm W.

_rmtmhicftl; Cf pmaicf cfttcs siftlhítials ce trmtmhicftl pucoc scr alfscrvmolr l quirûr`ial.

• • • • •

 



 ^ic Amvl;

Qc ocgifc alhl uf muhcftl oce mral elf`ituoifme quc fl oishifuyc alf em amr`m Ifocpcfoicftc oc em amusm ticfc alfscaucfaims hcaífiams sihiemrcs;   Oishifuyc ce írcm oc mplyl mplyl plr el quc quc muhcftm em prcsiñf pemftmr.   Mrtiauemaiñf sudtmemr hís vcrtiame el quc em bmac hcfls hñvie. hñvie.   Oishifuaiñf oc em ampmaiomo oce rctrlpié oc mdslrdcr ce ihpmatl ihpmatl me mplymr.   Ocglrhiomocs mslaimoms; mslaimoms; rctrlpié vmrl y ocol cf `mrrms. • • • •

Aeèfiam y cstuoil; Ocdiol m sus ctilel`èms cs gufomhcftme cvmeumr em bistlrim gmhieimr oce pmaicftc. Qucecf alfsuetmr plr em ocglrhiomo cviocftc l plr els sèftlhms quc cstms pucocf prlvlamr; hctmtmrsme`ims, olelr rctrlpié l tldieel, ueacrms, cta. Ce cxmhcf gèsial cstí lricftmol m cvmeumr ce `rmol oc ri`iocz y ocglrhiomo oce pic, dusamfol cspcaègiamhcftc em prcscfaim oc metcrmailfcs fcurlhusauemrcs. fcurlhusauemrcs. _rmtmhicftl; Cf els amsls gecxidecs l ecftmhcftc prl`rcsivls sc ifoiamrm ce trmtmhicftl alfscrvmolr quc sc dmsm cf ce usl oc ñrtcsis

ypemftmr. pemf pe mfti tiee eems ms qu qucc hc hckl klrc rcf f em oi oist stri ridu duai aiñf ñf oc em pr prcs csiñ iñf f

 



 Wmrishl;

Cs ce térhifl lrtlpéoial quc ifoiam ocglrhiomocs oc ems cxtrchiomocs , cf ems quc, ocdiol m ufm rcemaiñf mfñhmem cftrc ols sc`hcftls csquceétials moymacftcs, ce hís oistme oc cstls ols ticfc ufm lricftmaiñf hcoime, cs ocair, ticfoc m macramrsc me pemfl sm`itme oc glrhm mtèpiam. 

 Wme`uishl;

Cs térhifl lrtlpéoial cf`eldmcftrc tloms ocglrhiomocs ocmoymacftcs, ems cxtrchiomocs, ems quc,ceocdiol m ufm rcemaiñfquc mfñhmem olsmquceems sc`hcftls csquceétials ce hís cf oistme oc cstls ols prcscftm ufm ocsvimaiñf emtcrme, cs ocair, ticfoc m meckmrsc oc glrhm mtèpiam oce pemfl sm`itme

 

Cf cstc scftiol, els alhplfcftcs dísials oc ufm prñtcsis oc hichdrl ifgcrilr slf;   Oisplsitivls tcrhifmecs l pics prltésials.   Cechcftls iftcrhcoils; rloieems/amocrms.   Cfamkcs y momptmailfcs momptmailfcs prltésiams prltésiams (oigcrcftcs sc`ûf ce fivce fivce oc mhputmaiñf). mhputmaiñf).   Qistchms oc suspcfsiñf suspcfsiñf c iftcrgmacs. iftcrgmacs.   Cstruaturms. • • • • •



 Ifoiamailfcs y amrmatcrèstiams oc ems prñtcsis oc amom sc`hcftl;

^rñtcsis plr ocdmkl oc em Tloieem;

Qc ifoiam y rcmeizm cs ce hlocel JDH guc oiscýmol pmrm hcklrmr em cstmdieiomo emtcrme oc em rloieem y el`rmr ufm hmrabm hís gufailfme y mocaumom. Ifoiamaiñf;  Mhputmailfcs _rmfstidimecs _rmfstidimecs m uf tcrail hcoil.

 

^rcscftm cfamkc oc pleiglrh iftcrilr alf mkustc suprmalfoiecl alf mplyl cf em alfslem oc em tidim y plr ce dlroc ifgcrilr oc em rñtuem ce cfamkc ocdc qucomr el hís mkustmol plsidec amsi cf uf alftmatl tltme oce huýñf y eidcrmfol els puftls ñscls y ce cxtrchl oistme  Mhputmailfcs plr cfaihm oc em Tloieem.

Qistchm Hlouemr ñ Cfolcsqucectme. C folcsqucectme. Ifoiamaiñf; Ems mhputmailfcs plr cfaihm oc em rloieem pucocf prlouairsc plr oigcrcftcs amusms y plr tmftl em ifoiamaiñf y em alfouatm m sc`uir ocdcf oc scr oistiftms. Cf els pmaicftcs oc mvmfzmom como scrí ihprcsaifoidec alelamr ufm mrtiauemaiñf `criítriam, cs ocair alf sc`url pmrm cstmdieizmr em hmrabm y drifomr alfgimfzm y sc`uriomo m cstc tipl oc pmaicftcs. Amrmatcrèstiams gufomhcftmecs. ^rcscftm uf alhplfcftc prlxihme quc sirvc pmrm melkmr cf su iftcrilr me huýñf oce hichdrl sc`ûf su glrhm pucoc scr alfvcfailfme, aumormf`uemr oc aumormf`uemr alftmatl tltme,mhputmol oc oistmfaim hcoil emtcrme, mf`lstl, cta.

 

Ocsmrtiauemaiñf oc Amocrm y Bchipcevcatlhèm.

Ifoiamaiñf; prñtcsis sihiemrcs. Cxistcf trcs fivcecs oc mhputmailfcs m el quc sc momptmf; =. Huýlfcs huy alrtms oc mhputmailfcs gchlrmecs. 4. Cf ocsmrtiauemailfcs oc amocrm. 1. Cf bchipcevcatlhèms pmraimecs l tltmecs. Gufaiñf; prltésiam gufailfme y alf ufm tltme ifocpcfocfaim. ; Tcstituir em ihm`cf alrplrme oce pmaicftc y el`rmr ufm hmrabm. ^rñtcsis ifhcoimtm pmrm Mhputmailfcs _rmfsgchlrmecs y _rmfstidimecs.

Ifoiamaiñf; Ce téafial cf prñtcsis y sc alelam cf ce hlhcftl oc alfaeuiol ce matl quirûr`ial. Amrmatcrèstiams Gufomhcftmecs Cf els trmfsgchlrmecs sc alelam uf alhplfcftc prlxihme oc ycsl, alf `umtm u cstlquifctc, slplrtc oc cspuhm oc `lhm, sistchm hlouemr alf mrtiauemailfcs alf sc`url y aifturñf péevial oldec alhl hcoil oc sukcaiñf. Cf ems _rmfstidimecs slel cxistc em vmrimftc oc uf Wcfomkc cf (yc) alf aifturñf péevial sihpec quc scrvirí oc hcoil oc sukcaiñf

 

Gufaiñf; Tcbmdieitmaiñf plsquirûr`iam plsquirûr`iam ifhcoimtm y cvitmr em péroiom oce pmtrñf oc hmrabm. Ameaigiamaiñf oc mhputmaiñf;  Mhputmailfcs m em e m meturm oce tldieel- pic

 Mhputmaiñf oc els ocols oce  pic; Qc chpecmf rceecfls pmrm cvitmr ce ocsvèl oc els ocols vcaifls.  Mhputmaiñf oce prihcr ocol oce pic Cs fcacsmril rcstmdecacr rcstmdecacr ce drmzl drmzl oc pmemfam.  Mhputmaiñf oc em mrtiauemaiñf oc Eisgrmfa; Qc trmtm oc uf hme fivce alf tcfocfaim me cquifishl. Ce ldkctivl oc em prltctizmaiñf cs rcstmdecacr ce drmzl oc pmemfam y alhpcfsmr ce vmrl oce huýñf.  Mhputmaiñf oc em mrtiauemaiñf oc Ablpmrt; Em prñtcsis cfvucevc me ameaífcl y alftifum bmaim ce mftcpié mamdmfol alf uf rceecfl pmrm rcstmdecacr em glrhm oce pic.  Mhputmaiñf oce ameaífcl; Qc chpecm ufm pemftieem alf rceecfl oce rctrlpié cf ems mhputmailfcs pmraimecs. Qi gmetm tlol ce ameaífcl, sc alelam uf slplrtc sldrc em pemftieem pmrm ce mral elf`ituoifme.  Mhputmaiñf oc Qyh yhc; c; scEmpucocf Mhpu Mh putm tmai aiñf ñf prñtcsis Qyhc Qy hc (oc (ocsm smrt rtia iaue uema maiñ iñf f ti tidi dill-pc pcrl rlfc fcmm-ms mstr trm` m`me ifmm y lstcltlhèm dihmeclemr), utieizmr alf cfamkcs quc msaicfocf bmstm cemeif tcfoñf

rltueimfl.  

 Mhputmaiñf trmfstidime; trmfstidime; Alfstituyc ce fivce oc mhputmaiñf hís alhûf y rcprcscftm uf ducf fivce pmrm em momptmaiñf oc em prñtcsis. Els prifaipmecs tipls oc cfamkcs tidimecs quc sc utieizmf slf; • • • • •

  Cfamkc ^_D (^mtceemr _cfolf Dcmrif`);   Cfamkc ^_Q ^_Q (^rltbcsc _idimec Quprmalfoyeicffc);   Cfamkc JDH (Jlfoiecf Dcttuf` Hõfstcr);   Cfamkc _QD (_ltme Qurgmac Dcmrif`);   Cfamkc BQ_ BQ_ (Byorlstmtia (Byorlstmtia _ltme Qurgmac);

Ocsmrtiauemaiñf oc rloieem Qc chpecm uf cfamkc aumormf`uemr sif mplyl isquiítial quc cstrcabm m fivce suprmalfoiemr. ^crhitc em amr`m oistme. ^rcaism oc rloieem, grcaucftchcftc pleiaéftriam. Qc`hcftñ oc em Amocrm; Ocsmrtiauemaiñf oc amocrm y bchipcevcatlhèm Qc pucoc utieizmr ce cfamkc alfstituiol plr ufm acstm péeviam oc ufm piczm quc sc mplym cf ems arcstms ieèmams, isquilf y hmsm `eûtcm. Cf em bchipcevcatlhèm, cstc cfamkc msaicfoc bmstm audrir em amviomo mdolhifme, oistriduycfol ce pcsl sldrc su supcrgiaic.  Mhputmailfcs plr cfaihm oc em rloieem Qc mfmeizmríf m alftifumaiñf, els oistiftls tipls oc mhputmailfcs plr cfaihm oc em rloieem.

 

•

• •

• •

  Cfamkc aumormf`uemr alf alf iftcr gmsc oc sieialfm; sieialfm; ifoiamol cf huýlfcs emr`ls, emr`ls, girhcs y rc`uemrcs, msè alhl cf sukctls hmylrcs plal mativls.   Cfamkc oc alftcfaiñf isquiítiam;   Cs uf cfamkc hís gisileñ`ial gisileñ`ial quc alelam ce huýñf cf mouaaiñf. _icfc em amrmatcrèstiam amrmatcrèstiam oc melkmr melkmr ce isquilf ocftrl oce cfamkc cf eu`mr oc mplymrsc cf ée.   Cfamkc gecxidec, ce cfamkc IQFY;   Alfsistc cf uf cfamkc aumormf`uemr aumormf`uemr l oc alftcfaiñf isquiítiam bcabl bcabl oc tcrhlpeístial gecxidec, gecxidec, pcrl rcglrzmol alf uf hmtcrime rè`iol (rcsifm l gidrm oc amrdlfl).

Oisplsitivls; Oisplsitivls tcrhifmecs l pics prltésials Ce pi picc pr prlt ltés ésia iall pr prlp lplr lrai ailf lfmm uf ufmm su supc pcrg rgia iaic ic cs cstm tmde decc pm pmrm rm em hm hmra rabm bm,, mh mhlr lrti ti`u `umm el elss `l `lep epcs cs,, rcchpem rcch pemzm zm Els em guf gufaiñ aiñf f husaue mr pcr pcroio oiom, m, rcp rcpeia eiamm em mrt mrtiau iauema emaiñf iñf mfm mfmtñh tñhiam iam y rcs rcstmu tmurm rm gif gifcs cs alshétials. tipls oc hus pics auemr prltésials slf;   Qleio Mfjce Ausbilf Bcce (QMAB); Qif pmrtcs hñviecs. hñviecs.   Mrtiauemol l ufimxime; ufimxime; pcrhitc em gecxiñf pemftmr y em olrsigecxiñf oce tldieel.   Huetimxime; ifalrplrm em ampmaiomo ampmaiomo oc hlvcrsc cf els pemfls sm`itme, alrlfme y trmfsvcrsme. trmfsvcrsme. • • •

^ic oc mdslraiñf l oc mehmacfmhicftl oc cfcr`èm (^MC) l rcspucstm oifíhiam; cstm amtc`lrèm sc amrmatcrizm tèpiamhcftc plr ifaeuir pic y tldieel oc gidrm oc amrdlfl alhl ufm slem ufiomo.

amrmatcrizm tèpiamhcftc plr ifaeuir pic y tldieel oc gidrm oc amrdlfl alhl ufm slem ufiomo.  

Amocrm els tipls oc prñtcsis utieizmols y alhl cstíf alhpucstls cf cstc sc`hcftl slf;   ^rñtcsis tltme oc oc amocrm; Alhpucstm plr uf vístm`l quc quc ufc em prñtcsis me me géhur: uf altiel quc quc em gikm m em pcevis y ols alhplfcftcs quc mrtiauemf cftrc sè; em amdczm gchlrme y ce ifscrtl mactmduemr. •

•

•

•

  ^rñtcsis ^rñtcs pmraimquc pmraime e oc cf amocrm; amoc gikm géhur plr hcoil oc uf oircatmhcftc vístm`l, pcrl pcrlalftrm em amdczm gchlrme (oc gchlrme hmylristmhmýl c erm; ce amslscoc emsmeprñtcsis tltmecs) mrtiauem em pcevis.   ^rñtcsis oc rcvisiñf; ^ucoc ^ucoc scr tltme l pmraime. pmraime. Qlf prñtcsis quc quc sc utieizmf pmrm pmrm rcchpemzmr ufm ym cxistcftc y quc prcscftm me`ûf prldechm.   ^rñtcs ^rñtcsis is oc rcsupcrgiaim rcsupcrgiaimeizm eizmaiñf aiñf (l rcsurgmaif rcsurgmaif`); `); Cstms Cstms sc sitûm sldrc sldrc em amdczm gchlrme gchlrme y quc mrtiauem alftrm uf altiel tmhdiéf hctíeial.

Oisplsitivls oc prñtcsis oc rloieem   ^rñtcsis ufialhpmrtihcftm ufialhpmrtihcftmee oc rloieem; rloieem;   ^rñtcsis tltme oc rloieem; • •

•

  Dmfockm tidime; Gmdriamom Gmdriamom cf hctme (bmditumehcftc (bmditumehcftc arlhl aldmetl aldmetl l mecmailfcs oc titmfil), titmfil), gikm em prñtcsis m em tidim prlxihme.   Alhplfcftc gchlrme; Qc gikm m em pmrtc pmrtc oistme oce géhur y matûm matûm alhl supcrgiaic oc griaaiñf, plr el quc sucec gmdriamrsc cf arlhl-aldmetl.   Ifscrtl; Qc sitûm cftrc els ols alhplfcftcs mftcrilrcs mftcrilrcs y matûm alhl supcrgiaic supcrgiaic oc griaaiñf kuftl

•

alf ce alhplfcftc gchlrme.   Alhplfcftc pmtcemr; su usl usl ocpcfoc oc ems prcgcrcfaims pcrslfmecs oce airukmfl. airukmfl. Bmditumehcftc Bmditumehcftc

•

•

cstí bcabm oc pleictiecfl.  

•

  ^rñtcsis oc rloieem oc rcvisiñf; rcvisiñf; Qlf els sistchms quc quc sc usmf aumfol bmy quc quc rcchpemzmr ufm prñtcsis ym ihpemftmom.

_ipls oc prñtcsis oc rloieem   ^rñtcsis AT (alf rctcfaiñf oc aruzmol) aruzmol)   ^rñtcsis ^Q (plstcrilr cstmdieizmom)   ^rñtcsis AQ (aruzmol smarigiamol l uetrmalf`rucftc) uetrmalf`rucftc)   ^rñtcsis oc pemtmglrhm rltmtlrim • • • •



 Lrtcsis oc ocsamr`m;

Ce ldkctivl oc em lrtcsis l pemftieem pemftieem oc ocsamr`m sc cfamr`m ûfiamhcftc oc hiti`mr hiti`mr l oishifuir y cf ltrls amsls ocsmpmrcacr ce olelr. Cstms ifhlvieizmf y ocsamr`mf ufm mrtiauemaiñf mgcatmom.

 Lrtcsis Alrrcatlrms; Cstíf Ifoiamoms pmrm alrrc`ir ufm ocglrhiomo csquceétiam. Qlf hís cgcativms si sc utieizmf ourmftc ce ocsmrrleel ifgmftie. 

Ltrm aemsigiamaiñf oc ems lrtcsis; • •

   _chplrmecs; ]ucslf slfutieizmoms utieizmoms pmrm trmstlrf trmstlrfls ls eihitmols ce tichpl. Ocgifitivms; ]uc uti eizmoms cf oégiait l oisampmaiomocs oisampm aiomocs cf ocgifiti ocgifitivms. vms.

 

Qlf Qlf oi oisp spls lsit itiv ivls ls lr lrtl tlpé péoi oial alss qu qucc sc mp mpei eiam amf f pm pmrm rm em al alrr rrca caai aiñf ñf,, oc ocsa samr mr`m `m,, me meif ifcm cmai aiñf ñf y ocrltmaiñf oc ems cxtrchiomocs ifgcrilrcs. Qc alfgcaailfmf oc meuhifil, macrl, tcrhlpeístials y sc gikmf m em cxtrchiomo m trmvés oc bcdieems y vcearls. 

 Aemsigiamaiñf;

Qc aemsigiamf tcficfol cf aucftm; =.   Ce fûhcrl oc mrtiauemailfcs mrtiauemailfcs quc ifvleuarmf. ifvleuarmf. 4.   Qi ifaeuyc ifaeuyc ufm ufm l mhdms cxtrchiomocs. 1.   Cf ocpcfocfaim ocpcfocfaim oc su su maaiñf. maaiñf. 

 ^rlpñsitls y ldkctivls;

Els ldkctivls oce usl oc ems ñrtcsis slf vmrimols, cftrc ceels ocstmamf; =.   Mocaumrsc m ems fcacsiomocs dilhcaífiams oce pmaicftc. 4.   Hloigiamaiñf oc els hlvihicftls alrplrmecs. 1. l prltcaaiñf oc cstruaturms y/l ifcstmdecs. ?.    Cstmdieizmaiñf Msistcfaim l gmaieitmaiñf gmaieit maiñf oc hlvihicftl. hlvihi cftl. ecsilfmoms y/l

3.   Tcmeifcmaiñf l hmftcfihicftl hmftcfihicftl plsturme.  

Els ldkctivls prifaipmecs oc aumequicr prñtcsis, tmftl oc hichdrl ifgcrilr alhl supcrilr slf; =.   Cstétials; Tcstituir Tcstituir ce mspcatl mspcatl alrplrme cxtcrfl quc sc sc picroc. 4.   ^si ^siale aleñ`i ñ`ials als;; Cst Cstíí rce rcemai mailfm lfmol ol alf ce ldk ldkcti ctivl vl cst cstéti étial, al, sc cfa cfaucf ucftrm trm el` el`rm rmrr ce híx híxih ihll rcstmdecaihicftl oc em ihm`cf alrplrme. 1.   Gufailfmecs; Ocsmrrleemr Ocsmrrleemr em gufaiñf gufaiñf l gufailfcs quc bmf bmf qucomol eihitmoms. eihitmoms. 

 Alhplfcftcs;

Oc ñrtcsis; =.   ems Audicrtms. 4.   Mehlbmoieems. 1.   Aifabms. ?.   ^mrm ems lrtcsis oc pic (Amezmol). 3. 7.    Tceecfls. Glrrls. 0.   Gufoms.

 

Oc ems prñtcsis; =.   Ce slajct. 4.   Qistchms oc mfaemkc mfaemkc y suspcfsiñf. suspcfsiñf. 1.   Hmf`m (seccvc). ?.   ^if l emfzmocrm. 3.   Iftcrgmac l sistchm sistchm oc suspcfsiñf. suspcfsiñf.

 



 Ifoiamailfcs;

=.   MAW 4.   Ocsvimailfcs cf vme`l vme`l y vmrl. 1.   ^ic amèol amèol plr ocdieiomo husauemr. ?.   Cspmstiaiomo l alftrmaturm alftrmaturm cf gecxiñf. 3.   Tctrlpié vmrl scvcrls.



 Alftrmifoiamailfcs;

=.   Ecsilfcs plr griaaiñf. 4.   Ocdieiomo l mtrlgim mtrlgim husauemr. 1.   Tctrmaaiñf Husauemr. ?.   Ti`iocz Mrtiauemr. 3.   Oigiauetmo oc rctlrfl vcflsl.

 



 Mspcatls @cfcrmecs oce Amezmol;

Qc ticfcf cf aucftm oivcrsls mspcatls cftrc ceels ocstmamf; =.   Ocd Ocdcc rcs rcspct pctmr mr em mfm mfmtlh tlhèm èm oce pic, su elf elf`it `ituo uo y mfa mfabur burmm cf tlo tlols ls els fivcecs fivcecs (tldieel (tldieel,, chpcifc, ocols...) 4.   Wcstir ce pic sif ocglrhmr em hmrabm. 1.   Msc`urmr ce cquieidril cquieidril cstítial cstítial y oifíhial. ?. hloigiamailfcs oce yvleuhcf 3.    Tcspctmr Tcspctmr ems em airauemaiñf mrtcrime vcflsm. oce pic cf amr`m. 7.   Ce amezmol ocdc momptmrsc me pic y fl ce pic me zmpmtl. zmpmtl. 0.   M em blrm oc su alhprm sc ocdcf tcfcr cf aucftm sus trcs hcoioms; hcoioms; emr`l, emr`l, mfabl y metl, pucs fucstrls pics slf trioihcfsilfmecs y huy oigcrcftcs ufls oc els ltrls. 2.   Ocd Ocdcf cf scr alhpr alhprmol molss prcgcridechcftc ocspué ocs puéss oc amh amhifm r, aum aumfol fol oc ce empic csté tlf tlfigi igiamo amoll plr ce prl prlpil pil ckcraiail oc em hmrabm, mifmr, ûetihm blrm tmroc. 9.   Qc ocdc usmr uf amezmol pmrm amom mativiomo. mativiomo. =>.   Ocdc rcvismrsc mftcs oc usmrsc cf dusam oc aucrpls cxtrmýls. =>. ==.   Ocdc usmrsc alf ameactifcs pmrm oishifuir ce rlac alf em pice. ==. =4.   Aumfol cs fucvl fl ocdc usmrsc prlelf`momhcftc. =4.  =1.   Ocdc `umromrsc cf eu`mrcs aemrls y vcftiemols. =1.

 



 Flrhms Dísiams pmrm ce Amezmol Alrrcatl;

=.   Qc rcalhicfom sc`uir ems ifstruaailfcs prlplrailfmoms plr ce gmdriamftc. 4.   Ce amezmol y prltcaaiñf oc em picrfm ocdcrèmf eihpimrsc y auiomrsc. 1.   Ce acpieemol flrhme flrhme oce amezmol amezmol cs mprlpimol pmrm amezmol oc aucrl. ?.   ^l ^lrr rm rmzl zlfc fcss oc bi bi`i `icf cfcc oc ocee pi pic, c, sc rc rcal alhi hicf cfom om pu puev evcr criz izmr mr ce am amez ezmo moll al alf f sl sleu euai ailf lfcs cs mftihiarldimfms. 3.   El Elss pr prlt ltca catl tlrc rcss oc ocee pi picc y oc em pi picr crfm fm oc ocdc dcrè rèmf mf me mehm hmac acfm fmrs rscc oc ma mauc ucro roll al alf f em emss rcalhcfomailfcs oce gmdriamftc. 7.   Ce amezmol y els prltcatlrcs prltcatlrcs bûhcols ocdcrèmf mehmacfmrsc mehmacfmrsc oc tme hmfcrm hmfcrm quc sc pcrhitm su scamol.

 



 Amezmol Lrtlpéoial;

Ce amezmol lrtlpéoial cs uf tipl oc amezmol quc myuom m alrrc`ir els prldechms quc sugrcf els pics. Cstlsoc amezmols omf uf hcklr slplrtc. Mhlrti`umf amom pmsl quc sc om, hcklrmf em airauemaiñf em smf`rc y hcklrmf em meifcmaiñf oc em aleuhfm vcrtcdrme. Cstc tipl oc amezmol cs usm cspcaègiamhcftc aumfol sc bm iocftigiamol me`ûf prldechm cf els pics l aumfol fucstrm rutifm oimrim prlvlquc huabl olelr. _ichpl mtrís ce amezmol lrtlpéoial crm plal cstétial. Bly cf oèm cxistc ufm `rmf mhpeim vmricomo oc oigcrcftcs oiscýls y cstiels quc gmaieitmríf csal`cr ce amezmol lrtlpéoial quc hís sc mkustc m els pics y ems fcacsiomocs.

 



 Ñrtcsis y Mpmrmtls pmrm em Hmrabm;

 Dmstlfcs-Huectms.

Dmstñf; Qlf oisplsitivls utieizmols alf ce gif oc hcklrmr em elalhlaiñf. Els dmstlfcs gufailfmf drifomfol mplyl y slplrtc alhpechcftmril me aucrpl hicftrms em pcrslfm amhifm. Dmstñf oc hmfl;   Wcftmkms.   Ocsvcftmkms. • •

Dmstñf if`eés;   Wcftmkms.   Ocsvcftmkms. • •

Huectm; hmocrm, hctme u ltrm hmtcrime, alf su pmrtc supcrilr oispucstm pmrm quc cstridc cf Mplyl ceem emoc mxiem l ce alol, y quc cf su pmrtc hcoim sucec eecvmr uf m`mrrmocrl

 



 Ñrtcsis Mfticquifms.

Ce pic cquifl cs ufm amèom rcitcrmom oce pic cf olrsigecxiñf. Em pcrslfm fl alftrlem em gecxiñf y cxtcfsiñf oce pic. Ems ñrtcsis mfticquifms gmaieitmf plocr ecvmftmr dicf ce chpcifc, alfsi`uicfol, oc cstc hlol, ufm hmrabm gisileñ`iam y cvitmr ems amèoms. Bmy vmrims aemscs oc ñrtcsis mfticquifms; c f cquifishls ecvcs.   _ckiol y ceístials; Qlf iocmecs cf   Mfticquifls oc tcrhlpeístial; ^crhitcf hmftcfcr ce pic cf íf`uel oc 9>».   Mfticquifl cf gidrm oc amrdlfl; amrdlfl; Cs ufm Ñrtcsis huy ei`crm, pmrm mquceems mquceems • • •

pcrslfms alf uf fivce metl oc mativiomo.

 



 Mpmrmtls _crhlalfglrhmols pmrm ce alftrle oc tldieel y pic.

Ourmft Ourm ftcc hu huab abls ls mý mýls ls,, cf em emss ñr ñrtc tcsi siss oc cx cxtr trch chio iomo mo ifgc if gcri rilr lr,, sc us usmr mrlf lf am amsi si cx cxae aeus usiv ivmh mhcf cftc tc al alhp hplf lfcf cftc tcss hctíeials prcgmdriamols. Cf em ûetihm oéamom sc bm vistl uf hmramol muhcftl oce usl oc peístials, cspcaimehcftc pmrm ems ñrtcsis oc tldieel-pic. Em gufaiñf prifaipme oc tloms ems ñrtcsis plr ocdmkl oc em rloieem cs alftrlemr em meifcmaiñf y els hlvihicftls oc ems mrtiauemailfcs oce pic y oce tldieel.

 



 Ditutlrcs, `rmfocs mpmrmtls oc em hmrabm.

Els `rmfocs mpmrmtls oc hmrabm slf els hlfltutlrcs l ditutlrcs quc vmf oce husel me pic,  kuftl alf uf aifturñf aifturñf péevial. Ems ñrtcsis ditutlrcs slf ñrtcsis quc prltc`cf y cstmdieizmf ce hichdrl ifgcrilr ourmftc em hmrabm. Ocpcfoicfol oc em fcacsiomo pucoc scr alrtl l emr`l. @cfcrmehcftc sc gmdriamf alf ourmeuhifil, pcrl tmhdiéf pucocf cstmr gmdriamols alf meuhifil, tcrhlpeístial, titmfil y gidrm oc amrdlfl, msè alhl em alhdifmaiñf oc cstls hmtcrimecs. _ipls;  Ñrtcsis ditutlrcs emr`ls; _lols els hlocels oc cstm ñrtcsis ticfcf usls y cechcftls alhufcs, el quc ems oigcrcfaimf cftrc ceems slf prcaismhcftc els hmtcrimecs   Ñrtcsis ditutlrcs alrtls; Cstm lrtcsis ditutlrcs cstíf cst íf alf alfstr struio uioms ms hco hcoimf imftc tc dm dmrrm rrmss oc our ourmmmeuhifil oc elf`ituo vmrimdec oc maucrol me 

pmaicftc.  



 Amezmols ^emftmrcs.

Amezmol pmrm pic pemfl alf tldieels vme`ls.   Ifoiamaiñf.   Gufaiñf. • •

Amezmol pmrm pic vmrl l hctmtmrsl mouatl.   Ifoiamaiñf. •

  Gufaiñf. Amezmol pmrm malrtmhicftl.   Ifoiamaiñf.   Gufaiñf. •

• •

Amezmol pmrm pic cquifl.   Ifoiamaiñf.   Gufaiñf. • •

Amezmol pmrm mhputmailfcs oce pic.   Ifoiamaiñf.   Gufaiñf. • •

 



 Ssls oce Ycsl.

Els ycsls y géruems sirvcf pmrm prltc`cr ems pmrtcs oce aucrpl quc bmf sugriol me`ûf tipl oc ecsiñf. Cstl pcrhitc macecrmr ce prlacsl oc aurmaiñf, ym quc eihitm ce hlvihicftl, y tmhdiéf myuom m oishifuir ce olelr. Ce hmtcrime oce quc sucecf cstmr bcabls cs peístial, tcem, ycsl l gidrm oc vioril. Gifmeiomo; _lols els ycsls y géruems ticfcf dísiamhcftc em hishm gifmeiomo;   Ihpcoir quc quc sc hucvmf els bucsls grmaturmols.   Qukctmr els els hûsauels hûsauels oc ems ems cxtrchiomocs ecsilfmoms. • •

 



 Tcchpemzls mrtiauemrcs cf hichdrl ifgcrilr.

 Mrtrlpemstim oc Amocrm.

 Mrtrlpemstim oc _ldieel. _ldieel.

Tcchpemzl em mrtiauemaiñf alhpectm l pmraime oc emocamocrm plr uf ihpemftc.   Bchimrtrlpemstim.   Mrtrlpemstim tltme oc amocrm. Hétlols oc gikmaiñf; • •

• • •

  Gikmaiñf achcftmom. fl achcftmom.     Gikmaiñf bèdriom.

Cs ce rcchpemzl oc ememmrtiauemaiñf mstrm`mei mstrm`meifm fm hcoimftc alelamaiñf octidil uf ihpemftc alfstituiol plr ols alhplfcftcs.

Mrtrlpemstim oc Tloieem. Qc aemsigiam sc`ûf ce fûhcrl oc alhpmrtihicftls;   Sfialhpmrtihcftme.   Dialhpmrtihcftme.   _rialhpmrtihcftme. Hétlols oc gikmaiñf;   Gikmaiñf achcftmom.   Gikmaiñf fl achcftmom.   Gikmaiñf bèdriom. • • •

•

• •

 



 _utlrcs cxtcrfls.

Qlf oisplsitivls utieizmols cf em cstmdieizmaiñf ñscm alfsistc, cf uf tutlr cxtcrfl (quc vm plr gucrm oc em pice) y quc sc sukctm me bucsl plr hcoil oc m`ukms l tlrfieels. Amrmatcrèstiams; • • •

  Fl cftrmf cf alftmatl alf ce glal oc grmaturm. grmaturm. Qc scr ihpemft ihpemftmf mf rípiomhcftc rípiom hcftc y oc hlol plalcftls ifvmsivl.   Me cxtcrfls, pcrhit pcrhitcf cf rcmeizmr hlvihi hlvihicftls alftrlemols sldrc els sc`hcftls ñscls.

Ifoiamailfcs; Em gikmaiñf cxtcrfm cs ufm bcrrmhicftm huy vcrsítie, quc pcrhitc mdlromr ufm `rmf amftiomo oc pmtlel`èms. ceems,   Gikmaiñf Cftrc oc grmaturms grmatu rmsplochls mdicrtms scýmemr; l alf `rmvcs omýls cf ems pmrtcs demfoms. demfoms.   Cstmdieizmaiñf oc grmaturms cf pleitrmuhmtizmols, pleitrmuhmtizmols, ifaeuycfol ems oc pcevis.   _rmtmhicftl hèfihmhcftc ifvmsivl oc grmaturms mrtiauemrcs. mrtiauemrcs. • • •

Alhpeiamailfcs; Qu usl cstí eihitmol, ym quc me bmdcr ufm alhufiamaiñf oircatm cftrc ce cxtcrilr y ce bucsl (m

trmvés oce trmatl oc els tlrfieels), cxistc uf aicrtl rics`l oc ifgcaaiñf.  

  Hmfume oc lrtlpéoiam y trmuhmtlel`èm. rcbmdieitmaiñf cf cfgcrhcomocs lrtlpéoiams. lrtlpéoiams.    Oim`flstial y rcbmdieitmaiñf glrtufc y dísiam.    Lrtlpcoim y trmuhmtlel`èm ‑ glrtufc    Wme`uishl y Wmrishl; 

hy-pcrslfmetrmifcr.it/Mrtialei/Wme`ishl\c\vmri bttps;//www.hy-pcrslfmetrmifcr.it/Mrtialei /Wme`ishl\c\vmrishl.bthe shl.bthe   Gisiltcrmpim sldrc sldrc ce hmfckl oc mhputmols. mhputmols. hichdrl ifgcrilr.    ^rñtcsis cf hichdrl    Lrtlpcoim y trmuhmtlel`èm dísiam Lrrc`l y Hlrmf.    Ñrtcsis y prñtcsis oc hichdrl ifgcrilr; cyoisampmaiomo/giecs/4>=4/=>/lrtcsis-oc-hichdrls-if bttp;//giecs.seo.au/mrtcyoisampmaiomo/giecs/4>=4/=>/l rtcsis-oc-hichdrls-ifgcrilrcs.pog  gcrilrcs.pog     ^rlpñsitls ldkctivls; bttps;//www.uv.cs/hpiscm/3?737o7=3g143g3g?97c0?047g7?03717179a1d17c3g7=3g7a7=3g7g040?7g0>047 g0?a1m90179717=.pog     Alhplfcftcs; bttp;//lrtcsisyprltcsismrce syprltcsismrceiul.del`splt.alh/4 iul.del`splt.alh/4>=7/>1/lrtcsi >=7/>1/lrtcsis-oisplsitivl-mompt s-oisplsitivl-momptmol\=?.bthe mol\=?.bthe bttps;//mpmrmtlslrtlpcoials mpmrmtlslrtlpcoials.alh/alflac-els-prifaipm .alh/alflac-els-prifaipmecs-alhplfcftcs-quc-if ecs-alhplfcftcs-quc-iftc`rmf-ufm-prltcs tc`rmf-ufm-prltcsisistrmfstidime/ alftrmifoiamailfcs; cs;    Ifoiamailfcs y alftrmifoiamailf bttps;//cs.wijipcoim.lr`/wiji/Ñrtcsis   y bttps;//seiocpemycr.cs/seioc/1003=7=/    Mspcatls @cfcrmecs oce Amezmol; 

bttp;//www.plolel`lsrilkm.lr`/ifocx.pbplr >amezmol%4>lrtlpéoial%4>cs%4 tlpéoial%4>cs%4>uf,meifcma >uf,meifcmaiñf%4>oc%4> iñf%4>oc%4>em%4>aleuhf em%4>aleuhfm%4>vc m%4>vc rtcdrme.. rtcdrme   Ñrtcsis mfticquifms; bttps;//www.zmrmlrtl.alh/=19-lrtcsis-mfticquifl 

  Mpmrmtlslmfopeidrmry.lr`/rcgcrcfac/lrtcsiam/EEL->9.pog  _crhlalfglrhmols pmrm pmrm ce alftrle oc tldieel y pic. bttp;//www.   Ñrtcsis ditutlrcs; bttps;//www.prihaeifiams prihaeifiamslrtlpcoiams.cs/lrtcsi lrtlpcoiams.cs/lrtcsis-ditutlrcs-pmrm-q s-ditutlrcs-pmrm-quc-sc-utieizmf/ uc-sc-utieizmf/   _utlrcs cxtcrfls; bttps;//www.hdm.cu/ del`/gikmolr-cxtcrfl-bucsl-grmaturms/   Amezmols ^emftmrcs; bttps;//giecs.seo.au/mrtcyoisampmaiomo/gi cyoisampmaiomo/giecs/4>=1/>= ecs/4>=1/>=/amezmol-lrtlpcoial.pog  /amezmol-lrtlpcoial.pog    Ssls oce ycsl; bttps;//hcklralfsmeuo.ms.alh/ycsls-y-gcruems-usls-y-auiomols/ 

  Tcchpemzls mrtiauemrcs cf hichdrl hichdrl ifgcrilr achcftmol y fl achcftmol, bèdrioms; bttps;//cs4.seiocsbmrc.fct/samrectisdcee/rcc hpemzls-mrtiauemrcs