SELLES, J. F. y FIDALGO, J. M., Antropologia Filosofica. La Persona Humana, 2018

 

H b l u b ` f s   DWG] D l s t d t u t k  W u p f r d k r   e f   G d f l g d b s  ] f ` d a d k s b s   V l d v f r s ddee b e   e f   L b v b r r b

Rufe b prkcdmdeb, sb`vk fxgfpg fxgfpgd÷l d÷l prfvdstb fl `b `fy `fy,, gub`qudfr okrhb ef rfprkeuggd÷l, edstrdmurd÷l, gkhuldgbgd÷l púm`dgb y  trblsokrhbgd÷l, tktb` k pbrgdb`, ef fstb k mrb sdl gkltbr gkl bu tkrdzbgd÷l fsgrdtb ef `ks tdtu`brfs ef` Gkpyrdact. @b dlorbggd÷l dlorbggd÷l ef `ks efrfgcks hflgdklbeks pu fef sfr gklstdtutdvb ef ef`dtk gkltrb `b prkpdfebe dltf`fgtub` (Brtègu`ks =1> y ss. ef` G÷edak ^flb`).

© =>23. Jubl Ofrlblek Wf``äs y Jksä Hbluf` Odeb`ak   Fedgdklfs Vldvfrsdebe Vldvfrs debe ef Lbvbrrb, Lbvbrrb, W.B. (FVLWB) Gbslpus Vldvfrsdtbrdk ± Vldvfrsdebe Vldvf rsdebe ef Lbvbrrb ± 72>>4 ^bhp`klb ± Fspbòb Fspbòb  -

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www.fulsb.fs   ± fulsbNf hsb.fs  ?3 =6 453 75  ± www.fulsb.fs 2

DW DWML ML:: 413-35-727772= 413-35 -727772=-? -?  | Efp ÷sd ÷sdtk tk `fab`: L B =222-= =222-=>23 >23  Edsfòk Eds fòk gumdfrt gumdfrtb: b: ^bm`k Gfrfzk Hbr Hbrèl èl  ^rdltfe dl Wpbdl Wpbdl - Dhprfsk fl Fspbòb

 

JVBL OF] LB LE K WF WF@ @@F W  J KWÄ KWÄ HB LV F@ ODEB@AK

BLU]K^K@KAÈB  OD@KW×ODGB: @B  . ^F]WK ^F]WKLB LB CVHBLB

FEDGDKLFW VLD_F]WDEBE EF LB_B]]B, W.B. ^BH^@KLB

 

5

Gk`fggd÷l H

b l u b ` f s  e f `

  D l s t dt dt

utk

 W u p f r

d k r   e f  G d f l g d b s   ] f ` d a ddk ksbs

2. Gbeb vfz hâs pfrsklbs sf dltfr dltfrfsbl fsbl pkr beq udrdr ulb okrhbgd÷l od`k od`ksk sk-odgb y tfk`÷adgb sfrdb y prkouleb quf flrdqufzgb `b prkpdb vdeb grdstdblb y by byuef uef b vdvdr gkl gkcfrflgdb `b oof. f. Fstb Fstb okrhbgd÷l fs `b mbsf pb rb efsbrrk``br ul bpkstk`bek dltflsk y ulb bhp`db `bmkr ef fvblaf`dzbgd÷l fl `b gu`turb bgtub bgtub`. `. @ks dltfrfsfs y hktdvbg hktdvbgdklfs dklfs pbrb fstu fstuedbr edbr `b ekgtrdlb grdstdblb skl sk l vbrd vbrdbeks: beks: •

^berfs y h berf s quf qudfrfl flrdqufgfr su prkpdb vdeb grdst grdstdblb dblb y `b ef s u obhd`db, obhd`db, gude gudeble ble k `b okrhbgd÷l grdstdblb ef sus cd cdjks jks..

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Gbtfqudstbs y okrhbek rfs q quf uf qudfrf qudfrfl l bequdrdr ulb muflb prfpbrbgd÷l tfk`÷adgb tfk`÷adgb pbrb trblsh dtdr`b b ktr ktrks. ks.

•

Outurks prkofs krfs ef rf`da d÷l fl `b flsfòblzb ffsg sgk` k`br br..

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^rk ofsdkl b`fs ef `ks hâ hâss vbrdb vbrdbeks eks âhmdtks ((gkhuldgbg gkhuldgbgd÷l, d÷l, fgklkhèb, sb`ue, fhprfsb, feugbgd÷l, ftg.) quf lfgfsdtbl ulb okrhbgd÷l befgúbeb pb rb e br rfspu fstb grdst grdstdblb dblb b `ks prkm`fhbs p`bltfbe ks fl su prkpèb vdeb `bmkrb`, skgdb`, obhd`dbr... k sdhp`fhfltf qudflfs sdfltfl `b lfgfsdebe ef h fjkrbr `b p rkp db okrhbgd÷l grd grdstd stdblb blb gkl ddrlk rlkss fstuedks prkouleks.

=. Fxds Fxdstf tf ul b ef hb leb gbeb vfz hbykr ef hbtfrdb` fsgrd fsgrdtk tk pbrb f` fstuedk ef edsgdp`dlbs tfk`÷adgbs y od`ks÷odgbs. Fl hugcks gbsks `b lfgfsdebe prkgfef ef p frsklbs quf lk p ufe fl bguedr b g`bs g`bsfs fs pr prfsfl fsflgdb` gdb`fs, fs, y musgbl ul h ätkek ef bprfledzbjf but÷lkh k, k gkl `b auèb ef u l prkofs prkofskr. kr. Fstbs pfrsklbs rfqudfrfl ul hbtfrdb` vb`dksk pkr su gkltfldek ekgtrdlb` y quf, b` hdshk tdfhpk, fs fstä tä mdfl prfp brbe k efsef f` pul tk ef vdstb edeâgtdgk (fl hug hugcks cks gbsks pb pbrb rb u l fstu fstuedk edk pfrsklb`). Gkl f` rfspb`ek bgbeähdgk ef `b Vldvfrsdebe ef Lbvbrrb, fspfgdb`hfltf ef sus Obgu`tbefs Fg`fsdâstdgbs (Ufk`kaèb, Od`kskoèb y Efrfgck Gbl÷ldgk), `b Obgu`tbe ef Od`kskoèb y @ftrbs y `b Obgu`tbe ef Feugbb÷l y ^sdgk`kaèb, fstb gk`fggd÷l ef hblub`fs ef fstuedk prftflef

 

rfspkl efr b fsb lfgfsdebe e f okrhbgd÷l grd grdstdb stdblb lb gkl b`tb gb`debe prkofsdklb`. 7. @bs gbrb gbrbgtfr gtfrèstdg èstdgbs bs ef fstb gk`fggd÷l skl: G `brdeb e e kgtrdlb`, s daudflek `bs flsfòblzb s ef` Hbadstfrd Hbadstfrdk k ef `b Da Da`f `f-sdb gbt÷`dgb. Fxpksdgd÷l sdstfhâ tdgb y prkofsdklb` ef `bs hbtfrdbs tfk`÷a tfk`÷adgb dgbs, s, td` td`kskksktdgbs (y ef ktrbs k trbs gdflgdbs) gdflgdbs).. Okrhbtk edeâgtdgk trbtb le k e f cbgfr bsfqudm` bsfqudm`ff f` fstuedk, hugcb s vf vf-gfs pkr gufltb prkpdb, ef `ks gkltfldeks oulebhfltb`fs ef `bs hbtfrèbs. Fl fstb `èlfb bpbrfgfl fl `ks tfxtks b`aulks f`fhfltks edeâgtdfks tb`fs gkhk fsqufhbs, dltrkeuggdklfs, sumrbybeks, g`bsdodgbgdklfs, edstdlgd÷l fltrf gkltfldeks oulebhfltb`fs y bhp`dbgd÷l, mdm`dkarboèb befgube b, au èb ef fstuedk b` oodlb` dlb` ef gbeb tfhb, ft ftg. g. Jk s ä  H b l u f `  Od e b ` a k  B ` b d z   Jk s ä  @ u d s  ^ b s t k r  

Edrfgtkrfs ef `b gk`fggd gk`fggd÷l ÷l

 

Okrhbtk edeâgtdgk

@ks hblub`fs tdflfl ul okrhbtk edeâgtdgk mâsdgk pbrb obgd`dtbr tbltk f` fvfltub` fstuedk ef` b`uhlk pk r su gufltb, gufltb, f` f` butkfstuedk gkl prfgfptkr / tutkr, k `b gkhmdlbgd÷l ef g`bsfs prfsflgdb`fs gkl prkofskr y fstuedk pfrsklb`. Fstbs gbrbgtfrèstdgbs edeâgtdgbs edeâg tdgbs skl: 2. Wf cb prkg urbek sdhp`dodgbr `ks `ks gkltfldeks ef e f `b hbtfrdb sdl pfre fr `b gb`debe gb`deb e bgbeähdgb ef `ks hdshks. =. Wf sdhp`dodgbl sdhp`dodgbl `ks hk eks ef fxprfsd÷l, musgble musgb lek k `b g`brdebe y `b sflgd sflgd-`` ``fz, fz, pfrk pfrk sdl pfre fr `b tfrh dlk`k aèb tfk`÷adgb. Lks pbrfgf dhpkrtbltf, efsef ul pultk ef vdstb okrhbtdvk, bequdrdr f` usk befgubek ef `ks tärhdlks tfk`÷adgks tfk`÷adgks prdlgdpb`fs. 7. Fl f` f` gufrpk ef` e f` tfxtk tfxtk bpbrfgfl bpbrfgf l eks tdp ks ef `ftrb `f trb fl oulgd÷l ef `b rf`frf`fvblgdb ef` gkltfldek. Hdfltrbs H dfltrbs quf `b `ftrb arblef arbl ef sdaldodgb sdaldodgb gkltfldeks gkltfldek s mâsdgks ef `b hbtfrdb, `b `ftrb pfqufòb sf bp`dgb b ul gkltfldek hâs fxp`dgbtdvk fxp`dg btdvk ef `bs defbs prdlgdpb`fs, p rdlgdpb`fs, hâs pbrtdg u`br k hâ s tägldg tägldgk. k. 5. F` tfxtk gkltdflf tärhdlks k fxprfsdklfs fl okrhbtk lfardtb. Wf prftflef ``bh br `b btflgd÷l btflgd÷l skmrf ul gklgfptk g`bvf g`bvf b `b `b ckrb ef` fstuedk pfrsklb`. 6. @bs fluh frbgdklf s y g`bsdodgbgdklfs bpbrfg fl tdpkarâodgbhf tdpkarâodgbhfltf ltf efstbgbebs pbrb p brb obgd`dt obgd`dtbr br `b vdsub`dzbgd÷l vdsub`dzbgd÷l râpdeb râpde b ef `ks gklgfptks, gklgfptks, su fstuedk y hfhkrdzbgd÷l. ?. B` prdlgdpdk ef gbeb tfhb, dlhfedbtbhfltf efspuäs ef` tètu`k, sf dlgcdvf ul b sèl tfsds ef e f `b defb prdlgdpb` b h kek ef prfsfltbgd÷l prfsfltbgd÷l.. 1. Fl gbeb gbe b tfhb tfh b sf prfsfl tbl vbrdks rfgursks rfgu rsks edeâgtdgks edeâgtdgks:: • Vl fsqufh fsq ufh b k suhb rdk ef `b `fggd÷ `fggd÷l l (sdrvf (sdrvf ef aud÷l ef fstuedk fstue dk y hfhkrdzbgd÷l). • Vl vkg bmu`b rdk ef pb`bmrbs pb`bm rbs y fxprfsdklfs fxprfsdklfs usbe bs fl f` efsbrrk``k efsbrrk``k e ä @ l b . Wd Wdrvf rvf pbrb flrdqufgfr flrdqufgfr f` prkpdk mbabjf mbabjf ef tärhdlks bgb =

 

eähdgks y sdrvf tbhmdäl ef butkfxbhfl ef `b gkhprflsixd ef

`ks  

tfxtks. • Vlb auèb ef fstue dk. W Wff trbtb ef ul gkljultk ef prfau ltbs. C gklkgdhdfltk ef `bs rfspufstbs abrbltdzb ulb bsdhd`bgd÷l vâ`deb ef `ks prdlgdpb`fs gkltfld gkltfldeks. eks. • Ufxtks pbrb gkh fltbr. ^u fef l eb r pdf b `fgturbs okrhbtdvbs k b ffjf jfrrgdgdks (audbeks pkr ul prkofskr). 3. Wf edspklf b` odlb` ef ul b mdm`dk arboèb ar boèb mâsdgb y sflgd sflgd`` ``bb ef ``ks ks prdl epb`fs ekguhfltks quf p uf efl sfrvd sfrvdrr pbrb b hp`dbr f` gkltfld gkltfldek ek ef `b hbtfrdb.

 

DLU]KEVGGDKL    P 

Vl fstuedk ef` sfr cuh blk lk efmf gklokrhbrsf gkl ddlvfstdabr lvfstdabr `k `kss f`fhfltk f`fhfltkss gkhulfs b tkeks, sdlk befltrbrsf fl `k hâs rbedgb` ef lksktrks hdshks: `b dltdhde be ef `b pfrsklb, f` qudäl quf gbe b ulk skhks. skhks. Fsf gklkgdhdfltk gklkgdhdfltk ef `b vf rebe èltdhb ef gbeb qudfl, `fj `fjks ks ef `b sk`febe bh flbzbltf, sf bmrf fl `è `èmfr mfr-tbe y fspfrblzb, b` outurk trblsgflefltf. @b pfrskl b fs rrbedgb`hfltf bedgb`hfltf bpf rturb b Edks y b `bs efhâ efhâss pfrsklbs. Lufstrk p`bltfbhdfltk bltrkpk`÷adgk behdtf quf f` sfr cuhblk fstâ gkhpufstk ef b`hb y gufrpk, pfrk lk gkhk kpksdgd÷l ef pbrtfs. F` b`hb fstâ gkl gkl-okrhbeb, b su vfz, pkr `b rbèz bgtd bgtdvb vb f dlhbtfrdb` ef tke bs `bs pktflgdbs pktflgdbs cuh bòbs (f` yk) y pkr `bs eks obgu`tbefs dlhbtfrdb`fs: dltf`daflgdb y vk`ultbe. ^kr su pb rtf, f` gufrpk fstâ gkh pufstk ef vb rdbebs oulgdklfs, oulgdklfs, hkvdhdfltks, ob obgu gu``tbefs kraâldgbs, tfleflgdbs bpftdtdvbs y sfltdhdfltks sflsdm`fs k bofggdklfs. Fstbb eu b`deb e b`hb-gufrpk gklstdtuyf `k gkhúl ef tkeks `ks sfrf Fst sfrfss cuhblk s. Wdl fhmbrak, cby b`a b`ak k h âs ... ... hâs b``â ef `b eub`de be b`hb-gufrpk, ``bb pfrsklb cuh cu h bl blbb qu f gbeb qu däl fs fs,, fs efg efgdr, dr, f` bgtk ef sfr pfrsk lb` lkvf lkvfeksk eksk f drrfpftdmd tdmdf, f, fs supfrdkr f drrfeugtdm`f b bhmbs edhflsdklfs cuh blbs. @bs bltrkpk`kaèbs sf suf`fl gfltrbr fl `b fxpksdgd÷l ef `k gkhúl cuhblk, pfrk lk bevdfrtfl ld dlgdefl fl `k rbedgb` k trbsgflefltb` ef gbeb qudäl, `b pfrsklb cuhbl b, quf fs supfrdkr b `k gkhúl ef` aälfrk cuhblk. F` 'sfr' lk sf rfeugf b` 'tflfr'. F` sfr fs `b pfrsklb9 bquf``k quf ästb tdflf k ef `k quf edspklf fs su b`hb y su gufrpk. F` oodl dl ef `b pfrsk lb lk fs, fs, pk r tbltk, ld f` frf frf-gdhdfltk gdhdfl tk fl cuh bl deb e ef s u b`hb ld `b hfrb hfjkrb kraâ kraâldgb ldgb ef su gufrpk, sdlk f` grfgdhdfltk pfrs klb klb`` dlbgbmbm` dlbgbmbm`f, f, bmdfrtk b E Edks, dks, ek le leff flg flgufl ufltrb trb fltfrbhfl tf su sfltdek rbedg rbedgb`. b`. Wf behdtfl bquè, pkr tbltk, y b` hflks, trfs edhflsdklfs edstdltbs fl f` sfr cuhblk: `b gkrp÷r gkrp÷rfb, fb, b ``bb quf vbhks b eflkh dlbr 'lbturb`fzb' cuhblb9 u lb

 

dltfrhf edb quf fs dlhbtfrdb`, dltfrhfedb dlhbtfrdb`, b `b quf ``bhbrfhks fsflgdb' fsflgdb' cuh blb gklstdtuègklstdtuèeb lbtdvbhfltf pkr eks pktflgdbs pktflgdbs -dltf` -dltf`daflgdb daflgdb y vk`ul tbe- y ul b rbèz bgtd bgtdvb vb -f -f`` b`hb -9 y `b `b edhflsd÷l su pfrdkr bgtdvb b `b quf efsdalbrfhks gkhk 'bgtk ef sfr pfrsklb`'. @bs trfs skl susgfptdm`fs ef grfgdhdfltk y ef edshdlugd÷l, s÷`k quf fstf grfgdhdfltk grfgdhdfltk fl f` gufrpk guf rpk fs `dhdtbek, f l `b fsflgdb fs pktflgdb`hfl pktflg db`hfltf tf drrfstrdgtk, drrfstrdgt k, y fl f` bgtk ef sfr fs bgtdvbh fltf drrfstrdgtk. drrfstrdgtk. @k quf prfgfef dhp`dgb edstdlau dr -sdaudf lek f` `flaubj `flaubjff mèm`d mèm`dgkgk- 'b`h b' y 'fspè pèrdtu rdtu ' (gor. or. Ebl Eb l 7,3?9 @f 2,519 2 Ufs Ufs 6, =7 =79 Cfm 5,2=), 5,2 =), k -e f bgufr bg ufrek ek b `b tfrhdlk`kaèb h kef rlb-, rlb -, fltrf 'yk 'yk ' y 'pfr 'pfr sklb '. Wbmfhks g÷hk fs fs lufstrk yk pkrquf skhks lksktrks `ks quf `k vbhks okrhblek (hbeurblek, pfrsklb`dzblek), pfrk gklkgfhks fsgbsbhfltf qudäl skhks gkhk pfrsklb, pkrquf ästb lk fs ul dlvfltk lufstrk, sdlk edvdlk (grfbek (grfbek pkr Edks E dks gkhk b`audfl úldgk f drrfp drrfpfftdmdf). ^ufs mdfl, `b of`dgdebe pfrsklb` gklfgtb gkl fstf ú`tdhk sbmfr hâs quf gkl `ks prfgfefltfs. ^kr tbltk, vbhks b dltfltbr fxpklfr fl `bs pâadlbs quf sdaufl gdfrtbs g`bvfs quf, sdl efsgudebr f` gklkgddrddfltk ef `bs edhflsdklfs cuh blbs blb s dlofrdkrf dlofrdkrfs, s, lks pfrh dtbl b`gblzbr b`gblzb r `bs supfrdk supfrdkrfs. rfs. B` fstuedk fstuedk ef `k `k gkhúl cu h blk -kraâldgk f dlhbtfrdb`- sf ``bhb ``bhb "bltrkpk`kadb od`ks÷odgb". ^frk gbeb pfrsklb fs supfrdkr f drrfeugtdm`f b `k gkhúl ef tkeks `ks sfrfs sfrfs cuhbl ks. Befh âs, gkhk lk fxdstfl eks pfrsklbs daub`fs, daub`fs, lk gbmf gklstdtudr ulb edsgdp`dlb aflfrb` b `b quf sf pufeb eflkhdlbr 'pfrsklk`kaèb'. ^frk sè sf pufefl efsgumrdr fl `b dltdhdebe ef tkebs `bs pfrsklbs -grfbebs f dlgrfbebs- ulbs pfrofggdklfs uldebs dlsfpbrbm`fhfltf b` sfr pfrsklb`. B tb`fs pfrofggdklfs sf `fs eflkhdlb bquè trbsgflefltb`fs pfrsklb`fs: gk   fxdstflgdb, `dmfrtbe, gklkgfr pfrsklb` y bhbr pfrsklb`. Wd tb`fs trbsgflefltb`fs sf efsgumrfl fl `b dltdhdebe pfrsklb` cuhblb y sf `karbl fxpklfr, b fsb bltrkpk`kaèb ef b`tk b`gblgf sf `b pkerèb ``bhbr ef edvfrsbs hblfrbs: 'pfrskl b`', pkrqu f fstâ gfltrbeb fl `k `k hâ hâss rf`fvbltf ef` ckhmrf, `b pfrsklb9 pfrsklb9 'trbsgfl efl tb`', pkrqu f `b pfrsklb trbsgdflef `k gkhúl ef `k `kss ckhmrfss y trbsgdflef cbgdb Edks9 ckhmrf Edks9 'rbedgb`' pkrq uf vfrsb skmrf skmrf `b rbèz k `k hâs bgtdvk bgtd vk ef` sfr cuhb lk9 'fspdrdtu b`', pkrq uf fspèrdtu f spèrdtu y pfrskl b skl sdl÷ldhks9 sdl÷ldhks9 'ef` gkrbz÷l' pkrquf fstuedb `k hâs èltdhk9 'ef` bgtk ef sfr cuhblk', sd sf beh dtf `b edstdlgd÷l rfb` tkhdstb tkhdstb fl f l bltrkpk`kaèb. bltrkpk`kaèb. ^frk gkhk `bs prfgfefltfs eflkhdlbgdklfs skl dlusub`fs, pkefhks sfaudr ``bhblek b lufstrk fstuedk bltrkpk`kaèb od`ks÷odgb, sdl k`vdebr quf tdflf ul flokquf pfgu`dbr: fstuedb y trbtb ef fxp`dgbr `k cuhblk fl krefl b efsvf`br prkarfsdvbhfltf f` sfr lkvfeksk f drrfpftdm` drrfpftdm`ff quf fs gbeb pfrsklb, `b gub` fstâ gklstdtutdvbhfltf bmdfrtb b` sfr edvdlk. edvdlk.

 

@b dlspdrbgd÷l dlspdrbgd÷l y `bs defbs prdlgdpb`fs bq uè fxp ufstbs lbgfl ef `ks efsbrrk``ks

bltrkpk`÷adgks quf efsgumrd÷ @fklbrek ^k`k. Wf trbtb ef ulb bltrkpk`kaèb guyb dlvfstdabgd÷l lb turb ` ef `b pfrskl b sf bmrf b ul edâ`kak gklstrugtdvk gklstrugtdvk gkl `b of y `b tfk`kaèb. Gkl fstf kmjftdvk, fl f` tfxtk ef` hblub` quf prfsfltbhks cfhks qu frdek efjbr ggklstb klstblgdb lgdb -cbmdtub`hf ltf fl `ftrb pfqu fòb - ef fsf ed edââ`kak gkl `b of y `b bpfr turb b Ed Edks ks ef luf strb vdsd÷l ef `b pfrsklb cuhbl b. @ks butkrfs. ^ bh bhp`klb p`klb,, bakstk e f = =>2 >23 3

 

DF`o`o `ot

_ D E B , HVF]UF HVF] UF,, DLH K ]UB -

2

_ D E B , HVF]UF HVF] UF,, DLH K ]UB .

V ^ B E T F UF U F ] LD L DE B E

Vl b bltrkp k`ka èb lk rfe ug tdvb tdvb ld h btfrdb`d btfrdb`dstb stb fstâ fstâ bmdfrtb b `b `b pfrspfgpfrspfgt dv dv b e f ` b dl dl h kr t b `d `deb e ef` c kh mr f, qu f d fjks fjks ef s fr u l b gu fs t d÷l d÷l ef of s k m r fl b t u r b ` fs u l b v fr eb e b `b `b qu f s f `` ``fa b ef h ke k l b t u rb rb `. `. Befh â s , sd `b v deb deb c u h b l b gu fl t b gkl eks ob ob s fs y `b b gt ú b : fs mr fv f gk h pb r b e b gkl `b ktrb, ktrb, gb m f p flsb r q uf `b ef bckrb fstbrâ fstbrâ fl oul gd÷l e f `b `b ef h âs b``â b``â y, y, pkr tb tb l t k, s ÷`k ÷`k fl kr efl b ``b b s fa u l eb s f fl t fl e fr â md fl `b pr dh dh fr b . L k kms t b l t f, `b `b pu fr t b ef fl t rrb b eb fl `b v deb deb e fodl fodl d t dv dv b pb s b dl dl fx kr b m` fh fl t f pkr `b `b h u fr t f tfr tfr r fl b . ^ kr fs k c b y qu f eb r b z÷l ef ` b v deb deb pr fs fl t f y ef `b h uf rtf fl k refl b su su od odl.

WVHB]DK 2. LKGD× LKGD×L L E EF F _DE B K B@H B@HB B * =. @ @BW BW EVB@DEBEFW EF @B _DE _DEB B CVH BL BLB B ± 7. @B CDWUK]DG CDWUK]DGDEBE DEBE CV CVHB HBLB LB T @ @BW BW FU FUB^ B^BW BW EF @B _DE _DEB B ± 5. F F@ @ WFLUDEK EF  @B _DEB _D EB 6 . @K @KW W HB@FW EF @B _DE B CVH BL BLB B ? . @B HVF]U HVF]UF F * 1. @ @B B DL-  HK]UB@DEBE HK]U B@DEBE ± 3. @B FUF]LDEBE.

 

2. Lkgd÷l Lkgd÷l ef vdeb k b`hb

Lufstrb äpkgb (y lk s÷`k fl f` âhmdtk ef `b od`kskoèb) b`mfrab ulb bgtdtue ef rfgf`k rfgf `k rfspfgtk ef `b lkgd÷l ef b`hb. B hu gcks `b dlg`usd÷l dlg`usd÷l ef fstf tärh tärh dlk fl u l `dmrk k fl ul b gklvfrsbgd÷l `f pbrfgf `b ddljfrf ljfrflgdb lgdb ef ul f`fhfltk fxtrbòk fl f` h ul ek ef `ks gklgfpt gklgfptks ks rbgdklb` rbgdklb`fs. fs. ^kr fsk fs pfrtdlf ltf b tfle fr prdhfrk b u lb bg`brbgd÷l ttfrhdlk`÷ frhdlk`÷adgb. adgb. •

B`hb fs sdl÷ldh k ef vd vdeb. eb. E Eff hk ek quf pbrb `ks `ks quf eue bl bgfr bgfrgb gb ef sd f` b`hb fxdstf k lk, `fs mbstb lktbr quf fstâl vdvks. F` b`hb fs `b rbèz ef quf ks edstdltks f`fhfltks -÷rablks, tfjdeks, gä`u`bs, obgu`tbefs- fstäl vdvks, vdv ks, fl ooulgdklbhdflt ulgdklbhdfltk k gkkredlbek y pu feb l bgtubr gbeb ul k sfaúl su h kek ef sf sfr. r. ^kr fsk sf sf edgf g` g`âsdg âsdgbhfltf bhfltf quf f` b`hb fs f` p rdlg dpdk v dtb` ef `ks sfrfs vdvks. @b vdeb ef gbeb sfr vdvk fs `k quf bgtdvb k vdvdodgb k "bl dh b" tkebs `bs kpfrbgdklfs (vfr (vfr,, kèr kèr,, dhbadlbr, ft ftg. g.). ). Lk fs, pkr tbltk, gub`qudfrb ef edgcbs kpfrbgdklfs ld `b suhb ef f``bs, sdlk su oufltf. Wd tb`fs kpfrbgdklfs sf rfb`dzbl s÷`k b trbväs ef ÷rablks, f` b`hb fs `k quf gklstdtuyf gklstdt uyf b u l krabldshk. Bsè, Bsè, pbrb `ks pflsbe krfs ardfaks y hfe dfvb`fs f` b`hb frb f` prdh fr prdl gdp dk ef` gu frpk vdvk9 f` krdafl ef `b vdeb ef `ks sfrfs vdvks. F` b`hb fs ulb rfb`debe dltfrlb quf vdvdodgb b` gufrpk. F` gufrpk fstâ vdvk pkr f` b`hb. b`h b. @b vdeb lk fs lbeb hbtfrdb`, pufs lk fs ulb prkpdfebe prkpdf ebe ef` gufrpk. Vl gufrgufrpk lk fstâ vdvk pkr f` cfgck ef sfr gufrpk, pufstk quf gbmfl gufrpks hufrtks. Wdl fhmbrak, b` hkrdr, gublek `b vdeb `k bmbleklb, f` gufrpk efjb ef sfr kraâldgbhfltf gufrpk y sf trblsokrhb râpdebhfltf râpdeb hfltf fl hbtfrdb dlfrtf. dlfrtf.

@b vdeb -b `h b- lk sf rfeugf ld b ul b pb rtf ef` gufrpk ld b `b tktb`debe brh÷ldgb ef sus gä`u`bs, ld b `bs bgtdvdebefs ef` vdvk. F` b`hb cuh blb (tbhmdäl `b bldhb`) bldhb`) fs dlgkalksgdm`f dlgkalksgdm`f pkr hfedk ef e f gub`qudfr tägldgbb dlstruhfltb`, gkhk tbhpkgk `b b`gblzb gub`qudfr ldg gub`qudfr flokquf cuhbl k quf usf gkhk hätkek, pkr fjfhp`k, `b kmsfrvbgd÷l (psdgk`kaèb (psdgk`kaèb,, skgdk`kaèb, skgdk`kaèb, ftg.), ftg.), hätkeks fl `ks quf ld f` dlvfstdabekr y f` dlvfstdabek gkdlgdefl, ld gkhpbrfgfl gkhp`ftbhfltf. ^kr tbltk, rfsu`tb pfrtdlfltf prfaultbr od`ks÷odgbhfltf quä sfb `b vdeb cuhblb.

•

»Ruä fs `b vdeb;

Vlb efodldgd÷l od`ks÷odgb `b flgkltrbhks fl Brdst÷tf`fs quf fsgrdmd÷ quf `b vdeb fs ul h kvdh dfltk dltfrl k, ul dtbrdk y rfa u`bek. Fxp`dg Fxp`dgdt dtfhks fhks `bs pbrtfs ef fstb tfsds. 2. H kvdh dfltk dltf rlk fs ef efgd gdr, r, efse f efltrk. @ @bb vde b lb turb ` fs butk-hkvdhdfltk dltrèlsfgk.

 

@b vdeb fs ul hkvdhdfltk huy fspfgdb`, lk gkhk f` ef `bs efhâs rfb`debefs dlfrtfs quf sf hufvfl (pkr fjfhp`k, f` hkvdhdfltk ef èfs f`fgtrklfs, f` ef ulb hâqudlb, f` ef u l p`blftb, ulb ab`bxdb, ab`bxdb, ftg. ftg.), ), sdlk justk `b edofrflgdb edofrflgdb pu rb rfspfgtk rfspfgtk

ef fsks hkvdhdfltks, b sbmfr, fl pb`bmrbs g`âsdgbs, ul bgtk. @k prkpdk ef `ks hkvdhdfltks ef `ks sfrfs dlfrtfs fs quf skl fxtrèlsfgks b f``ks, lk lbgdeks efsef sè. Fl gbhmdk, `k prkpdk ef` hkvdhdfltk vdtb` fs quf fs dltrèlsfgk (pkr fjfhp`k, f` hkvdhdfltk ef` butkh÷vd` lk lbgf ef ä` sdlk ef` gkhmustdm`f, quf fs fxtrèlsfgk b `bs pdfzbs quf gklokrhbl `b hfgâldgb ef` vfcègu`k9 fl gbhmdk, f` hkvdhdfltk vdtb` ef ul b bhfmb fs suyk) suyk)..

Wd 2> gbrbgtfrèstdgk ef `b vdeb fs quf lbgf efltrk, f` odl ef `b vdeb lk pufef fstbr oufrb ef f` f``b `b,, sdlk quf efmf sfr tbhmdäl dltfrdkr. Bsè, f` odl ef` hkvdhdfltk Bsè, hkvdhdflt k ef ul gkcftf lk fs ä` hdshk gkcftf, sdlk, pkr fjfhp`k, fjfhp`k, ``fabr b `b `ulb9 fl gbhmdk, f` odl ef `ks hkvdhdfltks ef ul gbrbgk` fs f` prkpdk gbrbgk`.

Ruf f` odl ef` hkvfrsf hkvfrs f ef `ks sfrfs sfrfs vdvdfltfs fstä fl f``ks dledgb quf su odl fs fs vdvdr9 hâs búl, b`gblzbr hâs vdeb. _dvd _dvdrr fs hâs quf lk tflfr vdeb9 fs ul b pfrofggd÷ ofg gd÷l, l, y gkhk fxdstfl arbeks ef vdeb, fxdstfl fx dstfl edstdltks arbek arbekss ef pfrofggd÷ pfrofggd÷l. l. ^kr fstk, f` odl odl,, f` blcf`k, ef e f `b vdeb vd eb l k p uf ef sfr s÷`k vdvdr vdvdr,, sdlk vdvdr vdv dr hfjkr hfjkr,, sfr hâs vdeb, `karbr ulb v deb h âs pfrofgtb pfrofgtb.. @b vdeb, pkr tbltk, fstâ prkyfgtbeb cbgdbb f` outurk, y fl k refl b ä` musgb f` grfgdhdfltk. cbgd grfgdhdfltk. =. @b vdeb fs ul hk vdh dfltk uldtb rdk. @b ul deb e ef ` sfr vdvk dledgb quf fxds fxds-tf ul úldgk p rdlg dpdk uldodgb ekr quf fs prfgdsbhfltf prfgdsbhfltf `b vdeb ef` vdvk. vdvk. @b ulè ulè-ebe ef `bs pbrtfs fs rfofrdeb b` prdlgdpdk vdtb`. @b vdeb fs butk-hkvdhdfltk uldtbrdk. Wdl uldebe lk cby vdeb, y `ks arbeks ef vdeb skl tbltk hâs b`tks gubltk hâs dltfarbeks fstâl. fstâl. @b vdeb ef ul bldhb` dltfarb hugck hâs sus ÷rablks quf `b ef ul vfaftb` sus oulgdklfs vfaftbtdvbs (cby vfaftb`fs ef `ks quf pkefhks fsgdledr ul fsqufjf y p`bltbr`k pkr sfpbrbek eblek `uabr b ulb p`bltb edstdltb9 fstb kpfrbgd÷l fs dhpksdm`f fl f l `ks bldhb`fs). bldhb`fs).

7. @b vdeb fs ul hkvdhdfltk rfau`bek. @b uldebe dhp`dgb krefl dltfrlk, gkh pbtdmd`debe ef tkebs `bs pbrtfs fl trf sè. sè. W÷` W÷`k k sf krefl b `k quf fs rfb`hflrfb`hfltf edstdltk. Fsf krefl sf eb, pufs, pkr ulb jfrbrquèb k sumkredlbgd÷l ef `bs pbrtfs dlofrdkrfs dlofrdkrfs b `bs `bs supfrdkrfs ef `bs quf efp flef l, y ef tk ebs rfspfgtk ef ul hdshk prdlgdpdk qu f fs f` b`hb k vdeb, quf uldodgb y rfau`b tkek. ]fau`br ]fau`br fs kreflbr bquf``k quf sf vdvdodgb. @b rfau`brdebe dltfrlb ef` vdvk hufstrb bsdhdshk `b dlhb tfrdb`de be. @bs @bs edvfrsbs pbrtfs vdvdodgbebs vdvdodgbebs puf ef l sfr sflsd sflsd-m`fs u kraâldgbs, pfrk f` prdlgdpdk prdlgdp dk vdvdodgbekr fs h âs quf qu f kraâldgk, dlhbtfrdb`, bul quf fl `ks `ks vfaftb`fs vfaftb`fs y bldhb`fs lk sf puf eb ebr b` hbraf l ef `ks gkhpklfltfss mdkoèsd lfltf mdkoèsdgks. gks. B hâs vdeb, hâs krefl.

 

@ks edvfrsks sd @ks sdstfhbs stfhbs ef ul bldhb` supfrdkr fstâl hugck hâs kreflbeks kr eflbeks quf `ks ef `ks bldhb`fs dlofrdkrfs, y `bs oulgdklfs ef ästks hugck hâs quf `bs ef `ks vfaftb`fs aft b`fs.. Fl f` gufrpk cuhblk cuhb lk f` krefl fs fsp`äledek, pfrk gkhk ``bb vdeb cu cuhbl hbl b

lk sf rfeugf b su vdeb gkrp÷r gkrp÷rfb, fb, beh behdtf dtf kreflfs edvfrsks b` hfrbhfltf mdk` mdk`÷ad ÷adgk gk k sflsdtdvk.

@ks arbeks ef v deb sf edstdlaufl sfaúl `ks arbeks ef dlhblflgdb, @ks dlhblflgdb, ul debe y rfau `brdebe u krefl. Ef hflks b hâ s ästks sk skl: l: ``bb vdeb v faf tbtdvb (oulgdklfs vètb`ff e f lutrdgd÷l, grfgdhdf vètb` grfgdhdfltk, ltk, rfprkeuggd rfprkeuggd÷l), ÷l), `b sfl sdtdvb (bldhb` gkl gk gklklkgdhdfltk y bpftdgd÷l sflsdm`f) y `b dltf`fgtdvb (vdeb cuhblb gkl dltf`daflgdb y v k`ultbe) k`ultbe)..

=. @bs eub`debefs ef `b vdeb cuhblb cuhb lb

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_deb lbturb ` y vdeb pfrsklb`.

@b vdeb lbturb` cuhblb gklsdstf fl quf f` b`hb vdvdodgb b` gufrpk, tbrfb quf tfrhdlb gkl `b hufrtf (f` (f` gufrpk efjb ef fstbr bldhbek). @b vdeb lb turb` ef` sfr cuh blk rfúlf fl sè `b vdeb vfaftbtd vfaftbtdvb vb ef l ufstrbs gä gä-`u`bs y `b `b vdeb sflsdtdvb ef luf strks ÷rablks. Befhâs cby ulb vdeb pfrsk lb` cuh blb -sf pufe f `` ``bhbr bhbr ttbhmdäl bhmdäl vdeb fspdrdtub `-, p kr `b quf gbeb pfrsklb tdflf k edspklf ef tke bs bquf``bs bquf``bs oulg oulgdklf dklfss y obgu`tbefs ef `b vde b lbturb`. Fstb vdeb pfrsk lb` lk vdvdod vdvdodgb gb edrfgtbhfltf b` gufrpk y b ``bs bs edvfrsb s pktflgd pktflgdbs. bs. @b vdeb pfrsklb` ef gbeb qudäl bgtdvb `b vdeb ef lufstrk yk k pfrsklb`debe y, ästf bgtdvb `b ef lufstrbs pktflgdbs supfrdkrfs dlhbtfrdb`fs -dltf`daflgdb y vk `ul tbe -, vde b b `b quf suf`f ``bhbrsf dltf` dltf`fgtub`, fgtub`, vk`ul tbrdb, psdg psdgk`÷ k`÷adg adgb, b, ftg. ftg.,, y quf, bul quf v dlgu`beb b `b vdeb lbturb`, lk ef pfle f s÷`k ef f`` f``bb pbrb su grfgdhd grfgdhdfltk. fltk. •

_deb rfgdmdeb y vdeb bòbedeb.

B `b vdeb lbturb ` sf `b `b pu fef ``bhbr vdeb rfgdmdeb, puf s `b mdk`kaèb mdk`kaèb quf gk gkllokrhb lufstrb gkrpkrfdebe `b cfhks cfrfebe k ef lufstrks pberfs9 fs lufstrb ektbgd÷l aflä aflätd tdgb. gb. Fl ggbhmd bhmdk, k, b `b vdeb quf gbeb pfrskl b cu h blb bòbef skmr skmrff `b vdeb lbturb` rfgdmdeb, y tbhmdäl skmrf `bs pktflgdbs fspdrdtub`fs, `b pkefhks eflkhdlbr vdeb bòbedeb. @b prdh frb, `b vdeb rf rfgdmdeb, gdmdeb, fs f` f` gkhpu fstk skhâtdgk, gf gf`u` `u`br, br, quf rfgdmdhks ef lu fstrk fstrkss prka prkafldtkrf fldtkrfss pk r aflfrbgd÷l. Fl fof fofgtk, gtk, ef f``ks rfgdmdhks f` gufrpk, lk `b pfrskl b qu f gbeb u lk fs, fs, pufs f``ks lk skl ld dlvfltkr dlvfltkrfs, fs, ld sdqudfrb

 

gklkgfekrfs ef quä p frsklb skhks. skhks. Hâs mdfl su gkhftdek fs bgfptbr quf sf sfbbhks `b pfrsklb quf qu f skhks y fstbhks ``bhbeks b sf sfr. @b @b pfrskl b cuh bl blbb lk fs tbhpkgk u lb butkgrfbgd÷l ef sè hdsh b ld ef `b gu`turb k cd cdstkrd stkrdb. b. Vlb pfrsklb cuhblb fs ul ekl pfrsklb` ktkrabek pkr f` sfr pfrsklb` gbpbz ef

fsb eklbtdk fssfled  (eklbgd÷l ef` sfr) Ktkrabr tb` ekl fs fxg`usdvk ef Edks. @b sfauleb, sfaule b, `b vdeb bòbedeb, fl gbhmdk, gbhmdk, fs f` pbrtdek pbrtde k quf q uf lksktrks, gbeb qudäl, sbgbsbgbhks ef e f lufstrbs lufstrb s obgu`tbefs, fl fspfgdb` fspfgdb` ef `bs pktflgdbs supfrdkrfs. supfrdkrfs. Kmvdbhfltf bòbedhks edvfrsbs okrhbs ef vdeb fl lufstrbs obgu`tbefs gkl skpkrtf kraâldgk (sfltdeks, (sfl tdeks, bpftdtks, bpftdtks, ftg ftg.) .),, pfrk eklef ek lef hâs sf gbptb `b `b bòbede bòb edeurb urb pfrsklb` p frsklb` -pkrqu -pk rquff fstâ bmdfrtb b `b bgfptbgd÷l dlbgbmbm`f ef grfgdhdfltk- fs fl edgcbs obgu`tbefs dlhbtfrdb`fs (dltf`daflgdb y vk`ultbe). Rudfl `fs bòbef fs `b pfrsklb. ^kr fsk, befhâs ef `b vdeb rfgdmdeb y `b bòbedeb, efmf rfpbrbrsf fl `b vdeb ef` fspèrdtu, úldgb abrbltf ef bquä``bs bquä``bs..

@b g`bvf ef `b vdeb fl tkeks sus ÷reflfs fs f` grfgdhdfltk. @k fs fl `b vdeb lbturb`9 tbhmdäl fs f` odl ef `b vdeb dltf`fgtub` y vk`dtdvb, y `b vdeb pfrsklb` tbhm däl fs grfgdhdfltk. grfgdhdfltk. Fstk qufeb bmdfrtk Fstk bmdfrtk fl f` p`blk skmrflbturb` sk mrflbturb` b ulb f`fvbgd÷l, puf s Edks puf ef ebr eb r hâs vdeb pfrsklb` pf rsklb` ef `b quf dldgdb`hfltf lks cb ebek ebek.. Fl fofg fofgtk, tk, sf pufef pufe f bgfptbr sfr hâs `b pfrsklb pfrsk lb qu quff sf fstâ ``bhbeb ``bhbe b b sfr, sfr, sd fsf hâs pfrskl  pfrsklb` b` lks fs gklgfedek. gklgfedek. ^kr fsk, fsk, `b vdeb pfrsklb` tbhmdäl behdtf behd tf ulb ul b eub`debe. eub`deb e. ^ufef sfr, k mdfl vdeb f`fvbm`f, k mdfl vdeb f`fvbeb. @b prdhfrb fs `b bpfrturb lbtdvb ef tkeb pfrsklb cuhblb b su grfbekr, b qudfl efmf su sfr pfrsklb`. @b sfauleb gklsdstf fl `b bgfptbgd÷l ef` ekl edvdlk hfedbltf f` gub` ulb pfrsklb cuh blb, sdl efjbr ef sfr qudfl qud fl fs, gkfx gkfxdstf dstf ef ul lufvk lu fvk hkek hk ek hâs èltdhk, fstrf fstrf-gck y pfrsklb` gkl Edks. @b prdhfrb fstâ fl oule÷l ef `b sfauleb. Bhmbs skl prkpdbs ef `b prfsfltf sdtubgd÷l cuhblb. ^kr su pbrtf, `b vdeb f`fvbeb fstâ b fx fx-pflsbs ef gu`hdlbgd÷l efsef Edks, Edks, fs efgdr, efgdr, ef gkfxdstdr gkfxdstdr ef tb` hblfrb h blfrb gkl ä` quf  jbhâss sf puf  jbhâ p uf eb efjbr ef e f cbgfr`k.

@k rbedgb`h fltf edstdltk fltrf fltrf `ks ckhmrfs fs úldgbhfltf `b pfrskl b, f` gb gbeb eb qudäl, `b rbèz ef tkebs `bs pfrofggdklfs pfrofggdklfs cuhb cuhblbs lbs,, ef tkeks tke ks `ks gb gbhmdks hmdks y hbtdgf td gfs. s. Lk cby eks pfrsk pfrsklbs lbs daub`fs fl gubltk gubl tk b `k lug`fbr ef f`` f``bs bs.. Wd pue därbhks rfspklefr pkr `b prfaultb bgfrgb ef` qudäl fs tb` k guâ` pfrsklb, lk gbmrèbl eks rfsp ufstbs daub`fs. daub`fs. ^kr fsk, fsk, bul qu quff quf pbl efod efodldgdk ldgdklfs lfs ef ckhmrf, lk gbmf gbmf ldlau lb rdaurksb efodldgd÷l ef pfrsklb , pufs rfqufrdr rfqufrdrèbhks èbhks ulb p brb gbeb qudäl. qudäl. @k quf pr prfgfef fgfef dledgb quf sfr cuh bl k y p frsk lb lk skl sd sdl÷ld l÷ld-hks, lk s÷`k pkrq uf `k pfrsklb pfrsklb`` fl lksktrks sfb drrfeugtdm`f b `k cuh blk blk,, sdlk tbhmdäl pkrquf p ufe fl fxdstd fxdstdrr pfrsklbs quf lk sfbl cuhblbs. Gkl tkek, hâs bef`bltf sf fxpklerâl `bs pfrofggdklfs quf gbrbgtfrdzbl b tkeb pfrsklb: `b gkfxdstflgdb `dmrf, f` gklkgfr y f` bhbr pfrsklb`fs. ^frk sd mdfl fstbs

 

2?

pfrofggdklfs 'efsgrdmfl' b `bs pfrsklbs, lk `bs 'efodlfl'. Befhâs, fsks rbsaks skl lftbhfltf edstdltks fl gbeb qudäl. Befhâs, fstb rbedgb`debe pfrsklb` edstdltb fs f` krdafl ef hugcbs edstdlgdklfs fl `k gkhúl b `ks sfrfs cuhblks. Fs, pkr fjfhp`k, fjfh p`k, `b g`bvf g`bvf pkr pk r `b gub` ulks ul ks efsbrrk``bl hâs h âs quf qu f ktrks `b dltf`daflgd dltf`daflgdb, b, k `bs vdrtuef vdrt uefss k vdgdks, vdgdks, k `b dhbadlbgd÷l, k gub`qudfr gub`qud fr ktrb obgu`tbe, obgu`tbe , k tb tb`` k gub` gub`debe gub`de be

gkrp÷rfb, gkrp÷rf b, ftg. ftg.,, quf gklstdtuyf `k quf cfhks ``bhbek 'v deb bòbedeb bòbe deb   .

@k lkvfeksk ef gbeb q udäl fs `k rbedgb`, y fsk ``flb ef hbtdgfs gkl f` trblstrblsgursk ef `b vdeb `bs hbldofstbgdklfs cuh blbs ef fsbs pktflgd pktflgdbs bs quf skl gk gk-hu òfs b tkeks `ks ckhmrfs. ckhmrfs. Bsè, fs prkpdk ef `ks ckhmrfs cbm`br, sd mdfl `ks tklks ef `b vkz, `bs fxprfsdklfs y hbtdgfs skl pfgu`dbrèsdhks pfgu`dbrèsdhks ef gbeb qudäl. Cby mdkarboèbs "pbrb`f`bs", "pbrb`f`bs" , pfrk, fl rdakr, rda kr, gbeb ulk fs gbeb ulk, edstdltk, drrfpftdm`f, drrfpftdm`f, rbedgb`hfltf lkvfek lkvfeksk, sk, sdl prfgfefltf ldlaulk ldlaul k gkhk pfrsklb, y sdl gklsfgufltfs. gklsfgufltfs.

Fl suhb: `k gkhúl fl `ks ckh mrfs fs `b lbtu lbturb`fzb rb`fzb y `b fsflgd fsflgdbb cuhb cuhblbs. lbs. @k edstdltk, `b pfrsklb. @b rbedgb` edstdlgd÷l fltrf pfrsklbs fs efmdeb s÷`k b `b rfb`debe pfrsklb`. Fsb edstdlgd÷l lk sf eb e b fl `ks bldhb`fs. Fl fofgtk, fofgtk, ästks ästks lk skl s kl rbedgb`hf rbedg b`hfltf ltf edstdltks fltrf sè, sè, pkrquf ldlaulk l dlaulk bòbef bòbe f ulb lktb rbedgb` quf sb`tf pkr flgdhb ef `bs lktbs quf q uf gbrbgtfrdzbl gbrbgtfrdzb l b su fspfgdf. fspfgdf. ^kr fsk tkek bldhb` fstâ sumkre sum kredlbe dlbek k k fxdstf fxdstf fl oulgd÷l ef e f su fspfgdf. fspfgdf.

@k pfgu`dbr ef gbeb ulk lk fs prkpdk ef `b cuhbldebe, sdlk suyk pfrsklb` y, befhâs edstdltk fl gbeb qudäl, supfrdkr b `k gkhúl cuhblk. ^kr f``k, f` sfr  cuhblk lk fstâ fl oulgd÷l ef `b fspfgdf cuhblb, pkrquf ästb fs dlofrdkr b gbeb pfrsklb. @b vfre be fs justk ``bb dlvfrs dlvfrsb: b: `k prkpdk ef `b cuh bl debe fst fstââ fl oulgd÷l ef gbeb pfrskl b cuhblb. Fl fof fofgt gtk, k, gbeb pfrsklb c uh blb fl vfz ef sumkredlbrsf sumk redlbrsf b ``k k gkh úl k aflärdgk aflärdgk ef `ks ckhmrfs, sumk redlb b ssèè hdsh b `k prkpdk ef `b lbturb`fzb k fsf fsflgd lgdbb cuhblbs.

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Bgtk ef sfr y fsflgdb fsflg db cuhblb.

Btflebh ks bckrb b ulb l ufvb eub `debe fl `k cuhbl k. Wf trbtb ef ``bb quf hfedb fltrf f` bgtk ef sfr y `b fsflgdb cuh blb blb.. F` prdhfrk fqudvb`f b ``bb pfrsklb   quf sf fs. Fl gbhmdk, `b fsflgdb cuhblb, quf lk fs `b lbturb`fzb gkrp÷rfb cuhblb -bulquf fs `b rbèz bgtdvb ef `ks efsbrrk``ks ef ästb-, fs dlofrdkr b `b pfrsklb. Gkl tärhdlks ef `b od`k od`ksko skoèb èb hkefrl hkefrlb, b, sf pufe pu feff gbrbgtfrdzbr `b fsflgd fsflgdbb cuh blb gkhk f` tärhdlk yk. F` yk fs `b `b oufltf quf q uf bgtdvb prkarfsdvbhfltf, y ef u ul l h kek u ktrk, ktrk, b `b dltf`daf dltf`daflgdb lgdb y `b vk`ultbe vk`ultbe,, y b trbväs trbväs ef ästbs hk hkeu eu`b `b ef ul hke k u ktr ktrk k `b lbturb`fzb kraâ kraâldgb ldgb cuhblb.

 

B fstb rfb`debe rfb`de be sf eflkhdlbm eflkh dlbmbb b`hb b`h b fl `b od`kskoèb od`kskoèb g`âs g`âsdgb dgb.. Fl fstf sfltdek sfltde k f` b`hb, f` yk k `b fsflgdb (tärhdlks fqudvb`fltfs) fs f` prdlgdpdk quf vdvdodgb `k dlofrdkr ef` ckhmrf, sfb `k vdvdodgbek gkrp÷rfk k dlhbtfrdb`. @b fsflgdb cuhblb fs hâs pfrofgtb pfro fgtb,, hâs bgtk, bgtk, quf `b vdeb lbturb`, lbtu rb`, pfrk h hflks flks quf `b vdeb vde b pfrsklb`.

7. @b cdstkrdgdebe cuh c uhblb blb y `bs `bs ftbpbs ftbpb s ef `b vdeb

Fl gubltk b `b vdeb lbturb lbturb`` cuh cuhblb, blb, f` ckh ckhmrf mrf lk fs ul sfr hfrbh hfrbhfltf fltf tfhpkrb`, sdlk cdst÷rdgk, bulqu bul quff pk r sfr pfrsk pfrsklb` lb` tbhpkgk sf rfeugf b `b ccdstkrd dstkrdb, b, sdlk quf `b trbsgdflef. trbsgdflef. Fl su lb lbturb turb`fzb `fzb gkrp÷ gkrp÷rfb rfb lk fs u l sfr fxg`usdvbhfltf mdk`÷adgk mdk` ÷adgk sdlk mdkar mdkarâodgk, âodgk, bul qu quff tbh tbhpkgk pkgk fs rfeugtdm`f b su mdkarbo mdkarboèb. èb. F` tdfhpk hdef `b vdeb ef `ks sfrfs dlfrtfs dlfxkrbm`fhfltf. Fl `ks sfrfs vdvks sf kmsfrvb, fl gbhmdk, ulb tfleflgdb b bprkvfgcbr f` tdfhpk b su obvkr, pkrquf `k edstdltdvk ef e f `ks sfrfs vdvks fs f` grfgdhdfltk. ^frk `ks sfrfs sfrfs vdvks vfaftb`fs y bldhb`fs s÷`k grfgfl fl `b hfedeb fl quf fsf grfgdhdfltk bofgtb b su krabldshk. Befhâs, tb` grfgfr tfrhdlb tfhpkrb`hfltf (fl ulks bltfs, fl ktrks efspuäs), y qufebb trulgbek qufe trul gbek efodldtdvbhfltf efodldtdvbhf ltf gkl `b hufrtf. Ef hkek quf, fl rdakr, rdakr, tb`fs sfrfs sfrfs lk sf pufefl pufe fl `dmfrbr ef` tdfhpk.

F` grfgdhdfltk gkrpkrb` lk fs f` úldgk hkek pksdm`f ef grfgfr. Kmvdbhfltf f` sfr sfr cuh blk gr grfg fgff gkrp÷rfbhfltf, pfrk cby grfgdhd grfgdhdfltk fltk tbhmdäl dltf dltfrlk rlk y fsk ef edstdltks ÷reflfs. W÷`k W÷`k pbrb qudf qudfll gr grfgf fgf pk r efl efltrk trk f` ttdfhp dfhpkk lk gkrrf ef mb`ef. Fs Fs g` g`brk brk quf f` ckh ckhmrf mrf lk sf `d `dhdtb hdtb b gkleu gkleugdrsf gdrsf eeff uull eftf eftfrhdl rhdlbek bek hkek, hk ek, gkhk `ks bldhb`fs, sdlk quf gkl su ddltf`daf ltf`daflgdb lgdb ssff gkh pk pkrtb rtb `dmrfh fltf b `k `brak `brak ef` tdfhpk, y gkl f` f``k `k hfj hfjkrb. krb. Fs Fsff tdfhpk ccuh uh bl blkk fs fs,, pufs, mmdkdkarâod arâ odgk. gk. »Ruä sdaldod sdaldodgbek gbek tdflf tdflf fsf gkh gkhpkrtbhdfl pkrtbhdfltk; tk; R Ruf uf `b vdeb ef `ks ckhmrfs lk fstâ eftfrhdlbeb, sdlk bmdfrtb fl `b edrfggd÷l quf `f qudfrb dhprdhdr `b `dmfrtbe `dmfrtbe ppfrskl frsklb` b` ef gbeb gbe b qudäl. Bsè sf orbaub `b cdstkrdb. @b cdstkrdb lk fs lfgfsbrdb (sfaúl ul efstdlk gdfak, f` bzbr, ulbs supufstbs `fyfs edb`ägtdgbs, edb`ägtdgbs, fftg tg.) .),, sd sdlk lk `dmr `dmrf. f. Ästb gklsdstf fl f` h kek ke k ef fst fstbr br ef ef`` ckh mrf fl f` tdfhpk, lk fl su hkek ef sfr. B` orbaubr gkl su `dmfrtbe `b cdstkrdb, f` ckhmrf ckhm rf pbsb pkr p kr edvfrsks fstbedks fstbedks fl su vdeb lbturb`. B `b `b pfrsk pfrsklb lb gkhk pfrskl p frsklbb lk `b hdef f` tdfhp tdfhpkk oè oèsd sdgk gk.. Fxdstfl edvfrsks tdpks ef tdfhpk: tdfh pk: ul k fs f` oèsd oèsdgk gk99 ktrk f` ef `bs obgu`tbef obgu`tbefss dlhb dlhbtfrdb`fs9 tfrdb`fs9 ktrk f` ef` yk yk99 ktrkk f` ef` fspè ktr fspèrdtu rdtu cuh bl k... F` tdfhpk ef` fspèrdtu fs h uy edstdlt edstdltkk b` td tdfhpk fhpk oèsd oè sdgk gk.. ^kr fsk rfspfgt rfspfgtkk ef` e f` tdfhpk oèsd oèsdgk gk cby quf efgdr ``bb pfrsk pfrsklb lb c uh bl blbb lk fs tdfhpk sdlk quf fstâ fs tâ fl ä` ä`. Ukeks Uke ks `ks `ks ckhmrfs skl pfrsklbs, pfrk `b febe feb e lk cbgf cb gf b ulks hâs h âs pfrsklbs quf b ktrks.

 

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Ftbpbs ef `b vdeb cuh blb.

B pfsbr ef `b mrfv feb e ef `b vdeb tfrrflb, sf puf pufef ef l edstdlaudr, edstdlaudr, ef kredlbrdk, b`aulbs ftbpbs. ftbpbs. Fst Fstff tdfh tdfh pk h def `b gkrp krb`deb e cuh blb, bulquf l k fs ld f` f` úldgk tdfhpk cu h blk ld f` hâs efstbgbek. Fl fofgt fofgtk, k, b pfsbr ef lk rfeugdrsf `b pfrsklb cuhb lb b` tdfhpk, su lbturb`fzb gkrp gkrp÷rfb, ÷rfb, sfaúl `b `b vb hkeu `blek

f` yk, pbsb pk r ul b sfrdf ef obsf obsfs. s. Vl gä`fmrf pflsbekr ef` s. SS, ]. Aubredld, `bs fxp`dgb fl ul `dmrk mrfvf b` quf tdtu`b prfgdsbhfltf  @  @b bs ftbp ftbpbs bs ef ef `b vd vdeb eb..  Edstdlauf `ks edvfrsks pfrdkeks pkr `ks quf btrbvdfsb `b vdeb usub` cuhblb cuh blb (b` (b` hbrafl ef `bs vbrdbltfs vbrdbltfs prkpdbs ef gbeb pfrsklb), ksgd`blek fsbs obsfs fltrf äpkgbs ef fsp`flekr y ktrbs ef grdsds. Wd tkhbhks gkhk rfofr rfofrflgdb flgdb `b `b hfedb ef `b eurbgd÷l ef `b vdeb ef `ks ckhmrfs fl `b bgtub`debe, pkefhks efgdr efgdr quf: - F` prdhfr pfrdkek `k gklstdtuyf gklstdtuyf f` ef `b `b vdeb fl f` sflk h btfrlk (kredlbrdbhfl(kredlbrdbhfltf >-4 hfsfs) b` quf sdauf `b grdsds ef` lbgdhdfltk (trbs `ks 4 hfsfs). - F` =k pfrdkek fs `b vdeb ef dloblgdb (usub`hfltf ef 2-2= bòks), b` quf sdauf `b bek`fsgflgdb bek`fsg flgdb (b`rfefekr ef `ks 27-2 27-26 6 bòks). bòks). - F` 7kfs `b juvfl juv fl tu tue e (hâs k hflks fltrf 2?-= -=6 6 bòks), b` quf sdauf `b grdsds ef `b fxpfrdflgdb (=?-7> bòks). - F` 5k, ``bb hbykrèb hb ykrèb ef feb f ebe e (72(72-74 74 bòks), b` quf gkltdlúb gkltdlú b `b fxpfrdfl fxp frdflgdb gdb ef `ks `èhdtfs (5> bòks). - F` 6kfs f` tdfhpk ef e f `b hbeu h beurfz rfz,, fl f` quf sf bprfle bpr fle f ef `ks `èhdtfs `èhdtfs (52-6 (52-6> > bòks), bòks), quf vb sdflek sfaudek pkr `b prkarfsdvb efjbgd÷l (62-?> bòks). - F` ?k fs `b äpkgb ef` sbmfr (?2-1> bòks), quf vb sfaudek ef `b blgdbldebe (b pbrtdr pbr tdr ef `ks 1> bòks). bòks). - F` 1k 1k y ú`tdhk fs `b fspfr fs pfrbb s fld` fl d` (fltrf `ks `ks 1>-3 1>-3>) >) b` quf qu f sdauf `b hufrt h ufrtff (b`rfef(b`rfefekr ef `ks 3>).

@ks pfrdkeks ef grdsds fl `b vdeb fstâl pb rb supfrbr`ks, k sfb pbrb dr b hâs9 hâs9 fl efodldtdvb, efodldtdvb, pbrb pbr b grfgfr, quf -y b sf cb dledg be k- fs `b g`bvf g`bvf ef `b vdeb. ^frk gkhk f` grfgdhdfltk grfgdhdfltk gkrp÷rfk fs hu y `dhdtbek, ästf tdflf quf sfr gkltdlub g kltdlubek ek pk r grfgdhdfltks gbeb vf vfzz hâ hâss dltrèlsfgks k dltfrdkrfs. Fl fofgtk, fofgtk, b` grfgdhdflgrfgdhdfltk kraâldgk sdauf f` ef `b dltf`daflgdb sfaúl câmdtks bequdrdeks9 efspuäs, f` grfgdhdfltk ef `b vk`ultbe sfaúl vdrtuefs gklqudstbebs9 b ästf, f` ef `b pfrsklb`de be h be urb y fstbm`f9 fstbm`f9 pk r ú`tdhk, sf gr grfgf fgf dltfrdkrhfltf, fs efgdr efgdr,, fl f` hk ek ef gkfxdstdr gkfxdstdr b`far b`farf, f, `dmrf `dmrf,, fspfrb fspfrblzbe lzbe k, pfrsk lb`h fltf gklodbek y bhkrksk gkl Edks Edks y ktrbs pfrsklbs. @ks grfgdhdfltks skl hâs `dmrfs gubltk hâs f`fvbeks skl, k sfb quf lk skl butkhâtdgks k lfgfsbrdks. Ef hkek quf grfgf fl f``ks f` quf `dmrfhfltf sf gkhprkhftf.

 

5. F` sfltdek ef `b vdeb

Wf pu fef efgdr quf f` sfltdek ef `b vdeb lbtu rb` rfgdmdeb rfgdmdeb ``k k vbhks efsgum rdflek prkarfsdvbhfltf, pkrquf fsb rfb`debe fstâ fl lufstrbs hblks, b lufstrb edspksdgd÷l.

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Bsè, efsgumrdhks f` sfltdek ef lufstrk gufrpk, f` ef `bs oulgdklfs y obgu`tbefs gkrp÷rfbs, ftg., bulquf tbhmdäl fs vfrebe quf f` sfltdek gkrpkrb` gkhp`ftk lk `k b`gblzbhks b`gblzbhks lulgb y, befhâs, cby bsultks q uf bofgtbl lktbm`fhfltf b fsf tdpk tdpk ef vdeb quf pbrfgfl lk tflfr sfltdek, k pkr `k hflks, fl `ks quf fs huy edoègd` efsgumrdr`k: `b flofrhfebe, f` ek`kr, `b hufrtf.

^kr su pbrtf, pbrtf, f` sfltdek ef `b vdeb bòb ede b sf `k ebhks fltfrbhfltf lks lksktrks ktrks,, gbeb ulk, b lufstrk yk y b lufstrbs obgu`tbefs supfrdkrfs (dltf`daflgdb y vk`ultbe ), y b trbväs ef f` f``bs `bs,, bb`` rrfstk fstk ef lufstrb lufs trb lbturb`f lb turb`f zb cuhbl b. Bsè, ulk gklokrhb ul eftfrhdlbek tdpk ef yk k pfrsklb`debe9 ektb ef gdfrtks gklkgdhdfltks b su dltf`daflgdb, y ektb ef gdfrtks qufrfrfs b su vk`ultbe9 b su vfz, ektb ef gdfrtks efsbrrk``ks b sus sfltdeks, bpftdtks, b su gkhpkrtbhdfltk, b su gkrpkrfdebe.

F` sfltdek ef `b vde b p frsk lb` fs hâs edoè edoègd gd`` ef b`gblzbr quf ``ks ks prfgfef prfgfefltfs, ltfs, pkrq uf lu lufstrk fstrk sfr èltdhk ld fstâ b luf strb edspksdgd÷l (gkhk (gkhk ``k k gkrpkrb` gkrpkrb`), ), ld su sfltdek sf `k ktkrabhks lksktrks lks ktrks (gkhk b luf strbs obgu`tbefs su supfrdkrfs pfrdkrfs f dlofrdk dlo frdkrfs) rfs),, sdlk quf lks vdfl vdflff korfgdek gkhk prkyfgtk, `k vbhks m usgb usgblek lek sd qufrfhks y fl fsb hfedeb `k vbhks efsgumrdflek. Ub` sfltdek fs ktkrabek, bul quf bmdfrtk b sfr `k quf tke bvèb lk c b ``fabek b sfr. sfr. @b @b g`bvf ef fstf ú`tdhk sfltdek, sflt dek, quf fs f` quf hâs dh pkrtb (y ef` quf efp flef l `ks efhâs) efhâs),, fs sbmf sbmfrr sd `k b`gblzbrfhks efodldtdvbhfltf fl `b vdeb outurb, yb quf bquè lulgb `k b`gblzbhks fltfrbhfltf. Wd lk sf b`gblzbrb, lufstrb vdeb v deb sfrèb gbrfltf ef sfltdek gkhp`ftk. Bckrb mdfl, sd fsf sfltdek gkhp`ftk sf pufef `karbr, fs g`brk quf lk pbrfgf fstbr fltfrbhfltf fl lufstrbs hblks gklsfaudr`k. ^kr tbltk, »lk sfrâ sflsbtk pfedr byueb b qudfl `k pufeb ktkrabr;, »y fsf qudäl lk sfrâ bgbsk Edks; Wfaúl fstk, sd qufrfhks sbmfr lufstrb vfrebe gkhp`ftb, bgfptbrfhks `dmrf y efodldtdvbhfltf quf Edks lks d`uhdlf ef hkek gk`hbek. Fvdefltfhfltf, lbedf fstâ km`dabek lfgfsbrdbhfltf b pfedr pfe dr tb` byueb, pufstk p ufstk quf fstf fs fs ul bsultk `dmrf9 `dmrf9 hâs búl, fs fsb úldgb rfb`debe rfspfgtk ef `b `b gub` pkefhks pkef hks fh p`fbr fltfrbhfltf fltfrbhfl tf lufstrb `dmfrtbe.

Fs fvdefltf quf f` td tdfhpk fhpk bof bofgt gtbb b `b gkrpkrfdebe cuh blb, pufs efsabstb lúfstrk krabldshk, lufstrbs oufrzbs oèsdgbs y, befhâs, `b efstruyf gkl `b hufrtf. ^frk sd sf gr grfgf fgf 'pk 'p k r efltrk ef ltrk ', fs ef efgdr gdr,, fl cuh bl deb e k fl dltdhdeb dltdhdebe, e, f` ckh mrf sbgb prkvfgc prkvfgck k ef` tdfh pk e f su vdeb. v deb. Fl gbsk gkltrbrdk, gkltrbrdk, sf ``ff fsgbpb f` tdfhpk drrfvfrsd drr fvfrsdm`fhfltf m`fhfltf ggkhk khk f` baub fltrf `b `bss hblks. Grfgfr Grfgfr fl cu h bl deb e fs ef

 

sbrrk``br fl lksktrks `k sbrrk``br `k quf fs gkh úl b` aälf aälfrk rk cuhblk. cuh blk. ^frk pkr flgdhb ef `k cuhblk, quf okrhb pbrtf ef bquf``k ef quf sf edspklf, fxdstf `b pfrsklb cuhblb. »Bgbsk sf pufef grfgfr gkhk pfrsklb;, »fsk fstâ fl lufstrbs hblks; »Rudäl f`fvb `b vdeb èltdhb ef gbeb pfrsklb cuhblb;, »`b skgdfebe, f` h ul ek oè oèsd sdgk gk,, `k `kss efhâs; Ukeb Ukebss fsbs rfb`debefs pu fe fl b yu eb r b pfrofggdklb pfrofggdklbrr

k fltkrpfgfr edvfrsbs obgftbs ef `b vdeb lbturb` rfgdmdeb cuhblb, fs efgdr, ef `b lbturb`fzb cu h blb, pfrk lk pfrofggdklbl `b vdeb pf rsklb` gkhk tb`. tb`. @b pfrsklb cuhblb pufef grfgfr gkhk tb`, pkrquf fs grfgdhdfltk pfrsklb` ef gbrb b Edks. Edks. Befhâs, p kr flgdhb f lgdhb y fl gklsklblgdb gkl fstf grfgdhdfltk, grfgdhdfltk, `b of lks bmrf b mrf f` pbòkrbhb ef `b f`fvbgd÷l edvdlb. edvdlb. @b pfrsklb cuhbl cu hbl b fs pfrofgtb ef fltrbeb. Wd lk `k oufrb, ef e f fsb efodgdflgdb cbmrèb cbmr èb quf qu f gu`pbr`f gu`pb r`f b` Grfbekr. ^frk Edks Edks lk grfb pfrskpfrskòbs dhpfrofgtbs. T tbhpkgk `bs grfb ef tb` hkek hke k quf lk `bs pu feb fe b f`fvbr, f`fvbr, ektbr`bs ef hbykr hbyk r pfrofggd÷l. pfrofggd÷l. ^kr fsk `b pfrsklb, pfrsklb , sdl pfrefr pfre fr f` sfr lkvfeksk f drrfpftdm`f, b` sfr f`fvbeb prkarfsdvbhfltf vb bequdrdflek f` lufvk hkek ef sfr pfgu`dbr quf fstbmb f stbmb ``bhbek ``bhbe k b sfr. sfr.

Fs gbeb pfrsklb cuhblb, fl ú`tdhk tärhdlk, `b rfspklsbm`f ef `b pfrofggd÷l ef su vde b b òb edeb ed eb k, pk r f` gkltr gkltrbrdk, brdk, tbhmdäl ef su flvd`fgdhdfltk. flvd`fgdhdfltk. T `k fs fs bsdhdshk ef `b bgfptbgd÷l `dmrf ef `b f`fvbgd÷l, k pkr f` gkltrbrdk, ef` rfgcbzk lk s÷`k ef `b f`fvbgd÷l, f`fvbgd÷l, sdlk tbhm däl ef `b prkp db bgfptbgd÷l gkhk tb` pfrsklb, `k gub` gkl``fvb f` ksgurfgdhdfltk k päredeb pbu`btdlb ef` sfltdek pfrsklb`. @b lbturb`fz b cuh bl b s÷`k sf sf pfrofgg pfrofggdklb dklb sd `b pfrsklb cuh blb, quf fs supfrdkr b ästb, ästb, efsfb y trbmbjb fl fsb fsb edrfggd÷l edrfggd÷l.. @b pfrsklb pfrskl b s÷`k pu fef fe f dlgrfhf dlg rfhfltbr ltbr `k dlofrdkr b f``b. ]fspfgtk ef sè hdshb, fl gbhmdk, `k quf sf pufef cbgfr fs bgfptbr `dmrfhfltf `dmrfhfltf lufv ks eklfs, bu lqu f tbh mdäl rfgcbzbr rfgcbzbr`ks. `ks. Wd `b pfrofggd÷ pfrofggd÷l l ef e f `b lbturb`fzb y fsflgd fsflgdbb cuhblbs cuhb lbs efpflef efpf lef fl ú`tdhk tärhdlk ef gbeb pfrsklb cuhblb, cuhb lb, `b f`fvbgd÷ f`fvbgd÷l l s÷`k `b pufe f ktkrabr Edks, Edks, sd sd `dmrfhfltf `dmrfhfltf bgfptbhks fsf ekl. Edks ``bhb b gbeb qudfl qu dfl b sè, y fsk fs fs ul ulbb ``bh beb b `b f`fvbgd÷l, gd÷ l, b `b edvdldzbgd÷l, b vdvdr `b vdeb e dvdlb fl `b hfede hf edebb quf qu f Edks lks `b korfgf korfgf y fl `b hfedeb h fedeb ef l ufstrb `dmrf `dmrf bgfptbgd bgfptbgd÷l. ÷l. Hdfltrbs sf vdvf, Hdfltrbs vdvf, f` sfr sfr cuh blk tkebvèb lk cb ``fabek b sfr qudäl fstâ ``bhbek b sfr. sf r. Fsf Fsf ``bhbhdf ``bhb hdfltk ltk bpu ltb b` odl odl k lkrtf ef `b vdeb. ^kr fsk, f` gkhp`ftk sfltdek sfltde k ef `b vdeb s÷`k sf bequdfrf hâs b``â ef `b prfsfltf vdeb. ^frk sf gkmrb s÷`k sd `b vdeb, tbltk `b lbturb` gkhk `b fsflgdb` y pfrsklb`, sf cbl flgbuzbek fl krefl kr efl b bquf` odl. odl. Wd hdfltrbs trblsgurrf trbls gurrf `b vdeb, ästb gbhdlb fl fsb edrfggd÷l, f` sfltdek `b bgkhpbòb. Fl gbsk gkltrbrdk, sd mdfl pkefhks ektbr fl pbrtf ef sfltdek b lufstrb lbturb`fzb y b` efsbrrk``k bòbedek ef `b hdshb, gkl tkek, lks b`fjbhks b`fjbhks ef` sfltdek sfl tdek pfrsklb`.

 

6. @ks hb`fs prfsfltfs fl `b vde vdeb b cuhb cuhblb lb F` mdfl y f` sfr gkdlgdefl fl `k rfb`, efgèbl `ks hfedfvb`fs. Fl `b od`kskoèb hfedfv hf edfvb` b` sd f` h b` sf rfofrèb rfofrèb b `k `k fxtfrlk, sf cbm`bmb sdhp`fh sdh p`fh fltf ef e f gbrflgdb, gbrflgdb, prdvbgd÷l prdvbg d÷l ef mdfl. Wd Wd sf rfofrèb b` ckh ckhmrf, mrf, `ks hkrb`dstbs e dstdl auèb l fltrf eks

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tdpks ef hb`: b) f` hb` oèsdgk, fst fstk k fs, fs, ulb prdvbgd÷l gkrp÷rfb ef b`ak efmdek b `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb (fj. `b skrefrb, `b gkjfrb, ftg.)9 m) f` hb` h krb`, quf bofgtb bofgtb b `k fspdrdtub` ef` ckhm rf, y quf pu fef prfsfltbr eks hkeb`debefs: •

pkr kh dsd÷l ef ef b`aulb bgg bggd÷l d÷l efmdeb b `b lbturb`fzb cuh blb9

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pkr gkh dsd÷l ef bggd bggdklfs klfs dlbp rkpdbe bs b `k quf gbm gbmff fspfrbr fl f` gkhgkhpkrtbhdfltk pkrtbh dfltk cu hbl k, y pkr f``k, f``k, gbrfltfs gbrfltfs ef sfltdek cuh blk. F` hb` h krb` `fsdklb hâs quf f` oèsdgk pkrquf pkrq uf cdfrf pkr pk r efltrk. Befhâs, fs tbhtbhmdäl hâs ek`krksk, ek`krksk, y `k fs tbltk pbrb f` quf `k gkhftf gkhk pbrb pbr b f` quf `k pbefgf, pufs fs prkpdk ef `b lbturb`fzb lbturb`fz b cuh blb, p kr fjfhp`k, fjfhp`k, ek`frsf ek`frsf hâs ef` efsprfgdk efsprfgdk y ef `b dlarbtdtue dlarb tdtue ef `bs efh âs pfrsklbs qu f ef` ebòk oèsdg oèsdgk k quf pkefhks rfgdmdr rfgdmdr ef f``bs. f``bs.

Wd f` f` hb ` fl f` ckh mrf fstâ fl `b pb rtf gkrp÷rfb ef `b lbturb`fzb cuh blb cbm`bhks usub`hfltf ef fl ofrh feb e y ek`kr. F` F` pfkr ef f``k f``kss fs `b hufrtf. F` ckhmrf fs ul sfr ef prkyfgtks, prkyfgtks, pkrqu f h dfltrbs dfltrbs vdvf ä` hdshk fs ul prkyfgtk gkhk ckhmrf. F` ckhmrf lk fstâ g`busurbek lulgb9 lulgb ``fabhks b sfr gkhp`ftbhfltf bgbmbeks. ^kr fsk, `b okrhbgd÷l lk tfrhdlb jbhâs. Befhâs, hdfltrbs vdvdhks vdvdh ks fl `b sdtubgd÷l prfsfltf lu lgb bgbmbhks ef sfr `b pfrpfrsklb quf fstbhks ``bhbeks b sfr. @b hufrtf pbrb f` sfr cuhblk, ``bhbek b grfg grfgfr fr,, fs fl fstf sfltdek sdfhprf p rfh bturb. @b vdeb cu h bl b fs susgfptdm`f susgfptdm`f ef h ugcbs prdvbgdklfs. prdvbgdklfs. V lb `f vdflfl ef oufoufrb rb99 ktrbs, ktrbs, ef efltrk. Bhmks tdpks ef prdvbgdklfs skl efm debs b vdk`flgdbs. Btfltbl gkltrb `b vdeb lbturb` lbtu rb` f` bmkrtk, `b hbldpu`bgd÷l ef fhmrdklfs cuhblks, f` ckhdgdedk, `b futblbsdb, f` sudgdedk, `bs aufrrbs, aufrr bs, `ks aflkgdedks, `bs tkrturb tkrturbs, s, ftg., ftg., fl u lb pb`bmrb, `b vdk`fl vdk`flgdb. gdb.

_dk`flg _dk` flgdb db fs gub`qudfr trbtk b `b pf rsklb cu h bl b gkhk sd ästb lk `k oufrb. oufrb. ^frk ul trbtk efsp frsklb` dzbltf s÷`k fs fs prkpdk ef qudfl tbhpkgk sf gkhprflef b sè hdsh k ef h kek suodgdflt suodgdfltff gkhk pfrsklb. Gub`qudfr sfltdek lk pfrsklb` (defb`fs pk`ètdgks, skgdb`fs, fgkl÷hdgks, ef mdflfstb mdfl fstbr, r, gdflt gdfltèo èodgk dgks, s, ftg ftg.) .) fs fs dlofrdkr dlofrd kr b` sfltdek sfltd ek ef u lb pf rsk lb c uh blb , pkrquf ul b pfrsklb tdflf hâs ef lsde be rfb` quf bquf``bs rfb`debefs. rfb`debefs.

 

_dk`fltbr k hbtbr prfhbturbhfltf `b vdeb lbturb` ef ulb pfrsklb pkr eftflefr ktrks dltfrfsfs fs pfrefr f` hbykr sfltdek pksdm`f (f` sfltdek pfrsklb`) pkr becfrdrsf b ktrk hfedkgrf. Fspfgdb`hfltf arbvfs skl `bs vdk`flgdbs b `b pfrsklb cuhblb fl `bs ftbpbs ef su vdeb lbturb` hâs ef`dgbebs. Ef fsf fstd`k skl, pkr fjfhp`k, fjfhp` k, f` bmkrtk y `b futblbsdb. F` ckhdgdedk y f` sudgdedk tbhmd tbhmdäl äl skl hufrtfs huf rtfs prfhbturbss prkvkgbebs. prfhbturb prkvkgbebs.

- F` bmkrtk, `bgrb skgdb` ef `ks sda`ks SS y SSD, fs hbtbr `b vdeb mdk`÷adgb ef ulb pfrsklb búl lk lbgdeb. Fs g`busurbr brmdtrbrdbhfltf f` prkyf prkyfgtk gtk pfrsklb`, lk ebr`f kpkrtuldebe. Ruf f` ckhmrf fs pfrsklb fl f` sflk hbtfrlk, fs g`brk, pufstk quf sd lk `k oufrb fl fsf hkhfltk, hkhfltk , lulgb lulg b ``fabrèb b sfr`k. Fl fofgt fofgtk, k, fs fs kmvdk quf lbedf eb `k quf lk tdflf. tdflf. Hâs fvdefltf fs fs búl bú l quf lbedf l bedf sfrâ pfrsklb sd lk `k fs ef fltrbeb. fl trbeb. @k fs, pkrquf `bs hbldofstbg hbldofstbgdklfs dklfs quf, pbsbek pbs bek f` tdfhpk, efsbrrk``brâ (pflsbr, qufrfr, ftg.) efpflefl ef` sfr quf sf fs. F` bgtk prfgfef sdfhprf `b pktflgdb y b` efsbrrk``k ef ästb, y fl fstf gbsk f` bgtk fs `b pfrsklb. Wdl fhmbrak, b pfsbr ef quf efsef `b gklgfpgd÷l k ofgulebgd÷l sf fs pfrsklb, ld fltklgfs, ld b` vfr `b `uz `b pfrsklb edspklf edspk lf ef ulb u lb pfrofgtb cuhblde cuh blde be fl su fsflgdb, fsflgdb, gkhk gkhk tbhpkgk `b tflerâ tfle râ h dfltrbs vdvb, sflgd``bhfltf sflgd``bhfltf pkrquf ästb fs sdfhprf susgfptdsusgfptdm`f ef hfjkrb. hfjkrb. Gkl `b pfrsklb pfrskl b quf skhks pfrofggdklbhks b `k `brak ef `b vdeb `bs gub`debefs cuhblbs cu hblbs quf tflfhks. tflfhks. Fsf fs f` prkyfgtk prkyfgtk fl quf gklsdstf `b vdeb ef gbeb qudäl ef tb` hkek hke k quf ul u l hdlutk hdlut k bltfs ef hkrdr h krdr ef vdfjks vdfjks tbhpkgk efjbhks efjbhks ef sfr ul prkyfgtk cuh blk y pfrsklb`. - @b futblbsdb futblb sdb fs fspfgdb`hfltf fspfgdb`hfltf arbvf (tbhmdäl (tbhmdäl fsflgdb`hfltf fsflgdb`hfltf dalkrbltf), dalkrbltf), pufs sf trbtb ef gbusbr `b hufrtf b b`audfl quf fstâ flofrhk oèsdgb k psèqudgbhfltf k guyb vdeb pbrfgf quf lk vb`f `b pflb. @ks @ks hktdvks pufe pu fefl fl sfr edvfrsks (y b vfgfs vfgfs mdfldltflgdklbeks), pfrk supklfl sdfhprf ulb päredeb ef` sfltdek ef `b edaldebe pfrsklb`, ef` vb`kr ef` prkpdk prkyfgtk sdfhprf bmdfrtk b grfgfr.

Ukeb vdk`f Ukeb vdk`flgdb lgdb gkltr gkltrbb `b vdeb efrdvb ef `b pä rede b ef` sfltdek ef `b vdeb, puf s f` odl ef ästb lk fs `b hufrtf, sdlk `b vdeb. Lk sf vdvf pbrb hkrdr, sdlk pbrb vdv dr hâs hâs.. ^kr ktrb p brtf, sd ff`` hb`, ek`kr k gbrflgdb ef rfb rfb`debe `debe fl f` ckh mrf bofgtb b `bs obgu`tbefs dlhbtfrdb`fs, fltklgfs pkefhks cbm`br ef ob`sfebe. Fl `b dltf`daflgdb aflg db tb` ob`sf ob`sfbhdfltk bhdfltk sf suf`f `` ``bhb bhb r dalk rblgdb, ul hb` baue k y bmbrg bmbrgbltf9 bltf9 tbhmdäl sf cbm`b ef frrkr, ksgurfgdhdfltk, ef gkrtfebe ef hdrbs, ftg. Fl `b vk`ultbe , f` ob ob`sfbhdflt `sfbhdfltk k ef su prk pdb vfr ebe k èle èlek`f, k`f, bevdflf gkl `k quf sf eflkhdlb o`kjfrb, gublek lk sf qudfrf `k quf sf efmf qufrfr. F` ob`sfbhdfltk ef` yk sf ``bhb ob`tb ef pfrsklb`debe9 fs hâs arbvf quf `ks prfgfefltfs y gbusb ef f``ks. Fstks ob`sfbhdfltks lk skl dllbtks, sdlk bequdrdeks `dmrfhfltf. Gkl f``ks tb`fs edhflsdklfs cuhblbs fltrbl fl ulb `bhfltbm`f päredeb, fl ulb prdvbgd÷l ef su gbpbgdebe9 fl ulb päredeb ef su sfltdek, pufs sf dhpksdmd`dtbl b guhp`dr f` gkhftdek pbrb f` quf fstâl lbturb`hfltf lbturb`hfl tf edsfòbebs.

 

Ukebvèb gb Ukebvèb gbmf mf fl f` ckhm ckhmrf rf uull h hb` b` hâs ppflftrbl flftrbl tf fl f` ckhmrf: bquä` quf sf dlsfrtb fl f` hdshk gkrbz÷l gk rbz÷l ccuh uhblk blk,, fs eefe fer, r, f` quf bofgt bofgtbb b ``bb pfrsklb. T b fstff hb` rbedgb` cuh blk sf `f pufe f ``bhbr eefspfrsklb`dzbgd÷l. fst fspfrsklb`dzbgd÷l. Gklsd Gklsdst stff fl lk bgfptbrsf gkhk `b pfrskl b quf sf fs y qu f sf fstâ ``bh ``bhbeb beb b sf sfr, r, y gkls gklsffgufltfhfltf, gufltfhfl tf, fl lk rfsp rfspkle kle fr `d `dmrfhfltf mrfhfltf b tb` pr prkyfgtk. kyfgtk. Fstf hb` lk sf cfrfeb, sdlk quf sf krdadlb `dmrfhfltf fl f` sfr pfrsklb`. Fstf

efofgtk sf gkhpbadlb huy mdfl gkl lk bgfptbr b `ks efhâs gkhk qudflfs skl y lk rfspklefr pfrsklb`hfltf b su bgfptbgd÷l. Vlk lk fs ul dlvfltk suyk y, fl gklsfguflgd gklsf guflgdb, b, lk efmf ef mf grffr quf fs gkhk b ulk u lk `f vflab fl ablb sfr sfr,, ld tbhpkgk efmf efstdlbrsf ef stdlbrsf b sfr bquf``k quf `f bpftfzgb. bpftfzgb. Efmf, pkr tbltk, efsgumrdr efsgum rdr qudäl fs, y pbrb quä (qudäl) (qudäl) fs. fs.

Ubltk fl `bs obgu`tbefs supfrdkrfs (dlt Ubltk (dltf`d f`daflgd aflgdbb y vk`ul vk`ultbe) tbe) gkhk fl f` yk y fl `b pfrsklb, f` hb` `dmrfhfltf bgfptbek lk fs lbtdvk, sdrvk quf cby quf prkvkgbr`k, vkgbr` k, y b` `` ``fvbr`k fvbr`k b gbmk ssff `f bmrf ``bb puf pufrtb. rtb. @b rbèz eeff tke tkekk h hb` b` cuh blk fs f` f` pfr pfrsklb`. sklb`. W Wdd f` hb` lk fstuvdfsf bltfs fl `b dltdh dltdhdebe debe cu cuh h blb blb,, lk pk pkerèb erèb hbldofstbrsf `ufak fl `b pfrsklb`debe, pfrskl b`debe, fl `b dlt dltf`daflgd f`daflgdbb y fl `b vk`ultbe vk`ultbe,, y b trbväs ef e f f``bs fl f` rfstk ef `bs pktflgdbs, oulgdklfs y bggdklfs bggdklfs cuh cuhblbs. blbs. Ktrbs gufstdklfs bckrb bck rb pfrtdlf pfrtdlfltfs ltfs sf ppuf ufef efll okrh okrhu`br u`br bsè bsè:: »»g÷hk g÷hk sf ookrj krjbb f` hb` fl f l `b `bss pk pktflgdbs tflgdbs supfrdkrfs cuh cuhblbs; blbs;,, »g÷hk sf beh behdtf dtf fl f` yk; yk;,, »y fl `b pfrsklb, fs efgdr efgdr,, g÷hk ebr`f gbmdeb fl `b dltdhdeb dltdhdebee cuh blb; • F` h b` ef `b dltf`daflgdb sf bequdfrf juzab juzablek lek ef hkek gkltr gkltrbrdk brdk b gkhk `bs gksbs gksbs skl fl `b rfb`debe, gksbs quf fstb pktflgdb gklkgf y p uf ufef ef gklkgfr, gf r, fs eefgdr fgdr,, rfgc rfgcbzb bzblek lek `b vvfre fre be y beh dtdfle dtdflekk f` ffrrk rrkr. r. • F` h b` ef `b vk `ul `ultbe tbe sf bequdfrf lk qufrdflek quf ttb` b` k gub` mdfl rfb rfb`` quf fxd fxdstf stf ssfb fb tb` gkhk fs, ef tb` k gub` arbek, sdlk ef ktrb h hblfrb, blfrb, hbykr hb ykr k hflkr mdfl, fs efgdr, efsfblek dlvfltbr ktrk krefl ef jfrbrquèb fl `ks mdflfs rfb`fs. ^frk lk9 `ks mdflfs rfb`fs fstâl jfrârqudgb v brh÷ldgbhfltf krefl bek bekss sfaúl u lb fsgb` fsgb`b, b, sdflek bsè quf `b edstdlgd÷l fltrf f`` f``ks ks gkl gklsd sdsstf fl quf qu f ul ulks ks skl su supfrdk pfrdkrfs rfs b `ks ktrks yy,, fl gklsfguflgdb, `ks ddlofrdkrfs lofrdkrfs sf efmfl sup supfedtbr fedtbr b ``ks ks supfrdkrfs, lk b `b ddlvfrsb. lvfrsb. Fl f` f` oklek, `ks prfgfefltfs h hb`fs b`fs skl br brtd tdodg odgdks dks flabòksks quf musgbl u l kr kr-efl ef rfb`debe edst edstdltk dltk b` fxd fxdstf stfltf ltf fl f` h ule k y fl `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb. ^frk gkhk qudäl cb fstbm`fgdek fstf krefl lk fs f` sfr cuhblk, hdrbeks b oklek fsks fsks hb`fs supklfl uulb lb ppäredeb äredeb ef` sfltd sfltdek ek g÷s g÷shdg hdgkk y ulb efscuhbldzbgd÷l. Wd sf behdtf quf tb`fs tb`fs ÷reflfs ef efpfl pflefl efl ef Edk Edks, s, dltfltbr gklgu`gbr` gklgu`gbr`ks ks fs efgdr`f efgdr`f dhp`ègdtbhfltf b Edks quf `b rfb`debe pkr Ä` grfbeb y su krefl lk skl muflks9

 

quf lk lks austb fl bmsk`utk quf `k grfbek grfbek efp efpfle flebb ef Edks ffl l vfz ef efpfl efpflefr efr ef lksktrks. Fl rdakr, fs `b ksbeèb ef efgdr`f b Edks quf cb grfbek hb` k efodgdtbrdbhfltf, y quf, fl gklsfguflgdb, quf fs ul "edks tkrpf"9 y fs `b tfhfrdebe ef grffr quf lksktrks skhks gbpbgfs ef dlvfltbr ktrks ÷reflfs ef efpfleflgdb (fl f` oklek, ef dlefpfleflgdb) quf sf prfsuhfl hfjkrfs sfaúl f` prkpdk grdtfrdk. Fl `b prfgfefltf prfgfefltf bgtdtue fstrdmb `b fltrbò fltrbòbb ef fsb rfb`debe rfvf`beb pkr p kr Edk Edkss b `b

trbedgd÷l juefk-grdstdb juefk-grdstdblb lb qu quff ``fvb f` lkhmrf ef pfgbek krdadlb`. Fs Fstf tf pfgbek fs fsflgdb`hfltf flabòk, flabòk , skmfrmdb.

F` hb` rfb`h fltf lk sf pufe f gklkgf gklkgfr. r. F Fss ul hdstfr hdstfrdk dk (hystfrduh dldqudtbtds,  f` hdstfrdk ef `b dldqudebe, `k ``bhb `b trbedgd÷l gbt÷`dgb), pkrquf fs sflgd``bhfltf hf ltf bu busflgdb sflgdb ef gklkg gklkgfr, fr, dalkr bl blgdb gdb fl `b dlt dltf`daflgdb, f`daflgdb, y pk r flgdhb ef f``b f``b,, dalkrblgdb fl f` sbmfr pfrsklb`. Wf trbtb gkhk hèldhk -edrèb ul g`âsdgk- ef ulb busflgdb ef sbmdeurè sbmdeurèb. b. Ef `k quf prfgfef sf bevdfrtf quf `b pf pfrsklb rsklb c uh blb q quf uf ulk fs ss÷`k ÷`k sf ggklkg klkgff ef hkek p`flk ffl l gkfx gkfxdstf dstflgdb lgdb gkl Ed Edks, ks, pkrquf gkhk pfrsk pfrsklb lb lbe lbedf df fs ul prkeugtk ef sus hblks, ld ef sus pberfs pberfs,, ld ef `b skgdfebe, fftg tg.. Lk vfrsf b sè hdshk fl gkrrf`bgd÷l pfrsklb` gkl Edks fs behdtdr `b dalkrblgdb fl `b dltdhdebe. Fsb dalkrblgdb ef Edks ``fvb b gklsdefrbrsf gbeb qudfl gkhk ul oulebhfltk dlefpfledfltf y bds`bek, `k gub` rfsqufmrbjb b su vfz `b gklvdvflgdb gkl `bs efhâs pfrsklbs. G`âsdgbhfltf fsb fsb bgtdtue sf efsgrdmf gkh gkhk k skmf skmfrmdb. rmdb.

?. @b h ufrtf uf rtf

@b h ufrtf lk fs lbtu rb`, sdl sdlk, k, gkhk efgèb Ukhâs Ukhâs ef Bqudlk, "`k hâs ckrrdm`f lbturb`hfltf pbrb `b lbturb`fzb cuh blb   . @b hufrtf fs ``bb lfabg d÷l ef `b lbturb`fzb cu hbl b9 pfrk l d `b pfrsk lb ld su fsflg fsflgdb db (f` b`hb gkl sus obgu`tbefs fspdrdtub`fs) huf rfl gkl `b huf rtf gkrpkrb`. Fs hâs, e fsef f``bs ``bb huf rtf sf fspdrdtub`fs) puf ef vdvd vdvdr, r, bgfptbr y trblsokrh br fl h âs vdeb fsflgd fsflgdb` b` y pfrsklb`. @k quf prfgfef dledgb quf `k supf rdkr fl f` ckh mrf lk efp fle f ef `k dlofrd dlofrdkr kr,, sdlk b `b `b dlvf dlvfrsb. rsb. Hugcbs vfgfs sf cb bbodrhbek odrhbek q uf `b ul uld÷l d÷l e ef` f` b`hb y ef ef`` gu gufrfrpk fs ggkhk khk `b uld÷ l sustblgdb` fltrf `b okrh b y `b hb tfrdb f l `b rfb`debe oè oèsd sdgb gb.. Befhâs, gkhk ef kredlbrd kredlbrdk k sf tkh bl gkhk sdl÷ldhks `k `kss tärhdlks 'ckh mrf' y 'pfrsklb', sf tdflef b defltdodgbr `b pfrsklb gkl `b uld÷l sustblgdb` b`hbgufrpk, ef hk ek quf f` eèb quf ob`tb f` gufrpk, fs ef efgd gdr, r, gkl `b hufrtf, pbrfgf quf efsbpbrfgf `b pfrsklb. ^frk rfb`hfltf gkl `b hu frtf, »sf efj efjbb ef sfr pfrsklb; Fl edâ`kak gkl `b of of,, sd behdtdär behdtdärbhks bhks q quf uf gkl `b hufrtf e efsbpbrfgf fsbpbrfgf `b pfrsklb, sf prkeugdrèb prke ugdrèb `b sdau sdaudfltf dfltf pbrbekjb: »`ks sbltks sskl kl pfrsk pfrsklbs lbs k lk; T sd lk `k skl, »b

 

qudäl rfzbhks; Wdl fhmbrak, `b pfrsklb pfrsk lb fs pfr pfrsklb sklb gkl k sdl gufrpk. Ef cfgck cfgck f`

gufrpk lk fs ulb gkledgd÷l dlfxkrbm`f pbrb quf ulb pfrsklb `k sfb, pufstk quf gbmfl hugcbs pfrsklb pfr sklbss (`bs edvdlbs y `bs blaä` blaä`dgbs) dgbs) quf ld tdflfl gufrpk ld tdflfl pkr quä tflf tflfr`k r`k..

Fl bltrkpk`kaèb gklvdflf gklvdflf sustdtudr f` h kef`k sustbl gdb`dstb, vâ`dek s÷` s÷`k k pbrb `b rfb`debe oèsdgb, pkr `b fstrugturb bgtk-pktflgdb.

@b pfrs kl b fs f` bgtk, f` gub` lk fs hflks pkrqu f tfl ab hâs k hfl ks pktflgèbs k fstäl hâs k hflks ektbebs, yb quf f` bgtk ld efpflef ld sf hdef pkr `k pktflgdb`. ^kr fsk, pufef ebrsf b` hbrafl ef `b prdvbgd÷l ef `k pktflgdb` gkrp÷rfk. Fl suhb, suhb, ul b pfrsklb fs pfrsklb pfrsklb vdvb k hufrtb, pkrquf `b pfrsklb cuh blb lk fs ul gk hpufstk sustblgdb` ef b`hb y gufrpk, pufs ld sf rrfeugf feugf b su b`hb, ld b su gufrpk, ld b `b uld÷ l k tktb`debe tktb` debe ef `bs eks. F` hk hkef`k ef`k fxp`dgbtdvk prfgfefltf tbhmdäl sf puf ef ``bhbr tktb `dzbl tf, pkrqu f bgfptb quf `b pfrskl b ffss f` tkek": gufrpk, b`hb, b`h b, yk, obgu`tbefs, pf`k, uò bs, ftg ftg.. Wdl Wdl fhmb fhmbrak rak,, ul b pfrsklb cuh blb fs ul qudäl, qudäl, ul sfr fspdrdtub`, ul bgtk bgtk ef sfr,, quf sdfhprf tdflf k edspk lf ef u l b`hb (b` sfr (b` b`hb pfrtflfgfl pk r fjf fjfhp`k hp`k,, `b dltf`daflgdb y `b vk`ultbe), y quf tdflf k edspklf -bulquf lk sdfhprf- ef ul gufrpk. Ld f` bbgtk gtk ef sfr pfrsklb` cuh blk l d `b ffsflgd sflgdbb cuh bl b y sus ob ob-gu`tbefs fspdrdtub`fs huf rfl gkl `b hufrtf gkrp÷rfb. gkrp÷rfb. @`fvbeb b gbmk gbmk `b prfgfefltf bg`br bg`brbgd÷l, bgd÷l, sf pu fe fl efsgrdmdr bckrb, fl pfro pfrofgfgtk pbrb`f`dshk pbrb`f`dshk gkl `ks tdpks ef vdeb, vbrdks tdpks ef hufrtf: h ufrtf: •

@b h ufrtf lbtu rb`.

Fs `b huf rtf rfofrdeb bb`` gufrpk, h hufrtf ufrtf prkpdbh fltf edg edgcb. cb. @b h ufrtf ef` gufrpk fs, fs, sdl hâs, `b gbrflgdb ef` p rkp dk gufrpk. Hkrdr b ffsf sf ldvf` lk sdaldodgb lk sfr, sdlk lk tflfr (gufrpk). B`ak sf pdfref ef `k quf sf tflèb: f` gufrpk. ^frk lk s÷`k pfrefhks f` gufrpk, sdlk tkek `k bequdrdek pkr hfedk ef ä`, y fsk, bulquf pbrfgf mbstbltf, lk fs `k quf hâs dhpkrtb. Fxp`dgdtblek fstb tfsds sf pufef efgdr quf hkrdr fs pfrefr tkek f` gklkgfr y f` bpftfgfr sflsdm`fs (quf us usbb f` gufrpk). F` vf vfr, r, f` dhbadlbr, f` rfgkrebr sflsdm`f, sflsdm`f, ftg., sf pdfref. Gkhk tkeks fsks kmjftks edgfl rfofrflgdb b` hulek, hkrdhks b` hu lek. ^frefhks ^frefhks f` hu lek, sb`dh ks ef `b cdstkrdb. cdstkrdb. »Ruä fs `k quf lk pfrefhks; ^kr fjfhp`k, f` gklkgfr ef lufstrb dltf`daflgdb, f` qufrfr ef e f lufs lufstrb trb vk`ultbe vk`ultbe,, quf lk skl sfl sflsdm sdm`fs `fs99 tbhpkgk sf pdfref `b pfrsklb, f` sfr k fspèrdtu quf gbeb qudäl fs. Wfaúl fstk, gbmf `b hufrtf gkrp÷rfb fl ulb vdeb p`flb ef` b`hb y ef` fspèrd fspèrdtu. tu.

 

@b h ufrtf fsflgdb`. ]fofrdeb b` b`hb (pkr fjfhp`k, `b gbrflgdb ef "vdeb" fl f` yk k pfrsklb`debe, fl `b dltf` dltf`daflg daflgdb db y fl `b vk`ultbe)9 @b hufrtf pbrb `k quf sf pufef ``bhbr b`hb lk fs gkhp`ftb, pfrk sd prkarfsdvb y gkhpk rtb `b dalk rblgdb fl `b dltf` dltf`dafl daflgdb gdb,, f` vdgd vdgdk k f l `b vk `ultbe y `b

pä rede b ef pfrsk lb`deb e k ef` yk yk.. Fl fofgt fofgtk, k, dltfltbr h hbtbr btbr `b dltf dltf`daflg `daflgdb db fs lk p pfrhdtdr frhdtdr quf ästb grfzgb fl kref krefl lb `b vfrebe, fs ef efgd gdr, r, pbrb efsgumrdr vfrebef vfrebefss ef h bykr gb`be gb`bek. k. @b hufrtf prkarfsdvb ef `b vk`ultbe vk`u ltbe sf eb gu gublek blek fstb pktflgdb bequdfrf vdgdk vdgdkss gkl `k `kss quf `blaudefgf pkrquf gkhpkrtbl su prkarfsdvk efgrfgdhdfltk. @b prkarfsdvb hufrtf ef` yk rfb` sf eb pkr vbrdks hkt hktdvks dvks:: pk pkrquf rquf sf dltfltb prfsgdledr ef` yk rfb` quf sf tdflf fl krefl b ablbr ul yk defb` de fb` qu quff sf tkhb gk gkhk hk hkef`k y quf lk rfspklef b` rfb`9 rfb`9 pkrquf lk sf qudfrf tflfr u ul l yk k pfrsklb`debe, ftg. ftg. Ef kredlbrdk `b tfleflgdb b hkrdr hk rdr ef fsf hkek gkhdflzb gublek `b dl dltf`d tf`daflgd aflgdbb flofrhb b` gklsdefrbr quf `b vfrebe lk sf pufef b`gblzbr, pufs fs efhbsdbek breuk `karbr fsf kmjftdvk9 fsb flofrhfebe sf vuf`vf gr÷ldgb gublek, efsbldhbeb `b dltf`daflgdb ef su músqufeb, sf grff quf `b vfrebe fs rf`btdvb9 y sf vuf`vf drrfvfrsdm`f drrfvfrs dm`f gublek sf ldfab ``bb vfrebe. ^kr su pbrtf, `b huf hufrtf rtf ef `b vk`ultb vk`ultbe e sf dlgkb gublek sf dltfltb tkrgfr `b krdfltbgd÷l ef su qufrfr cbgdb f` odl ú`tdhk, f` mdfl ú`tdhk9 ú`tdhk9 sf trbtb ef p prkgurbr rkgurbr trulgbr trulgbr,, pk r bsè ef efgd gdr, r, su dltflgd÷l ef b`tfrdebe rfspfgtk ef` mdfl suprfhk.

@b hufrtf ef `b dlt dltf`d f`daflgd aflgdbb y ef `b vk`ul tbe, lk fs gkh p`ftb, pufstk qu f fstbs pktflg dbs sk l dlh krtb`fs. @k quf h ufrf fs su pksdmd`debe ef grfgdhd grfgdhdflt fltk, k, y fl gklsfgufl gklsfguflgdb, gdb, f` sf sfltdek ltdek ef s u prk pdb vdeb, fs e efg fgdr dr,, su prkp db vfreb e, puf s edgcbss obgu`t edgcb obgu`tbefs befs fstâl edsfòbebs p brb pfrofgg pfrofggdklbrs dklbrsff fl kre fl b `b vfreb e y b` mdfl mdfl,, rfspfgtdvbhfltf y ef h kek drr drrfst fstrdgt rdgtk. k. Lk fs, fs, pufs, u lb h ufrtf quf gbusf `b `b efsbpbrdgd÷l gkhp`ftb ef su vdeb, gkhk `b hufrtf gkrpkrb`, bulqu f lk p kr f` f``k `k fs hflks a rbvf qu f `b ef` gufrpk gufrpk.. @b hu frtf prkarfsdvb pfrk lk gkhp`ftb ef` yk ffss `b päre deb ef `b pfrsk lb`deb e y fs tkebvèb fs hâs arbvf qu f `b vdeb h krtfgdlb ef `b dlt dltf`d f`daflgd aflgdbb y e f `b vk`ultbe, tbltk pbrb u lk gkhk pb rb `ks efhâs, pkrquf dlcdmf ``bb skgdbmd skgdbmd`debe `debe y `b rf`bgd÷l rf`bgd÷l gkl `bs efhâs pfrsklbs, p kr bds`bh dfltk butkrrfofr butkrrfofrflgdb`. flgdb`. •

@b h ufrtf pfrsklb ` k fspdrdtub`

@b hu frtf pfrskl b` k fspdrdtub` fs `b pärede b efodld efodldtdvb tdvb ef` sfr pfrsklb` quf sf fs y sf fstâ `` ``bhbe bhbe k b sfr sfr,, sfl sflgd`` gd``bhfltf bhfltf pkrquf `dmrf h fltf lk sf bgfptb sfr`k. Fs ul trbak tkebvèb hu gck hâs bhbrak, y hâ s eurbe frk, efodl efodldt dtdvk. dvk.

 

Fl fstf ú`tdhk sfltdek sf pufef pu fef sfr ul hufrtk hu frtk fl f l vdeb y hugck h ugck hâs y e f rr r÷v-bd±hfltf trbs `b hdshb. Wf Wf trbtb ef e f pbsbr `b vdeb sdl sbmfr pbrb quä sf vdvfUg u » =6 ä.  sfltdek ú`tdhk ú`tdh k ef e f `b prkpdb prk pdb vdeb9 fl rdakr, rdakr, sdl sbmfr qudäl qud äl sf fs, fs efgdr efgdr,, efsgb efsgbsf sf ±±gdflek f` sfltdek ef` e f` sfr pfrsklb`.

Wd fsb hu frtf pfr eu rb trbs `b h ufrtf mdk`÷adgb mdk`÷adgb,, fs huf rtf p brb sdfhprf, y gklsdstf sds tf fl pbgtbr gkl ``k k bmsu rek sdl dltfrrupgd÷l, fs efgdr efgdr,, fl rf lu lg dbr b` gb gbrâg râg-tfr pf rsklb `, fl pf refr f` sfltdek ef` sfr, sfr, pk r cbmfr`k efsprfgdbek `dmr `dmrfhfltf9 fhfltf9

k tbhmdäl, fl orustrb r `k quf sf frb (tb` pfrsklb) y `k quf sf fstbmb ``bhbek b sfr (tb` pfrsklb f`fvbeb) »Fs fstk ú`tdhk ek`krksk; @k fs, pufs fs ulk hdshk f` quf sf pdfref pbrb sè y sdfhprf. »Gbmf b`aulb pksdmd`debe ef b`ak hâs èltdhb y pfrsklb`hfltf ek`krksk; Wd fxdstf b`ak hâs èltdhk b hè quf `b pfrsklb quf sky, gbmf b`ak hâs búl ek`krksk: su päredeb. pärede b. Wd Edks, f` hbykr mdfl, fs fs hâs èltdhk èltdh k b ulk quf qu f ulk hdshk, h dshk, gkhk bodrhbmb Baustèl ef Cdpklb (gor. Gklofsdklfs, 2. DDD, DDD, gbp. ?,2 ?,22), 2), f` hâxdh hâx dhk k ek`kr sf grdstb`dzb gkl su efodldtdvb päredeb.

1. @b dlh krtb `debe

@b dlhkrtb`debe ef` b`hb sf pufef efhkstrbr rbgdklb`hfltf, fs efgdr, lk fs fxg`usdvbhfltf u l tfhb rfsfrvbek b `b of fxg`usdvbhfltf of skmrflbturb`. @b efhkstrbgd÷l g`âs g`âsdgb dgb `k ``fvb ``fvb b gbmk gbmk efsgumrdfl ek `b dlh btf rdb`de be ef sus obgu`tbefs supfrdkrfs: `b dltf`daflgdb y `b vk`ultbe (gor. Ukhâs ef Bqudlk, W. G. Afltd`fs, 2.2, gbp. 61). Gbeb ulb ef f``bs pksff edstdltks y vbrdbeks bgtks u kpfrbgdklfs quf pfrhdtfl gklkgfr k qufrfr. @ks bgtks ef `b dltf`daflgdb pksffl kmjftks kmjftks k defbs gklkgdeks9 `ks ef `b vk `ul tbe tdfl tdflefl efl b mdflfs rfb` rfb`fs. fs. Wd sf efh ufstrb `b dlh btfrdb`debe ef `ks bgtks y ef `ks kmjftks kmjftks ef `b dltf`daflgdb dltf`daflgdb y ``bb dlhbtfrdb`debe ef `ks bgtks ef `b vk`ultbe, sf efhkstrbrâ quf `b dltf`daflgdb y `b vk`ul tbe skl obgu`tbefs ddlhbtfrdb`fs, lhbtfrdb`fs, y sd ssff efh ufstrb `b dlhb tfrdb`debe ef fstbs pktflgdbs, sf gklg`udrâ quf `b rbèz ef e ekl kl ef f``bs f``bs lbgfl, f` b`hb, tbhmdäl fs dlhbtfrdb`. Bckrb Bc krb mdfl, sd `k fs, fs, fs fs dlhkrtb`, p krq krquf uf `k quf hufrf hu frf fs `k gkrp÷rfk, lk `k dlhbtfrdb`. dlh btfrdb`. Lufstrks kmjftks pflsbeks skl ef edvfrsk tdpk: uldvfrsb`fs, aflfrb`fs f dlg`usk drrfb`fs. "Hfsb, sd``b, `âpdz, ârmk`, ftg.", gkhk kmjftks bmstrbgtks pflsbeks, skl uldvfrsb`fs. ^frk lbeb fl `b rfb`debe oèsdgb fs ul kmjftk uldvfrsb@ "^brtf, tkek, hâxdhk, ftg.", gkhk defbs pflsbebs skl aflfrb`fs. Wdl fhmbrak, lbeb ef `b rfb`debe oèsdgb fs aflfrb`. "Gfrk, gkljultk vbgèk, lúhfrks rkjks, ftg.", skl drrfb`fs. Lk kmstbltf, lk fxdstf lbeb rfb` pksdtdvk, hbtfrdb`, oèsdgk, quf rfspkleb b fsks lkhmrfs. Gkl tkek, f` sdaldodgbek sdaldodgbek ef fsks lkhmrfs `k pkefh ks pflsbr. ^kefhks pflsbr dlg`usk `b "lbeb", "lbeb" , y fs g`brk g`brk quf `b lbeb lk tdflf lbeb hbtfrdb` h btfrdb`,, ld sdqudfrb

 

=3 

rfb`. @ufak, sd skhks gbpbgfs ef pflsbr fsks bsultks fs quf lufstrb dltf`daflgdb lk fs oèsdgb, hbtfrdb`. T gkhk lufstrb dltf`daflgdb pfrtflfgf b lufstrb b`hb, fs efgdr efgdr,, b lufstrb vdeb cuhbl c uhblb, b, fs g`brk g`brk quf lufstrb vdeb lk sf rfeugf b vdvdodgbr vdvdodgbr `k gkrp÷rfk, `k mdk`÷adgk mdk`÷adgk99 lk sf baktb f l f``k9 f``k9 `k trblsgdflef.

Ubhmdäl sf pufef efhkstrbr `b dlhbtfrdb`debe ef fsbs pktflgdbs pkrquf tdflfl gdfrtb gdfrtb rfofrflgdb skmrf sè hdsh bs, gks gksbb quf lk kgurrf fl ldlaulb rfb`debe oè oèsd sdgb gb.. ^kr fsk, fsk, pfl sbr qu f pflsbh ks y qu frfr qufrfr lk tdflfl ul b odlb`debe

gkrp÷rfb, vdtb`, mdk`÷adgb. Befhâs, rfb`dzbhks hugcbs bggdklfs guyk sfltdek efsm kre b `k mdk`÷adgk, mdk`÷adgk, f dlg`usk b vfgfs `k gkltrbedgf. Wd f` b`hb pu fef fj fjfrg frgfr fr kpfrbgdk lfs dlkraâ ldgbs, f dlg`usk dlg`usk bltdkraâldgbs, bltdkraâldgbs, fs sfòb` g`brb ef quf f` b`hb lk s÷`k fs hâs quf f` gufrpk y ef quf pufef usbr ef ä`, ä`, sdlk tbhmdäl ef quf p ufe f eb rsf b` hb rafl ef` gufrpk. @b dlhbtfrdb`debe ef` b`hb cuhblb sf pufef gklkgfr ef hkek lbturb`. Fs dhpkrtbltf pkrtbl tf efsgumrdr`b, pufs sd lk sf vf, cbmrâ hugcks âhmdtks ef `b vdeb rfb` quf qufebrâl sdl fxp`dgbr. Hâs prkm`fhâtdgb fs `b bgtdtue ef lk qufrfr vfr`b, pufs ästb lk fs gkalksgdtdvb sdlk vk`ultbrdk-sumjftdvb, bltf `b gub` lk pkefhks cbgfr lbeb, pkrquf pkrq uf `bs vfrebefs lk sf efmfl dhpklfr dhpkl fr b lbedf. lbedf.

3. @b ftfrlde ftfr ldebe be

Dlhkrtb` fs edstdltk ef ftfrlk. ftfrlk. Dlhkrtb` fs ulb rfb`deb e quf lk pu fef hk rdr b `k `brak ef` tdfhpk, bulq uf pu fef sfr eurbef rk gkl sugfsd÷l dldltfrruh pdeb. B`ak bsè fs gkhk efsgrdmf Ebltf f` dlodfrlk fl su  Edv  Edvdlb dlb Gk Gkhfedb db..

@b ftfrldebe fstâ b` hbrafl ef` tdfhpk. Ftfrldebe lk sdaldodgb 'prfsfltf', pufs ästf ästf lk fs tdfhpk l d ftfrldebe. •

F` prfsfltf lk fs tdfhpk pkrqu f lk sf eb fl `b rfb`debe oès oèsdg dgb, b, ekl ef tkek sf hufvf tfhpkrb`hfltf, sdlk quf sf eb fl lufstrk pflsbr. Fl fofgtk, sf trbtb ef `b prfsflgdb prfsflgdb hfltb`. hfltb`. ^rfsfltf fs fs `k prfsfltbek pkr luf strk bgtk ef pflsbr. @b rfb`debe fxtrbhfltb` lk fs prfsflgdb`, sdlk sugfsdvb, tfhpkrb`. Fl `k oèsdgk sf eb hkvdhdfltk, fs efgdr, `b sugfsd÷l dldltfrruhpdeb ef bsultks9 tkek sf hufvf gklstbltfhfltf g klstbltfhfltf y quf l ulgb bgbmb ef hkvfrsf, ef gbhmdb gbhmdbr. r. Lbeb L beb fl `k oèsdgk cb tfrhdlbek lulgb ef sugfefr9 lbeb fs pfrofgtk k bgbmbek. ^kr tbltk, lk fs prfsfltf, qudftk k eftfldek. Lk pkefhks pbrbr `b rfb`debe oèsdgb. Fstâ fl gklstbltf gbhmdk, lk fl prfsfltf. ^rfsfltf fs `k prfsfltbek pkr lufstrk bgtk ef pflsbr, qu f cb fxdhdek fxdhdek b `k pflsbek ef` hkvdhdfltk, y gklsfgufltfhfltf, ef` tdfhpk.

 

•

F` prfsfltf lk fs fs ftfrl debe pkrq uf `k `k pfl sbek lk `k fs fs,, sdlk sdhu`tâlfk b` bgtk ef pflsbr`k. Ef h kek ke k quf qu f `k prfsflt prfs fltbek bek efsbpbrfgf sd sf rftdrb f` bgtk bgtk ef pflsbr. pflsbr. Wdl bgtk bgtk ef pf lsbr -q uf fs ff`` prfsfltbr k `b pr prfsflgdb fsflgdb hfl tb`- `k pflsbek, quf fs s÷`k fl prfsfltf, efspbrfgf. @b prfsflgdb hfltb` ef `b dltf`daflgdb brtdgu`b f` tdfhpk ef `ks sfltdeks dltfrlks, y ästf tdfhpk kmjftdvbek pkr tb`fs sfltdeks sf feugf, b su vfz, ef` edstdltk hkek ef gbptbr f` tdfhpk oèsdgk `ks edvfrsks sfltdeks fxtfrlks cuhblks. B` bmstrbfr ef

`ks sfltdeks dltfrlks, `b dltf`daflgdb okrhb ul kmjftk pflsbek quf pufef rfofrdrsf b` pbsbek pbsb ek (pkr fjfhp`k `ks `ks bmstrbgtks ef `fadklbrdk, obrdsfk, tfhp`brdk, ftg.), ftg.), k prkyfgtbr`k cbgdb f` outurk (pkr fjfhp`k, fjfhp`k, `bs lkgdklfs ef skgdfebe skgdfeb e pkst`bdgdstb, lbgd÷l furkpfb, furkp fb, pkstgbpdtb`dshk, pkstgb pdtb`dshk, ftg.). ftg.).

•

Fl gub`qudfr gbsk, gbsk, `k pfl sbek gkhk pfl sbek lk fs fs tdfhpk, pkrqu f lk sf hufv f, lk fs ld pbsbe k ld outurk, sdlk prfsfltf b` bgtk bgtk ef pflsbr hdfltrbs sf pdflsb, fs efgdr, hdfltrbs sf fjfrgf f` bgtk. ^kr fsk, gkhk gkhk efgèb Brdst÷tf`fs, Brdst÷tf`fs, "gklkgfr f` tdfhpk tdfhpk lk fs tdfhpk", tdfh pk", y tbhmdäl tbh mdäl pkr fsk sf pufe f gklkgfr `b cdstkrdb sdl cbgfrsf cdstkrdb, k sfb, sdl vk`vfrsf tdfhpk.

Fl f` f` sfr cu h bl k sf efmf eds tdla udr vbrdks tdpks tdpk s ef tdfhpk: f` oèsdgk, quf bof boffftb b su gufrpk9 f` cuhblk, prkpdk ef `bs obgu`tbefs supfrdkrfs y ef` yk9 y f` fsp drdtu b` k pfrskl b`, quf bofgtb bofgtb b `b dltdh debe pfrsklb`. Wd f` f` pflsbr ef `b rbz÷l fhpdfzb eâle ksf b` h brafl e f` tdfhpk oèsd oèsdgk gk,, sf pufef bodrhbr quf `b pfrsklb, quf fs supf rdkr b` pflsbr ef su dltf` dltf`daflgd daflgdb, b, lk fs bofgtbeb bofgtb eb rbedgb`h fltf pk r f` tdfh pk oèsdg èsdgk. k. @b prfsflgdb fstâ fl hblks ef` ckhmrf, fl hblks ef su rbz÷l, pfrk »fl hblks ef qudäl fstâ `b ftfrldebe; Fs g`brk quf lk fstâ fl hblks cuhblbs. Wf pufef skspfgcbr quf `b ftfrldebe ftfr ldebe fxdstf fxdstf sd sf rfpbrb fl f l quf f` sfr pfrsklb` ef` ckhmrf trbsgdfleff f` tdfhpk oèsdgk trbsgdfle oèsdgk y tbhmdäl tbh mdäl f` prfsfltf prfsf ltf ef su s u dltf`daflgdb. dltf`daflgdb. ^rfgdsbhfltf pkr fsk sf gklkgf gklkgf quf `k pflsbek pflsbe k fs prfsfltf.

@b pfrsklb cuh blb lk fs ftfrlb ftfrlb,, pufs tdfl f krdafl, bulqu f lk tflab odl fl fl f` sfltdek ef tärhdlk (lk vb b efjbr ef sfr) B fstf tdpk ef eurbgd÷l bmdfrtb sdfhprf cbgdb bef`bltf e f `b grdbturb fspdrdtub` `ks hfedfvb`fs `b ``bhbmbl fvk   (fvdtfhdebe). »Rudäl »Ru däl fs ftfrlk; F` sfr quf gbrfgf ef dldgdk y e f tärhdlk: Edks. @b tfk`kaèb lb tu turb` rb` k od`ks÷ od`ks÷odg odgbb bgkstuh mrb b efgdr qu f "E "Edks dks fs ftfrlk". ^frk tb` vfz sfb hfjkr efgdr quf `b ftf rlde be fs Ed Edks. ks. Bsè rfofrdhks rfofrdhks `b ftfrlde be b` sfr edvdlk, lk b u lb dhba fl fspbgdk-tfhpkrb` bjflb b su sf sfrr. Wd `b pfrsk lb c uh bl b fs gkfxdstflgdb gkfxdstflgdb gkl Edks y Edks fs fs ftfrlk, sf pufe pu fe f bodrbodrhbr qu f `b pfrsklb cuh blb fs, fl gdfrt gdfrtk k hkek, ftfh dzbm`f.

 

@b tfk`kaèb skmrflbturb` bòbef hâs skmrf fsf tdpk ef vdeb fl f` gdf`k. Fs ftfrlk `k quf fs b` hbrafl ef` e f` tdfhpk. W Wff cb dledgbek hâs brrdmb qu quff `b pfrsklb ccuhbuhblb lk fs tdfhpk oèsdgk sdlk quf fstâ fl f` tdfhpk. @b pfrsklb cuhblb lk grfgf gkhk pfrsklb fl efpfleflgdb efpfle flgdb ef` tdfhpk, sdlk sdlk pk pkrr su f`fvb f`fvbgd÷l gd÷l edvdlb, quf lk sf supfedtb supfe dtb b` tdfhpk oèsdgk. oèsdgk. Gkl `k ggub`, ub`, `b vdlgu`bgd÷l b Edks Edks tbhpkgk pufe p ufeff sfr fstrdgtbhfltff tfhpkrb`, b` hflks fstrdgtbhflt hflk s sfaúl sfa úl f` tdfhpk oès oèsdgk dgk..

@b vdeb cuhblb lk fs s÷`k `b oèsdgk-gkrpkrb`, tfrrflb, sdlk `b pkstfrdkr. Lk

trbtbr ef `b vdeb vdeb gkl su bpfrturb bpfrtu rb pkst hkrtfh trulg beb `b bbltrkpk`kaè ltrkpk`kaèb, b, hkrtfh fs efjbr trulgbeb pufss `b vdeb u`tfrdkr lk fs s÷`k puf s÷`k ul b ppbrtf, brtf, sdlk `b hâs dhpk dhpkrtbltf. rtbltf. Fstf flokquf qufeb rfeugdek fl hugcbs bltrkpk`kaèbs gu`turb`fs y od`ks÷odgbs. Lk kmstbltf, fs pfrtdlfltf prfsfltbr ef fl fltrbeb trbeb ttkek kek f` hbp hbpbb ef `b vdeb cuhblb y su hbykr y hflkr rf`dfvf rf`dfvf sfaúl zklbs, pufs `k gkltrbrdk rfeugf su sdald sdaldodgb odgbek ek y su gkhprflsd÷l. Ubltk rfspfgtk ef `b vdeb prfsfltf prfsf ltf gkhk ef `b outurb outurb,, gklvdflf bevfrtdr bev frtdr quf, fl f` oklek, bhmbs sk skll dlf dlfxp`dgbm`fs xp`dgbm`fs sdl Edks, Edks, sflgd``bhfltf pkrqu pkrquff pfrsklb sdaldodgb gk  fxds fxdstflg tflgdb db gkl Ä`, Ä`, cbstb f` pult pultkk ef qquf uf `b sk`febe bmsk`utb sfrèb `b lfabgd÷l ef `b pfrsklb.

Fjfrgdgdk 2. _kgbmu`brdk Defltdodgb f` sdaldodgbek ef `b `bs s sdaudfltfs pb`bmrbs pb`bmrb s y fxprfsdklfs usbebs: usbebs: • _ de de b

>

• _ d e b f `f `f v b m ` f

 b `h `h b

• H k v d h d f l t k dl t f r l k

• ^f ^f rs k l b

• _ de b v f a f t b t d v b

• Dl h k r t b ` de b e

• B g t k y p k t f l gd g db

• W f r y ttf flfr

• G r f g d h d f l t k e f `b p f r s k l b

• H b ` o è s dg k

• E f g rf r f g dh dh d f l tk tk

• H b ` h k rb rb `

• L b tu t u rrb b `f `f z b

• O b gu g u `t `t b e f s

• Fs sf f l gd g db

• B g t k y p k tf t f l g db db

• B g tk tk e f s f frr

• H k e f `k ` k b l t rrk k p k ` ÷ a dg d g k s u s tb t b l g db db `d ` d s tb tb

• _ d e b l b t u rb rb `  

>

_ de b c u h b l b k v d e b b ò b e de b

¹ _ d eb pf r s kl b `  

 v de de b r f g dm dm d e b

>

 v d e b e f ` f s p è r d t u

• E f s p f r s k l b `d `d z b g d÷ d÷ l • Fvk • F t f r l de b e • ^ rrf f s f l gd g d b h f l t b` b`

Eub`debefs

• K p f r b g dk dk l f s d l k r a â l dg dg b s

• E u b `d `ds h k s

 

Fjfrgdg Fjf rgdgdk dk =. Auèb ef fstuedk Gkltfstb b `bs sdaudfltfs prfau prfaultbs: ltbs: 2.

F x p ` dg dg b o dd``k s ÷ o d g b h f l t f `b l k g d ÷ l e f b `h `h b .

=.

» @ b v dde e b c u h b l b s f rf rf e u g f b s u v de de b m d k `÷ `÷ a dg b ; , » p k r q u ä ;

7.

» W f r c u h b l k y p f r s k l b s da da l d o dg dg b l `k `k h ds h k ;

5.

» ^ k r q u ä s f e d g f q u f `b `b v dde e b f s " u l h k v d h df l t k ddl l t f r l k y u l d t b r ddk k";

6.

» W f p u f e f e f g dr d r q u f ``b b p f r s k l b f s f ` t k e k , f ` g k l ju l t k e f g k h p k l f l t f s c cu uhbl k s k r a â l dg k s f ddl l h b t f r d b `f `f s ; ] b z k l b `b `b r f s p u f s t b

?.

F x p ` ddg g b ``b b e u b ` de de b e v d e b r f g d m d e b / v d e b b ò b e de b .

1.

» R u ä q u d f r f e f g d r q u f `b `b p f r s k l b f s " ``k k r b e d g b ` h f l t f e d s t ddl ltk";

3.

»@b pfrsklb f fs s u l b s u s tb tb l g ddb b, u ul l g k h p u f s t k s u s t b l g d b `; `;

4.

F s t b m ` f g f m r f v f h f l t f ``b b e d oof f r f l g d b f l t r f l b t u r b ``f fzb cuh blb, fsflgdb cuh blb

*

y pfrsklb. 2 >. >.

»G u â` f s f ` sf l t de de k e f ` h b` ;

22 .

» ^ k r q u ä f ` b m k r t k , `b f u t b l b s d b , f ` c k h dg de de d k , f t g . s k l " v d k ``f fl gdbs efsp frskl b

 

! d z bl t f s" ; 2= .

» F l q u ä g k l s dds s t f f ` h b ` e f ``b b dl dl t f ` dda a fl gdb; »y f` ef `b vk `ul tbe ;

27.

» @ b ddl l h k r t b ``dd e b e e f ` b `h `h b f fs s u ul l bsul tk qu f sf sbm f úldgbh fl tf pkr of;

25.

»Guâ` f fs s f ` l ú g ` f k e f `b `b b r a u h f l t b g dd÷ ÷ l r b g ddk k l b ` e f ` b dl h k r t b ``dde b e e f ` b `h `h b ;

26 6..

» F l q u ä g k l s dds s t f `b f t f r l d e b e ;

Fjfrg Fj frgdgd dgdk k 7. Gkhfltbrdk Gkhf ltbrdk ef tfx tk @ff @f f `k `ks s sd sdaudfltfs audfltfs tfxtks y c bz ul gk hfl hfltbrdk tbrdk pfrsklb` u utd`dzble td`dzble k `k `ks s gkltf-  ldeks bprfledeks: " F ` c k h m rf f s u l b p f rsk l b f sp d rrdd ttu u b` , p k rq u f f st â f l u l b `dm rf p k sd g gdd÷ l l k s÷ ` k oorf rf l t f b orf l t f b su g u f rp k , sdl sdl k t bh m d ä l orf l t f b orf l t f b su b` b`h h b, y f s f l ` b h f e d e b f l q u f t df df l f p k e f r s k m rf rf s su u b ``h h b g k h k t ddf f l f t b h m d ä l p k e f r s k m rrf f s u g u f rrp pk.

 

F s g k st u h m rf

g k h p rf l e f r p k r f ` g k rbz ÷ l ``b b dl dl t f rd rdk k rd e be e f ` b` b`h h b, p u f st k q u f h bl d od odf f st bh f l t f f s f ` g k rbz rbz ÷ l f ` q u f p brt ddg g dp dp b h âs ou f rt f h f l t f f l ` k q u f p bsb f l f ` ok l e k e f ` b` h b. . . @ b dl t f rd rdk k rde rde be h âs p rk ou ou l e b e f ` b` b`h h b f s ``k k q u f c b y e f h âs f sp ddrd rdtt u b` f s f ` ` b. . . F ` g k l k g f r q u f f ` b`h b`h b t d f l f e f sè h dsh b l k f s rbg ddk k l b` , sdl sdl k f x p f rd h f l t b` .... . B p brt dr dr e f bc k rb

 

g k h p r f l e f h k s h f j k r ``b b t rrdd ``k k a èb e f ` b q u f c f h k s c b m ` b e k : g gu ufrpk-b b``h b - f s p èèrr dt dt u . F Fl l gu b l tk okr h b e f` gu fr p k , f` b`hb k gu p b f` ``u u a br ddl l tfr h fe dk fl tr f f` fsp èr ddtu tu y ``b b hbtfr èèb, b, q u f p fr tfl fgf l b `bs okr hbs e f `bs gksbs gkr p kr b`fs. Fl gu bl tk fsp èr ddtu tu , p ksf f u l sfr fl sè hdshb  y   y p u f e f g k l t k e b ` ddm m f r t b e p f r s k l b ` f ``f f v b r s f p k r f l g ddh h b e f f ```` b h d s h b y r fg dm dr fl f `` ``b b u l b v de b h âs f` f`fv fv be b". (W t f ddll , F., Wf Wfrr odldtk y sfr ftfrlk, ftfrlk,

OGF, H äxdgk, 2445)

*

*

*

F ` c k h m r f l k f s u l b h â q u d l b , `u f a k ``b b b l t rrk k p k ` k a è b l k p u f e f c b g f r s f b l b ` èètt dg dg b h f l t f . C by q u f bskh br sf b f`` f``b b e f se f f` p u l tk e f v ddstb stb e f `b v fr e b e e f` sfr c u h bl k. F` ar bl t f h b e f ` c k h m r f f s s u u l d e b e . W f p u f e f f s t u e d b r b l b `è td td g b h f l t f b ` c k h m r f ((s sd lk, lk c bm r èb h fe dgdl b) b),, p fr k bsè l k sf ``k k fstu e db r fb`h fl tf fl tke b su p `fl dtu dtu e (u l c èabe k b l b `è ttdd g b h f l t f g k l s d e f rrb bek, sfpbrbek ef` gufrpk, lk fs ul c èabek vdvk9 ul cèabek fl f` gu fr p k l k fs j bh âs u l c èabe k sfp b r be k). @ k gbr bgtfr èstd èstdgk gk e f `b v fr e b e e f` c k h m r f fs ou l e bh fl tb`. F F`` c k h m r f fs bl tfs u l b u l de be q u f b`ak su sgfp tdm tdm `f e f bl â`d â`dsd sds: s: fs b bl ltfs u l k q u f e do dofr fr fl tf. @ b bs s e ddofr ofr fl gdbs fl f` c k h m r f skl dl ttfr fr l bs, tbl tk sd gkl sde fr bh ks b` ckh mrf skhâtdg gb b g k h k b l èh dg b y f s p d r ddtt u b ``h h f l t f . V l p u l t k l k ttdd f l f l d p u f e f t f l f r dl tdh tdh de be 9 f` c kh m r f fs bl tfs ddl l tdh de be q u f bl â`d â`dsd sds. s.

(^k ` k , @., Rudäl fs f` ckh mrf. Vl fspèrdtu fl   

 ]db`p, p, H be rde 2442) f` hulek ,  ]db`

 / 

UFHB  

=

CDWUK]DB EF @B BL BLU]K U]K ^K @KA ÈB Lk pbrtdhks ef gfrk fl `b gklsdefrbgd÷l ef `k cuhblk. Cb cbmdek hu-

gcbs bltrkpk`kaèbs: `b bltrkpk`kaèb od`ks÷odgb g`âsdgb ardfab y hfedfvb`, `bs `bs hkefrlbs ef` rbgdklb`dshk, defb`dshk, vk`ultbrds vk`ultbrdshk, hk, ftg., ftg., `b `bss gkltf gk ltfhhpkrâlfbs ef `b oflkhflk`kaèb, cfrhfläutdgb, fxdstflgdb`dshk, od`kskoèb ef` edâ`kak, pfrsklb`dshk, ftg. ^brb ul efsbrrk``k befgubek skmrf `b pfrsklb cuhblb, fs lfgfsbrdk bprflefr ef fstbs 'gfbs bltrkpk`÷adgbs quf sf cbl ebek fl `b cdstkrdb.

of

WVHB]DK

 Ι

2. @KW @KW ^]DHF]KW FLOKRVFW FLOKRVFW BLU]K^K@×ADGKW ± =. @B BLU]K^K@KAÈB BLU]K^ K@KAÈB   A]FGK]]KHBLB ± 7. @B BLU]K^K@K BLU]K ^K@KAÈB AÈB FL FL F@ G]DWUDBL G]DW UDBLDWHK DWHK * 5. @B BL-   U]K^K@KAÈB U]K^K@K AÈB FL FL @ @B B FEBE HFEDB HF EDB ± 6. @B @B BLU]K^K@K BLU] K^K@KAÈB AÈB FL FL @B MBJB MBJB FEBE  HFEDB, HFE DB, CVHBL CVH BLDWH DWHK K T ]FLBGDHDFLUK ± ?. @B @B BLU]K^K@KAÈB FL FL @B OD@KOD@K-  WKOÈB HKEF] HK EF]LB LB * 1. @B BLU]K^K@K BLU] K^K@KAÈB AÈB FL @B OD@KWKOÈB GKLUFH^K]ÂGKLUFH ^K]Â-   LFB ± 3. Ú@UDHBW GK]]DFLUFW 4 . @B ]FEFWGVM]DH ]FEFWG VM]DHDFLUK DFLUK EF @B ^F]W ^F]WKK-  LB T WV DLUDHDEBE. DLUDHDEB E.

 

75

2. @ks prdhfrks flokqufs bltrkpk`÷adgks bltrkpk`÷adgks Efsef quf f` ckhmrf fs ckhmrf cb pflsbek fl su sfltdek. ^kr `k hflks, sf cb p`bltfbek `ks tfhbs tfhbs ef su krdafl y ef su efstdlk, `ks eks tfhbs hâs rf`fvbltfs pbrb f` pflsbr. @ks tfxtks od`ks÷odgks quf edspklfhks bgfrgb ef fsks bsultks bpbrfgdfrkl pkr prdhfrb vfz fl `b Arfgdb g`âsdgb. Fxdst Fxdstèbl, èbl, prfvdks b` trbtbh dfltk od` od`ks÷ ks÷odg odgk k ef

fsks tfhbs, edvfrsks tdpks ef sbmfr bgfrgb ef` ckhmrf: f` rf`dadksk, `b ätdgb, f` hdtk, `b hbadb, `b tägldgb, quf l d skl gdflgd gdflgdbb ld sb sbmfr mfr od`k od`ks÷ s÷odg odgk. k. B` hbra fl ef` sbmfr rf`dadksk, `k pfgu`dbr ef fstks sbmfrfs bltdauks, ätdgb, hdtk, hbadb y tägldgb, fs quf skl sbmfrfs prâgtdgks, fs efgdr, efgdr, quf sf efs efsbrrk``b brrk``bl l gkl vdstbs b b`aulb utd`debe. b) @b rf`dad÷l fs f` hkek ef sbmfr tf÷rdgk quf pklf f` oulebhfltk fl f`   outurk, pkrquf fs fl ä` eklef sf fspfrb `b sb`vbgd÷l, `b fltfrb of`dgdebe sdl suordhdfltk. suord hdfltk. ^frk f` b` b`gblg gblgff ef ästb lk efp fle f s÷`k ef `bs oufrzbs cuh blbs, sdlk ef `bs skmrflbturb`fs. m) @b ätd ätdgb gb ffss ul h kek ef sbmfr prâgt prâgtdgk dgk quf pklf f` oulebhfltk fl ff`` p prf rf--  sfltf, pkrquf musgb `b vdrtue, quf fs f` prfhdk dltfrlk quf sf `karb b` fjfrgfr bggdkl bgg dklfs fs fxtfrl fxtfrlbs. bs. ^frk gkhk `b v drtue tbhm däl pu fe f grfgf grfgfr, r, hdrb tbh mdäl b` outurk. g) F` hdtk fs f` f` h kek ef sbmfr prâgtdg prâgtdgk k quf pk lf f` oulebhfltk fl f` pbsbek  y qu f sf gfltrb fl f` èek` èek`k. k. Wfaú l f` sbmfr hètd hètdgk, gk, `k dhpk rtbltf y b pbs÷. @k quf sugfef bck rb -vdflf b efgdr f` h dtk- fs purb gklsfguflgdb ef bqu ä` cfgck blgfstrb` ef guyb efueb lk bgbmbhks ef `dmrbhks. B su vfz, pbrb f` hdtk f` efstdlk sf vf gkhk ul rftkr rftkrlk lk b` pbsbek. Ef bcè quf sf tflab ul b defb gèg`dgb  ef` tdfhpk y quf sf gfeb b `b dhbafl e f` ftfrlk rftkhk. Wf rfgurrèb b `bs efdebe efdebefs fs hètdgbs ardfabs, pkr fjfhp`k, pbrb sk`ugdklbr prkm`fhbs prk m`fhbs kredlbrdks ef tkek tdpk. Gkl su okrhu`bgd÷l f` hdtk prftflef ebr rbz÷l ef `ks sugfsks ef `b vdeb gktdedblb y fvdtbr q sugfsks quf uf `ks prkm`fhbs quf ef f``b sf efrdvbl qufefl sdl sfltdek, y fl gkl gklsfguf sfguflgdb lgdb,, quf pfrhblfzgb f` ckhmrf pfrp`fjk bltf f``k f``ks. s.

e) @b hbadb fs f` f` hkek ef sbmfr quf pklf f` oulebhfltk fl f` `flaubj `flaubjff y odjb su hdrbeb fl f` outurk cdst÷rdgk. Fs ul sbmfr prâgtdgk pkrquf dltfltb sk`ugdklbr `bs lfgfsdebefs y rfqufrdhdfltks gkl quf sf efmf florfltbr `b vdeb cuh blb ef tkeks `k `kss eèb eèbs. s. @k dhpkrtbltf pbrb `b hbadb fs vflgfr, ablbr, ef gbrb b sfaudr vdvdflek f` eèb ef hbòblb9 y pbrb vflgfr `ks kmstâgu`ks, `ks pkefrfs kgu`tks quf dhpdefl fsb supfrvdvflgdb, sf tdflef b rfb`dzbr ulb sfrdf ef skrtd`fadks usblek ef gkljurks `dlaðèstdgks. Ef fsf hkek hkek,, pbrb `b hbadb f` efstdlk fs outurk.

 

f) @b tägldgb fs fs ff`` hkek ef sbmfr quf pklf f` oul ebh fl tk f l `b bggd bggd÷l ÷l prkeugtdvb eug tdvb y od odjb jb su btflgd÷l fl f` prfsfltf. Gkl f`` f``bb sf trbtb ef hfjkrbr lufstrks dlstruhf ltks ef trbm trbmbjk, bjk, ef prkeuggd÷l, b odl ef quf `bs gkledgdklfs gkledgdklfs ef vdeb bgtub`fs sfbl hfjkrfs fl `b skgdfebe fl quf lks c b tkgbek vdvd vdvdr. r. Fl gklsfgu gklsfguflgdb flgdb,, pbrb `b täg tägldgb ldgb f` efstdlk qufeb rf`fabek p pkr kr W b d ffl l fx fxgfs gfsk k `b btflgd÷l fl f` prfsfltf. Ef fsks trfs sbmfrfs bltdauks, lufstrb skgdfebe prdhb b` sbmfr tägldgk.

o) @b od`kskoèb fs f` hk ek ef sbmfr tf÷r tf÷rdgk dgk quf pkl f f` ou le bh fl tk fl f` prf-

76

sfltf y gfltrb su btflgd÷l btflgd÷l fl f` f` pflsb r. Fl `k `k prdhfrk sf pbrfgf pbrfgf b ``bb b g l i b , pfrk sf edstdlau f ef f``b fl quf lk fs u l sbmfr prâgtdgk, prâgtdgk, sd sdlk lk tf ÷ ri k y pks pks  tbltk, odl fl sè, fstk fs, lk prbahâtdgk k dlstruhfltb`dzbm`f. Wf usb `b ^frdgb lk pkr f``b f``b hdshb, sdlk fl vdstbs b `karbr ul mdf mdfl l prâgtdgk hfjkr quf f``b. f``b. υ . gbhmdk, gbhmd k, f` sbmfr fs odl odl fl sè sè.. Wf Wf sbmf tf÷rdgbhfltf p kr sbm sbmfr, fr, lk p br brbb ktrk b sb l   tk hflkr. Fl gbeb äpkgb ef `b cdstkrdb ef `b od` od`ksk kskoèb oèb sf bprfgdbl edvfrsb s bprkx dhb eklfs b `b rrfb`deb fb`deb e ef` sfr cuhbl k. Wkl prk puf stbs bltrkpk`÷adgbs edstdltbs.

=. @b blt bltrkp rkpk`k k`kaèb aèb arfgkrrkhb arfgkrrkhblb lb Gkhk fs sbmdek, sbmdek, `b od`kskoèb arfgkrrkh blb kgu pb u l ed`btbek pfrdkek cdst÷rdcdst÷rdgk quf h fe db fltr fltrff f` s. _ _DD bb.. G. y f` s. _ e. G. Fl f``b f``b sf suf`fl edstdlaudr vbrdbs ftb ftbpbs pbs suodgdfltfhfl suodgdfltfhfltf tf edofr edofrflgdbe flgdbebs: bs: b) @b äpk äpkgb gb g`âsdgb, quf gkhp g khprfle rfleff efse efseff `ks prfskgrâtdgks b Brdst÷tf`fs (s. _ _D-DDD D-DDD b. G.). m) @b cf`flèstdgk-rkhblb, prkp db ef `bs ef eflkh lkhdlbe dlbebs bs fsguf`bs cf`flèstdgbs (s. (s. DD DDD b. A - s. DDDD e. G G.) .).. g) F` pf pfrdk rdkek ek lfkp`bt÷ldgk (s. DDD-_ e. G.).

@bs efsgrdpgdklfs tf÷rdgbs @bs tf÷rdgbs quf `ks ardfak ardfakss fsmkzbl fsmkz bl ef` ckhmrf, y quf h brgbl su bltrkpk`kaè bltrkpk`kaèb, b, skl `b `bss ef b ldh b` rbgdkl b` y bl dhb ` pk`èt pk`ètdgk. dgk. @b prdhfrb pkrquf, sfaú l f`` f``ks ks,, `b rbz÷ l fs f` edstdltdvk ef` ckh mrf rfspfgtk ef ktrbs fspfgdfs fspfgdfs bldhb`fs. bldhb` fs. @b sfau leb p krqu f lk sf fltdflef b` ckhmrf sdl sfr skgdb`, skgdb`, k sfb sfb,, sdl sfrr gduebeblk ef ulb gduebesf gduebe-fstbek fstbek {pk`ds). Gkl tkek, tbltk `b `b rbz÷l gkhk `b skgdfebe cuh blb skl rfb`debefs ef` âhmdtk ef` edspklfr. edspklfr. ^kr fsk, ssff puf ef efgdr quf `k edstdltdvk edstdltdvk ef ` ckh mrf fl f` pflsbhdfltk ardfak g` g`âsd âsdgk gk fs f` tflf tflfr. r. F` ckhmrf, sfaú l f``ks f``ks,, fs u l sfr quf pksff. Lk kmstbltf, kmstbltf, gbmf gbmf edstdlaudr fl fstb trbedgd÷l edvfrsks arbe ks ef tflfr.

 

•

F` dlofrdkr ef tke ks f``ks f``ks sfrèb f` tfl tf l fr prâgtdgk, fs efgdr, efgdr, `bs pksfsdklfs pksfsdk lfs oèsdgbs k mdflfs hbtfrdb`fs. Ef fltrf fstks útd`fs `b pksfsd÷l hâs b`tb fs f` `flaubjf, `flaubj f, gkhk bev drtdfrkl `ks skodst skodstbs, bs, pkrqu f gkl f``b sf ekh dlbl y edrd edrd-afl `bs efhâs.

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^kr flg flgdhb dhb ef fstf kre fl ef pksfsd÷l fstâ f` tfl fr defbs, ffss ef efgdr gdr,, f` hk ek ef p ksffr prkp dk ef `b dltf`daflgdb (efsgumrdhdfltk ef W÷grbt W÷grbtfs) fs).. Wf trbtb

ef u l h kek ef tflfr hâs dlhblfltf y lk skhftdek b gbhmdks gbhmdks y päredebs (bsèè sf fx (bs fxp`dgb p`dgb `b `b e fsgrdpgd÷l p`bt÷ldgb ef `bs defbs gkhk dhpfrfgfefrbs, sdl gbh mdk, ftg.) ftg.).. •

Wupfrdkr b` prfgfefltf fs f` h kek ef pksf fr sfaú l vdr tue (efs (efsgumr gumrdhdfldhdfltk ef W÷grbtfs W÷grbtfs), ), pkrq uf fs hâs dltfrlk. Wkl vdrtuefs, pk r fjfhp`k, ``bb jjustdustdgdb, gdb, `b okrtb`f okrtb`fzb, zb, `b tfh p`b lz b... »Ruä sf pksff sfa úl `b vdrtue ; F` ekh dldk skmrf `ks prkpdks bgtks ef qufrfr ef `b vk`ultb e, y tbhmdäl, skmrf `bs pr prkkpdbs bggdklfs fxtfrlbs, quf skl `b hbldofstbgd÷l hbldofstb gd÷l ef f``bs f``bs..

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Ukebvè Ukebvèbb ul arbe k u`tfrdk r ef pksfsd÷l efsgumdfrtk pkr `ks arble fs skgrâskgrâtdgks tdg ks ^`bt÷l y Brdst÷tf` Brdst÷tf`fs: fs: f` ef `ks câ mdtks mdt ks dltf`fg tub`fs. F` prdh frk efsgumrd÷ f` vb`kr ef `ks câmdtks dltf`fgtub`fs prâgtdgks, prâgtdgks, guyb gdhb `b kgu pb `b pruefl gdb, y quf, sfaúl ä`, edrdaf edrdaf y akmdfrlb `bs vdrtu efs ef `b vk`ul tbe9 f` sfaulek , f` ef `ks câmdtks tf÷rdgks, tf÷rdgks, guyb gúspdef fs `b sbmdeurèb. "C âmdtk" sdaldodgb tflfr. Gkl f` câmdtk dltf`fgtub` `k quf sf pksffl skl `ks bgtks ef pfl sbr ef `b dltf`dafl dltf`daflgdb. gdb. Wf Wf trbtb ef u lb pksfsd÷l h âs dltrèlsfgb quf `b ef defbs.

@bs pkstfrdkrfs fsguf`bs cf`flèstdgbs rfpdtdfrkl fsks cb``bzaks, bulquf tfledflek b `b mbjb fl su fxp`dgbgd÷l. Ubhmdäl f` lfkp`btkldshk, bulquf ästf fstuvk hâs prfkgu pbek ef b`gblzbr b`gblzbr ef `b dlh krtb`debe p kr vèb hès hèstd tdgb. gb.

7. @b bltr bltrkpk kpk`kaèb `kaèb fl f` grdstdbldshk B edstdlgd÷l ef `ks ardfaks, f` pflsbhdfltk grdstdblk lk gdorb `k edstdltdvk ef` ckhmrf fl f` tflfr, sdlk fl f` sfr, fs efgdr, fl `b pfrsklb. "^frsklb", "gkrbz÷l", "gbe b qudfl", "f spèrdtu" , ft ftgg., vdflf l b sfr sfr eflkhdlbgdklfs fqudvb`fltfs efltrk ef` grdstdbldshk. Bulquf b`aulk ef fstks hkeks ef efsdalbr b gbeb pfrsklb cuhblb tdflf prfgfefltfs efltrk ef` juebdshk (`flaubjf mèm`dgk ef` Bltdauk Ufstbhfltk), lk fs fxp`ègdtk fl ä` f` efsgumrdhdfltk ef `b pfrsklb, quf fs u l cb``bzak lftbh fltf grdstdblk grdstdblk (hbldodfs (hbldodfstk tk fl f` Lufv k Ufstb Ufstbhflt hfltk). k). @k rbedgb` ef `b pfrsklb cuhblb efltrk ef` juebdshk fs `b b`dblzb ef Edks gkl f``b9 y fl f` grdstdbldshk `b od`dbgd÷l edvdlb. @b ekgtrdlb grdstdblb vf b` ckhmrf

 

gkhk ul sfr s fr bmdfrtk bmdfrtk,, susgfptdm`f ef sfr f`fvbek, y f`` f``k k hfrgfe b `b oufltf y odl odl ef tkek sfr, Edks, f` Wfr.

@b rfb`debe quf sumybgf fl `b lkgd÷l ef pfrsklb fs ul efsgumrdhdfltk lftbhfltf grdstdblk. Lk fstâ fl f l `ks fsgrdtks ef `ks od`÷skoks ardfaks. ^b ^brb rb f``ks fsb lkgd÷l ( prks  prksk kpkl pkl) fstâ tkhbeb ef` tfbtrk, y efsdalb f` pbpf` quf f` bgtkr efsfhpfòb. @ks ardfaks efs-

grdmfl b` b` sfr cuh blk gkl f` tärhdlk ckh ckhmrf mrf (bltrkpks), lk gkl f` ef pfrsklb .

Fl f` Bl Bltdau tdauk k Ufstbhfltk, b pfs pfsbr br ef gk gkltflfr ltflfr rfofrflgdbs dhp`ègdtb dhp`ègdtbs, s, `b rfvf`bgd÷l ef `bs trfs ^frsklbs ^frskl bs ed edvdlbs vdlbs l lk k fs fxp`èg fxp`ègdtb dtb.. F` hdstfr hdstfrdk dk e eff `b Wbltèsdhb Urdldebe (^berf, Cdjk y Fspèrdtu Wbltk) fs rfvf`bgd÷l ef` Lufvk Ufstbhfltk. Efsgumrdr `b trdldebe ef ^frsklbs fl `b uldebe ef lbturb`fzb edvdlb fs gklkgfrr quf lk skl fqudvb` gf fqudvb`fltfs fltfs ``bb lkgd lkgd÷l ÷l ef p frskl b v `b ef lb turb`fzb edvd edvdlb, lb, pufstk quf f l `b ul deb e e f Edks gk gkfxdst fxdstfl fl trf trfss ^frsklbs edstdltbs. Gbeb ^frsklb edvdl edvdlbb fs Ed Edks, ks, pfrk f``bs sf edstdl au aufl fl fltrf sè sè.. B su vfz, edgcb rfvf`bgd÷l flsfòb qu f gbeb âlaf` fs ul ulbb pfrsklb pfrsk lb edstdltb, b pfsbr ef quf qu f tkeks f``ks sfbl ef lbtu lbturb`fzb rb`fzb blaä blaä`dg `dgb. b. Wf beh behdtf dtf tbhmdäl q quf uf `b lbturb`fzb ef gbeb âlaf` sf edstdlauf ef `b ef `ks efhâs. Fl gub`qudfr gbsk, tbhpkgk gkdlgdef `b `b lbtu lbturb`fzb rb`fzb blaä`dgb gkl f` sfr pfrskl b` ef gbe gbebb âlaf` âlaf`..

@b rf`da rf`dad÷l d÷l grd grdstdblb stdblb blulgdb tbh mdäl quf `b sfau leb ^frsklb ef `b Wbltè Wbltèsdhb sdhb Urdldebe (b` quf sf `f ``bhb @kaks, _frmk, ^b`bmrb, Cdjk ef` ^berf, ftg.) sf flgbrl÷, gbrl ÷, fs e efg fgdr dr,, bsuhd÷ `b lbturb`fzb c uh blb y vdvd÷ fltrf `ks ckhm ckhmrfs rfs fl ul hkhfltk eftfrhdlbek ef `b cdstkrdb, cbgf bprkxdhbebhfltf =.>>> bòks, fl ul fspbgdk huy gklgrftk, `b Juefb, lkrtf ef Fadptk y `b Ab`d`fb ef` Dhpfrdk ]khblk ef` ss.. D ef luf lufstrb strb frb. frb. Fl Grdstk Grdstk sf edstdlauf fl fltrf trf ^frsklb (` (`bb ed edvdlb) vdlb) y eks lbturb`fzbs (`b (`b edvdlb y `b cuhblb), y fstk dledgb quf pfrsklb lk fqudvb`f b lbturb`fzb. T sd f` ckhmrf fs, bltf tkek, dhbafl dhba fl ef Ed Edks ks Cdjk, Cdjk, fs fsbb edstdlgd÷l tbhmdäl efmf e ebrsf brsf fl f` ckhmr ckhmrf. f. ^kr `k efhâs, Grdstk lk s÷`k byueb b gklkgfr hfjkr b` ckhmrf, sdlk quf, gkhk Edkss qu Edk quff fs, pu pufe feff rfvf`b rfvf`brr f` ckhm ckhmrf rf b` prkp prkpdk dk c ckhm khmrf rf (Gor or.. Gklgd`dk _b _btdgbl tdgblk k DD DD,, G.E. Abueduh ft spfs, l. ==).

Fs lfgfsbrdk, pkr tbltk, fstbm`fgfr fl f` ckhmrf `b edstdlgd÷l fltrf pfrsklb y lbturb`fzb. Bhmbs rfb`debefs lk sf gkloulefl pkrquf lk sf rfeugfl ulb b ktrb. ktrb. Wd mdfl tke tkek k ckh mrf fs pfrsklb, lk tkeb p pfrsklb frsklb fs ckh ckhmrf mrf (pufs ``ks ks âlaf`fs, âlaf` fs, pkr fj fjfhp` fhp`k, k, tbh mdäl skl pfrskl pfrsklbs, bs, pfrk l lk k ckhmrfs). ^frsklb, sfa úl `b gklgfpgd÷l grdst ^frsklb, grdstdblb, dblb, fs gbeb q qudä udä l, b `audfl e edstdltk dstdltk ef tk tk-eks `ks efhâs, bulquf bmdfrtk b f``ks. Gbpbz, pkr tbltk, lk s÷`k ef gklkgfrsf y bhbrsf b sè, sdlk tbhmdäl b `ks efhâs y b Edks. Wd f` b`hb bldhb b` gufrpk

 

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y td tdflf flf ulbs obgu`tbefs k pktflgdbs pktflgdbs quf sk l gkhulfs b` aälfrk cuhbl k, fstk dledgb quf pfrsklb lk fqudvb`f b b`hb, pkrquf `bs pfrsklbs skl edstdltbs, lk gkhulfs gkhulfs.. Cby ulb ul debe prkouleb fltrf fltrf b`hb b`hb y gufrpk y hâs bú l fltrf fltrf pfrsklb y b`hb. Gbeb pfrsklb fs grfbeb edrfgtbhfltf pkr Edks fl f` dlstbltf ef `b gklgfpgd÷l. F` ckhm ckhmrf rf fs f` gfltrk ef `b grfbgd÷l vdsdm`f y y,, b edofrflgdb e eff `b rfb`de rfb`debe be oèsd oèsdgb, gb, `b

pfrsklb cuhb cu hblb lb lk sf ef efsgrdmf sgrdmf tbltk pk r su rf`bgd÷l gkl `b lbeb, sdlk bltf tkek pkr su rf`bgd÷l gkl Edks. Fl fofgtk, f` ckhmrf lk ouf, gkhk f` hulek, grfbek ef `b lbeb {fx ldcd`÷), sdlk ef Edks {fx Ef÷), fstk fs, tfldf tfldflek lek b Edks gkhk hkef`k.

@b pfrsklb fs `k rbedgb`. @bs pfrofggdklfs rbedgb`fs quf gklokrhbl `b dltdhdebe pfrsklb` lk sf rfeugfl b `bs gbrbgtfrèstdgbs gkhulfs quf efsgrdmfl b `b fsflgd fsf lgdbb y l bturb`fzb c uhblbs. B`aulks butkrfs efstbgbeks ef fstf pfrdkek skl: b) ^berfs bpk`kadstbs: Wbl Justd Justdlk lk y Wbl Drflfk Drflfk,, quf cdgdfrkl orfltf b` juebdshk dlo`uyfltf, dlo`uyflt f, f` gub` tfleèb b `b gkhprflsd÷l ef Edk Edkss gkhk ul sfr hklkpfrsklb`, y bsdhdshk f` f` pbabldshk dhpfrbl dhpfrbltf tf quf tfleèb b beh behdtdr dtdr `b p`urb`debe ef edksfs. edksfs. m) Od`÷sk Od`÷skoks. oks. Mk Mkfgd fgdk k (s (s.. _-_ -_D), D), qu qudfl dfl pr prkp kpus usk k ? efodldgdklfs ef pfrsklb bulquf `b pkstfrdebe rfgkad÷ `b hâs flefm`f (`b ef "sustblgdb dledvdeub` ef lbturb`fzb rbgdklb`",  @  @èm èmfr fr ef pf pfrs rskl klb b ft eubmus eubmus lbtuús, lbtu ús, g. DDD, DD, Gk Gkltrb ltrb Futygcfl ft Lfstkrduh,  ^@ HA., ?5,2757 G). g)  @ks arbl arblefs efs ^berf ^berfs: s: Wbl Baustèl, qudfl pfr pfrod`÷ od`÷ ``bb dltdhdebe c cuh uhblb blb gkl `b pb`bmrb 'gkrbz÷l', 'gkrbz ÷l', sdflek `b g`b g`bvf vf ef su bltrkpk`kaèb `b dhbafl edvdlb fl f` ckhmrf (gor. Gklofsdklfs,  2. D). D). Wbl Arfakrdk e eff Ldsb, quf qu f flt fltfle fled÷ d÷ b` ck ckhm hmrf rf gkhk fspfrblzb (gor. Wkmrf `b vdeb ef Hkdsäs). Wbl Jubl Ebhbsgflk, ú`tdhk ef `ks ^berfs ef `b Da`fsdb (s. _DD-_DDD), qudfl edstdlaud÷ lftbhfltf fltrf pfrsklb (cdp÷stbsds) y lbturb`fzb (pcysds)  (Gor. Efodef kr krtk tkek ekxb xb,, DDD^A HA, 55, 436-433).

^fsf b `b p`urb`debe ef hbtdgfs, pbrb f``ks `b pfrsklb fs gbeb qudäl, f` sfr drrfpftdm`f drr fpftdm`f f drrfeugtdm` drrfeugtdm`ff b `k gkh úl ef `ks efhâs ckhmrfs. Fs prkpdk ef e f `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb `b gkrpkrfdebe, `ks sfltdeks, `ks efsfks sflsdm`fs, ftg., pfrk lk `b pfrsklb. @ks ardfaks efsgklkgdfrkl fstf cb``bzak, pfrk `ks hkefrlks -gkhk v frfhks- `k k`vdebrkl k`vdebrkl fl mufl b hfedeb. B pfsbr ef fstb päredeb, fstb fstb bvfrdaubgd÷ bvfrda ubgd÷l l fs afldb`, afldb`, lk s÷`k fl `k quf rfspfgtb rfs pfgtb b su vb`kr vb `kr èltdhk, sdlk b `bs rfpfrgusdklfs skgdb`fs quf fsf efsgumrdhdfltk ``fvb gklsdak.

 

5. @b bltr bltrkpk kpk`ka `kaèb èb fl `b Febe Febe Hfedb @b efu eb gkl f` grdstdbld grdstdbldshk, shk, fl `k quf b` bpkafk ef fstf pfrdkek sf rrfo fodfr dfrf, f, kkhpkrtb quf `ks butkrfs guhm rf gdorfl gdorfl `k edstdltdvk ef` ckhmrf ckhm rf fl su sfr, lk fl su 't fl fr 1k fl su 1km 1km rbr1 (yb sfb sfb ästf rbgdklb`, rbgdklb`, vk`dtdvk k prbahâtdgk). @b ``bhbeb Febe Hfedb fs ulb äpkgb cdst÷rdgb quf, b` hbrafl ef` pfrdkek

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ef trblsdgd÷l (quf bmbrgb efsef f` s. _D b` _DDD e. G), fstâ gkhprfledeb fltrf `ks sda`ks _DDD y SD_ Fstb äpkgb fstâ hbrgbeb pkr f` baktbhdfltk ef` `fabek rkhblk y f` lbgdhdfltk ef ul lufvk hkek ef pflsbr gkdleefltf gkl f` rflbgdhdfltk gbrk`d gbrk`dladk ladk,, lbgdek f l Orblgdb Orblgdb y quf qu f pkstfrdkrhfl pk stfrdkrhfl tf rfpfrgutdrâ fl tkeb Furkpb. Furkpb. Wf suf`fl edstdlaudr e dstdlaudr vbrdbs ftbpbs hfedfvb`f hfedfvb`fs: s: b) F` rflbgdh dfltk gbrk`dladk, gdrgulsgrd gdrgulsgrdtk tk b Orblgd Orblgdbb y sus b`rfefekrfs b`rfefekrfs (s (s. ή Δ v DS). m) F` ef `b rflkvbgd rflk vbgd÷l ÷l f spdrdt sp drdtub ub`` (s. S-S -SDD DD), ), gkl ul ârfb afkarâodgb afkarâodgb hâs furkpfb. g) F` ef fsp f sp`fl `flek ekrr k fsgk`âstdgb (s. (s. SDD SDDD) D),, quf adrb fl tkrlk b `b uldvfrsdebe uldvf rsdebefs. fs. e) @b Mbjb Mbjb Febe Hfedb H fedb,, (s. (s. SD_ SD_), ), gkl fpdgfltrk tbhmdäl tbhm däl fl `bs uldvfrsdebef uldvfrs debefs, s, bulquf fstf ú`tdhk pfrdkek, fl gubltk b `b od`kskoèb y b `b gklgfpgd÷l ef` ckhmrf sf rfod rfodfrf, frf, yb lk fs flguberbm`f flgu berbm`f fl `b äpkgb hfedfvb`, sdlk quf q uf bmrf `b pufrtb puf rtb b `b Febe Hkefrlb.

Fl `ks prdlgdpb`fs pflsbek rfs ef fstf fstf pfrdkek fstâ dlgkbeb, bulquf bul quf lk fl tkeks efsbrrk``beb ef sbrrk``beb y mdfl rfsuf`tb, `b edstdlgd÷l edstdlgd÷l rfb` fltrf fltrf fsflgdb fsf lgdb y bgtk ef sfr s fr fl f` ckhmrf (Bvdgflb, B`fjblerk ef Cb`fs, W. B`mfrtk Hbalk, Wtk. Ukhâs ef Bqudlk, Bqudl k, ftg.) ftg.),, fs efgd efgdr, r, fltrf bquf``k quf q uf fs fl f` ckh mrf ef` e f` âhmdtk âhm dtk ef` ef ` edspklfrr y bquf``k quf lf qu f fs su sfr. sfr. B` tdpk ef od`ksk od`kskoè oèbb ef fstf fstf pfrdkek pf rdkek q uf musgb f` sfr sf `b `b cb eflkhdlb eflk hdlbek ek rfb`dshk. F` F` ckh mrf yb lk fs gklsdefrbek gklsdefrbe k gkhk ulb ul b pdfzb hâs ef` gkshks gkshks -gkh -gkh k fl f` pfrdkek ardfak-. F` b`tk gklgfptk quf sf tdflf ef` sfr cuhblk, gkhk gfltrk gfltr k ef `b grfbgd÷l grfbgd÷l vdsdm` vdsdm`f, f, fs gkhú l e flkh flk h dlbek r ef tkeks `ks butkrfs. Wf Wf gklgdmf gkhk ul hdgrkgkshks quf gkhpfledb tkebs `bs lktbs ef `k sflsdm`f y ef `k fspdrdtub`. Vlb gbrbgtfrèstdgb gkhúl b `b od`kskoèb grdstdblb ef fstf pfrdkek pkr `k quf b bltrkpk`kaèb sf rfodfrf fs quf gufltb gkl f` efsgumrdhdfltk grdstdblk ef `b pfrsklb. ^frsklb lk fs sdl÷ldhk ef ckhmrf, sdlk ef gbeb qudäl. Befhâs, sf gklg gklgdmf dmf b` b` ckhmrf gkhk ul sfr bmdfrtk b `b trbsgflef lgdb (gbpbx Efd). F``k dhp`dgb, dhp` dgb, b `b pbr, pbr, ulb ul b vdsd÷l kptdhdstb y fspfrbl fsp frbl zbeb zbe b ef` ckhmrf.

 

Ktrks tfhbs trbtbeks pkr `ks hfedfvb`fs Xoufrkl f` sfr rf`bgdklb` ef` ckhmrf, su vdsd÷l ef `b skgdfebe, skgdfeb e, ef `b ätdgb y pk` pk`ètdgb, ètdgb, ef` `flaubjf, ef `b vdeb prâgtdgb, gu`turb, cdstkrdb, ftg. Befhâs ef `ks pflsbekrfs hflgdklbeks hâs brrdmb efstbgbl Wbl Muflbvflturb, quf gklgdmf gklgdmf `b vdeb cuh cuhblb blb gkhk dtdlfrbrd dtdlfrbrdk ke eff `b hfltf cbgdb Edks,, y Fsgk Edks Fsgktk, tk, quf `b pfrgdmf gkhk f` dtdlfrbrdk ef `b v k`ul tbe cbgdb f` sfr edvdlk.

^frk lk tkebs `bs gklgfpgdklfs hfedfvb`fs ef` ckhmrf oufrkl grdstdblbs. @b

od`kskoèb ârbmf ef `ks s. SD-SDD, fl sus hâs lftks rfprfsfltbltfs (Bvdgflb y Bvfrrkfs), sfaurbhfltf fl gkltrb ef `k quf prftfleèbl, `fjks ef flb`tfgfr gkl su od`ksk od`kskoèb oèb b `b pfrsklb c uh blb, obvkrfgd obvkrfgdfrkl frkl ``bb e fspfrsk lb`dzbgd÷ l ef` ckhmrf, pkr dltfltbr defltd defltdodgb odgbrr `k lug`fbr ef gbeb qudäl gkl `k prkpdbhf ltf edvdlk. Wf trbtb ef u lb dltfrprftbgd dltfrprftbgd÷l ÷l huy pfgu`dbr e ef` f` dltf`fgtk bafltf baf ltf efsgumdfrtk pkr Brdst÷tf`fs, fs efgdr, ef` gklkgfr pfrsklb` cuhblk, pufs behdtèbl quf lufstrk gklkgfr fs fltfrbhfltf pbsdvk, y quf f` úldgk gklkgfr bgtdvk fs f` edvdlk, quf rfo`fjb su `uz fl lufstrbs hfltfs gkhk fl ul fspfjk. Wdl fhmbrak, `b pbsdvdebe gkalksgdtdvb gkalksgdt dvb lk fs cuhb cuhblb, lb, p pufs ufs sd lk fs f` ckhmrf f` qu quff gkl gklkgf, kgf, lk ffss pfrsklb, yb quf lk pufef sfr rfspklsbm`f. Gkl f``k lk s÷`k sf vk`vèb ef`fzlbm`f `b bltrkpk`kaèb, sdlk tbhmdäl -gkh - gkhk k bbevdrtd÷ evdrtd÷ Ukhâs ef Bqud Bqudlklk- `b ätdgb y `b pk` pk`ètdgb ètdgb (g (goor. W. G. Afltfs, 2. DD, gbp. 1?, l. =>.).

^kr su pbrtf, `b od`kskoèb jue èb ef fstb äpkgb rf rfgd gdmd÷ md÷ fl b`aú l butk r (Hb (Hbdh÷ dh÷ldldefs fs ul gbsk prkt prktktèpdgk) ktèpdgk) f` ddlo`uj lo`ujk k gkhp`ftk e f `ks ârbmfs, hdfltrbs q uf ffl l b`aúl ktrk (Bvdgfmr÷l, pkr fjfhp`k) bgkad÷ f` ef `ks lfkp`bt÷ldgks. Fl suhb, ef hke k pbrfj pbrfjk k b gkhk f` Gkrâl su pklf "u l prkgfsk ef rfeuggd÷l ef `b ed ed-vdlb ]fvf`bgd÷l quf fl ä` sf ``fvb b gbmk". (Jubl ^bm`k DD, Gruzblek f` uhmrb`  ef `b fspfrblzb, fe. gdt., 2>?), bsè `b bltrkpk`kaèb ârbmf y jueèb ef fstf pfrdkek skl ulb rfeuggd÷l ef` b`gblgf quf pufef tflfr `b brdstktä`dgb, efsbrrk``k quf dltfltbl ``fvbr b gbmk prfgdsbhfltf `ks pflsbekrfs grdstdblks hfedfvb`fs ef` s. SDDD. B pfsbr ef `bs gkrrfggdklfs quf `bs ekgtrdlbs ârbmfs rfgdmdfrkl pkr pbrtf ef `ks pflsbekrfs grdstdblks y ef `bs butkrdebefs fg`fsdâstdgbs, b odlb`fs ef` s. SDDD f` bvfrrkèshk gbhpf÷ b sus blgcbs fl `bs uldvfrsdebefs furkpfbs. F` gklkgfr cuhblk sf gklgdmf pbsdvk, dlgbpbz ef gklkgfr `ks arblefs tfhbs pkr sus prkpdbs oufrzbs, b hflks quf sfb d`uhdlbek. Befhâs, gkhdflzb b grffrsf quf fsb d`uhdlbgd÷l yb lk fs lbturb` -gkhk kpdlbmbl `ks ârbmfs prfgfefltfs- sdlk fxg`usdvbhfltf skmrflbturb`, fs efgdr, efmdeb s÷`k b `b `uz ef `b of. Fstb kpdld÷l fs lftbhfltf hkefrlb hke frlb (sfhf (sfhfjbltf jbltf,, pk pkrr fjfhp` fjfhp`k, k, b `b ef @ut @utfrk). frk). Fl fofgtk, fl `b hkefrldebe sf tdflef b grffr quf `bs rfb`debefs supfrdkrfs b` ckhmrf lk sf pufefl gklkgfr lbturb`hfltf. ^kr tbltk, fsf âhmdtk lk sf gklsdefrbrâ kmjftk ef `b od`kskoèb, sdlk ef `b of (pbrb qudfl `b bgfptf) y, pkr tbltk, ef `b tfk`kaèb skmrflbturb`. Ef fsf hkek sf gklsk`deb ul bmdshk brtdodgdb`, quf sf

 

sup klf dlsb`vbm`f, fl supklf fltrf trf `b od`kskoèb y `b tfk`kaèb, fl fltrf trf `b rbz rbz÷l ÷l y `b oof. f. B fstf frrkr frrkr,, rfdtfrbebhfltf eflulgdbek pkr `b ekgtrdlb gbt÷`dgb, sf `f cb ``bhbek odefèshk. ^kr `k efhâs, fs g`brk quf fsb hfltb`debe cb ``fabek cbstb lufstrks eèbs (Gor. Jubl ^bm`k DD, Of y rbz÷l, 2443, l¾ 2?,72).

6. @b bltrk bl trkpk pk`ka `kaèb èb fl `b Mbj Mbjb b Febe Febe Hf Hfedb, edb,

5 

Cuhbldshk y ]flbgdhdfltk @ks arblefs cb``bzaks bltrkpk`÷adgks ef` fsp`flekr ef `b Fsgk`âstdgb qufebrkl kgu`tks fl f` s. SD_. @ks hkluhfltb`fs tfhbs hfedfvb`fs yb lk dlspdrbmbl. ^kr fjfhp`k, `b bpfrturb gklstdtutdvb ef` ckhmrf b Edks, fxp`ègdtb b `k `brak ef e f tk tkeb eb `b Fe Febe be H fedb, sf fg`dps÷ ef se seff f` ss.. S SDD_. F` pfrdkek ef `b cdstkrdb ef `b od`kskoèb quf hfedb efsef f` s. SD_ cbstb f` s. S_D, k prdlgdpdks ef` S_DD gkhk hâxdhk, b pfsbr ef `ks vbrdbeks hbtdgfs ef `ks `ks edvfrsks bhmdflt bhmdfltfs fs gu`tur gu`turb`fs, b`fs, ttdflf dflf ul gkhúl eflk hdlbe kr quf v frtfmrb `bs `bs pfgu`dbrdebef pfgu`dbrdebefs: s: sf gk gklgd lgdmf mf quf `k lu g`fbr e f` ck h mrf fs su kmrbr. F` flokquf bltrkpk`÷adgk efsef f` s. SD_ kmfefgf b ulks pbrâhftrks quf skl lufvks, dlg`usk kpufstks, rfspfgtk ef `ks p`bltfbhdfltks p`bltfbhdfl tks bltfrdkrfs, y quf skl `ks quf sf trblsofrdrâl b `b Febe Hkefrlb H kefrlb y cbstb l lufstrb ufstrb äpkgb. Fl fstf sfltdek pufef skstflfrsf quf `b hkefrldebe tdflf su dldgdk fl f` s. SU_.  Efsef fstf sda`k, oulebhfltb`hfltf gkl Kgicbh, `b gklgfpgd÷l ef` ckhmrf yb lk sf gfltrb, pufs, fl f l f` sf sfr, r, ssdlk dlk ef e f hb hblfr lfrbb fxg`usdvb fl f` bg bgtubr. tubr.

Hdfltrbs Hdflt rbs fl f` ss.. SDD SDDDD ssff gklgfmèb b` ck ckhm hmrf rf gkhk bmdfrtk ggkalk kalksgdtdvbh sgdtdvbhfltf fltf b `b trbsgfleflgdb - p k r fsk sf dltflt÷ pk pklf lfrr `b od od`ks `kskoè koèbb b` sfr sfrvdgd vdgdk ke eff `b tfk`kaè tfk`kaèbb y sf bul÷ `b rbz÷l gkl `b of-, fl f` SD_ SD_ sf lfa÷ `b bpf rturb lb turb ` cu h bl b b Edks y sf bds`brkl `b rrbz÷ bz÷ l y `b oof. f. Efrdvbek Efrdvbe k ef f` f``k, `k, yb lk sf gklgdm gklgdmd÷ d÷ `b vdeb cu h blb bl b gkhk "v èb cbgdb Edks" Edks",, ld, gklsfgufltfhfltf, gkhk músqufeb ef` prkpdk sfltdek pfrsklb`, sdlk gkhk "vèb cbgdb f` âhmdtk ef` dltfräs". Wf bgfpt÷ quf lk sf pkeèb gklkgfr tf÷rdgbhf ltf (gkltfhp`btd hfltf (gkltfhp`btdvbhfltf) vbhfltf) f` sfltdek ef `k rrfb`, fb`, pkr fsk `k `k quf qu qufeb febmb mb frb bofrrbrsf b ul gklkgfr prâgtdgk pbrb ekhdlbr f` hulek. ^kr fsk sf dltflt÷ gklkgfr s÷`k s÷`k bspfgt bspfgtks ks prâgtd prâgtdgks, gks, fl hug hugcks cks gbsk gbskss sum sumkredlâ kredlâlek lek`ks `ks b` âhmdt âhmdtk k ef` dltfräs fgkl÷hdgk, gu`turb`, pk`ètdgk, ftg. F` Cuhbldshk (ss. SD_-S_D), y f` ]flbgdhdfltk ]flbgdh dfltk (ss (ss.. S_ S_-S -S_D _D), ), sb`vk fxgfpgdklfs, bgfptb bgfptbrkl rkl fl mu fl flbb hf edeb ed eb `k fsflgdb` fsflgdb` ef `bs tfsds kgicbhdstbs fl fstf pu pultk. ltk. F` trbmbjk (hblub`, pk`ètdgk, brtèstdgk, ftg.) sdflek dhpkrtbltèsdhk, fs hfedk, lk odl, odl, y, pkr tbltk, sf efmf sumk sumkredlbr redlbr b `bs dlstblgd dlstblgdbs bs cuh blbs h hâs âs f`fvbebs, pufs

 

5=

ästbs lk sf rfeugfl rfeugf l b` cbgf cbgfr, r, yb quf `b pfrs pfrsklb klb lk fs `k quf cbg cbgf: f: lbedf sf rfeugf b sus kmrbs.

b) Fl `b Mbjb Mbjb Febe H fedb sf prkeu gf f` efsp frtbr ef `b hk efrldebe , k ulb lufv b vèb, vèb, b `b `b quf sus prktbakldstbs ``bhbl vèb hk efrlb, gbrbgtfrdzbeb pkr f` lkhdlb`dshk, kpdld÷l quf bodrhb quf, ebek quf lk pkefhks gklkgfr `b rfb`debe ef `bs gks gksbs bs,, `fs `fs pklfh ks lkh mrfs pb rb f ltfle fh ks fltrf lksktr lksktrks. ks. Fstb gklgfpgd÷l ebrâ `uabr pkstfrdkrhfltf fl od`kskoèb b eks gkrrdfltfs gkl-

trbpufstbs: f` fhp drdshk y f` rbgdklb`dshk9 trbpufstbs: rbgdklb`dshk9 y b ktrbs eks lk hflks gkltrbrdb gkltrbrdbss fl tfk`kaè tfk`kaèb: b: f` lbturb`ds lbtu rb`ds h k y f` odefèshk. @b vèb hkefrlb (gkl butkrfs dldgdb`fs huy edstdltks gkhk Hfdstfr Fgicbrt, Kgicbh...) sf bekpt÷ fl muflb pbrtf ef `bs uldvfrsdebefs furkpfbs edl-bltf `ks sda`ks SD_, S_, f dldgdks ef` S_D, b pfsbr ef `bs rfdtfrbebs prkcdmdgdklfs fg`fsdâstdgbs.

m) Cuhbldshk. Wf gfltr÷ fl `b vdeb cuhblb prâgtdgb y sus prkm`fhbs gktdedblks, fspfgdb`hfltf `ks ef èlek`f skgdb`. Fstf hkvdhdfltk furkpfk sf dldgd÷ fl f` s. SD_ y sf efsbrrk``÷ eurbltf `ks sda`ks S_ y S_D. Wf trbtb ef ulb rfbggd÷l gkltrb `b grdsds grds ds skgdb` skgdb`,, pk`ètdgb y ätdgb quf rfgkrrèb `b F Furkp urkpbb ef e f fstks sda`ks. sda`ks. @ks butkrfs butkrf s prftfle èbl odlfs pfeba÷ adgks y h krb`dzbltfs krb`dzbltfs ef `b skgdfebe skgdfebe.. Fs f` gbsk ef ^ftrbrgb fl f` SD_, y ef Frbshk ef ]kttfrebh, Wbltk Ukhâs Hkrk y Jubl @uds _dvfs b prdlgdpdks ef` S_D. Ukeks f``ks pksffl ulb gklgfpgd÷l lufvb ef` ckhmrf ck hmrf y ef su suss pr prkm`fhbs km`fhbs (pk` (pk`ètd ètdgks, gks, skg skgdb`f db`fs, s, feug feugbtdvks, btdvks, rf`dadk rf`dadksks, sks, ft ftg. g.). ). Wu oufrtf fs 2> quf cky pkerèbhks ``bhbr od`kskoèb prâgtdgb, ul dltfltk ef kxdaflbr `b vdeb skgdb`. Fl bltrkpk`kaèb efodflefl, b edofrflgdb ef ktrks butkrfs gkltfhpkrâlfks, `b dlhkrtb`debe ef` b`hb y `b rf`bgd÷l ef` ckhmrf gkl Edks, tbltk fl fstb vdeb gkhk trbs `b hufrtf. ^frk f` arufsk ef sus flsbyks vfrsb skmrf `b vdeb kredlbrdb: `bs vdrtuefs, `bs pbsdklfs, `b feugbgd÷l, `b grètdgb b `b gkrrupgd÷l pk`ètdgb y fg`fsdâstdgb, ftg.

g) ]flbgdhdfltk. Fl `ks sda`ks sda`ks S_ S_-S_D sf sf orbau÷ orba u÷ u l k`vdek ef `b gu`turb gu `turb rfgdmdeb b `k `brak ef e f `b Febe H fedb b `b pbr qu f u l rflbgfr ef `b g u`turb g`âsdgb g`âsdgb arfgkrr arfgkrrkhblb. khblb. Fsb bgtdtue edk gkhk orutk fxgf`fltfs rfsu`tbeks gu`turb`fs fl tkeb Furkpb fl f` gbhpk ef `bs mf``bs brtfs. Wdl fhmbrak, fl od`kskoèb, fstb äpkgb sf efsprfled÷ ef `k hfjkr ef` pfrdkek hfedfvb`, ef `bs arblefs sèltfsds b`gblzbebs fl f` s. SDDD, y hbltuvk f` lkhdlb`dshk ef` s. SD_, quf sdaud÷ fl buaf, y tbhpkgk rfgupfr÷ `k hfjkr ef

 

`ks g`âsdg g`âsdgks ks ardfaks, b` hf hflks lks fl `k quf b `b bltrkp bltrkpk`ka k`kaèb èb sf rflf rflfrf. rf. pu fs ðd ðd® ® gbmdebb b` lbturb`dsh k. gbmde ^blpsdqudshks y pbltfèshks tbhpkgk ob`tbrkl efltrk ef fstf lbtur lbturbmshg. bmshg... 7 b   turb`dshk turb` dshk fl bltrk bltrkpk`kaèb pk`kaèb sup supklf klf k`vde k`vdebr br b `b pfr pfrskl sklbb pk pkrr gf gfltrbrsf ltrbrsf ffl l ffx xgogzsdcdrs fl `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb.

e) ]fokrhb prktfstbltf.

Ubhmdäl Ubhmd äl sf kpusk b `b ood`k d`ksko skoèb èb fsg fsgk`âs k`âstdg tdgbb ef `b F Febe ebe Hfedb, bul quf pkr u l hktdvk edstdltk b` ]flbgdhdfltk. Lk ouf, gkhk fl ästf, pkr ulb gklgfpgd÷l lbturb`dstb ef` ckhmrf, sdlk pkr ulb vdsd÷l fspdrdtub`dstb ef sdalk gkltrbrdk (odefèshk). F` dldgdbekr ef fstb ba badtbgd÷l dtbgd÷l skgdb skgdb`` quf gklhkgdkl÷ F Furkpb urkpb ou ouff Hbr Hbrtèl tèl @utfrk (s. S_D). Fstf butkr efsgb`dodg÷ `b rbz÷l cuhblb kpkldälek`b b `b of. Wu tfsds bltrkpk`÷adgb fs mdfl gklkgdeb: `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb fstâ fltfrbhfltf gkrruptb. Lk kmstbltf, ef sfr gkcfrfltf gkcfrfltf gkl `k quf edgf ffsf sf pkstu`bek pkstu`bek,, cbmrèb quf hb hbltflfr ltflfr qu quff fstff flulgdbek ef ldl aúl h kek p fst pufef ufef tflfrs tflfrsff pkr vfrebefrk, pufs pkr sfr or orutk utk ef ulb ul b lbturb`f lbturb`fzb zb cu cuhbl hblb, b, fl gklgr gklgrftk ftk ef `b rbz÷l, fstbrèb gkr gkrruptk9 ruptk9 lk sfrèb hâs quf f` prkeugtk ef ul bgt bgtk k dlobhf ef `b rbz÷l.

Gkhk sf bprfgdb, bprfgdb, f` lb turb `dsh k y f` odefèsh k skl, fl f` oklek, vdsdklfs pbrgèb`fs gèb` fs ef` ckhm ckhmrf: rf: k s÷`k rbz÷l rbz÷l,, k s÷`k of of.. Ef fstf tdpk ef rfeuggdkldshks tbhpkgk fsgbp÷ b`aulb od`kskoèb pk`ètdgb ef `b äpkgb gkhk `b ef Hbqudbvf`k (s. S_D), hkef`k ef kpkrtuldshk pk`ètdgk (gor.  F  F``   prèlepä),  prèle pä), quf, pkr `k efhâs, tbltk cb dlo`udek fl `b pk`ètdgb hkefrlb pkstfrdkr. Ktrks pflsbekrfs, _dtkrdb (s. S_D) pkr fjfhp`k, btflefrâl hâs b `b oulebhfltbgd÷l ef tkek efrfgck fl `k lbturb`. Dltfltbrâl, pkr tbltk, f` fstuedk gkhp`ftk ef `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb. Ktrk bsultk dhpkrtbltf fl bquf` hkhfltk cdst÷rdgk frb f` efrfgck ef `bs afltfs dleèaflbs trbs f` efsgumrdhdfltk ef Bhärdgb. Wkmrf fstf tfhb sf kgupbl kgup bl vbrdks fsgrdtks ef _dtkrd _dtkrdb. b. Fl vdrtu vdrtue e ef f`` f``k, k, b fs fstf tf bu butkr tkr sf `f pufef gklsdefrbr gkhk f` oulebekr ef` efrfgck dltfrlbgdklb`. _brdks tfxtks ef Wuârfz (s. S_D) vfrsbl tbhmdäl skmrf fsf bsultk.

f) Fsgk`âstd Fsgk`âstdgb gb rflbg rflbgfltdstb. fltdstb. Wda`ks S_D-S_DD. Lk s÷`k dhpu`s÷ f` Gklgd`dk ef Urfltk, quf edk `uabr b ulb bjustbeb rfg rfgtdo tdodgbg dgbgd÷l d÷l gb gbt÷` t÷`dgb dgb ef `b ]fokrhb prktfstbltf, y b ul fguhfldshk mdfl fltfledek, sdlk sdlk tbhmdäl b ul rfjuvf lfgdh dfltk ef `b fspfgu`bgd÷l fsg fsgkk`âstdgb hfedfvb`. Fl bltrkpk`kaèb su p ul ultk tk lfurâ`adgk tb` vfz sfb f` dltfltk e eff brh kldzbr `b `dmf rtbe cu cuh h blb gkl ``bb arbgdb edvd edvdlb. lb. Wdl fhmbrak, ``bb edsgusd÷l hfedfv hfedfvb` b` hâs dhpkrtbltf rfgupfrbeb fl fstb äpkgb ef gbrb b `b bltrkpk`kaèb adrb, sfaurb-

 

55

hfltf, fl tkrlk b `b edstdlgd÷l rfb` tkhdstb fltrf fsflgdb-bgtk ef sfr, bulq uf tkebv èb pkgk rfofrdeb b` ckhmrf. Efstbgbrkl butkrfs b utkrfs gkhk f` yb gdtbek _dtkrdb, _dtkrdb, Gbyftblk, Wd`vfstrf ef Ofrrbrb, Ofr rbrb, Wktk, Wktk, Mâòfz,, Hk`dlb, Gblk, Mâòfz Gb lk, Gbrrbl Gb rrblzb, zb, @uès ef @f÷l, ftg., tkeks tkek s f``ks fl f` s. S_ S_D.

?. @b bltrk bltrkpk`k pk`kaèb aèb   fl `b od`kskoèb hkefrlb

Wf pu fe f fstbm`fgfr quf `b ood`ksko d`kskoèb èb hk hkef ef rl rlbb vb v b e fse f f` ss.. S_ S_DD b` SDS SDS,, efse f Efsgbrtfs cbstb Wf pk gbrbgtfrdzb `èlfbs y b pfsbr ef su vCfaf`. brdfebe, r f` pbpf `bltrkpk`÷adgbhfltf, cfafh÷ldgk cfafh÷ldgk ef `b bggd÷l bgfl gd÷l cuhaflfrb`fs bl b gfl gfl-trbeb, skmrf tkek, fl `b `b rbgdklb `debe. Lk fs ``bb pfrsklb, sdlk su rbz÷l , `k quf bckrb dhpkrtb. Wd `k `k prkpdbhfltf cuhblk cuhb lk pbrb p brb `b hbykr hb ykr pbrtf ef fstks butkrfs fs `b rbz÷l, efmf sfr f``b `k hâs b`tk, `k hâs prkpdbhfltf cuhblk y, pkr fsk, efmf sfr ulb rbz÷l but÷lkhb, but÷lkh b, dlefpfledfltf, dlefpfle dfltf, butksuodgd butksuodgdfltf, fltf, fhblgdpbeb. Wkl, Wkl, pufs, dltfltks ef butkoulebhfltbr `b rbz÷l. ^frk sd `b rbz÷l sf supklf but÷lkhb, lk efmfrâ fstbr oulebeb oule beb pk r lbedf, y b lbedf efmfrâ rfledr gufltbs. gufltbs.

Efrdvbebhfltf ef `b vdsd÷l rbgdklb`dstb, f` ckhmrf sfrâ dltfrprftbek gkhk oul eb h fl tk y y,, pkr f` f``k `k,, but÷lk hk f dlefp fl edfl tf. Wd f` ckhmrf fs mâs mâsdgb dgb-hfltf rbgdklb`, b `b rbz÷l cbmrâ quf bguedr pbrb sk`ugdklbr `b prkm`fhbtdgdebe cuhblb. F` dltfltk ef fhblgdpbgd÷l rbgdklb`dstb gkhdflzb gkl f` rbgdklb`dshk (Efsfbrtfs),, sf flgrfspb fl `b D`ust tfs) D `ustrbg rbgd÷l d÷l (Ckmmfs, (Ckmmfs, ]kussfbu, ftg., ftg., fhblgdpbl fhblg dpbl `b pk`ètdgb9 pk`ètdgb9 B. Whdtc y Ebvde ]dgbrek `b fgklkhèb9 Cuhf, Iblt, ftg., `b hkrb`) y sf bauedzb gkl f` defb`dshk (guyk hâs â`adek rfprfsfltbltf fs Cfaf`).

@b efodgd efodgdflgd flgdbb quf fl fstks hkvdh dfltks sf gbptb fl bl trkpk`kaèb fstrdmb f l `b dlsuodgdflgdb ef `b rbz÷l pbrb efsgrdmdr fsb rfb`debe quf supfrb b fstb pktflgd gdb, b, b sbmfr, sbmfr, `b pfrsk lb cu hbl b. @ks hkvdhdfltks od`ks÷odgks hâs efstbgbeks skl: b) F` rbgdklb`dshk, ulb u lb gkrrdfltf ef pflsbhdfltk, rbedgbeb fl `b Furkpb gkltd gkltd-lfltb` lflt b` fl f` s. S_DD S_DD y prdlg prdlgdpdks dpdks ef` S_DD S_DDD, D, quf prktbakld prk tbakldzb zb f` buaf b uaf y prfstdadk p rfstdadk ef ef `b rbz÷l rbz ÷l (Efsgbrtfs, (Efsgbrtfs, Wpdlkzb, @fdmldz, @fdmldz, ftg. ftg.). ). F` rbgdklb`dshk fs defb`dstb fl f l bltrkpk`kaèb, pk`ka èb, pufs prftflef prf tflef gbptbr b` ckhmrf b trbväs ef `bs defbs. defbs. F` hdshk Efsgbrtfs gkhprkm÷ b` odlb` `b dhpksdmd`debe ef fstf fhpfòk, pufs `k quf pdflsb `b rbz÷l cuhblb cuh blb skl s kl sdfhprf defbs9 defbs9 pfrk f` sujftk sujftk quf pdflsb (gkadtk  frak suh) rfsu`tb sdfhprf dlgkalksgd dlgkalksgdm`f m`f pkr h fedk ef `b rbz÷l cuhblb: cuh blb: b` odlb` odlb` sf trbtb ef ul pdlk cfgc cfgck. k.

 

m) F` fh pd pdrdsh rdsh k, gk gkrrdfltf rrdfltf dla dla`fsb `fsb ef e f `ks s. s. S_D S_DDD y S_DD S_DDDD kp ufstb uf stb b` rbgdklbDdshk Dds hk gkltdlfltb` gkltdlfltb ` guyks rfprfsfltbl rfprf sfltbl tfs (Ckmmfs, (Ckmmfs, @kgif @kgif,, C Cuh uhf, f, ftg ftg.) .) efofledfrkl `b fxpfrdflgdb y `ks cfgcks skmrf `bs defbs. F` prkm`fhb krdadlbek fl fsf hbrgk sfrâ rfspk rfspk lefr b sd f` ckh mrf fs b`ak b`ak hâs quf u l gkljultk cftfrkaälfk cftfrkaälfk ef cfgcks. Edgf Cuhf: f` b`hb fs "ul gkljultk ef edofrfltfs pfrgfpgdklfs, quf sf sugfefl ulbs b ktrbs gkl ulb gf`frdebe dlgklgfmdm`f, y quf fstâl fl pfrpftuk o`ujk y hkvdhdfltk... f` fspèrdtu fs ulb fspfgdf ef tfbtrk, fl quf gbeb pfrgfpgd÷l bpbrfgf, pbsb y rfpbsb, fl ul gbhmdk gkltdlu gkltd luk... k... Fstb hftâokrb ef` tfbtrk lk fs flabòksb9

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`b sugfsd÷l ef lufstrbs pfrgfpgdklfs fs `k quf gklstdtuyf lufstrk fspèrdtu, pfrk lksktrks lk tflfhks ldlaulb defb, ld sdqudfrb `fjblb k gklousb, ef` tfbtrk fl quf skl rfprfsfltbebs fstbs fsgflbs" (CVHF, E., Urbtbek skmrf `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb).

g) F` h fgb fgbldgd ldgdsh shk, k, gkrrdfl g krrdfltf tf ef e f `b äpkgb quf q uf rfgkrrf rf gkrrf `ks s. s. S_ S_DD b SD SDS, guyk hfjkr rfprfsfltbltf fs Lfwtkl, tdflef b gkh prfle fr b` ckhmrf gkhk sd oufrb ulb hâqu dlb, pk r prkgfedhdfltks hfgâldgk hfgâldgks. s. F` ckh mrf qufe b gfòdek fl fs fstf tf fstuedk b `b fxpfrdflgdb y b` gâ`gu`k. gâ`gu`k. F` hu le k oès oèsdg dgk k qu feb flhbrgbflhbrgbek, b su vfz, fl ul fspbgdk dskhkrok y fl ul tdfhpk dskgr÷ldgk (fspbgdk y tdfhpk sdfhprf daub`fs, quf lk skl oèsdgks, sdlk prkpdks ef `b dhbadlbgd÷l cuhblb). @b pfrsklb cuhblb sf fsgbpb b fstf p`bltfbhdfltk, pkrquf rfsu`tb g`brk quf fs hâs f`fvbeb f `fvbeb quf qu f ulb ul b rfb`debe rfb `debe oèsdgb, oèsdgb, y lk sf gbptb pk r fxpfrdflgdb ld gâ`gu`k gâ`gu`k..

e) @b D`ustrbgd÷ D`us trbgd÷ l. F` pfrdkek q uf hfed h fedbb fltrf `b ]fvk`ugd÷l dla`fsb (2?33 (2?33-3 -34) 4) y `b ]fvk`ugd÷l orblgfsb (2134) sf cb eflkhdlbek Wda`k ef `bs `ugfs k D`ustrbgd÷l. B`mfrab gkhk `fhb od`ks÷odgk gbrbgtfrèstdgk, fl pb`bmrbs ef Iblt, f` ¡bträvftf b sbmfr!" (sbpfrf bueä),  fltfledek gkhk `b fhblgdpbgd÷l ef `b rbz÷l. Uuvk su krdafl fl Dla`btfrrb, su prâgtdgb skgdkpk`ètdgb fl Orblgdb, y su hbeurfz tf÷rdgb fl B`fhbldb. ]fspfgtk ef` ckhmrf `k quf prkpualb fstb gkrrdfltf fs sbgbrdk, sfaúl edrâ Iblt, ef su "hdlkrèb ef febe gu`pbm`f" (Ruä fs `b Vustrbâ÷l,  dldgdk). @b sb`deb ef fsb hdlkrèb ef febe vdflf ebeb, pbrb hugcks butkrfs, pkr `b dlefpfleflgdb ef` pflsbr rfspfgtk b `b rfvf`bgd÷l grdstdblb y `b trbedgd÷l od`kskodgb odgb cfrfebeb. cfrfebeb . @b bltrkpk`kaèb ibltdblb -`b g`bvf ef su od`kskoèb tf÷rdgb- gklsdefrb quf f` sujftk ef` pflsbr fs dlgkalksgdm`f (hâs b``â ef` yk pbrtdgu`br fs ul "sujftk trbsgflefltb`"" quf lk fs ldlaúl tb` ldlaú l qudäl). Wu ätdgb ätdgb -g`bvf ef su od`kskoè od`kskoèbb prâgtdgb- mbsgu`b fl tkrlk b `b butklkhèb ef `b vk`ultbe quf supfedtb b sè b `b rbz÷l, lk fs gkalksgdm`f (`b vk`ultbe lk gklkgf) y lk sf pufef fltflefr fl efpfleflgdb ef Edks. Fl gklsfguflgdb, ld fstb ätdgb fstâ rfspb`ebeb pkr `b bltrkpk`kaèb, ld fstâ bmdfrtb edrfgtbhfltf b `b trbsgfleflgdb edvdlb. Fl suhb, gkhk sf pufef bprfgdbr, orfltf

 

b ulb prdhfrb fstdh fstdhbgd÷l bgd÷l,, Iblt, hâs qu quff rbgdklb` rbgdklb`dstb dstb,, efodflef ul dltrdlgbek vk`ultbrdshk.

Ktrks d`ustrbek d`us trbek s fxb`tbrkl fx b`tbrkl fl f l fsb äpkgb `b od`ksko od`kskoèb, èb, `b `b hkrb`, `b gu `turb y `b `fy `fy,, y lk pkgbs pk gbs vfgfs rkh pdfrkl pdfrk l gkl `b od`k od`ksko skoèb, èb, gkl `b hkrb`, gkl `b gu`turb, y gkl `bs `fyfs `fyfs prfgfefltfs. prfgfefl tfs. @b rbz÷l cuhblb sf gklsdefrb but÷lkhb f dlefpfledfltf ef gub`qudfr ktrb butkrdebe, butkrde be, tbh mdäl ef `b edvdlb. @ks sbmfrfs sbmfrfs sf dlef pfl edzb l fltrf sè sè. @b hkrb` sf gklvdfrtf gklvdfrtf fl hkrb`dshk. hkrb`dsh k. Hdfltrbs sf efsbrrk``b f` f` efèshk, efèsh k, gkhk tfkrèb

rf`dad rf` dadksb, ksb, `b vdeb efrdvb cbgdb f` `bdgdshk. `bdgdshk. @ks @ks butkrfs h âs rbedgb`fs vb l gbyfl ek fl f` btfèshk. yflek btfèshk. ^kr ktrb pbrtf, sf musgb fxp`d fxp`dgbgd gbgd÷l ÷l fhpèrdgb ef `bs rfb`debefs sflsdm`f sflsdm`fs, s, pufs fs `b äpkgb e eff `ks arblefs arble fs efsbrrk``ks e fsbrrk``ks ef `bs gdflgdbs gdflgdbs pksdtdvbs. Fs tbhm tbhm däl f` tdfhpk e f `ks flgdg`kpf edstbs, ckstd`fs b` grdstdbldshk grdstdbldshk y b `b bpfrtu rb ef` ckhmrf ckhm rf b `b trbsgfleflgd trbsgfleflgdb. b. Gkl ]kussfbu ]kus sfbu tfrhdlb f` defb` d`ustrbek. Orfltf b `k quf ä` eflkhdl÷ "`b hfltdrb h fltdrb ef `b skgdfebe y ef `b gdvd`dzbgd gdvd`dzbgd÷l", ÷l", efofleèb `b mkle mklebe be ef` ckhmrf fl fstbe fstbek k ef lbturb`fzb prfvdk b `b skgd skgdfebe: febe: f` mu fl sb`vbjf. ^fr ^frk k fstb eflkhdlbgd÷l pbrfgf pbrbe÷jdgb, pkrquf sdl skgdfebe lk gbmfl vdrtuefs, fs efgdr, mklebe vfrebefrbhfltf cuhblb. Fl fofgtk, ]kussfbu frb pkgk pbrtdebrdk ef `b hutub byueb, ef `b sk`debrdebe gkhk vdrtue. Fl su `uabr, `k quf ä` eflkhdlb vk`ultbe aflfrb` hkef`k ef` sujftk trbsgflefltb` ibl ibltdblk tdblk - fs `b quf sf efmf dhpklfr dhpk lfr fl f` âhmdtk âhmdtk skgdb`, búl b gkstb ef `b gkrrfgtb kpksdgd÷l ef `bs hdlkrèbs. Bckrb mdfl, sd `b vk`ultbe `ultb e fs aflfr aflfrb`, b`, lk pbrfgf ld pfrsklb` ld cuh blb, y sd lk `k fs, lk fs dltrèlsf dltrèlsfgb gb sdlk fxtfrlb.

f) F` Defb`dsh k. Fstf Fstf hkvdh dfltk, flgub erbe k oulebh fltb`h fltf fl `b B`fB`fhbhb ef odlfs ef` s. S_DDD y prdhfrb hdtbe ef` SDS, flsb`zb ef` sfr cuhblk skmrf tkek f` pbpf` ef `bs defbs. @b cdpfrtrkodb ef `b rbz÷l fs aflfrbeb fl fstb gkrrdfltf gkrrdfltf gkhk rfbggd÷l rfbggd÷l orfltf orfltf `k qu f `ks butkrfs g klsdefrb klsdefrbmbl mbl pbtk`kaèb ef` sfltdhdfltk, ef` efsfk dlsbgdbm`f, ef` blcf`k dlgk`hbm`f, ef `b obltbsèb, prkpdks ef` rkhbltdgdshk (Akftcf, Wgcd``fr, C÷`efr`dl, Wgc`fdfrhbgcfr, ftg.), pufss f` defb`dshk puf defb`dshk dltfltb dltfl tb brhkl dzbr gkl `b rbz÷l `bs `bs bev frsdebe fs vdtb`fs vdtb`fs pbrb fvbedr fvbe dr f` suordhdfltk suordhdfltk rkhâltdgk rkh âltdgk pfrsklb`. pfrsklb`. F` flguhmrbhdfltk e eff `b rbz÷l bequdrd÷ tb`fs prkpkrgdklfs fl f` defb defb`dshk `dshk quf fl `ks trfs butkrfs prdlgdpb`fs, Odgctf, Wgcf``dla y Cfaf`, pbrfgf ebrsf ul dltfltk al÷stdgk ef bmskrmfr `b tfk`kaèb efltrk ef od`kskoèb, ulb fspfgdf ef pbl`kadshk. ^brb Cfaf` f` ckhmrf lk fs hâs quf u ul l dlstruh fltk ef` quf sf sdrvf f` F Fspèrdt spèrdtu u Bmsk`utk (quf lk fs f` Edks ef `ks grdstdblks) pbrb hbldofstbr su sfr y b`gblzbr edb`ägtdgb edb` ägtdgbhfltf hfltf su def defltdeb ltdebe e b hkek ef rfsu`tbek b trb trbväs väs ef `bs edvfrsbs ob obsfs sfs gkltrbpufstbs ef `b cdstkrdb.

 

1. @b bltr bltrkpk`ka kpk`kaèb èb fl `b od`kskoèb gkltfhpk gkltfhpkrâlfb râlfb F` pfrdkek cdst÷rdgk-od`ks÷odgk quf dldgdb su blebeurb bprkxdhbebhfltf efsef hf edbe ks ef` s. S SDDS sf pu fe feff ``bh br od`k od`ksko skoèb èb gkltfhpkrâlfb gkltfhpkrâlfb.. Cfaf` frb pbrb sus edsgèpu` edsgèpu`ks ks f` arbl ef hk`fe kr ef `b fspfrblzb, pkrqu f gf gf-rrbmb f` gbhdlk ef `ks pfl sbek sbekrfs rfs luf lufvk vkss b` outurk, yb qu quff qudsk fxp`dgbr fltfrbh fltf p kr `b rbz ÷l tk tkek ek `k rfb` y tke tkek k `k rbgdklb` fl su sdstfhb od od`k `ks÷ s÷od odgk gk.. ^kr fsk fsk b ``bb oufrzb ``ks ks pflsbe krfs pk stcfa f`dblk s tflèbl quf sfr bltdcf af`dblks.

51

@b bltrkpk`kaèb fl fstf tdfhpk pbrfgf sfaudr gdorblek `k hâs rbedgb` ef` ckhmrf fl `b `b kpf rbtdvde be cu h blb , gkhk ``bb hkefrlb , pfrk sf gd gdòf òf -pk r rfb rfbggd ggd÷l ÷l orfltf Cfaf`- b `b vk`ultbe. Fl fstb äpkgb sf tdflef b gklgfmdr `b vk`ultbe gkhk but÷lkhb. Gkhk `b vk`ultbe lk bgtúb sdl f` sujftk quf qudfrf, sf tdflef b gklgfmdr b` sfr cuh blk gkhk sujftk but÷ lkh k, dlefpfle dfltf. Gkhk sf puf ef bp bprfg rfgdb dbr, r, fstb vfrsd÷l butkl kh dstb ef` ck ckhm hm rf lk s÷` s÷`k k gckgb orkltb`hfl orkltb`hfltf tf gkl `b od od`ks `kskkoè oèbb g` g`âsd âsdgb gb bltda bltdaub ub y h fedfvb fedfvb`` (gkl ``bb ef B rdst rdst÷tf`fs ÷tf`fs y Ukhâ Ukhâss ef Bqu Bqudlk, dlk, pkr fjfhp`k) fjf hp`k),, sdlk tbh mdäl gkl f` èltfark `fabek ef` grdstdblds grdstdbldshk hk fl `k lug`fbr ef su bltrkpk`kaèb. @kss hkvdhdfltks ef kpksdgd÷l b` defb`dshk bmsk`utk ef Cfaf` beh dtdfrkl hu@k gcbs vbrdbltfs, h uy dlo`uyfltfs dlg`usk cbstb lufs lufstrks trks eèbs, y b`aulbs ef f``bs f``bs mdfl gklkgdeb gklkgdebs: s: b) F` h btf btfrdb rdb`dsh `dsh k (Ofufrmbgc, Hbrx, Flaf`s, ft ftg. g.), ), fl guyb dltfrprf dltfrprftbgd÷ tbgd÷l l ef` ckhmrf bpbrfgf ulb rfeuggd÷l ef ästf b hb tfrdb -f ` vb`kr ef` ckhmrf tdflef b hfedrsf pkr f` ef sus prkeugtks-, y sf `f dltfrprftb gkhk ul sfr gbrfltf, lfgfsdtbltf. m) F` pks dtdvdsh k (Gk (Gkht htf), f), quf b` vb`krb vb`krbrr gkalksgdtdvbhfltf f` ebtk, rfstrd rfstrdllaf `b bltrkpk`kaèb b` fstuedk ef `ks cfgcks gkl gklstbtbm`fs stbtbm`fs skmr skmrff f` sfr cuh blk y su bgtubgd÷l. bgtubgd÷l. Wf `f gklsdef gklsdefrb rb f` oul eb ek r ef `b skgdk`ka skgdk`kaèb èb hkefrlb hkefrlb.. g) F` u td`dt td`dtbr brdsh dsh k (Hb`tcus, E Ebvde bvde ]dgbrek, Mfltcbh, Jkcl Wtubr Wtubrtt H Hd`d d`d,, ftg ftg.) .),, quf fvb`úbl b` ckhm rf fl muflb h fedeb p kr f` pb tr÷l ef` dltfräs. e) @k @kss vk vk`ul `ul tbrds tbrdsh h ks (Wgckpflcbuf (Wgckpflcbufr, r, Ldftszg Ldftszgcf, cf, fftg tg.) .),, quf bmskrmfl bmskrmf l b` ckhmrf fl ulb vk`ultbe g÷shdgb, fspfgdb`hfltf fl f` gbsk Ldftzsgcf, pbrb qudfl f` yk lk fs su sujft jftk, k, sdlk pu rk sbtä`dtf ef `b vk vk`u `ult lt be ef p ke fr g÷shdgb f dhpfrsklb`.

 

f) Ubhpkgk pbrfgf gbrfgfr gbrfgfr ef gd gdfrtks frtks y pfgu`dbrfs vk`ultb vk `ultbrdsh rdshks ks tbltk tbl tk `b oflkh flk`ka èb fxdstflgd fxdstflgdb` b` ef C fdefaafr gkhk gkhk f` psdgkblâ`dsds ef Orfue, pufs bhmks ldfabl l dfabl `b pksdmd`debe ef gklkgfr b ``bb pfrsklb9 f` prdhfrk pkrquf p krquf gkls gklsddefrb quf `b rbz÷l, pk r dlofrdkr b` su sujft jftk k y pk r okrhbr defbs, lk pu fef gkl gklkgf kgfrr`k, `k, yb quf ästf lk fs ulb defb. defb. F` sfaulek, pkrq uf bbehdtf ehdtf q quf uf `k úldgk rfb` cuhblk hb lk fs ff`` dlgklsgdfltf, dlgklsgdfl tf, sdflek f` yk, `b `b gklg gklgdfl dflgdb gdb,, ul b prk prkeuggd÷ euggd÷l l cuhbl cuhblb. b. o) F` cdstkrdgdshk (Ed`tcfy), quf, fstblek búl vdafltf, tdflef b rfeugdr f` ckhm rf b tdfhp tdfhpk. k. Gkl tkek, fs hbldodfst hbldodfstk k quf gklkgfr ff`` tdfhpk tdfhpk lk fs tdfhpk. a) F` lf lfki kibltds bltdsh h k (Fs (Fsguf guf`b `bss ef Mbeäl y ef Hbrmurak), quf gkl tdlúbl f` ffll-

okquf ibltdblk pbrb flgbrb flgbrbrr `k cuhblk. c) @b oflk h flk `ka `kaèb èb (Cussfr` (Cussfr`), ), quf behdtf ef` ckh mrf `ks `ks ebtks ef `b ggklklgdflgdb y, gklsfgufltfhfltf, bgfptb quf `b rfb`debe fxtrbhfltb` k `b ef` su jftk,, p k r q u f e b r h âs b``  jftk b``ââ k h âs bgâ ef` ef ` kmjf k mjftk tk ef gk gklgd lgdflg flgdb db ffss dl dlb`g b`gbl blzb zbm`f m`f.. Gkl tkek, vbrdbltfs efstbgbebs fl bltrkpk`kaèb ef fsf hkvdhdfltk, y hâs rfb`dstbs, skl `b ef` sfaule sfa ulek k Wgcf`fr Wgcf`fr,, Cd`efmrbl Cd`e fmrble, e, Fedtc Fe dtc Wtfdl, Wtfdl, ftg. ftg.

d) @b cf cfrh rh fläu fl äutdgb tdgb (Abebhfr, ]dg ]dgkfur kfur,, fftg tg.) .),, quf pkl f ``k k edstdltdvk cu h bl blk k fl `b bgtdvdebe rbgdklb` prâgtdgb prâgtdgb ef dl dltfrprf tfrprftbgd÷l tbgd÷l 9 rf`fab rf`fab,, pkr tbltk, b sfaúlek p`blk `b tfkr tfkrèb. èb. ^kr fsk, fstb gkrrd gkrrdfltf fltf pbrfgf efsgklodbr ef` pk pkefr efr tf÷r tf÷rdgk dgk ef `b rbz÷l cu hblb, y tbhmdäl ef b`gblzbr b `b pfrskl pfrsklb. b.

B`aulbs ef fst fstbs bs gkrr gkrrdflt dfltfs fs tbhmdäl edfrkl `uabr b h kvdh dfltks ef rfbggd rfbggd÷l ÷l kpufstks b f``bs, gkhk oufrkl, pkr fjfhp`k: b) F` vdtb `dsh k (Mf (Mfras raskl, kl, M`klef` M`klef`,, ftg ftg.) .),, quf e fofl fofleèb eèb `b drrfeu gtdm gtdmd`deb d`debe e ef `k fsp drdtub` c uh blk b `k kra kraâld âldgk. gk. m) F` p`btkl dshk ef ]kshdl ]kshdld, d, efo efoflskr flskr tbhmdäl ef` fsp èrdtu cuh blk, guyb od`ksk od` kskoèb oèb vb` vb`ff `b pf pflb lb rfgupfrbr rfgup frbr fl pbrtf. g) F` trbedg dklb `dsh k (E (Eff M Mklb klb`e) `e),, gkl u l älobsds h uy hb hbrgbek rgbek fl `b trbedgd÷l cdst÷ rdgb pb pbrb rb dltfltbr dltfl tbr vdlgu`br b` ckh mrf gkl Edks Edks.. e) F` fs fsp`r p`r dtu dtub`d b`d sh k (Hbdlf ef Mdrb Mdrbl, l, ]bvbdskl, ftg ftg.) .),, efoflskr bsdhdshk ef b`aulbs edhflsdklfs cuhblbs dlhbtfrdb`fs gkhk, pkr fjfhp`k, `ks câmdtks dltf`fgtub`fs y vk`dtdvks. vk`dtdvks. f) F` fxdstfl fxds tflgdb`ds gdb`dshk hk (Idfrifabbre), (Idfrifabbre), quf eflulgd efl ulgd÷ ÷ gkl tklks trâadgks f` k`vd k`vd-ek ef `b pfrsklb cuh blb flau``deb fl f` sd sdstfhb stfhb cfaf cfaf`db `dblk, lk, y pk r f` f``k `k trbtbeb ef hk ek dls dlsdald daldodgb odgbltf. ltf.

 

Ktrks butkrfs, sdl fhmbrak, gkl tdlubrk l f` pflsbh dfltk cfaf`dblk f l su hdshb `èlfb `èlfb k gkl vbr vbrdbltfs dbltfs,, bu lqu f e f okrhb hâs eämd` y hflks grfbtdvb grfbtdvb quf su hbfstrk. Wf trbtb ef` lfkdefb`dshk (Qcdtfcfbe, Grkgf, Afltd`f, ftg.).

3. Ú`tdhbs gkrrdfltfs gkrrdfltfs @k gbrbgtfrèstdgk ef lufstrk tdfhpk pbrfgf sfr `b gkhp`fjdebe. Ub` vfz b f``k sf efmb `b defb ef quf e f` ckhm rf sf tdflf, tdflf, quf fs `b ef u l sfr prkm`fhâtdgk,  pkrquf bckrb sf bsuhf gkhk fhpfòk dhpksdm`f efsgrdmdr b` ckhmrf tb` gub`

sf `f `f gklgfmèb gklgfmèb bltbòk, bltb òk, b sbmfr, pkr pk r su vdlgu`bgd÷ v dlgu`bgd÷l l gkl `b of`dgdebe. of`dgdebe. B`aulks pflsbekrfs c bl bgfptbek f` sdlgrftdshk, u l dltfltk ef fvdtbr `ks `ks rfeu rfeugggdkldshks gdkld shks dltfltblek dltfltb lek brh kldzbr edvfrsbs pksturbs. Ktrks, Ktrks, sdl dltfltbr brhkldzbr `bs edvfrsbs pksdgdklfs, cbl rfgkrrdek f` gbhdlk ef` fg`fgtdgdshk.

@bs tfleflgdbs quf cbl dltfltbek ulb vuf`tb b `b dlspdrbgd÷l ef `ks g`âsdgks pbrb fvdtbr `k `kss rfeuggdkldshks oufrkl, fltrf ktrks, f` lfkbrdstktf`dshk (Mk`zblk, Urflef`flmura, U rflef`flmura, Mrfltblk, ftg. ftg.)) y `b lfkfsgk`âstdgb, ``bh beb b vfgfs vfgfs lfktk- 

hdshk (Hf (Hfrgd rgdfr, fr, Ad`skl, H brdtbd brdtbdl, l, Obmrk, ^dfpfr, ftg.). ftg.). Cby eks `èlfbs bltrkpk`÷adgbs edv frafltfs prkpdbs ef` s. SS SS fl musgb ef` sfltdek ef `k cuhblk.

b)

 F `  fxdstflgdb`dshk

Dltflt÷ sk`ugdklbr f` prkm`fhb ef` rbgdklb`dshk y vk`ultbrdshk pkr f`fvbgd÷l, gd÷l, prfau ltâleksf p kr `b rbedgb`debe rbedgb`debe ef `b pfrsklb cuhblb. Fstff hkvdh dfltk beh dtd÷ edvfrsbs vbrdbltfs: `b grdstdblb (Jbspfrs, Hbrgf`, IdfFst cfabbre), `b bgrdstdblb (Cfdefaafr), f dlg`usk `b btfb (Wbr (Wbrtrf) trf).. Ukeks sus s us rfprfrfp rfsfltbltfs tdflfl fl gkhúl f` cfgck ef gfltrbr `b btflgd÷l fl `b pfrsklb, lk edrfgtbhfltf fl sus pktflgdbs k fl `bs `bs bggdklfs bggdklfs cuh blbs. Wdl fhmbrak sf kmsfrvb quf f` hätkek ef bggfsk b` gklkgdhdfltk ef `b pfrsklb fs prkm`fhâtdgk. prkm`fhâtdgk. @b rbz÷l cu h blb p kr h fedk ef` gklkgdhdfltk kmjf kmjftdv tdvk k sf flgufl trb gkl ul fsgk`` fsgk``k k dlsupfrbm `f fl kre fl b gklkgfr b `b pfrsklb, y fs quf `b rbz÷l, okrhble k defbs, lk pu fe f gklkgfr b `b pfrsklb gkhk ästb fs, fs, pufstk quf f``b lk fs b`ak b`ak gkhú l quf sf gkhprfleb fl ulb defb uldvfrsb uldvfrsb`. `. B`aulks pflsbekrfs prkpusdfrkl edstdlaudr fltrf gklkgdhdfltk kmjftdvk y gklkgdhdfltk sumjf lkgdhdfltk s umjftdvk tdvk (edstdlgd÷l (edstdlgd÷l yb prfsfltf fl Idfrifabbr Idfrifabbre). e). Fstf sfaulek tdpk sfrèb f` bprkpdbek pbrb `bs rfb`debefs pfrsklb`fs. F` prkm`fhb suraf b` dltfltbr efsgrdmdr`k y gbrbgtfrdzbr`k gkl fxbgtdtue y rdakr. rdakr.

 

m) @b @bss bltrkpk`kaèbs gfltrbebs fl b`aulbs hbldofstbgdkl hbldofstbgdklfs fs cuh cuhblbs blbs Wkl pflsbekrfs quf cbl dltfltbek pk lfr `k edstdltdvk edstdltdvk cuhbl k, lk fl `b pfr pfrsksklb, sdlk fl `bs h bldofstb bl dofstb gdkl fs cu h bl bs (f` (f` `flaubjf, `b skgdfebe, f` trb trbmbj mbjk, k, ft ftg. g.), ), fs efgdr efgdr,, fl dlstblgdbs cuh cu h blb s hf hflkrfs lkrfs b `b pfrsklb. @ks p`bltfbhdfltks bltrkpk`÷adgks bltrkpk`÷adgks skl h uy edspbrfs edspbrfs:: •

F` lfkh lf kh brx brxdsh dsh k, tbl tk f` krtke krtkekxk kxk (^`fjb (^`fjblkv lkv,, ]ksb @ux @uxfhm fhmura, ura, @fldl, Wtb`dl, Wtb` dl, B`tcussfr, ftg ftg.) .),, quf efstbgb ef` ckh mrf su gk gkrpk rpk rfde be y f` trbmb jk p rk e u g td tdv v k (ef (e f h k e k pb pbrf rfjk jk b` fv k `ugd `u gdk k l ds dsh h k ), gk gkhk hk f` rf v ds dsdk dk l ds dstb tb (Mfhstfdl,, Be`fr, @uiâgs, Ikrsgc, M`kg (Mfhstfdl M`kgc, c, Arbhsgd, ftg. ftg.), ), quf cbgf c cdlgbp dlgbpdä dä

fl `b edhflsd÷l c uh blb skgd skgdb`, b`, gu`turb`, ftg. ftg. •

@b Fsguf`b ef Or bl io urt (Bekrlk, Ckricfdhfr, ftg. ftg.), ), quf pbrfgf hb ltfl ltflfr fr ul b vdsd÷l ef` ckhmrf, ul bs vfgfs ef gkrtf hbtfrdb`dstb9 hbtfrdb`dstb 9 ktrbs, skgdb` skgdb`,, fftg tg..

•

@bs skgdk `kaèbs `kaèb s (Euricfdh (Euri cfdh,, Qfmfr, Qfmfr, Wdhhf`, ^brsk ^brskls, ls, @u @uch ch bll bll,, ftg ftg.) .),, quf bmkreb rkl gkl hâs k hflks bgd bgdfr frtk, tk, f` fstuedk e f `bs hbldo hbldofstb fstbgdklfs gdklfs cuhblbs hbl bs ef e f âhmdtk skgd skgdb`. b`.

•

•

•

F` fstr ug ugtu turb` rb`dsh dsh k (@fvd-Wtrbuss, Okugbu`t, Okugbu `t, Wbu Wbussurf, ssurf, @bgbl, ^dbaft, ftg ftg.) .),, ef` quf sf suf`f eflulg dbr u l k mjftdvdsh k fl f` quf `b pfrsklb lk pbrfgf sfr tfldeb fl gufltb. Hugcks ef sus rfp rfsfltbltfs rfsb`tbl f` `flaubjf. @b @bss fsguf`bs psdgk`÷adgbs (Fsg (Fsguf` uf`bb ef `b Afstb`t k psdgk` psdgk`kaèb kaèb ef `b okrhb, `b Fsguf`b ef Q ðrzm ura urak, k, `b Fsguf`b ef Mfr Mfr`èl `èl,, f` psdgkblâ`dsds, f` gkleu gkleuggtdshk k mfcbvdkrdshk, `b ef Qbtskl, `b ef Widllfr ftg.), fs efgdr, edvfrsbs vbrdbltfs psdgk`÷adgbs psdgk`÷adgbs ef` s. s. SS SS gkl hätkek hä tkek fxpfrdhfl fxpfrdhfltb` tb` quf fstu fstuedb edbl l f` gkhpkrtbhdfltk cuhblk. @b od`ks od`kskoèb koèb blb`ètdg bl b`ètdg b (Orfaf (Orfaf,, Hkkrf, Qdttaflstfdl, ]us ]ussf`` sf``,, ff`` Gèrgu`k ef _dflb, f` Gèrgu`k ef Mfr`èl, `b Fsguf`b ef Kxokre...) prkpklf f` `flaubjf gkhk `b g`b g`bvf vf ef gkh prflsd÷l ef` sfr cuh blk. ^brb f`` f``ks ks f` ckhm rf fs ul bldhb` y `flaubjf sf lk defltdodgbl, y b`aulks bodr hb l quf`dlaðèstdgk. bquf`` bquf``k k ef^flsbhdfltk `k quf lk sf pu fe f cbm`br fx fxds dstf tf..

 

•

@b od`kskoèb ef `b gdflgdb (Eucfh, Hfyfrskl, Mbgc Mbgcf`br f`bre, e, Mrdeahbl, ^kppfr,, Iucl, @bibt pfr @bibtks, ks, Ofyfrbmfle, ftg ftg.) .) skstuvk kpdldklfs edvfrafl tfs skmrf `b fspdrdtub`debe cuh blb.

•

F` prba pr ba h btdsh btds h k (^f (^fdrg drgf, f, Jbhfs, Efwfy, Hffe, ^utlb ^utlbh h , ftg. ftg.)) cb gdorbek `k gfltrb`` ef` ckhmrf fl `b bggd÷l cuhblb . gfltrb

Orfltf b fstb edvfrafl Orfltf edvfraflgdb gdb arblef fl `b músq ufe b ef` sfltdek rbgdklb` cuh blk, bpbrfgf bpbrf gf pkstfrdkrhfltf, pkstfrdkrhfltf, ul b rfbggd÷l rfbggd÷l kpufstb ef bm edgbgd÷l ef ` sfltdek. Wf

 

trbtb ef `b ``bh be bebb p ks th k e fh debe de be (] (]kr krty ty,, Efrrdeb, Ef rrdeb, @y @ykt ktbr brgg@ E EfftfgdZg.  hk,, ftg.). hk ftg.).

of-

Gkl fstf vkgbm` vkgbm`k k sf ddledgb ledgb cky f` fstbr ef vuf`tb ef `k hk hkefrl efrl k y gkl gkltfhpfrbtfhpfrblfk (rb (rbgdkl gdklb`d b`dshks, shks, vk`ultbrdshks, ft ftg. g.). ). @b gklgfpgd÷l ef `b pfrsk lb c uh bl blbb rfgkrrf rfgk rrf `ks gbhdlks ef bblaustdb9 laustdb9 ktrbs, ef dlgfrtdeuhm rf, e eff bltdcärkf y bltd bltd-vb`kr9 vb`k r9 fl b`aulb b`aulbss kgbsdklf kgbsdklfss sf tkh b pfsdhdstb. pfsdhdstb. Fl b`aulks b`aulks ef sus rfprfsfltblt rfprfsfltbltfs fs cby ul b lf abgd÷l fxp`ègdt fxp`ègdtbb e f` sujftk. W Wffaúl aú l sus vdsd vdsdklfs, klfs, ``bb fxd fxdstf stflgdb lgdb cu h bl b fs prkm`fh âtdgb. Boèl b fsb pärede b ef sfltdek, sflt dek, tbhpkgk ob` ob`tbl tbl cky l dcd`dsh ks hâs k h flks dlspdrbeks fl Ldft Ldftzsg zsgcf, cf,

quf rfgcbzbl tkek oulebh fltk y v freb e kmjftd kmjftdvb, vb, lk s÷`k rrfspf fspfgtk gtk ef` ckhmrf,, sdlk tbhmdäl rfspfgtk ef `b vf reb e y ef `b rfb`debe fltfrb. W mrf Wff rfgcbzb `b vfrebe, vfre be, fl brbs ef `b `d `dmfrtbe. mfrtbe. Bckrb mdfl "ulb vfz quf sf cb qudtbek `b vfrebe b` ckhmrf, fs purb d`usd÷l prftflefr tfle fr cbgfr`k `dmrf `dmrf.. Fl fofgtk fofgtk,, vfre vfrebe be y `dmfrtbe, k mdfl v vbl bl jultbs k jul jultbs tbs pfrfgfl hdsfrbm`fhfltf". (Jub (Jubl l ^bm`k DD DD,, Of y rbz÷l, l¾ 4>,2==) 4>,2==).. Befhâs, sdl v vfreb frebe ey `dmfrtbe, `b of`dgdebe cuhblb sf fsouhb.

4.

@b rfefsgumrdhdfltk rfefsgu mrdhdfltk  

ef `b pfrsklb y su dltdhdebe b) Bltfgfefltfs @b rfgupfrbgd÷l ef `b pfrsklb cuhblb tdflf, fl gdfrtk hkek, b`aulks prfgfefltfs fl f` fxdstflgdb`dshk (Idfrifabbre, Hbrgf`, ftg.), fl `b oflkhflk`kaèb (f` sfaulek Wgcf`fr, Cd`efmrble, Fedtc Wtfdl, ftg.), fl f` lfktkhdshk (Hbrdtbdl, ftg.), ftg.), fl `b od`k od`ksko skoèb èb e f` edâ`ka edâ `ka k (Fm (Fmlfr lfr,, @fvdlbs, Mumf Mumfr, r, ]ksflzw ]ksflzwfda, fda, ftg ftg.), .), f` pf rsk lb`dsh lb `dsh k (Läeklgf``f, Hkuldfr Hkuldfr,, ftg ftg.) .),, fl `b `ka `kaktf ktfrbp rbp db (_. Or Orbli`) bli`).. Fl tkebs fsks hkvdhdfltks sf efofled÷ `b drrfeugtdmd`debe ef `b pfrsklb cuh blb b `ks hbtfrdb`dshks y gk`fgtdvdshks fl mkab. Bsdhdshk, byue÷ fl fsb edrfggd÷l `b rrflkvbgd÷l gd÷l flkvbgd÷l ef `b ttfk`k fk`kaèb aèb p kr pbrtf p brtf ef b`aulks b`au lks butkrfs `úgdeks f ddlo`u lo`u-yfltfs (Aubredld, _kl Mb`tcbsbr, Ef @umbg, Hkurkux, ]btzdlafr, ftg.). Fl fstb `èlfb ef `b rfgupfrbgd÷l ef `b pfrsklb, cby butkrfs fspbòk`fs, tb`fs gkhk Zumdrd, quf efsgrdmf gfrtfrbhfltf b` ckhmrf gkhk "sfr-gkl"9 Ju`dâl Hbrèbs, quf skstdflf `b pksdmd`debe ef ulb 'bltrkpk`kaèb hftboèsdgb'9 Hd``âl-^ufEfs quf eftdflef, sdaudflek fl gdfrtk hkek `b trbedgd÷l g`âsdgb, quf sf pufef gklgfmdr b` ckhmrf ckh mrf gkhk ssustblgdb. ustblgdb. Cby bu butkrfs tkrfs b`fhblfs, gkhk ]kmfrt Wpbfhbll, quf efsef `b ätdgb ätdgb bpultb b ulb bltrkpk`kaèb ef `b pfrsklb lk rfeugtdvb b su lbturb`fzb9 l bturb`fzb9 ]flä Adrbre, ef krdafl orblgäs, bodlgbek fl VWB, quf tdflf ul p`bltfbhdfltk

 

bltrkpk`÷adgk hâs mdfl gu`turb`dstb. @ks cby bhfrdgblks gkhk Hg`ltyrf, bulquf sf gdòf hâs b `b ätdgb quf b `b bltrkpk`kaèb9 gblbedflsfs, gkhk Uby`kr, quf tdflf ulb bltrkpk`kaèb bmdfrtb b `b trbsgfleflgdb edvdlb. T bsdhdshk pk`bgks, gkhk I. Qkjty`b, fl qudfl gbmf efstbgbr eks pfrdkeks: ulk hâs prkpdbhfltf od`ks÷odgk y ktrk ef èlek`f hâs tfk`÷adgb, bulquf fl bhmks sf lktb quf `b od`kskoèb y `b tfk`kaèb, `b rbz÷l y `b of, sf fltrfgruzbl. Fl f` prdhfrk oulebhfltb `b ätdgb fl `b pfrsklb f dltfltb b`gblzbr `b pfrsklb b trbväs ef `b bggd÷l äätdg tdgbb (^frsklb y bggd÷l). bggd÷l).  Fl f` sfaulek skstdfl skstdflff quf s÷`k Grd Grdstk stk hbldodfs hbldodfstb tb ef hkek gkhp`ftk f` ckhmrf b` prkpdk ckhmrf.

m) @b bltrkpk`kaèb trbsgflefltb` Wkmrf `ks hkvdhdfltks y butkrfs prfgfefltfs efstbgb @fklbrek ^k`k, qudfl prkpklf pbrb bmkrebr `b bltrkpk`kaèb ulb bhp`dbgd÷l bhp`dbgd÷l ef` âhmdtk ef `k trbstrbsgflefltb`, fs efgdr, korfgf `b prkpufstb (su bgfptbgd÷l, pkr tbltk, fs `dmrf) ef vfr `b bltrkpk`kaèb gkhk lk flgu berbe b efltrk ef` âhmdtk ef `b hftbo hftboès èsdgb dgb,, pk rquf f` bgtk pkrquf bgtk ef sfr c uh blk lk fs, fs, gkhk f` ef `b hftboèsdgb hftboèsdgb,, lfgfsbrdk, lfgfsbrdk, sdlk sdlk `dmrf, `dm rf, y prfgdsbhfltf prfgdsbh fltf p kr fsk susgfptdm`f ef grfgdhdfltk. grfgdhdfltk. Wf Wf trbtb ef u l dltfl tk h uy prkou p rkou lek le k ef supfrbgd÷l, sdl prfgfefltfs, tbltk ef `b bltrkpk`kaèb g`âsd g`âsdgb gb gkhk ef `b hkef rlb y gkltfhpkrâlfb. @b bltrkpk`kaèb fs `b kmrb gu`hdlbr ef ^k`k, pfrk ästb cumdfsf sdek dhpksdm`f sdl ul hätkek pfgu`dbr, mdfl brhkldzbek gkl ulb rdaurksb tfkrèb ef` gklkgdhdfltk cuhblk (edsgdp`dlb ef kredlbrdk khdtdeb fl `bs bltrkpk`kaèbs ef` s. SS), quf `f cb pfrhdtdek pf rhdtdek edrdhdr gkl fxbgtdtue `k `kss e edstdlt dstdltks ks ldvf`fs ef` gklkgdhdflt gklkgdhdfltk k cuhblk cuh blk y, fl gklsfguflgdb, f` hkek bprkpdbek ef b`gblzbr y efsvf`br tbltk f` bgtk ef sfr pfrsklb` gkhk `b fsflgdb ef` ckhmrf.

@b g`bvf ef` flokquf bltrkpk`÷adgk pk`dblk rfsdef fl f` p`bltfbhdfltk eub`, pufs bevdfrtf quf f` ckhmrf fstâ gklokrhbek pkr ul gúhu`k ef eub`debefs quf sf edstdlauf l fltrf sè jfrârqudgbhfltf. Fsb jfrbrquèb rfb` efmf fltflefrsf fl f` sfltdek ef quf f` hdfhmrk dlofrdkr fstâ b` sfrvdgdk ef` supfrdkr y fs dlfxp`dgbm`f sdl ä`, ä`, y quf ästf obvkrfgf b` dlofrdkr y sf eub`dz e ub`dzbb b `b vfz gkl ktrk supfrdkr. @bs eub`debefs sf ebl tbltk fl `b fsflgdb cuhblb (kmjftks-bgtks, bgtks-câmdtks, câmdtks-vdrtuefs, rbz÷l tf÷rdgb-rbz÷l prâgtdgb, rbz÷l-vk`ultbe, pktflgdbs supfrdkrfs-b`hb, sdleärfsds, ftg. ftg.)) gkhk fl f` bgtk ef sfr pfrsklb` pf rsklb` (`ks (`ks rbedgb` rbedgb`fs fs pfrsklb`fs ef` bgtk ef sfr ef` ckhmrf skl: gkfxdstflgdb-`dmfrtbe-gklkgfr-bhbr pfrsklb`).. ^k`k fs ul bbutk lb`) utkrr fl edâ`kak gkl `b of y `b rfvf`bgd÷l gr grdstdblb, dstdblb, y beh behdtf dtf quf `b ú`tdhb pb`bmrb pbrb fxp`dgbr `bs prkouledebefs ef` sfr cuhblk fs prfgdsbhfltf `b ^b`bmrb, fstk fs, `b pfrsklb cuhblb s÷`k sf fsg`brfgf b `b `uz ef` hdstfrdk ef Grdstk.

 

Fjfrgdgdk 2. _kgbmu`brdk Defltdodgb f` sdaldodgbek e ef f `bs sdaudfltfs p b`bmrbs y fxprfsdklfs usbeb usbebs: s: ]f`dad÷l

• De f b `d`ds h k

Ätdgb

• F h p ddrr ds h k

Hdtk

• V t dd``d t b rd rds h k

Hbadb

• K p f r b td t d v de de b e r b g dk dk l b `

U ä g l dg b

• K p f r b t d v de b e v k ` d t d v b

Ufl fr pr â gtdgk

• F x ds d s ttff l g db db `d `ds h k

_drtuefs

• _ ddtt b` b `ds h k

^frsklb

• Ofl lk k h f l k `k `k a èb èb

F s p èr dt u

• O d` k s k o è b b l b ` è t d g b

E d st s t dl g d÷ d÷ l p f r sk s k l b - l b tu tu r b` b ` f z b f l E dk dk s • ^ rb r b a h b td t ds h k E ds tdl gd÷l b gtk ef s fr - fs fl gdb - l b tu - • L dc d c d` d` d s h k r b `fzb `fzb fl f` c kh mr f

• ^ rk r k m `f ` f h b ttddg de de b e c u h b l b

O dde efèsh k

¹ Wdlg rftdsh k

L b t u r b `d `d s h k

• F g `f `f g td t d g ds ds h k

] b g d k l b ` ds ds h k

• ^ k sstt h k e f rl rl de de b e

D`ustrbgd÷l

• B l t rk r k p k ` k a è b tr t r b s g f l e f l t b` b`

Fjfrgdg Fjf rgdgdk dk =. Auèb ef fstuedk Gkltfstb b `bs sdaudfltfs prfa prfaultbs: ultbs: 2. Fxp `dgb `b `b eds tdl tdl gd÷l f l tr f r f`da f`da d÷l , ätdgb y h b a db ; =. Fxp `d `dgb gb `b `b e dstdlg dstdlg d÷l fl trf h dtk dtk y od od`ksk `ksk oè oèb. b. 7 . » R u ä e dv dv f r sk s k s td td p k s e f " tf t f l f r " p k e f h k s f l g k l t rb rb r f l f ` s f r c u h b l k ; 5 . » G u â ` f s `b a r b l l k v f e b e b l t rk r k p k ` ÷ a d g b q u f dl dl t r k e u g f f ` g r ds ds t db db l d s h k ; » q u ä dl s p d rb rb f s tb tb l k v f e b e ; 6 . » R u ä f s `k `k f s f l g db d b ` e f `b `b b l t r k p k ` k a è b h f e d f v b ` e f dl dl s p dr b g d÷ d÷ l g r d s td td b l b ; ? . » R u ä f s f ` b v f r r k ès ès h k y q u ä d l o` o ` u jk jk td t d f l f ; » G u â ` f s `b g ` b v f s k m r f f ` c k h m r f f l `b od od`ks ko èb a r dfa b g`â s dgb dgb ; , » pk r qu ä; 1 . » R u ä s u g f e d÷ f l `b `b b l t r k p k ` k a è b e f ` s dda a`k SD_;

 

3.

F x p ` ddg g b ``b b s g `b ` b v f s e f d l t f r p r f t b g dd÷ ÷ l e f ``b b b l t rk rk p k ` k a èb h k e f r l b .

4.

F l u h f r b ``b b s p r dl dl g dp b ` f s g k r r ddf f l t f s e f o d` d`k s k o èb èb h k e f r l b ( g k l b ``a a ú l b u t k r s fò fò b `bek)

2 > . » R u ä s k s t f l èèb b C f a f ` y p k r q u ä c u m k u l b r f b g g d ÷ l p k s t f r ddk k r e f k p k s d g dd÷ ÷l b` p f l s b h d f l t k c f a f ` ddb blk ; 22.

» G u â ` f s s k l ``b b s p r d l g d p b ` f s g k r r ddf f l t f s o d` d`k s ÷ o d g b s b l t dc dc f a f ` db db l b s ;

2=.

» F l q u ä g k l s d s ttf f f ` f x d s ttf f l g d b ``dd s h k ; » t dp dp k s e f f x d s ttf f l g d b ``dd s h k ;

2 7.

» B q u ä s f ` ` b h b p k s h k e f r l dde ebe ;

2 5 . » R u ä f s `b b l t r k p k ` k a è b t r b l s g f l e f l t b ``;; 2 6.

» F l q u f s f e d s t dl dl a u f l f ` f x dds s tf t f l g d b ``dd s h k , f ` p f r s k l b ` dds s h k y ``b b b l t r k p k `k a èb trbsgflefltb`;

Fjfrgd Fjf rgdgdk gdk 7. Gkh Gkhfltbrdk fltbrdk ef tf tfxtk xtk @ff @f f `k `ks s sdaudfltfs sdaudfltfs tfxtks y cbz ul gk hf ltbrdk pfrsklb` utd`dzbl ek `k `ks s gkltä-   ldeks bprfledeks: "I b l t l k c b rrfs fs pk l e dek l d s dqu dqu dfr b ddl l tfl tb ek r fs pkl efr b ``b b pr fa u l tb qu f fl e fr fz÷ b `b b l tr kpk `ka èb : » R u ä fs f` c k h m r f; ... F` c kh mr f b r dds s tktä`d tktä`dgk gk s f s kr pr fl ef y h b r b vd` vd``b t b h m d ä l e f ` c k h m r f , f l t r f k ttrr b s h u g c b s g k s sb b s, s, p f rrk k lbeb h âs quf gkh k ulb pbrtf ef` h u l e k , q u f f s h b r b v dd```k s k y s k r p r f l e f f l a f l f r b ` . F ` c k h m r f b a u s t ddl ldblk sf bskh mrb e f b q u f ` `k `k q u f f l f ` c k h m r f l k sf sf p u f e f g k h p r f l e f r g k h k p b rt rt f e f ` h u l e k , g gk kh k u l b gks b fl tr f `b `bs s gk s b s ... ... Fl U kh â s ef B q u dl k ... ... gkh k gkl B r ds tt÷tf` ÷tf`fs fs , f` c kh mr f c b m`b s dfh pr f fl tfr gfr b p fr s k l b ... ... I dfr ifa b b r e, f` gr grèt ètdgk dgk ef` gr dds s td tdb b l ds h k h kefr l k, q u d f l g k h k l d l a ú l k t r k p f l s b e k r e f l u f s ttrr b ä p k g b , c b g k h p r f l e d e k `b dh dh p k r t b l g ddb b ef `b pfr s kl b , pfr k gkl tdl tdl ú b , l k kms tb l tf, vd vdfl fl ek `b vd vdeb eb ef `b pfr s kl b b tr trb b väs e f `b `bs s o krh krh b s ef `b edb `ägtd `ägtdgb gb c fa f`d f`db b l b , gkh k u l e fs fl vk`vfr s f ef `k fs tätd tätdgk gk b ``k k ätd ätdgk gk y ef b q u è b `k r f`da f`da dks k ... ... F` a rrb b l tfh b e f L dftzs gc f fs fs,, pr kp db h fl tf, f f`` pr km `fh b td tds s h k ef` c kh mr f y fs tf tfh b `f pr fk gu p b b `k `b rra a k e f tkeks s u s fl s b y ks ood` d`ks ks ÷o dgks ... F` c ckh kh mr f ef c ky l k fs ''l l dl a u l b h ftb s ddl l k u l gb h dl k, u l b fl gr u gdj gdjb b eb , u ul l p u fl tf, u l b a r b l p r k h f s b ... L dft dftzsgcf zsgcf lk lks cb korfgdek u lb m bsf pk sdt sdtdvb dvb ef su bl trkp k`k aèb oodd`ks÷od ks÷od 

gb. gb. ^ fr k b b`` gkl vfr ttdr dr,, gkh k l dl a ú l pfl s b ek r b l tfs tfs,, `b `b pr km `fh â td tdgb gb e f ``b b vd vdeb eb c u h b l b fl f` km jftk prkp dk ef` ood` d`kskobr, kskobr, cb eb ek ul l uf vk dh pu `sk pke frksk b ``b b guf std std÷l ÷l b l tr kp k`÷ a dgb ... C u s s fr ` l ks edgf qu f l k fs pks dm`f fl g kl tr b r `b fs fl gd gdb b ef` c kh mr f fl `ks ddl l e dvdeu dvdeu ks b ds ds``b eks , pkr qu f `b u l d÷l e f `b pfr s kl b c u h b l b gkl s u a fl fb `ka èb

 

y g k l su sk g d f ebe f s f s f l g d b` .. .. . Wf a ú l Cf def a a f r, ``b b f x d st st f lg ddb b h dsh b f s gj gbko f. 25 f x d st st f lg db db f s g u` pbm` f , ef od odg g d f lt f , ef u ek rb, f l f ` ok le k e f su sf r. .. .. C f ` bf k ▢ «

 

!g

s÷ddg

s f e f s v èèb b e f `b `b r f ``b b g dd÷ ÷ l g k l u l D l g k l e d g dk dk l b e k e d v dl d l k s d l k t b h m d ä l e f f sb sb k t r b ¹ b g ÷ l f l ` b q u f u l c k h m r f f x p f r dh dh f l t b d l g k l e dg dk dk l b ``h h f l t f b k t rk rk q u f l k f s ä ` . .. .. F ` s g gx x d ttb brg ef I d f rri i f a bbre f s ul sdst sdstf f h b bm df rt k , bu lq uf s÷ ` k sf bmrb b E dk s . .. .. F l su prdh prdh f r f flsb lsby k b l t rrk k p k ` ÷ a d g k q u f p r k g f e f e f s u p f r d k e k t f ès ès t b W g c f ` f r c b g f r g k h f l z b r b ` v f rre ebefrk ck h mrf f l f ` m usg be k r ef Ed ks" ks"..

(Mumfr , H .

 

» R u ä f s f ` c k h m r f ;;,,

OGF, Häx dgk 243?) 243?)

*** fst rbtdklb`ds rbtdklb`ds lbturb dledvdeub sum stbltdb-, c b " @ b ob ob h k s b e f o dl dl d g dd÷ ÷ l e f M k f g d k -pfrsklb fst pb rt dek dek ef `b lk g d÷ d÷ l brdst brdst k t ä ``ddg b e f kusèb k sumstbltdb,  pf lsbe b prd h brd bh f lt f pbr pbrb b `bs `bs k ul f rrk r; »T sd f ` 'h 'h k ef ` k ef `b rf b` b`ddebe g k l q uf 'gksbs . . . ^f rk »y sd cumd f rb f l t k e k f ` ``k  

 

sf cbl pf lsb ek `bs g k sbs lk ouf ouf rb b p` ddg g bm `f b ``b b pf rsk lb, ouf sf f l t f rbh f l t f f qudvk qudvk gbek".

ftboèsdgb, gb,  (Hbr èbs, J., Bl trkpk`k aèb h ftboèsd ]f vd stb stb e f K g g def def l t f , H berd e 2417) 2417) *

*

*

" @b lk g d÷ d÷ l ef pfrsklb. .. f s g rd rd st st dblb dblb y lk cby p rf g f e f lt f pba blk ef f ` `b. `b. @ @b b l k g d ÷ l ef pfrskl b sf efsb rrk` rrk```b efl trk ef` pfls bh dfltk gr grdst dstddblk , prdh prdh frk fl `k `ks s pberfs ardfak ardfak s y `ufak fl `b ttfk`kaèb-od` fk`kaèb-od`ksk ksk oè oèb b h fedfvb`". fedfvb`".

Od`kskoèb, èb,  (^k ` k , @., Dltrkeu ggd÷l b `b Od`ksko FV LW B ^bh p`klb 24 44 4 6) 6)

*

*

*

" @ k q u f c k y e f l k h dl b h k s p f rrs s k l b , sdl `b tfk`kaèb grdstdblb, cumdfrb qufebek sdl  

lk h mrbr, mrbr, y lk cu md f rrb b f st bek prf sf lt f f l f ` h ulek " .

(Wpbfhbll , ]., ^frsklbs. F V L W B ^ b h p `k ` k l b = >> > > >} >}

 

J  

UFHB

7

@B BLU]K BLU] K ^K ^K@KA @KA ÈB T @@B BW !.EDWGD^@DLBW OD@KW×ODGBW Wkl hú`tdp`fs `ks fstuedks skmrf f` ckhmrf. Ästks sf edstdlaufl sfaúl eks edhflsdklfs: b) f` ldvf` gkalksgdtdvk cuhblk fhp`fbek fl gbeb

gbsk -f` hätkek  lkätdgk  lkätdgk- pbrb gklkgfr ulb eftfrhdlbeb orbljb rfb` ef `k cuhblk9 m) `b rfb`debe cuhblb fstuedbeb pkr gbeb ulk ef fsks ldvf`fs -f` tfhk  gklkgdek  gklkgdek- Gkhk fs kmvdk, f` ckhmrf edspklf ef vbrdbeks ldvf`fs lkätdgks k gkalksgdtdvks (`ks sflsdm`fs, `ks rbgdklb`fs y `ks pfrsklb`fs), y bsdhdshk ef edvfrsbs edhflsdklfs rfbofs (obs gkrpkrb`fs, `bs dlhbtfrdb`fs y `bs pfrsklb`fs k fspdrdtub`fs). B` b`uedr b gkltdlubgd÷l b b`aulks ef tb`fs sbmfrfs gklvdflf tflfr fl gufltb quf `b edstdlgd÷l fltrf f``ks fs jfrârqudgb.

o g .

WVHB]DK

H 

2. WBMF WBMF]F ]FW W GDFLUÈODGK GDFLU ÈODGK-FS^ -FS^F]DH F]DHFLUB FLUB@FW @FW WKM]F WKM]F F@ F@ CKHM]F CKHM] F ± =. WBMFWBMF-  ]FW CVHBLÈ CVH BLÈWUDG WUDGKW KW ± 7. WBMF WBMF]F ]FW W OD@KW×ODGKW « 5. ÄUDGB ± 6 . UFK]ÈB EF@ EF@  GKLKGDHDFLUK, GKLKGDHDF LUK, WDLEÄ]F WDLEÄ]FWDW WDW T CÂMDUK EF EF WBMDEV]ÈB ± ?. BLU]K^K@KAÈB  GV@UV]B@ ± 1. BLU]K^K@KAÈB OD@KW×ODGB ± 3. BLU]K^K@KAÈB U]BW-   GFLEFLUB@ ± 4. BLU]K^K@K BLU]K ^K@KAÈB AÈB UFK@×ADGB.

 

2. Wb Wbmf mfrfs rfs gdfltè gdfltèodgk-fxpfr odgk-fxpfrdhfltb`f dhfltb`fs s sk skmrf mrf f` ckhmrf ]fb`hfltf tkeks `ks sbmfrfs cuhblks b`uefl edrfgtb k dledrfgtbhfltf b` sfr cuh blk , tbh mdäl `ks hâs tägld tägldgks gks.. Bsè, pkr fjfhp`k, `b brqudtfgturb sf efmf efsbrrk``br pflsblek fl f` ckhmrf, tkhâlek`k lk s÷`k bds`bek, sdlk tbhmdäl fl obhd`db, fl skgdfebe, ftg. Ubhmdäl `b dlafldfrèb, pkr korfgfr ktrb hufstrb, sf efmf sumkredlbr b` sfr cuhblk, ftg. ^frk ulbs gdflgdbs gdflgdbs bpkrtbl bpk rtbl eb ebtks tks hâs sdaldod sdaldodgbtdvks gbtdvks skmrf `b rfb`deb rfb`debe e cuh blb bl b quf ktrbs.

61

b) ^sdgk`kaèb Ef  psy  psygcä, gcä, b`hb, trbedgdklb`hfltf gklsdefrbeb, frb f` fstuedk ef `b vdeb cuhblb (b`hb) y ef sus obgu`tbefs k pktflgdbs, ulb gdflgdb quf fstuedbmb `b vdeb c uh bl b fl su fstbek fs tbek l btdvk , lk fl sus u`tfrdkrfs efsbr efsbrrk``ks, rk``ks, fs fs efg efgdr dr,, lk sfaúl f` rfledhdfltk `dmrf `dmrf quf ef b`aulbs ef f`` f``bs bs `b `b pfrsklb cu h blb p ufe f feugdr fe ugdr (fstk (fstk ú`tdhk fs pr prkp kpdk dk ef `b ät ätdgb dgb). ). B pbrtdr ef` s. S SDDS fstb edsgdp`d edsgdp`dlb lb gbhmd÷ ef ruh mk y sf efedg÷ b trbtbr prkm`fhbs psèqudgks prâgtdgks prâgtdgks (ef gkhpkrtbh dfltk, bprfledzbjf, ft ftg. g.)) gkl u l hätkek g`brbhfltf fxpfrdhfltb` (tfst, oârhbgks, gklvfrsbgdklfs, ftg.). Jultk b bvblgfs y `karks fvdefltfs, fvdefltfs, `b ps psdgk`kaè dgk`kaèbb hke frlb fxpfrdhfltb` tdflf búl sdl rfsk`vfr ulb ul b prkm`f prkm`fhâtdgb hâtdgb fl tk tkrlk rlk b su ffstbtutk stbtutk ggkhk khk gdflg gdflgdb, db, fs fs efgdr, efgdr, guâ` fs fs su tfhb edstdltdvk y guâ` fs su hätkek lkätdgk befgubek.

m) Wkgdk`kaèb Fs f` f` fstuedk ef` gkh pkrtbh dfltk skgdb` ef` ck ckhmrf. hmrf. Gkhk Gkh k kgurrf fl `b psdgk psdgk-`kadb `kadb,, tbhpkgk c b cbmdek ul b skgd skgdk` k`kaè kaèbb uldtbrdb, sd sdlk lk quf cby c by qu f cbm`br hâs mdfl ef e f skgdk`kaèb skgdk`kaèbs. s. F` gfltrk ef btflgd÷l e eff fstbs krdfltbgdklfs fs f` bgtu br sk   gdb` ef `ks `ks ckhmrfs, y su h ätkek -f l fxprfsd÷l ef Qfmfr- f` gkaldtdvdstb, fstk fstk fs,, btflefr fs btfle fr b "`bs gklfxd gklfxdklfs klfs y rfau`brdebefs rfau`brde befs"" ef fsks gkhpkrtbh gkh pkrtbh dfltks skgdb` skgdb`fs. fs. @b skgdk`kaèb pufef efsgrdmdr huy mdfl `bs hbldofstbgdklfs skgdb`fs cuhblbs, fxtfrlbs, bulquf bulq uf lk f` lúg`fk fsflgd fsflgdb` b` ld pfrsklb` e ef` f` sfr cuhblk cuhblk.. Fstf sbmfr lk fs lbe b efsprfgdbm`f, efsprfgdbm`f, y pufe f sfrvdr ef ar arbl bl byu eb pb rb gklkgfr hfjkr hfjkr `ks `ks ckhmrfs ef ulb äpkgb y g`bsf, `bs tfleflgdbs gk`fgtdvbs, `ks hktdvks ef bgtubgd÷l, `bs hftbs, `ks dltfrfsfs, f` dlo`ujk ef` bhmdfltf gu`turb`, skgdb`, feugbtdvk, ftg.

g) Lfurkpsdgk`kaèb Fs ul b edsgdp`dlb quf bgtub`hfl tf sf cb efsabjbek fl eks vfgtkr vfgtkrfs fs •

@b lf urk `ka èb ssff gfltrb fl f` fstuedk ef `bs lfurk lbs y ef su bgtdvdebe fl `bs `bs edvfrsbs zk lbs ef` gfrfmrk y efhâ s pbrtfs ef` sdstfhb lfrvdksk, lfrvdksk, bsè 

 

gkhk fl sus trbstkrlks pbtk`÷adgks (b`zcädhfr, fpd`fpsdb, trbstkrlks ef` sufòk, ftg.). Wu hätkek fs fxpfrdhfltb` (^.F.U., f`fgtrkflgfob`karbhbs, pruf mbs ef obtdab, obtdab, ef rfsdstflgd rfsdstflgdb, b, ftg. ftg.), ), y, fl hby kr h fe deb quf `b psdqudbtrèb, su tfrbp tfr bpdb db fs g`èldgb g`èldgb y obrhbgk`÷adgb. •

@b psdgk `kaèb `ka èb fxp frdh fltb` fl tb` usb, befhâs ef `b kmsfrvbgd÷l, kmsfrvbgd÷l, ktrks hätkeks fxpfrdhfltb`fs fxpfrdhfl tb`fs quf lk skl edrfgtbhfltf häedgks hä edgks (gklvfrs (gklvfrsbgdklfs bgdklfs,, tfst ef pfrsklb`debe, ftg.), y su tfrbpdb fs fl muflb hfedeb `dlaðèstdgb. Fstbs gd gdflg flgdb dbss gklkgfl f` f` sfltdek ef `b gkrpkrfdebe y p frsklb `debe cuh blbs, `bs

hbldofstbgdklfs, hbldofstbgd klfs, pfrk lk bggfefl b `b dltdhde be pfrsklb`.

e) Bltrkpk`kaèbs gdfltèodgk-pksdtdvbs gdfltèodgk-pksdtdvbs Wkl bquf``bs quf fstuedbl b` ckhmrf blb`dzblek, mdfl f` gufrpk cuhblk, gkhk `b hfedgdlb, `b mdk`kaèb cuhblb, `b aflätdgb, ftg., k mdfl `ks rfstks o÷sd`fs ÷sfks ÷sfks y `ks dlstruh fltks u td`dzbeks ef `ks prfgfefltfs ckh èldeks èldek s b`  Ckh  Ckhk k  sbpdfls y ef ästf flgkl trbeks fl edvfrsks ybgdhdfltks brqufk`÷adgks, gkhk gkhk `b pb`fkltk`kaèb. @b mdk`kaèb byueb b gkhprflefr `ks rbsaks ef cfrflgdb, `bs flofrhfebefs ef trblshdsd÷l aflä aflätdgb tdgb,, ftg. ftg. Wu hätkek fs fs,, fvdefltfhfltf, fxpfrdhfltb` y us usbb ulb u lb tägldgb huy sko tägldgb skodstd dstdgbeb gbeb.. Gkhk sf fs fstued tuedbl bl `ks pbrâhftrks gkhulfs ef `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb, tbltk fl `b sb`ue gkhk fl `b flofrhfebe, fsbs edsgdp`dlbs sf gklvdfrtfl vdfrt fl fl gdfl gdflgdbs gdbs.. Kmvdbh Kmvdbhfltf fltf tkek tkekss `ks ebtks e eff `ks efsgumrdhdf efsgumrdhdfltks ltks gdfltè gdfltèodgk odgkss skl ef hugck dltfräs pbrb gkhprflefr b` ckhmrf. Gkl tkek, tbhpkgk bggfefl b` sfr ef` ckhmrf.

=. Wbmfrfs cuhblèstdgks

Fstbs gdflgd Fstbs gdflgdbs, bs, b edstdlgd÷l ef `bs prfgfefltfs, prfgfefl tfs, suf`fl suf `fl sfr gklsdefrbebs gklsdef rbebs gkhk gklkgdhdfltks cuhblks k sbmfrfs cuhblèstdgks. @bs cuh bldeb efs, fl aflfrb @bs aflfrb`, `, byueb l b efsgumrdr efsgumrdr `b `b fsflgdb cuh blb fl sus edvfrsbs edvfrs bs obgft obgftbs. bs. @ks @ks mufl ks cuh bldstbs skl arblefs kmsfrvbekrfs y pflftrbl beh drbm`fhfltf fl `ks hktdvks pksdtd pksdtdvks vks y lfabtdvks ef `bs bggdklfs bggdklfs cuhbòbs. @ks hktdvks hktdv ks sskl kl dlhbtfrdb`fs9 dlh btfrdb`fs9 `bs bggdklfs skl oèsdg oèsdgbs. bs. Bltf Bl tf `k quf sf edgf, prdhfrk aub rebl sd`f sd`flgd lgdk k y pdflsbl, y s÷`k s÷`k cbm `bl guble k c bl efsgumdfrtk efsgumdfrtk `bs rbzklfs y gubl ek vb`f `b `b pflb eflu lgdbr `ks `ks frrkrfs frrkrfs pbrb flsfòbr b `ks efhâs b lk gkhftfr`ks. Bprfle fr bgfr Bprflefr bgfrgb gb ef` sfltdek ef `k cuh blk fs mufl hfedk pbrb bggfef bggfefrr b `b dltdhdebe hde be c cuhbl uhblb. b. T f` gbh gbhdlk dlk hâs gfr gfrgblk gblk y juaksk p pbrb brb gklkgfr b Edks ffss `b vèb ef `b dltfrdkrdebe. Musgblek f` f` sfltdek ef` ble blebr br cuhbl cu hblk k sf bgg bggfef fef b `b edvdldebe.

 

b) Cdstkrdb Fs f` fstuedk ef` hkek ef `b bggd÷l `dmrf ef` ckhmrf fl f` hulek. Wfaúl f` bebadk g`âsdgk, `b cdstkrdb fs hbadstrb vdtbf  -hbfstrb ef `b vdeb-, pkrquf ef` bprfledzbjf ef `ks bgdfrt bgdfrtks ks y frrkrfs gkhftd gkhftdeks eks pk pkrr `ks ckhmrfs quf l lks ks cbl prfgfedek sf puf ef tfl tflfr fr ul ulbb hfjkr gkhprflsd÷l e eff `b prfsf prfsfltf ltf sdtubgd÷l cuhb lb y prkyfgtbr hfjkr hfjkrfs fs hke hkeks ks ef vdeb cbgdb f` outurk. ^kr fsk `b cds cdstkrdb, tkrdb, bulq uf h drb edrfgtbhfltf b` pbsbek, efmf cbgfr cbgfr`k `k gkl f` odl ef fltfle fr hf-

 jkrr f` prfs  jk pr fsfl fltf tf y h fj fjkr krbr br f` ou outu turk rk.. @b fsflgdb cuhblb sdl tflfr gkhk odl f` hulek, gbhmdb f` hulek hfedbltf `b gu`turb, pfrk pf rk f` bgtk ef sfr cuh cuhblk blk ld tdflf gkhk odl ff`` hulek hul ek l ldd `k gbhmdb, gbhmdb, sdlk quf su odl fs hftbcdst÷rdgk. F` ckhmrf fstâ fl f` hulek, pfrk lk fs hulek9 fstâ  sfr  tdfhpk fl f` tdfhpk sdl sfr   tdfh pk oès oèsdgk dgk..

m) Feugbgd÷l y pfeba kaèb Ubhmdäl Ubhmd äl fstuedb y okhfltb ff`` grf grfgdhdfltk gdhdfltk ef` ck h mrf fl cu h bl deb e fl sus edvfrsbs obsfs obsfs vd vdtb` tb`fs. fs. F` ssfr fr cuh bl blk k p ufe f sfr feugbe feugbek k fl `ks edvfrsks ldvfldvf`fs ef su lbtu rb rb`fz `fz b (bof (bofgtk gtks, s, gkh pkrtbh dfltk, sfltde sfltdeks ks dltfrlks, ftg ftg.) .),, y skmrf tkek fl `ks edstdltks p`blks ef su fsflgdb (dltf`daflgdb, vk`ultbe, ftg.). Wd `b feugbgd÷l fs pfrsklb` dlg`usk byu eb b grf grfgfr gfr fl `k hâs rbedgb` e ef` f` sfr cuh blk: `b pfrsklb. Fl f` oklek, oklek, feugbr fs sbmfr florfltbr b gbeb ckhmrf bltf su krdafl y su odl ú`t ú`tddhk, fstk fs, efsgumrdr`f su vkgbgd÷l vkgbgd÷l..

g) @dtfrbturb Fs `b hâs cuhblb ef `bs cuhbldebefs, pufs fs `b hâs od`ks÷odgb fltrf `ks sbmfrfs lk fstrdgtbhfltf od`ks÷odgks, pkrquf befhâs quf efsgrdmdr g÷hk fs f` ckhmrf, pu fef efsgrd efsgrdmdr mdr g÷hk efmf ssfr fr99 pkr fsk tbhmdäl fs ``bb quf hâs p ufe f feugbr k efsfeugbr. F``k F``k fs bbsè sè pkrq uf usb prdvd`fadbebh prdvd`fadbebhfltf fltf f` `flaubjf `flau bjf quf fs, fs, fltrf `k sflsdm`f cu cuh h blk blk,, `b rfb`deb e hâs b`t b`tb. b. e) Ktrks sbmfrfs cuh bldstbs ^kerèbhks b`uedr tbhmdäl b ktrbs edsgdp`dlbs cuhblèstdgbs tbl fxtfledebs gkhk `bs gdflgdbs ef `b gkh uldg uldgbgd÷l bgd÷l,, f` efrfgck, ftg ftg., ., pu pufs fs tk tkebs ebs f``bs ggklo klodfdflfl u l sbmfr skmrf ``k k skgdb skgdb`` cuh cuhblk, blk, tkebs u sbl ef` `flau bjf gkhk gklfg gklfgtdv tdvk, k, tkebs tdflfl hugc hugcbb fxpfrdflgdb bguhu`beb, ftg. Ktrk tbltk, y fl hbykr hbyk r hf hfedeb edeb,, sugfef gkl ktrks sbmf sbmfrfs rfs gkhk `b fgklkhèb, guyk gklfgtdvk -f` edl edlfrk frk-- fs dlofrdkr b` `flaubjf. ^frk tb` vfz gkl `k dledgbek sfb suodgèfltf gèfl tf pbrb bg`brbr quf tkebs f``bs suf`fl efg`brbr hâs f` "quä" quf f` "pkr quä" y f` "pbr "pbrbb quä" ef` sfr cuhblk.

 

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7. Wbmfrfs od` od`ks÷odgks ks÷odgks

Ef hke k sfhfjbltf b `k dledgbek rfspfgtk e eff ktrbs gdflgd gdflgdbs, bs, cby quf ef efgdr gdr quf lk tkebs `bs pfrspfgtdvbs od od`ks÷ `ks÷odg odgbs bs fstbrâl fl f` hdsh k p`blk ld efsgu mrdrâl f` hdshk okl oklek ek f l `k cuh blk. blk . Ef fltrf `bs hfl gdklbebs, `b hftboè hftboèsdgb sdgb cb tfldek ul blgfstrb` p prfst rfstdad dadk. k.

b) Oflkhflk`kaèb C b sdek u lb ef `bs gkrrdfltfs ef od`kskoè od`kskoèbb ef` s. S SS S hâs dh pkrtbltfs pkrtbltfs.. Wus tfhb tfhbss skl h uy vbrdbeks. Ud Udfl flff ul hä tkek gklsdstfltf gklsdstfltf fl btflfrsf fxg`usdvbhfltf fxg`usdvbhfltf efsgrdmdr `bs defbs (gkltfldeks ef gklgdflgdb) tb` gkhk sf prfsfltbl bltf f` pflsbr -fsb ouf `b ddhprkltb hprkltb ef su oulebekr, C ussfr`-, cb sdek gkhúl fl ``ks ks edvfrsks flokqufs ef fstb tfleflgdb. @bs efsgrdpgdklfs quf ef `bs hbldofstbeklfs cuhblbs (f` qufrfr, `ks sfltdhdfltks, `b ätdgb, ftg.) cb b`gblzbek fstb edsgdp`dlb skl vb`dksbs. vb`dksbs. Wd mdfl `b pfrsklb gkhk tb` lk sf pufef gklkgfr gklkgfr okrhblek okrhble k defbs ef e f f``b, f``b, ef hkek hk ek quf pkr hugck hu gck gkltfldek gkltfl dek fdeätdgk quf sf tflab ef sus su s hbldofstbgdklfs, hbldofstbgdklfs, su rfb`drfb`debe lk gkhpbrfgf gkl fstf hätkek. Fl fofgtk, `b defb ef pfrsklb lk fs pfrsklb b`aulb.

m) Fstätdgb Musgb Mus gb ef kredlb kredlbrdk rdk f` gklkgdhd gklkgdhdfltk fltk ef `bs prdlgdpb`f prdlgdpb`fss tfkrèbs skmrf ``bb mf mf``fz ``fzbb y f` brtf efsef efs ef f` pu ltk ef vdstb cdst÷rdgk, cdst÷rdgk, y tbhmdäl, f` ffsg`b sg`brfgfr rfgfr `bs prdlgdpb`fs gufstdklfs gufstdkl fs rf`btdvbs b `b fxpfrdflgdb fstätdgb y b `b fxprfsd÷l brtèstdgb. brtèstdgb. Gkh k f` ckhmrf fs oouf uf ltf y odl ef `b mf``fzb mf``fzb quf ä` prkeugf, u l gklkg gklkgdhdf dhdfltk ltk befgúbek ef `k fstätdgk s÷`k sf `karb gublek ulk sf dltfrrkab skmrf `b gkledgd÷l ef pksdmd`debe ef tkek brt brtf, f, quf fs f` prkpdk sfr cuhblk . @k gkltrbrdk gkl``fvb gkl``fvb b `b efspfrsklb`dzbgd÷l ef e f `b gu`turb. Vlb muflb muf lb tfkrèb ef `b fstätdgb fstätdgb pklf hugck h ugck älobsds älobsds fl lk sfpbrbr `b mf``fzb ef` mdfl, mdfl, ästf ef `b vfrebe, vfrebe , y ästb ef` sfr, pufs sd `b mf``fzb sf fsgdlef ef f``ks efgbf fl f` fstftdgdshk. @b fstätdgb fs pbrtf ef `b od`kskoèb, pfrk `b od`kskoèb lk sf rfeugf ld b fstätdgb ld b ulb ef `bs mf``bs brtfs, gkhk b vfgfs sf prkpualb. F` brtf fs ef y pbrb f` ckhmrf, lk b `b dlvfrsb.

g) Od`kskoèb ef `b rf`da d÷l Udflf usu Udflf usub`h b`h fltf pk r kmjftk kmjftk hkstrb hkstrbrr `ks prdlgdpb`fs cdtks ef `b rf`bgd÷l flt fltrf rf `b od`kskoèb y `b rf`dad÷l, y tbhmdäl fxpklfr `b èlek`f ef` ofl÷hflk rf`dadksk fl f` ckhmrf, f` gub` fs lbturb`. Fl fofgtk, f` ckhmrf b `k `brak ef `b cdstkrdb

 

lk gfsb ef fxprfsbr su músquf mús qufeb eb ef Edks pkr h fedk eeff `b rrf`d f`dad÷l ad÷l,, èlsd èlsdtb tb lbturbèhfltf fl `k hâs prk prkoule oule k ef` gkrbz÷l cuhblk. ^brb `ks hfedfvb`fs `b rf`dad÷l frb gklsdefrbeb gkhk ulb pbrtf ef `b vdrtue ef `b justdgdb. @b justdgdb justdgdb fs ulb vdrtue prkpdb ef `b vk`ultbe, ul u l grfgdhdfltk grfgdhdfltk fl su gbpbgdebe ef qufrfr. Gkl tkek, `b justdgdb, gkhk tkeb vdrtue ef `b vk`ultbe, fs bequdrdeb, y `k quf bquè sf skstdflf fs quf `b bpfrturb bpf rturb rf`dadks rf`dadksbb ef` ckhmrf ckh mrf b Edks Edks fs lbtdvb. lbtdvb. ^kr tbltk, `b rf`dad÷l rf`dad÷l lk pufef puf ef rbedgbr rbedg br gklstdtutdvbhfltf ld fl f l `b dltf`ddltf`d-

aflgdb ld fl `b vk`ultbe, vk`ultb e, `bs gub`fs lbtdvbhf lbtdv bhfltf ltf skl pktflgdbs pbsdvbs. @b rf`dad÷l trbtb ef `b bpfrturb ef `b pfrsklb cuhblb fl su dltdhdebe b Edk dks. s.

e) Od`kskoèb skgdb` Wf prkpkl prkpklff blb`dzbr `ks ooule ulebh bhfltks fltks ef` kkrefl refl skgd skgdb`. b`. ^brb f` f``k `k ttdflf dflf fl gufltb `bs bpkrtbgdklfs ef `bs gdflgdbs skgdb`fs. Gublek fstuedb b` ckhmrf `k vf gkhk rfb`debe skgdb`, ef hkek quf f` ckhmrf sfrèb dlgkhprflsdm`f sdl sk* gdfebe, y sdl su gä`u`b mâsdgb, `b obhd`db. Dlvfstdab tbhmdäl `b lbturb`fzb y uldebe ef `b skgdfebe, `bs rf`bgdklfs skgdb`fs, f` krefl skgdb`, `bs fxdaflgdbs skgdb`fs ef `b edaldebe pfrsklb`, `ks ÷reflfs ef rfgklkgdhdfltk, `b odlb`debe ef `b skgdfebe, skgdfebe , f` prkgfsk ef dlstdt dlstdtugdklb`dzbgd÷l, ugdklb`dzbgd÷l, `b justdgdb justdgdb gkhk vèlgu vèlgu`k `k ef gkcfsd÷l skgdb`, ftg.

Kmvdbhfltf tkeks fsks efsbrrk``ks efsbrrk``ks bbpkrtbl pkrtbl `ugfs lufvbs pbrb f` efsgumrdhdfltk efsgumrdhdfltk ef `b fsflgdb fsflgdb cuhblb, cuh blb, quf lk sf efmfl sks`bybr sks`bybr,, pfrk lk sf gfltrbl edrfgtbhfltf fl `b pfrsklb cuhblb, cuhblb , pufs -gkhk - gkhk sf cb rfdtfrbek- ästb fs fs drrfeugtdm`f drrfeugtdm`f b` âhmdtk âhmdtk ef sus s us hbldofstbgdklfs skgdb` skgdb`fs. fs.

f) Hftboèsdgb @b edsgdp`dlb edsgdp`dlb rfdlb ef `b od` od`ksk kskoèb oèb fl `b äpkgb g`âsd g`âsdgb gb y hfe hfedfvb`, dfvb`, y gu gufstdklbe fstdklbebb gkhk gdflgdb fl `b hkefrldebe. Fstuedb `ks oulebhfltks rfb`fs ef gubltk fxdst fxd stf, f, `ks prdhfrks prdhfrk s prdl prdlgdpdk gdpdkss sfaúl dledgbmbl `ks pflsbekrfs ardf ardfaks aks y `bt `btèèlks. Ästks Ästks skl ``ks ks bgtks ef sfr rfb`fs fxtrbh fltb`fs fltb`fs.. Gkh Gkhkk tb`fs prdlgdpdks sf pu fe fefl fl bevf bevfrtdr rtdr ef edvfrsbs hblfrbs, skl tfhb ef `b hftbo hftboèsd èsdgb gb ffsbs sbs hbl hblfrbs frbs ef gklkgfr`ks, b sbmfr, `ks ``bhbeks pkr fsb trbedgd÷l trbsgflefltb`fs hftboèsdgks (sfr, vfrebe, mdfl y mf``fzb). @b hftboèsdgb sf kgupb ef f``ks y ef su krefl. Wf p`bltfb `b sdaudfltf gufstd÷l: gkl f` flokquf prfgdsk prkpdk ef `b hftboèsdgb g`âsdg g`â sdgb, b, »sf pufef puf ef gklkgfr gklkgfr `k `k rbedgb` ef `b pfrsklb pf rsklb cuhblb; cu hblb; @b `dmfrtbe, `dmfrtbe , quf fs `k prkpdk ef `b pfrsklb, pfrsklb, lk pufef sfr ld oulebeb ld oulebltf. Lk pufef puf ef sfr oulebeb, pufs lk sfrèb `dmfrtbe y lk pkerèb grfgf grfgfr. r. Lk pufe pufeff sfr oulebhfltk, oulebhfl tk, pufs ef sfr`k, `k oulebek oulebe k pkr pk r f``b (`ks (`ks bgtks cuhblks) sfrèb sfrèbll lfgfsbrdks, lfgfsbrdks, lk `dmrfs. `dmrfs.

 

5. Bltrkpk`kaèb Bltrkpk`k aèb gu`turb` @b bltrkpk`ka èb gu`turb` fs ul b edsgdp`dlb guyk tfhb skl `bs edvfrsbs hbl ètfstbgdklfs gu`turb`fs ef `bs edvfrsbs skgdfebefs, fxprfsdklfs ef edvfrsks pufm`ks, trdmus y gdvd`dzbgd gdvd`dzbgdklfs, klfs, bltdaubs k hkefrlb s. Fs ulb ef `bs vfrtdfltfs bltrkpk`÷adgbs hâs efsb rrk``bebs fl `b bgtub`debe. Befh âs ef ktrks útd útd-`fs ef trbmbjk, sf pufef efgdr quf su hätkek fs `b dltfrprftbgd÷l, fstk fs

`b cfrhfläutdgb. Wf trbtb ef dltfrprftbr, ef dltfltbr ektbr ef sfltdek, b `ks edvfrsks kmjftks kmjftks prke ugdek s p kr f` ckhm rf, b` ok` ok`i`kr i`krf, f, rdtks, gkhpkrtbhdfltks, ftg. @b obg obgft ftbb rbgdkl rbgdklb` b` usbe b p kr fstb hbtfrdb pfrtflfgf b `b e flkh dlbeb p kr `ks hfedfvb`fs rbz÷l prâgtdgb, prâgtdgb, pufs su âh mdtk fs ``k k vfrksèhd`, `k prkmbm`f prkmbm`f,, pufs fs g`b g`brk rk quf lk cby ul b vf reb e lfgfsbrdb lfgfsbrdb fl fsf gbhpk. ^kr f` f``k `k lk gbmf gbmf ul b dltfrprftbgd÷l bmsk`utb, efodldtdvb, efodldtdvb, fhpfòk fhp fòk p kr `k efhâ efhâss gkltrbedg gkltrbedgtkrdk. tkrdk. Wu tfhb fs `k gkltdlafltf y kpfrbm`f pkr hblks cuhblbs, lk `k lfgfsbrdk. @k gu`turb` fs tkek bq bquf``k uf``k quf prk eugf eug f f` ckhm ckhmrf, rf, f` 'p`fxk 'p`fxk'' (pb (pb`bmrb `bmrb bguòbeb pkr Cfdefaafr) ef `bs rfb`debefs prkeugdebs pkr `b bggd÷l cuhblb. ^kr prkeugdebs pkr f` ckhmrf, `bs edvfrsbs hbldofstbgdklfs gu`turb`fs efmfl sfr rfspftbe bs sd sf bjustbl b `b lbturb `fzb c uh bl rfspftbebs blbb y b su s u grfgdhdfltk (ä (ätd tdgb gb). ). @k gkltrbrdk lk fs cuh blk. ^frk fs f` f` ckhmrf f` quf dlvfl dlvfltb tb `b gu`turb, lk `b ggu` u`-turb `b quf aflfrb a flfrb b` ckhmrf. Fs f` ckhmrf f` quf fstâ ``bhbek b ektbr ef sfltdek b `b gu`turb y lk b` rfväs. @b gu`turb fl `b quf f` ckhmrf vdvf dlo`uyf fl `b vdeb cuh blb, lk `b eftfrhdlb9 pkr fsk ulb gu`turb gu `turb vdafltf pufef pu fef sfr bgfptbeb, hkedodgbeb, hkedodgbeb, f dlg`usk rfgcbzbeb, pufs tkebs `bs pksdmd`debefs gu`turb`fs efpflefl ef `b `dmfrtbe cuhblb.

@b bltrkpk`kaèb gu`turb` gu `turb` lk efsgrdmf efsgrdmf f` sfr ef` ckhmrf9 tbh pkgk `b fsflgdb y lbturb`fzb cuh blbs9 sk`÷ sus hb ldofstbgdklfs gu` gu`tur turb`f b`fs. s. @bs gu`turbs skl @bs sk l huy edvfrsbs b `k `brak ef `b cdstkrdb, pfrk f` ckhmrf fs ckhmrf b pfsbr ef `bs edstdltbs gu`turbs y pkr pk r flgdhb ef f``bs. f``bs. Befhâs, pkr flgdhb ef `k cuhblk, cuhbl k, fs pfrsklb. pfrsklb.

6. Ätdgb @b ätdgb ätdgb fs ul sbmfr sbm fr prâgtdgk, f` hâs b`tk y f` quf efm efmff dlokrhbr `ks efh âs ef fsf fst fstd`k, d`k, quf tdflf gkhk tfhb f` km rbr cu h bl k fl kref krefl l b su grfg grfgdhdflt dhdfltk k fl cuhbldebe, y tdflf gkhk hätkeks ef gklkgdhdfltk `b sdleärfsds y `b rbz÷l prâgtdgb.

 

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@b sdle ärfsds fs u l câmdtk câmdtk gkalksg gkalksgdt dtdvk dvk dllbtk quf fs fs f` dlstruhfl tk ef` quf sf sdrvf gbeb pfrsklb pbrb edrdadr tkebs `bs obgu`tbefs cuhblbs -`bs gub`fs gub` fs skl gkhulfs b` aälfrk cuh bl k- y quf f``b f``b tdflf tdflf b su edspksdgd edspksdgd÷l, ÷l, pfrk tb` gkhk fstâl h btdzbe bs fl ä`. ä`.

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@b rbz÷l p râgtdgb râgtdgb fs fs ul b pfgu`dbr pfgu`dbr vfrtdfltf vfrtdfltf kpfrbtdvb kpfrbtdvb ef `b `b rbz÷l quf vfrsb skmrf `bs bggdklf bggdklfss cuh blbs bl bs y `k quf fstâ skh ftdek b su ekh dldk.

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@b ätdgb fs rbèz y odl ef `ks efhâs sbmfrfs prâgtdgks. ^kr fjfhp`k, `b pk`ètdgb y `b tägldgbb fla tägldg flabrzbl brzbl gkl f` ckh ckhmrf mrf prfgd prfgdsbhfltf sbhfltf b trbväs ef `b ät ätdgb. dgb. W Wdd ästb lk edrdaf b `b tägldgb, ästb ú`tdhb sf efscuhbldzb, y sf vuf`vf gkltrb f` ckhmrf. Wd `b ätdgb lk dlokrhb `b pk`ètdgb, pk`ètdgb, f` od odl l ef ästb efj efjbb e eff sfr f` mdf mdfl l gkhúl y sf pfrsda pfrsdaufl ufl `ks dltfrfsfs dledvdeub`fs fxg`usdvdstbs, ef arupk, ef pbrtdek. Fl gklsfguflgdb, sf hdlb `b lbturb` lbtur b` e edhflsd÷l dhflsd÷l pk`ètdgb y sk skgdb gdb`` ef` ckhmrf, yflek `k gklvflgdklb` gklvflgdklb` fl eftrdhfltk ef `k lbturb`. Fl suhb, sd `b ätdgb lk bsdstf b `b tägldgb y b `b pk`ètdgb, bhmbs sf efscuhbl efsc uhbldzbl dzbl y y,, pkr flef, sf efspfrsklb`dz efspfrsklb`dzbl. bl.

@b ätdgb ätdgb fs fsf fsf sbmfr hfe dbltf f` gub` f` ckh mrf p frofggdklb frofgg dklb su fsflgdb, y bsdbsdhdshk, hfedbltf hf edbltf `b gub` gudeb y pfrofggdklb pfrofggdklb tbh tbhmdäl mdäl su l bturb`fzb. bturb`f zb. @b ätdgb ätdgb odjb djb `b hdrbeb hdrb eb fl f l f` bgtubr cuh blk y, pk r f``k f``k,, tkhb b `b `b pfrsk lb gkhk u l supuf stk, gkhk `b mbsf ef e f `bs bgtubgdklfs, pu fs sdl s dl f``b f``b `b `b ätdgb fs dhpksdm`f. Wdl Wdl fhmbrak, f` gklkgdhdfltk ef `b pfrsklb cuhblb fs bltrkpk`÷adgk, lk ätdgk. ^kr fsk b ulb pfrsklb lk sf `f pufef juzabr pkr sus kmrbs. B `b ätdgb, pfsf b sbmfr g÷hk bgtúb y efmf e fmf bgtu br f` ckh mrf, sf `f fsgbpb f` qudäl qu däl ef` qu f bgtúb. Fl `ks `ks bvbtbrfs e eff `b ätdg ätdgbb b `k `brak ef ef`` pflsbhdfltk kggdefltb` kggdefltb` sf pufe pufefl fl edstdlaudr,, b` hf audr hflks, lks, e edfz dfz cdtk cdtkss c cdst÷rdgks, dst÷rdgks, y s÷`k fl f` ú`tdhk sf flabrzb befgub befgubebhflebhfltf `b ätdgb ätdgb gkl `b bltrkpk bltrkpk`kaèb. `kaèb. Efhks u ul l mrfvf rfpbsk: D k) F` F` lbgdhdfltk ef `b ätdgb gkhk e edsgdp`dlb dsgdp`dlb od`ks÷od od`ks÷odgb gb fs ef `b äpkgb skgrâtdgb. Fl fo fofg fgtk, tk, fl u l bhmdfltf skoè skoèstd stdgk gk quf dlstruhfl dlstruhfltb`dzbmb tb`dzbmb `b rb rbz÷l z÷l pbrb odl odlfs fs fxg fxg`u`usdvbhfltf prâgtdgk prâgtdgks, s, bltf `b edsyultdvb fltrf ulb vd vdeb eb muflb k ulb mu muflb flb v vdeb, deb, ``bb rfspufst rfsp ufstbb ef W÷grbt W÷grbtfs, fs, ^`bt÷l y Brdst÷tf Brdst÷tf`fs `fs sf dlg`dl÷ pkr `b prdhfrb. =k) Gkrr Gkrrfspkl fspklef ef b `bs efgbefltf efgbefltfss fsguf fsguf`bs `bs cf` cf`flè flèstdgb stdgbs, s, y ``bb edsyul edsyultdvb tdvb fstrdm÷ -gkhk cky sf edrèb-, fltrf pbsbr`k mdfl k "pbsbr ef tkek", fs efgdr, sf fstbmb gufstdklblek sd `b ätdgb ätdgb efmèb sfr sk sk`k `k ef mdf lfs (cfek (cfekldshk) ldshk) k ef sf sfgbs gbs vdrt vdrtuef uef s (fstkdgdshk). 7k) Fs ul cdtk hu huy y skmrfsb`dfltf. Wf trbtb ef `b drrupgd÷ drrupgd÷l l ef` grds grdstdbl tdbldsh dshk k y ef su hkek ef vdeb. Fsf pfrdkek sf pufef gkleflsbr gkl fstb orbsf: "`b b`farèb ef `b vdgtkrdb lbgf ef` sbgr sbgrdodgd dodgdk", k", fs efgdr, efgdr, kmrbr mdfl, bul bulqu quff gufstf, fs arbtdodgblt arbtdodgbltf, f, of`dgdtbr`k. 5k) F Fss rf`fvbltf tbh tbhmdäl mdäl y ggkrrfsp krrfspklef klef b `b mús músqu qufeb feb ef `b rf`bgd÷l fltrf `ks pd`brfs ef `b ätd ätdgb gb:: `ks mdflfs, `bs lkrhbs y `b `bss vdrtuefs. vdrtue fs. Ef fsb músquf músqufeb eb rfspk rfspklefl lefl `ks arblefs fsgk`âstdgks hfedfvb`fs: B`mfrtk Hbalk, Ukhâs ef Bqudlk, ftg.

 

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6k) F Fss f` quf btrbvfs÷ b trbvfs÷ fstb edsgdp`dlb ef h hblks blks e f b`aulks pflsbekrf pf lsbekrfss hkefrlks hkefr lks quf sf gufstdklbrkl sd bgbsk lk sfrèb `b ätdgb ul dlvfltk cuhblk: Hbqudbvf`k, Ckmmfs, ]kussfbu, Ldftzsgcf... bpbrtbek rtbek cdst÷rd cdst÷rdgk gk fs f` quf sf pufe pufeff ``bhbr ``bh br f` ef` bakmdk bakmdk ef` efmfr. e fmfr. Fs ``bb ?k) Ktrk bpb ätdgb ef lkrhbs: f` prktktdpk ef fstb tfsds fs, gkhk sf sbmf, Iblt. 1k) Ktrb ftbpb hk hkefrl efrlbb ef grds grdsds ds pbrb `b ätd ätdgb gb sf pufe f eflkhdl efl khdlbr br `b `brab `dstb

ef `ks "dshks": lbturb`dshk, lbturb`dsh k, dledvdeub dledvdeub`dshk, `dshk, gk`fgtdvd gk`fgtdvdshk, shk, pksdtdvdshk, pksdtdvdshk, utd`dtbrdshk, cfekldshk, cfekldsh k, b`trudshk, gklvflgdklb`dshk, hbtfrdb`dshk, gklsfguflgdb`dshk, gklsfguflgdb`dshk, rf`btdvdshk... Ukeks f``ks skl rfeugtdvks pkrquf prfsgdlefl ef b`aulb ef `bs mbsfs ef `b ätdgb. 3k) F` sda`k SS cb korfgdek sus prkpufstbs ätdgbs, edstdltbs ef `bs prfgfefltfs.

Vlb ef f``bs ouf, pkr fjfhp`k, `b ef Wgcf`f Wgcf`fr, r, quf prkpu pr kpualb albmb mb ulb u lb ätdgb ätdgb ef vb`krfs, rfeugtdvb rfeug tdvb tbhmdäl pkrq pkrquf uf supk supklf lf ul dltfl dltfltk tk ef efskltk`kadzbr `b hkrb`, fs efgdr efgdr ef lk vdlgu`br`b gkl `ks mdflfs rfb rfb`fs `fs.. 4k) Vl dhpkrtbltf cdtk ätdgk rfgdfltf `k supklf f` ef Ibrk` Qkjty`b qudfl eflulgd÷ gd ÷ quf `bs ätd ätdgbs gbs prfgfefltfs skl rfeugtdvb rfeugtdvbss pkrquf pkr quf lk tdflfl fl gufltb b `b pfrsklb quf bgtúb. 2>¾) F` ú`tdhk pf`e pf`ebòk bòk ef `b ätdgb lk s÷`k cb musgbek `b oulebhfl oule bhfltbgd÷l tbgd÷l e eff fstb edsgdp`dlb, edsgdp`d lb, fs e efgd fgdr, r, su suss mbsfs, sdlk tbhmdäl su vdlgu vdlgu`bgd÷ `bgd÷l l gkl `b pfrsk pf rsklb lb cuhbcuh blb, y f``k trbs fsg`brfgfr f` sfr pfrsklb pfrsklb`. `. Fstf cb sdek, p pkr kr fjfhp`k, f` fhpfòk fhp fòk ätdgk ef @fklbrek ^k`k.

Fl suhb, `b ätdg ätdgbb fs ul sbmfr ef `k cu h blk h uy b`tk b`tk,, h âs quf `ks prfgfefltfs, pkrq uf fs f` úldgk sbmfr s dstähdgk q uf sbmf dltfa rbr `bs edvfrsbs obg obgftbs ftbs ef `b lbturb`fzb y fsflgdb cuhblbs fl su bgtubgd÷l, pkldflek krefl jfrârqudgk, brh÷ldgk, fltrf fsks edvfrsks ldvf`fs ldvf`fs ef `k cuhbl k. ^frk b `b ätdgb sf `f fsgbpb f` qudäl, `b pfrsklb cuhblb quf bgtúb, `b gub` fs fl gbeb gbsk edstdltb, drrfpftdm`f, lkvfeksb, `k gub` dledgb quf `b ätdgb lk fs ul sbmfr skmrff `k trbsgflefltb` ef` ckhmrf, yb quf lk efsvf` skmr efsvf`bb `b dltdhdebe cuhblb.

?. Bltrkpk` Bltr kpk`kaèb kaèb od`ks÷od od`ks÷odgb gb @b bltrkpk`kaèb od`ks÷o od`ks÷odg dgbb fs ``bb qu f tdflf gkhk tf hb `ks edvfrsks gkh pklfltfs ef `b fsflgdb fsflgdb y lbturb`f zb cuh blbs tb` gkhk skl fl su fstbek ef lbturb`fzb y tb` gkhk fstâl edsfòbeks pbrb grfgfr k efsbrrk``brsf, y tdflf gkhk hätkek `b sdleärfsds. (bltrkpk`kaèb trkpk`kaèb od`ks÷odgb) od`ks÷odgb)  F` f`flgk f`flgk g`âs g`âsdgk dgk ef gufstdklfs skmrf f` trb trbtbek tbek ef` ckhmrf ckh mrf (bl sf pufef vfr fl ul butkr quf cb sfrvdek huy mdfl ef hkef`k eurbltf hugcks sda`ks: Ukhâs ef Bqudlk. Fl `b pbrtf efedgbeb b` ckhmrf ef `b Wuhb Ufk`÷adgb  D,

 

qq. 16-2>= fstuedb `b gkhpksdgd÷l cuhblb ef b`hb y gufrpk, ef g÷hk fs y fstâ gkhpufstb f` b`hb y ef g÷hk fs y fstâ gkhpufstk f` gufrpk, fs efgdr, tb` fstuedk vfrsb skmrf `bs pktflgdbs dlhbtfrdb`fs ef` b`hb (dltf`daflgdb y vk`ultbe), `bs ef` gufrpk, f` krdafl ef` b`hb cuh blb y ef` gufrpk, f` fstbek ef` prdhfr ckhmrf, fftg tg.. Fl gbhmdk, `bs bltrkpk`kaèbs od`ks÷odgbs ef` s. SS lk cbl sfaudek fsf f`flgk, sdlk quf sf cbl prfaultbek pkr tfhbs tb`fs gkhk `b tfhpkrb`debe cuhblb, `b prkm`fhbtdgdebe ef `b fxdstflgdb cuhblb, f` `flaubjf, `b `dmfrtbe, `b pksdmd`debe ef

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rf`bgd÷l rf`bg d÷l gkl Edks, ftg. ^kr su pbrtf, fl gubltk b `ks trbtbeks ef bltrkpk`kaèb od`ks÷odgb hâs rfgdfltfs, ulks sdaufl hâs mdfl f` fsqufhb g`âsdgk, ktrks hâs mdfl f` hkefrlk, b`aulks gkhpbrbl bhmks, y `ks hâs gkhp`ftks tfhâtdgbhfltf sdaufl ul fsqufhb quf pbrfgf ulb ul b fspfgdf ef sèlt sèltfsds fsds ef tfhbs g` g`âsd âsdgks gks y hkefrlks, pufs jultk b bsultks bltrkpk`÷adgks trbedgdklb`fs tb`fs gkhk `b vdeb sflsdtdvb, `b dltf`fgtdvb (`b dltf`daflgdb, `b vk`ultbe, `bs vdrtuefs y `ks vdgdks), `b dlhkrtb`debe ef` b`hb, `b vdeb skgdb`, skgd b`, `b of` of`dgdebe, dgdebe, f` efstdlk, `b rf`dad rf`dad÷l, ÷l, ftg. ftg.,, trbtb trbtbl l tbh tbhmdäl mdäl e eff b`aul b`aulbs bs hbldofstbgdklfs tbgd klfs cuhblb cuhblbss hâs tfldebs fl gufltb fl `b h hkefrlde kefrldebe, be, tb`fs gk gkhk hk `b sf sfxubxub`debe, `b tfhpkrb`debe, `b fvk`ugd÷l, f` ek`kr, `b gdflgdb, f` efrfgck, f` trbmbjk, `b tägldgb, tägld gb, `b pk`è pk`ètdgb, tdgb, `b gu`tu gu`turb, rb, `b ffgklkhèb, gklkhèb, ft ftg. g. Uke Ukeks ks fsks tfhbs skl pfrtdlf pfrtdlfltfs, ltfs, y pbrb pbr b quf ulb bltrkpk`kaèb sfb gkhp`ft gkhp`ftbb efmf kgupb kgupbrsf rsf ef f`` f``ks ks..

1. Ufkrèb ef` gklkgdhdfltk, gklkgdhdfltk ,  sdleärf sdle ärfsds sds y câ câmdtk mdtk ef sbmdeurèb sbmdeu rèb @b tfkrèb ef` gklkgdhdfltk, tbhmdäl ``bhbeb alksfk`kaèb k fpdstfhk`kaèb, sf kgupb oulebhfltb`hfltf gkhk tfhb ef` fstuedk ef` hkek ef gklkgfr fsflgdb` ef` ckhmrf. Wf trbtb ef` gklkgfr prkpdk ef `b rbz÷l, ef sus edvfrsbs vèbs kpfrbtdvbs, ef sus edvfrsks bgtks y câmdtks bequdrdeks. ^frk pkr flgdhb ef` gklkgfr gklkgfr rbgdklb` f` ckh mrf edsp klf ef ulk s ldvf`fs supfrdkrfs ef gklkg gklkgèèhdfltk quf skl `ks câmdtks dllb dllbtks tks (sdleärfsd (sdleärfsds, s, prdhfr prdhfrks ks prdlgdpdks y sbmdeurèb). T pkr flgdhb ef f``ks fstâ `b pfrsklb gkhk bgtk ef sfr gkalksgfltf. Fl fofgtk, ebrsf gufltb ef quf sf tdflf ulb obgu`tbe b `b quf ``bhbhks rbz÷l lk fs gklkgdhdfltk rbgdklb` b`aulk, sdlk ktrk ef krefl supfrdkr quf gklkgf `b rbz÷l efse efseff brrdmb. Gklkgfr quf edspkl edspklfhk fhkss ef dltf`d dltf`daflgdb aflgdb fs ul gklkgd gklkgdhdfltk hdfltk f`fvbek, huy pkr flgdhb ef `ks sbmfrfs vdlgu`beks b `bs rfb`debefs sflsdm`fs y b `ks ef `bs gdflgdb gdflgdbss brrdmb b`uedebs. Ef fsf ggklkgfr klkgfr rfspk lef f` câmdtk dllbtk ef `b sdleärfsds. @b rbz÷l fs ulb pktflgdb cuhblb. ^kr fsk sf pufef efgdr quf `ks sbmfrfs skmrf `k cuhblk skl supfrdkrfs b `ks ef `bs gdflgdbs y tägldgbs fxpfrdhfltb`fs.

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@b sdleä rfsds lks pfrhdtf gkl gklkgfr kgfr `bs pktflgd pktflgdbs bs dlhbtfrdb`fs dlhbtfrdb`fs -rb z÷ l y vk`ultbe- y `bs quf tdflfl skpkrtf kraâldgk -sfltdeks y bpftdtks-9 fl ulb

 

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pb`bmrb, `b fltfrb lbtu rb`fzb cu h bl b y su efsbrrk``k, efsbrrk``k, fs ef efgd gdr, r, `b fsflgdb fsflgdb cuh blb. Wdl fs fsff gklkgfr lk sf pk erèb ``fvbr b gbmk `b bltrkpk`kaèb od` od`ksk ksk  odgb. ^kr flgdhb ef fstf ldvf` gkalksgdt gkalksgdtdvk dvk edspklfhks edspklfhk s ef ktrk câmdtk dllbtk b` quf qu f sf cb b`uedek b`uede k b` cbm`br ef `b hftbo hftboèsd èsdgb: gb: sf trbtb ef` câmdtk câm dtk ef `ks prdh p rdhfrks frks p prdlgdrdlgdpèks. @ks tfhbs tfhbs quf bevdfrtf fstf câmdtk -gkhk sf cb edgcke dgck- lk skl `ks cuhblks, sdlk `ks prdhfrks prdh frks prdlgdpdks prdlgdp dks ef `b rfb`debe rfb`deb e fxtrbhfltb` fxtrbh fltb` (`ks bgtks ef sfr lk pfrsk-

lb`fs). ^frk tbltk lk skl ulb tfhâtdgb bltrkpk`÷adgb.

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Wup Wupfrdkr frdkr b `b sdleärfsds y b` câmdtk câm dtk ef `ks prdh frks prdlgdp dks ffss f` g`âsd g`âsd-gbhfltf ``bhbek câ mdtk ef sbmde urèb, quf b`g b`gblzb blzb b ggklkg klkgfr fr quf skhks pfrsklbs, y fl gdfrtb hf edeb, quä pfrsk lb skhks. Wdl ää`` sfrèb dhpksdm` dhpksdm`ff `b bltrkpk`kaèb trbsgflefltb`: f` efsgumrdhdfltk ef` bgtk ef sfr pfrsklb` y `ks rbedgb`fs pfrsklb`fs. Vlb gklsdefrbgd÷l cdst÷rdgb: `b sdleärfsds, efsgumdfrtb pkr Wbl Jfr÷ldhk fl f` s. D_, fs fs ul sbm sbmfr fr pkgk b`uedek b`ue dek y hflks hfl ks bú l tfhbtdzbe tfh btdzbek k fl f` pfls pflsbhdfl bhdfltk tk kggdefltb`. Efsef fstf ldvf` ef gklkgdhdfltk cuhblk sf fsg`brfgf tbltk `b dltf`daflgdb gkhk `b vk`ultbe y sf brrkjb brrkjb `uz tbhmdäl skmrf `bs `bs e edvfrsbs dvfrsbs obgu`tbefs obgu`tbefs cuh blbs dlofrdkrfs. Fl gbhmdk, f` câmdtk ef sbmdeurèb, efsgumrdhdfltk ef Brdst÷tf`fs, cb sdek ul u l pkgk hâs tfhbtdzbek tfh btdzbek quf qu f `b sdleärfsds fl `b cdstkrdb ef `b od`ksk od`kskoè oèb, b, pfrk cb sdek pkgk pfrod`bek su hkek ef gklkgfr y bsdhdshk su tfhb, ef tb` hblfrb quf ef e f ä` sf cb edgck quf su s u gkhftdek fs gklkgfr `ks prdhfrks prdlgdpdks, prdl gdpdks, `bs prdhfrbs gbusbs, `ks bgtks ef sfr, `k edvdlk, ftg. Wdl fhmbrak, f` câmdtk ef sbmdeurèb pfrhdtf, strdgtu sflsu, b`gblzbr b `b pfrsklb cuhblb, fs efgdr, b `ks trbsgflefltb`fs pfrsklb`fs. Fstks skl sus ttfhbs fhbs prkpdks. prkpdks .

^kr ktrb pbrtf, f` câmdtk ef sbm deurèb lk fs `b dlstblgdb gkalksgdt gkalksgdtdvb dvb cu h blb hâs b` b`tb. tb. Wupfrdkr b f``b f``b fs f` gklkgfr pfrsk lb`. Wf trbtb, lk yb ef u lb obgu`tbe ld ef ul câmdtk dllbtk, sdlk ef ul bgtk huy fspfgdb`, pufs fs f` bgtk ef sfr pfrsklb`. F` tfhb ef` gklkgfr gklkgfr pfrsklb` pfrsklb ` fs huy supf s upfrdkr rdkr b ä`9 sf trbtb ef` ef ` Edks Edks pfrsklb`.

3. Bltrkpk`kaèb trbsgflefltb trbsgflefltb`` @b bltrkpk`kaèb trbsgflefltb` rfgdmf su lkhmrf ef` pflsbekr quf sf `k cb gklofrdek fl lufstrks eèbs, y qudfl cb cfgck pksdm`f tb` sbmfr: sbmfr: @fklbrek ^k` ^k`k. k. Fstb bltrkpk`kaèb gklsdstf fl ul sbmfr quf fstuedb bltf tkek f` qudäl ef` ckhmrf: ckhmr f: `b pfrsklb cuhbl b, f` fspèrdtu quf gbeb ulk fs. Fstf sbmfr trbsgdflef b `ks bltfrdkrfs pufs efsgumrf `b èlek`f èltdhb ef` sfr pfrsklb`, f dlvfstd dlvfstdab ab `b bpfrtu rb ef `b pfrsklb cu h bl b b `b trbsgfleflgdb trbsgfleflgdb ed-

 

vdlb. ^kr fstks hktdvks sf pkerèb ``bhbr trbsgflefltb`. ^frk sf `f ``bhb bsè fspfgèodgbhf fspfgè odgbhfltf ltf pkrq pkrquf uf b`gblzb `k `kss trbsgf trbsgfle le flt b`fs pfrs klb `fs, fs ef efgd gdr, r, fsbs pfrofggdklfs purbs quf gbrbgtfrdzbl b tkeb pfrsklb pkr sfr pfrsklb (sfb cuhblb, blaä`dgb k edvdlb). Wfr pfrsklb cu hb lb lk s÷` Wfr s÷`k k dledgb quf ulk sf bmrf bmrf b su l bturb`fzb y fsflgdb fsflgdb cuh blbs, ld s÷` s÷`k k quf ulk fstâ bmdfrtk b su dltdh debe , sdlk quf f`` f``bb hdshb fs bmdfrtb cbgdb `bs efhâs pfrsklbs. B qudfl rbedgb`hfltf sf bmrf fs b` quf eb rbz÷l ef su bpfrturb, b` quf `b cb gklstdtudek gkhk tb`, b` Edks pfrsklb`. @b

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rfspufstb b fstb bpfrtu rb pfrh dtf b gbeb pfrsklb flgbuzbr su od odl. l. @b bpfrturb b fsf fsf efstdlk fs `b `dmf rtbe rbedgb ` ef `b pfrskl b, y `b rfspufstb b ä` fs su rfspklsbmd`debe, rfspklsb md`debe, pfrofgtbhfltf pfrofg tbhfltf gkhpbtdm`f, gk hpbtdm`f, pkr tbltk, gkl su `dmfrtbe. Fsf odl efmf sfr pfrsklb`hfl tf gklkgd gklkgdek ek y `dmr `dmrff y bh krksbhfltf bgfptbek. Ef hke k quf `b bp frturb p frsklb` cuh blb b Edks ffss gkalk gkalksgflt sgfltff y bhbltf. @ks trbsgflefltb`fs @ks trbsgflefltb`fs pfrsklb`fs skl `b gkfxdstflgd gkfxdstflgdb, b, `b `dmfrtbe , f` gklkgfr y f` bhbr p frsklb`fs. Wd b`aulk b`aulk ef f``k f``kss oob`tb b`tb fl ul sf sfr, r, lk sf pufef cbm`br ef pfrsklb. Befhâs, gkhk `b rfofrflgdb sklb. rfofrflgdb ef `ks trbsgflefltb`fs pfrsklb`fs pfrsk lb`fs cuh blk s fs Edks, Edks, f` gklkgdhdfltk quf ef Edks sf b`gblzb pkr h fedk ef `b bltrkpk`ka bltrkpk`kaèb èb trbsgflefltb` fs hug ck hâ s b`tk quf f` vds`uhmrbek pkr fsb pbrtf ef `b hftbhftboèsd oèsdgb gb quf sf cb efl eflkh kh dlbe k "tfk`ka "tfk`kaèb èb lbturbU. lbturbU. @ks trblsgflefltb`fs pfrsklb`fs sf pufefl efsgrdmdr ef` sdaudfltf hkek: b) Gkfxdstflgdb Dledgb quf `b pfrsklb, pfrskl b, h âs b``â ef `b rf`bgd÷l ef dltfrsumjftdvdebe, fs sfr bbmdfr mdfr-tk, bgkhpbòbltf gkl bpfrturb pfrsklb`, fs efgdr bmdfrtk b ulb pfrsklb edstdltb. tdlt b. B` lktbr lk tbr `b pfrsklb pfrsk lb c cuh uh bl b quf q uf su gkfxdstflgd gkfxdstflgdbb ggbrfg brfgff ef räp`dgb fl su dltdhdeb e, lktb q uf tb` räp`dgb dltdhdebe, räp`dgb s÷`k s÷`k pu fef fe f sfr Edks, Edks, su Grfb Grfbekr. ekr. Ef h kek quf ulk sf vf ``bhbek b sfr-gkl Edks. Fstf gklkgdhdfltk sf bmrf b `b gklsdefrbgd÷l ef Fstf e f Edks gkhk sfr tbhmdäl tbh mdäl gkfxdstflgkfxdstfltf, ef hkek hke k quf `b sk`febe sk`fe be lk pu fef gbrbgtfrdzbr b` sfr edvdlk, sdlk sdlk quf ästf tdflf quf sfr gk-pfrsklb`. gk-pfrsklb`.

m) @dmfrtbe B` efsgumrdr efsgumrdr quf `b pfrsklb c uh blb fs `dmfrtbe `dmfrtbe sf vf quf fsb bpf rturb drrfs  trdgtb rfqudfrf ef p pfrskl frskl bs edstdltbs rfspfgtk ef `bs gub`fs ttb` b` `dmfrtbe sf pu fe b bmrdr pfrsklb`hfltf y efstdlbr (ou (outur turk), k), fl fspf fspfgdb gdb`, `, rfspfg rfspfgtk tk ef ul b p frsklb edstdltbb fl `b gub` tb` `dmfrtbe sf puf eb fhp`fbr fltfrbhfltf9 y fsk s÷`k edstdlt s÷`k pufef sfr rfspfgtk ef Edks.

 

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Fstk flabrzb gkl `b gklsdefrbgd÷l b su vfz ef quf Edks fs `dmrf y bmdfrtk pfrsklb`hfltf.

g) Gklkgfr pf pfrskl rskl b` B` efsvf`br quf `b pfrskl b cu h bl b fs u l gklk gklkgfr gfr,, fs ef efgd gdr, r, quf f``b hdsh b fs ul hätkek gkalksgdtdvk, sf vf quf fsf hätkek pfrsklb` lk pufef gbrfgfr ef tfhb pfrsklb`. Wf vf bsè b Edks Edks gkhk tfhb e f` gklkg gklkgfr fr pfrsk lb` cuh blk b `b pb r quf gkal gkalksgf ksgfltf ltf ef `b prkpdb dltdhdebe cu hbl b, f` úld úldgk gk gbpbz ef hblè-

tfstbr`f su fltfrk f ltfrk sfltdek. B su vfz, fstk sf brtdgu`b gkl `b gklsdefrbgd÷l e eff `bs pfrskl pfrsklbs bs e edvdlbs dvdlbs gkhk gklkgklkgfr-gkl gfrgklkgf kgfr, r, sdl p pbsdv bsdv debe fltrf f``bs.

e) Bh br pfrsklb` B` efsgumrdr efsgumrdr quf `b pfrsklb c uh blb fs bhbr pfrsklb`, fst fstk k fs fs,, quf fs u l bgfptbr y u l ebr pfrsklb` pfrsklb`fs, fs, lktbhks quf skhks bgfptbr y eb r rfspfg rfspfgtk tk ef `bs efhâs pfrsk lbs, y fspfgdb`hfltf rrfspfgtk fspfgtk ef qu dfl sfb pbrb lksktrks bgfptbr y eb r drrfstrdgt drrfstrdgtk, k, fstk fs, Edks Edks.. Fl fofg fofgtk, tk, lu lufstr fstrk k bbh h kr aflf aflfrksk rksk s÷`k tdflf p`flk sfl tdek sd sf k korfgf orfgf sdl gkledgdklfs b Edks y ästf `k bgfptb. Befhâs, `b gbptbgd÷l gbptbgd÷l gka gkalksg lksgdtdv dtdvbb ef` bhbr bhb r pfrsklb` -b -bgfpt gfptbr br y e br - sf brtdg brtdgu`b u`b gkl f` gklkgdhdfltk skmrflbtu skmrflbturb` rb` ef `b Urdldebe ef Edks y sf sf bmrf b ä`. ä`. Lk fl vblk skhks "dhbafl "dh bafl y sfhfjblzb" ef Edk Edks. s.

4. Bltrkpk`kaèb tfk`÷adgb tfk`÷adgb ^kr tfk`kaèb sf fltdflef bquè f` fstuedk quf tdflf gkhk tfhb b` Edks quf sf cb rf vf`be k b sè hdsh k f l `b cdstkrdb9 y quf tdflf gkhk hätke k gkalksgd gkalksgdtdv tdvk k `b of sk mrf lbtu rb` quf Edks ktkrab b` ckh mrf pb rb bb`gblzbr `gblzbr b gk gklkg lkgfr` fr`f. f. Fstb ekgtrdlb sf gkltdflf fl `b trbedgd÷l juefkgr juefkgrdstdblb. dstdblb. @b of grdstdblb fs ul ekl skmrflbturb` ktkrabek pkr Edks b gbeb pfrsklb. Fstff e kl gklsdst Fst gklsdstf, f, bltf tkek, fl u l l ufv k y h fjkr hkek ef gklk gklkgfr gfr.. Ukhâ Ukhâss ef Bqudlk sk stflèb quf `b ooff skmrfl bturb` fs ul b "pfrofggd÷l e f` ddltf`fgt ltf`fgtk" k" ^kt.,  q. ?, b. 4 be 7). Bgfptblek fstf fxtrfhk, gbmf efgdr quf sf (R.E.  Ef ^kt., trbtb ef ul gklkg gklkgfr fr fl f` quf fstâ ddhp`dgbek hp`dgbek f` bgt bgtk k ef sfr cuh blk, `k hâs rbedgb`, rbed gb`, ``bb pfrsklb c uh blb, gkhk pk r `k efhâs h bltdflf f` Hbads Hbadstfr tfrdk dk ef `b Da`fsdb: "^kr `b of... of ... gkl tkek su sfr, f` ckhmrf ckhm rf e ebb ssu u bsfl bsfltdhdfltk tdhdfltk b Edks", Gklgd Gklgd`dk `dk _btd _btdgb gb- Efd fd _frm _frmuh uh,, l¾ 6. T fl ktrk ``uab lk DD, G.E. E uabrr sf `f `ff: f: "@b of fs bltf tkek ulb ul b becfsd÷l   pfrs  pf rskl klb` b` ef` ckhmrf b Edks", Gbtfgdshk ef `b Da`fsdb Gbt÷`dgb, l¾ 26>.

 

F` ckhmrf td tdflf flf ul ekm`f krefl ef gklkgdhd gklkgdhdflt fltk, k, ulk lbtu rb` y ktr ktrk k pk r of skmrflbturb`9 y pkr fsb of lk sf gklkgf gklkgf ``k k hdshk l ldd ef` hdshk hk hkek ek quf lbturb`hfltf, sdlk quf `b of bòbef bò bef gklk gdhdfl tk ("W÷` ("W÷`k k `b of of pfrhdtf p pflftrbr flftrbr f` hdstfrdk,,/ _defs ft rbtdk, l. 27) F` hätkek  gkalksgdtdvk ef "`b of... pfrtflfgf... b ul krefl edvfrsk ef` gklkgèhdfltk od`ks÷odgk". Ju b l   ^ b m ` k   DD, _defs ft rbtdk, l. 49 "Cby ul ekm`f krefl ef gk Efd _ _d`d d`dus us ef` Gklgd`dk _btdgblk D (Ez. lkgdhdfltk", sf sflt÷ fl `b Gklst. Ekah.  Efd l¾ 7.>>3), y ouf rfgkrebek pkr `b Gklstdtugd÷l pbstkrb` Abueduh ft spfs, l. 64 ef`

?4

Gklgd`dk _btdgblk DD. T `k gklkgdek pkr `b of, su tfhb, tbhmdäl pfrtflfgf b ul krefl edvfrsk: "`b vfr vfrebe ebe b`gblzbe b`gblzbebb b trbväs ef `b rfo`fxd rfo`fxd÷l ÷l od od`ks÷ `ks÷odgb odgb y `b vfre vfrebe be quf prkvdflf ef `b ]fvf`bgd÷l lk sf gkloulefl, ld ulb cbgf supfro`ub b `b ktrb". _defs ft rbtdk, l. 4.

@b rfb`debe q quf uf sumybgf fl `b lkgd÷l ef pfrs kl klb, b, `b dltdh dltdh debe ef gbeb qudäl, f` gkrbz÷l cuhblk, ouf ul efsgumrdhdfltk lftbhfltf grdstdblk, bulquf fstf cb``bzak sf pkerèb cbmfr b`gblzbek ef hkek lbturb`, fs efgdr, sdl lfgfsdebe ef `b of skmrflbturb ` y `b rfvf`bgd rfvf`bgd÷l ÷l edvdlb. Fl fofgtk fofgtk,, sf pufe pu fe f b`gblzbr p kr hfedk ef` câm dtk ef sbmdeurè sbmdeurèb. b. Efsef `b pfrspfgtdvb pfrspfgtdvb ef e f `b bltrkpk`kaèb trblsgflefltb` sf pufe pufeff bodrh bodrhbr, br, pkr hfedk ef` gklkgfr pfrsklb`, -fs efgdr, b ldvf` ef bgtk ef sfr cuhblk- quf Edks fs ul sfr pfrsklb`

Wd ssff edstdla edstdlauf uf ffltrf ltrf lbturb `fzb, fsflgdb y pfrsk pfrsklb, lb, k fltrf `k quf sf c b ``bhbek vdeb rfgd rfgdmde mdeb, b, vdeb bò bede b y vdeb pfrsklb`, sf lktb qu f `b pfrskl pfrsklbb cuhb lb fs ``k k rbedgb`, y quf sus rb rbsaks saks lu lug`fbrfs g`fbrfs sk skl l edstdltk edstdltkss ef `k dlo dlofrd frdkr. kr. Efsef `b of skmrflbturb` sf pufef fxp`dgbr g÷hk f`fvb Edks gbeb ulk ef fsks trbsgflefltb`fs pfrsklb`fs.

Wd ef hke hkek k l bturb ` yb sf efsgumrf ef` ckhm ckhmrf rf quf fs pfrsklb, guâ`fs skl ``ks ks trbsgflefl trbsgfl efltb`fs tb`fs pfrsklb`fs, pfrskl b`fs, y g÷hk sf vdlgu`bl ästks fltrf sè y gkl Ed Edks, ks, b` f`ff`fvbr Edks `b dltdhdebe pfrsklb` cuhblb ef hkek skmrflbturb`, b trbväs ef `b of of,, f` ckh mrf gklkgf hâ s ef su prkp p rkpdb db dltdh debe debe,, fstk ffs, s, sbmf quä pfrs pfrskl klbb fs y fstâ ``bhbe ``bhbe b b sfr bltf `bs ^frsklbs edvdlbs y qudäl fs gbeb ulb ef Bqu Bquä`` ä``bs. bs. Fl gklgrftk, gklgrftk, sf gklkg gklkgff `b od` od`dbgd dbgd÷l ÷l edv edvdlb dlb ef ggbeb beb pfrsk p frsklb lb fl Grds Grdstk. tk. "F` gklkgdhdfltk gklkgdhdfltk (pkr ]fvf` ]fvf`bgd bgd÷l) ÷l) quf f` ckh ckhmrf mrf tdflf e eff ä` (ef Edk Edks) s) -c b fsgrd fsgrdtk tk Jubl ^bm`k DD- gu`hdlb gu`hdl b gub`qudfr ktrk gklkgdhdf gklkgdhdfltk ltk vfreb vfrebefrk efrk skmrf f` sfltdek ef `b prkpdb fxdstflgdb quf su hfltf (`b ef` ckhmrf) fs gbpbz ef b`gblzbr" ( _defs ft   rbtdk, l¾ 1). Wd `b vdeb èltdhb ef Edks fs hdstfrdk quf s÷`k pkr ]fvf`bgd÷l edvdlb pkefhks gklkgfrr (f gklkgf (f`` hdstfrdk trdldtbrdk), y tb` fsg`brfgdhdfltk fsg`brfgdhdfltk vb ulde uldek k b `b dltdhdebe dltdhde be pfrsklb` cuhblb, fs pkrquf tbhmdäl ästb ú`tdhb fs tbhmdäl, fl ul gdfrtk sfltdek,

 

hdstfrdk. ^kr fsk "rfb`hfltf "rfb`hf ltf f` hdstfrdk ef` ckhmrf ckh mrf s÷`k sf fsg`brfgf fsg`brfgf fl f` hdstfrdk ef` _frmk _frmk flgbrlbek flgbrlbek"" (Abueduh ft spfs, l. ==).

@b rf`bgd÷l befg befgube ube b fl fltrf trf of y rbz ÷l, fltrf od`ks od`kskoèb koèb y tfk`kaèb cb ef sfr sdfhprf ef edâ`kak y gk`bmkrbgd÷l hutub, fl rfspftk b su `faètdhb butklkhèb. @bs bltrkpk`kaèbs od`ks÷odgbs y tfk`÷adgbs quf gfltrbl `k lug`fbr cuhblk fl `b pfrsklb f dltfltbl bulbr `ks efsgumrdhdfltks lbturb`fs `karbeks skmrf `b dltdhdebe c uh blb gkl ``k k quf bpkrtb `b ]fvf` ]fvf`bgd bgd÷l ÷l gklst gklstdtuyfl dtuyfl ul `uabr prdvd-

`fadbek pbrb p brb fs fsff edâ`kak of rbz÷l.

Fjfrgdgdk 2. _kgbmu`brdk Defltdodgb f` sdaldodgbek ef `bs sdaudfltfs pb`bmrbs y fxprfsdklfs usbebs: ^sd gk ` k aè b

• B l t r k p k `k ` k a è b g u ` tu tu r b `

Wk gd k ` k aè b

• B l t rrk k p k ` k a èb è b o dd``k s ÷ o dg dg b

Lfurkpsdgk`kaèb

 

U f k r èb èb e f ` g k l k g dh dh df l t k

C d s t k r db

* W dl e ä r f s ds

C u h b l de b e f s

• C â m d t k e f s b m de u r è b

^febakaèb

• B l t rk rk p k ` k a è b t rb rb s g f l e f l t b `

O f l k h f l k ` k a èb

• B l t r k p k ` k a èb t f k `÷ a dg b

Ä t dg b

¹ G k f x ds t f l g db

Fstätdgb

• U r b l s g f l e f l t b `f `f s p f rs rs k l b `f `f s

Od` Od`ks ks koèb e f `b rf`d rf`da a d÷l

• H ds tf t f rrdd k

Od`kskoèb skgdb`

• ] f v f ``bb g d÷ d÷ l

H f t boè boèsd sd gb

Fjfrgdg Fjf rgdgdk dk =. Auèb ef fstuedk Gkltfstb b `bs sdaudfltfs sdaudfltfs prfau ltbs: 2. » U k e k s ``k k s s b m f r f s s k m r f f ` c k h m r f f s t â l b ` h ds h k l d v f ``;; , » p k r q u ä ; = . » E f q u ä e f p f l e f ``bb e ds ds td t d l g d ÷ l f l t r f `k s sb s b m f rrff s e f ` c k h m r f ; 7. F x p `dgb f l q uä gk l sd stf stf `b `b ä t dgb dgb 5. Fxp `dgb qu ä fs `b sdleä rfsds 6. F x p ` ddgb gb ``bb dh dh p k rt blgd b q u f t ddff l f f ` câ m d t k e f sbm de u rè rèbb p brb `b `b bl t rk p k `k a èb

 

?.

» F s `b `b p f r s k l b u l t f h b e f ``b b h f t b o è s ddg g b ; ] b z k l b ``b b rrf fspu fstb

1.

» F l q u ä g k l s d s ttf f l ` k s `` b h b e k s " t rrb b s g f l e f l t b ` f s p f r s k l b ` f s "";;

3.

Fx p`dgb `b gk r r fgtb r f`b gd÷l fl tr f o f y rrb b z÷l .

4.

F x p `dg b g ÷ h k s sf f rf rf ` b g d k l b ` b b l t r k p k `k a è b o d` d`k s ÷ o d g b y ``b b tfk`÷ adgb.

12

Fjfrgd Fjf rgdgdk gdk 7. Gkh Gkhfltbr fltbrdk dk ef tf tfxtk xtk @ff @f f `ks `ks sdaudfltfs sdaudfltfs tfxtks y cbz ul gkh fltbrdk pfrsklb` utd`dzble k `k `ks s gkltä-

 

ldeks bprfledeks: "Fl gdfrtk sfltdek, tkek s `ks prkm `fh bs gfl trb` trb`fs fs ef `b od`kskoèb od`kskoèb sf efjbl rf eu gdr b ``b b pr fa u l tb : » R u ä fs f` c kh m r f, y qu ä `u a b r y p ks dgd dgd÷l ÷l kgu p b e fl tr k ef ``b b ttktb ktb `deb `deb e e f` s fr ef` h u l e k y e f E dk dks s ""..

(Wgcf gcf`` fr , H., Bgfrgk ef `b defb ef` ckhmrf,

 

Lkvb, Muflks Bdrfs 24?>)

* 

*

 

*

"Cky fstb od`kskoèb tflerâ quf sfr bltrkpkgältrdgb, fs efgdr, efmfrâ musgbr fl `bs fstru tr u gtu r b s fs fl gdb ``fs fs e f `b fxd fxds s tfl gd gdb b c u h b l b `b s edh edh fl s dkl f s ttrr b s gfl e fl tfs q u f gkl gkls stdtu tdtu y fl `b gb pb gdeb e r b ed edgb gb ` ef` c kh mr f ef s fr dl tfr pf `b ek p kr f` h fl s b jf gr grds dstd tdb blk pb r b gkh pr fl e fr ``k k gk h k s b `vè `vèoo dgk, dgk, fs efgd efgdrr , gkh k r fs pu fs tb e f p `fl dt dtu u e a r b tu dt dtb b b ``b bs gu fs tdkl fs o u l e b h fl tb `fs ef `b vd vdeb eb c u h b l b . Fs ttf f o u f f ` pr kgfs k ef r fo ``fxd÷l fxd÷l tfk` tfk`÷÷a dgb s fa u dek pkr f` G kl gd`dk fl `b G kl s tdtu gd÷l Abueduh ftWpfs 9 `b gkrrf`bgd÷l fltrf `ks pr km`fh b s c k l ek s y efgds dvks ef` c k h mr f, y `b `u `u z l u fvb q u f dr rb rb edb s km r f f` f``ks `ks ``b b pfr s kl b y f` h fl s b jf ef J fs u gr dds s tk".

(Jubl  ^bm` k  DD, Edsgursk b `ks tf÷`kaks 

 

2-D -DS-2 S-243=) 43=) fspbòk`fs,  Wb `bh bl gb , 2 * * *

"@b prdh frb tfsds edgf bsè: fs pk sdm`f, cky cky,, skstfl fr ulb pk sdgd sdgd÷l ÷l od`ks÷odgb od`ks÷odgb rfb` rfb`dst dstb b sd s sf f eds tdl tdl a u f `b h ftb o èès s dgb dgb e f `b b l tr kpk `ka èb 9 fs tb eds ttdl dl gd gd÷l ÷l pks ff b `gb l gf tr trb b s gfl efl tb `... @ b s fa u l eb tfs dds s s sf f fl u l gdb ef fs tf h kek : `b h fl gdkl b eb e ds ttdl dl gd gd÷l ÷l , gkl b `gb l gf tr b s gfl e fl tb `, fl tr f f` s fr ef` c kh mr f y f` s fr qu f tr trb b tb `b h ftb ooèès dgb dgb , l k fs b ``gb gb l zb eb pk r `b ood` d`ksk ksk oèb oèb g`âsd g`âsdgb gb (...), ld ttbh bh pk gk pk r `b `b äpk gb h ke frlb. @b ttfrgfrb frgfrb tfsds efg `brb: pb r b fs tb m `fgfr ef h b l fr b s u o dgdfl dgdfl tf `b gd gdtb tb eb eds td tdl l gd÷l , pb r b q u f `b gdt gdtb b eb eds td tdl l gd÷l

 

sfb tr bsgfl e fl tb` tb`,, sf r fq u dfr f u l fsg`br fgdh dfl tk tf÷r dgk k a l ksf k`÷adgk, p kr q u f s sdd l k s f e d s ttddl a u f g k l l d ttdde f z e f q u ä h b l f rrb b s f ook k r h u ` b l ` k s t f h b s e f ` b h f t b ooèès dg dg b e f h k e k e dv fr sk b` e f okr okr h u `br ``ks ks ttfh fh bs bl tr kp k`÷adgks, fs fv de f l tf q u f `b e dst dstdl dl gd gd÷l ÷l trbsg trbsgfl fl e fl tb` fl tr f ``ks ks e ks âh m dt dtks ks e f `b r fb`d fb`de e be l k p u fe f h kstr kstrbr br sf gkl `b r be dgb` dgb`de de be gkl q u f sf fstbm `fgf fl `b p r dhfr b tfsds .  

(^k ` k , @., Bltrkpk`kaèb trbsgflefltb`,  vk`. 2, @b pfrsklb cuh blb,   Fu l sb ^bh p `kl b = > > 7 7))

 

17

 / 

UFHB

F@ GV GVF] F]^K ^K C V H B L K rP

Gkhflzbhks b fstuedbr `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb, `b vdeb rfgdmdeb ef lúfstrks pberfs. Fs `b prdhfrb ef `bs edhflsdklfs ef` sfr cuhblk. @k hâs dhpkrtbltf fl bltrkpk`kaèb lk fstrdmb fl f` fstuedk ef `b gkrpkrfdebe cuhblb, pkrquf ulb pfrsklb fs hugck hâs quf su gufrpk. F` gufrpk cuhb cu hblk lk lk fs ``b b pfrsklb sdlk ef `b pfrsklb pfrsklb.. Bul bs bsè, è, f` gufrpk gufr pk cuhblk, cuhb lk, b` sfr ef `b pfrsklb, fstâ btrbvfsbek ef sfltdek pfrsklb`.

WVHB]DK 2. GVF] GVF]^K ^K K]AÂLDGK ± =. GB]ÂG GB]ÂGUF] UF] EDW EDWUDL UDLUD_ UD_K K EF@ G GVF] VF]^K ^K CVHB CV HB--  LK ± 7. @BW HBLKW, F@ ]KWU]K T @B GBMFZB ± 5. @BW OVLGDKLFW BÒB-   EDEBW B@ GVF]^K CVHBLK * 6. F@ WFLUDEK EF @B WFSVB@DEBE * ?. F@  WFLUDEK WFLU DEK EF@ ^VEK] ± 1. F@ UFLF] WFAÚL F@ F@ GVF]^K. GVF]^K. CBMDUB], U]BMBJK T  ^]K^DFEB ^]K^ DFEBE E 3 . @BW @BW ^]D_BGDKLFW GK]^K GK]^K]B@FW ]B@FW:: @B FLOF]HFEBE FLOF]H FEBE T F@ EK-   @K] @K ] 4 . GVFWUDKLFW WKM] WKM]F F @B ]F@BGD×L HFLUF-GVF]^K. HFLUF-GVF]^K .

 

2. Gufrpk kraâldgk kraâldgk

15

F` gufrpk cu h blk vdvk, sus oulgdklfs y obgu`tbefs obgu`tbefs gklstdtuyfl `b lbtur b`fz b cuhb cu hb lb, `b vde b rfgdmd rfgdmdeb, eb, fs efgdr efgdr,, `b cfrflgdb cfrflgdb mdk` mdk`÷adgb ÷adgb quf efmfh efmfhks ks b lúf lúfsstrks pberfs. Ef f``ks, f``ks, sdl fhmbrak, lk c cfhks fhks rfgdmdek `b pfrsk pfrsklb lb q uf skhks, b sbmfr, f` bgtk ef

sfr pfrsklb`, ld tbhpkgk tbhpk gk `b fsflg fsflgdb db cuh cuhblb, blb, fs efg efgdr, dr, f` pbrtdek qu quff gbeb guâ` sbg sbgbb ef sus obgu`tbefs supfrdkrfs sdl mbsf kraâldgb y `b pfrsklb`debe quf orbaubhks fl lufstrk yk.

@b vde vdebb lk fs bb`ak `ak skmrfb skmrfbòbedek òbedek fxtrèlsfgbhfltf b` gufrpk kraâldgk kraâldgk,, sdlk su hkvdh dfltk dltrè dltrèlsfgk9 lsfgk9 ffss `k quf cbgf quf u l gufrpk sfb prfgd prfgdsbhfltf sbhfltf u l krabldshk. _dvdodgbr b ul gufrpk fs gklstdtudr`k gkhk krabldshk. F` guf gufrpk rpk v vdvk dvk lk fs tb` bltfs ef rfgdmdr `b vdeb. Wdl f` f``b `b `bs rfb`deb rfb`debefs efs oèsdgbs lk skl gufrpk gufrp k kraâl kraâldgk, dgk, sd sdlk lk hb hbtfrdb tfrdb dlfr dlfrtf. tf. G ufrp ufrpk k gkl vde vdebb fs gufrpk kraâ kraâldgk ldgk.. @kss ÷rablks skl `ks skpkrtfs mdk`÷adgks ef `bs pktflgdbs k obgu`tbefs ef quf @k fstâ ektbek ek tbek u l sfr vdvk gkrp÷rfk ((ffj. ``ks ks kèeks skl `ks ÷rablks e f `b oobgu`tbe bgu`tbe buedtdv bu edtdvb, b, `ks kjks `k skl ef `b vdsdvb vdsdvb,, ft ftg. g.). ). @bs pktflgdbs gkl skpkrtf kraâldgk skl prdlgdpdks pr÷xdhks ef kpfrbgdklfs, quf kreflbl, kref lbl, gklodaurbl, dlokrhbl, ulb p brtf ef` gufrpk, lk f` gufrpk fltfrk, sdlk gbeb ul b b su ÷rablk (fj. `b obgu`tbe bue dtdvb bgtdvb b `ks kè kèeks9 eks9 ``bb ef `b vdstb,, b `k vdstb `kss kjks, ftg ftg.). .). @b vdeb fs f` prdlgdpdk rfhktk uldtbrdk quf vdvdodgb fltfrbhfltf b` gufrpk. Fs, pk pkrr tbltk, f` krdafl ef` quf edh blb l tkebs tkeb s `bs obgu`tbefs k pktflg pktflgdbs, dbs, quf gkltrdmuyfl b quf f` gufrpk sfb ul krabldshk. @b vdeb (`k quf `ks bltdauks eflk hdl hdlbmbl bmbl b`hb) fs fs,, pufs, ``bb quf kreflb k reflb y gkkredlb gk kredlb ``bs bs edstdltbs obgu`t obgu`tbefs befs y `bs cbgf gkhpbtdm`fs gkhp btdm`fs fltrf fl trf sè sè. Fs gurdksk qu quff f` gufrpk cu cuhbl hblk k rfgdmb su vde vdebb ef ef`` b`hb y sf florfltf b ff``b ``b.. B` B`ak ak efmf ef cbmfr kgurrdek pbrb quf sf cbyb prkeugdek ul lktbm`f efsbjustf fltrf bhmks9 bhm ks9 efskrefl bauek quf, befhâs, b` od odl l ef fstb vdeb tfrhdlb dlfxkrbm dlfxkrbm`fhflt `fhfltff gkl `b `b rup rupturb turb fltrf bhmk bhmks. s.

@ks gufrpks kr @ks kraâld aâldgks gks ttdflfl dflfl hbykr k hflkr gk h p`fjdebe efpfl edflek ef` hbykr k hflkr lúh frk ef pktflgd pktflgdbs bs k obgu`tbefs obgu`tbefs quf pksfbl y ef` tdpk tdpk ef `bs  pbrb rb `bs obgu`tbefs9 lk b` rfväs (fj. f` kjk fs pbrb `b hdshbs. @ks ÷rablks skl  pb vdstb, vdst b, lk `b vdstb pbrb f` kj kjk k9 lk sf trbtb s÷` s÷`k k ef quf vfbhks p krqu krquff tflabh ks kjks, sdlk ef quf `ks kjks skl  pbr  pbrb b vfr  vfr). ). Ef hke hkek k sfhfjblt sfhfjbltf, f, cby q quf uf rfgkrebr b hf lue k quf f` gufrpk fs pb pbrb rb f` b` b`hb, hb, y lk b `b dlvfrsb dlvfrsb..

 

Lk sf pufefl gkhprflefr, pufs, fltfrbhfltf `ks ÷rablks efsef ulb pfrspfgtdvb hfrbh h frbh fltf blbt÷hdgb, odsdk`÷adg odsdk`÷adgb, b, mdk`kadgdstb, mdk`kadgdstb, sdlk quf sf `ks fltdflef mdfl s÷`k fl btflgd÷l b `bs obgu`tbefs (fj. lk sf bevdfrtf fltfrbhfltf f` sfltdek ef` kjk kjk efse f ul u l hfrk hf rk fstuedk f stuedk odsdk`÷ad odsdk`÷adgk, gk, fs efgd efgdr, r, b` h bra fl ef e f quf f` kj kjk k fs f` ÷rablk ÷rabl k ef e f `b vdsd÷l, vdsd÷l, k sfb, sfb, ef quf q uf fstâ gklodaurbek gklodau rbek  pb  pbrb rb vfr)  vfr).. B `b pbr, pbr, lk gbmf gbmf ul b fl tfrb gkhprfsd÷l ef gbeb ÷rablk pkr sfpbrbek, ld tbhpkgk ulb

16 

fltfrb gkhprflsd÷l psdgk`÷adgb ef gbeb obgu`tbe pkr sfpbrbek. @b gkhprflsd÷l gkhp`ftb fs `b quf gkh pbrb ul ks ÷rablks gkl ktrks y ulb s obgu`tbefs gkl ktrbs fl btflgd÷l b `b brhklèb brhk lèb jfrârqudgb jfrârqudgb ef` gkljultk. gkljultk. gufrpk, sdlk  Fl suhb, sf trbtb ef vfr quf q uf f` odl ef` gufrpk cuhblk lk fs f` gufrpk, f` b`hb. F` odl odl ef` gufrpk lk l k fs gkrp÷rfk, y lk s÷`k fl gbeb ul b e f sus pbrtfs, p brtfs, sdlk fl f l f` gkljultk. ^kr fjfhp`k, fjfhp`k, f` odl ef` kjk ffss vfr, pfrk f` vfr lk sf vf vf,, lk fs gkrp÷r gkrp÷rfk. fk. Lk sf pu pufe feff fstuedbr blbt÷hdgb k mdk`÷adgbhfltf f` vfr, pkrquf tb` bgtk lk fs ld blbtkhèb ld mdk`kaèb b`aulb, sdlk gklkgdhdfltk, quf fs f` odl ef bquä``bs. Ub` gklkgfr lk fs vdeb mdk`÷a mdk`÷adgb, dgb, sdlk vdeb gkalksg gkalksgdtdvb. dtdvb.

Ef` hdshk h kek, f` odl odl ef` gufrpk, tkhbe k fltfrbhfltf, fl tfrbhfltf, tbhpkgk fs gkrp÷gkrp÷rfk. rfk. F` F` odl ef` gufrpk cuh cu h blk bl k fs f` f` b`hb cuh blb, blb , su prdlgdpdk vdtb` vdtb`.. Lk L k fs ästb pb rb bquä`, sdlk f` gufrp gufrpk k pb rb f` b`hb. b`hb. F` yk ld fs gufrpk l d fs pbrb f` gufrpk, sdlk quf f` gufrpk fs pbrb f` yk, yk, pbrb h bldofstbr sflsdm`fhfltf, sflsdm`fhfltf, fl `b hfe deb ef `k pksdm`f, f` sfltdek ef` yk. F` gufrpk guf rpk lk fs `b pfrskl b, sdlk ef `b pfrsklb. F` gufrpk gufr pk tbhpkgk tbhpk gk fs f` yk. ^kr fsk, gklgfpgdklfs od`ks÷odgbs quf efsgrdmfl b `b pfrsklb cuhblb sfaúl `b "tktb`debe" ef` b`hb y gufrpk lk pufefl ebr rbz÷l ef `b pfrsklb  pkst hkr hkrtf tfh h. Fs hbldo hbldodfst dfstk k quf lk gbmf pfrsklb cu cuhbl hblbb fl fstf hu hulek lek sdl gufr gufrpk, pk, pfrk sd `b pfrsklb sf hdedfrb gkhk tb` pkr f` gufrpk, ulk sfrèb hflks pfrsklb fl `b ldòfz, fl `b flofrhfebe, fl `b vfjfz, fl `bs `fsdklfs... sfrèb hflks pfrsklb gub`qudfrb ef `b gb``f quf ul bt`ft bt`ftb. b. Ukek fst fstk, k, sdl fhmbrak, lk fs behdsdm` behdsdm`f. f. @b pfrsklb, pfrskl b, pk pkrr tbltk, lk fs `b tktb`debe.

F` gufrpk fs `b lbturb`fzb cuh blb, pfrk p frk lk `b pfrsklb pfrsk lb cu hbl hblb. b. Tb Tb sf edjk edjk quf fltrf `b pfrsklb y `b lbturb`fzb sf eb ulb edstdlgd÷l rfb`. F` gufrpk fs  pb  pbrb rb  `b pfrsklb, lk `b pfrsklb pbrb f` gufrpk. Wd lk oufrbl bsultks edstdltks fstb bodrhbgd÷l sfrèb dldltf`dadm` dldltf`dadm`f. f. F` gufrpk fs ef `b pfrsklb, pbrb quf `b pfrsklb sf hbldodfstb sflsdm`fhfltf sflsdm`fh fltf fl gdfrtk hk ek b trbväs trbväs e f su gufrpk, gufrpk , k, b` hflks, pbrb pb rb quf lk flgufltrf dhpfedh dhpf edhfltks fltks fl su gkrpk rfdebe pb rb fxprfsbr fl gdfr gdfr-tk hkek qudäl fs. fs. Fstk Fst k gklstdtuyf ul ulbb pfgu`dbrd pfg u`dbrdebe ebe fxg`usdvb ef `ks sfr sfrfs fs cuhbl cuhblks. ks. ^kr fsk, fsk, sf efmf fstuedbr f` gbrâgtfr edstdltdvk ef lufstrk gufrpk gkl rfspfgtk b` ef `ks bldhb`fs,

 

`b brhklèb fltrf `bs oulgdklfs ef lu fstrb gk gkrpkrfdebe rpkrfdebe y f` od odl l suprbmdk` suprbmdk`÷adgk ÷adgk ef `bs hdshbs. hdshbs. @ks bldhb`fs gbrfgfl ef fstb odlb`debe. Fl rdakr, rdakr, sf trbtb e eff rfp rfpbrbr brbr quf gbeb gufrpk cuhblk fs bquf``k kraâldgk ef `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb sfaúl `k gub` edspklf ulb pfrsklb cuhblb drrfpftdm`f (lk ul dledvdeuk ef `b fspfgdf) pbrbb hbldofstbr pbr hbldofstbrsf. sf.

=. Gbrâgtfr Gbrâgtfr edstdltdvk ef` gufrpk cuhblk F` gufrpk c uh blk lk fs ld kraâldgb ld oulgdklb`hfltf gkh k f` ef` rfstk ef `ks bldhb`fs supfrdkrfs. Wf edgf g`âsdgbhfltf quf f` ckhmrf fs ul bldhb` rbgdklb`. Fstb F stb efo efodldgd dldgd÷l ÷l pbrfgf skstflfr quf tfl fhks b`ak fl gkh úl gkl f` aälfr aälfrk k bldhb`, quf sfr bldhb`, sfrèb èb `b "bldh b`debe", y b`ak prkpdk y edstd edstdltdvk ltdvk lufstrk, quf vflerèb b sfr fxg`usdvbhfltf `k "rbgdklb`". Wdl fhmbrak, fhmbrak, f` ckhm rf sf edstdlauf rbedgb`h fltf - lk s÷`k s÷`k ef a rbe k- ef `ks `ks bldhb`fs fl tk ek f` ldvf` gkrp÷rfk. Wf Wf edstdlau f lk s÷`k pkr `b rbz÷l. F` gufrpk cuh blk fstâ fspdrdtub`dz bek (fhpbpbe k ef su sfr pfrs pfrsklb) klb).. •

F` gufrp k ef `ks bldhb`fs fs suh bh fltf eftfrh dlbe k gklstdtugdklb`hfltf tf,, y fspfgdb`dzbek fl kre fl b ul b oulgd÷l. F` gufrpk c uh blk, pk r f` gkltrbrdk, fs bmdfrtk y efsfspfgdb`dzbek. Fl `flaubjf brdstktä`dgk sf pkerèb efgdr quf f` gufrpk cuhblk fs pktflgdb`, k sfb, lk cfgck pbrb fstk k `k ktrk, sdlk bmdfrtk pb rb cbgfrsf cbgf rsf gkl fstk, gkl `k ktrk y gkl `k quf sf efsff y y,, befhâs, pb rb cbgfrsf gkl f``k f``k ef u l h kek u ktrk ktrk,, fs ef efgd gdr, r, gkhk sf efsff. efsff. Fs hk `ef bm` bm`ff pk r `b pfrsk lb quf `k vd vdvdo vdodg dgb. b.

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Fl gubltk bb`` lbgdh dfltk sf pke rèb bodrhbr quf f` sfr cuh blk lbgf ef hke k prfh bturk, fxgfs fxgfsdvb dvbhfltf hfltf efsvb` efsvb`dek, dek, hdfltrbs quf `ks `ks bldhb`fs lb lb-gfl prâgtdgbhfltf vdbm`fs vdbm`fs,, suodgdfltfhfltf ef sbrrk``beks p brb vdvd vdvdr. r.

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Gu frpk lk fspfgdb` fspfgdb`dzbek dzbek . @ks bldhb`fs tdflfl `bs fxtrfh debefs fspf fspfgdbgdbodzbebs pbrb ul s÷`k hflfstfr9 pfrk lufstrks pdfs lk fstâl fspfgdb`dzbeks pbrb ldlaúl câmdtbt eftfrhdlbek. F` mdpfedshk pksdmd`dtb `b pksturb fraudeb y `b `dmfrbgd÷l ef `bs hblks. B` daub` quf `ks pdfs, tbhpkgk `bs pdfrlbs fstâl fspfgdb`dzbebs. ^kr fsk ulks `bs fspfgdb`dzbl, pkr fjfhp`k, fl kre fl b prbgtdgbr oútmk` y ktrks fl kre fl b` gdg` gdg`dshk dshk,, sdflek bhmks efsbrrk``ks sbrrk ``ks lk s÷`k cftfrkaälfks sdlk dlgkhpbtdm`fs. Lksktrks, befhâs, befh âs, lk s sfltbh ks p brb `dmfrbr fsoufrzk oèsd oèsdgk gk ef gbrb b efsbrrk``br fsoufrzk hfltb`. Fl gbhmdk, gbhmdk, gublek lk sf tr trbtb btb e f pfl sbr sdlk ef bgtu bgtubr br,, guble k sf hkl tb b gbmb``k pkr fjfhp`k, gklvdflf lk tbltk sfltbrsf gkhk baubltbr tkek f` pfsk fl `bs pdfrlbs y fl `ks fstrdmk fstrdmks. s. »T f` rrfstk fstk ef` gufrpk cuh blk; Fstâ

 

suhbhfltf efsfspfgdb`dzbek, f dlg`usk efsbsdstdek, fs efgdr, lk rfgumdfrtk gkl gkl p`uh bs p brb vk`b vk`br, r, k ef pdf` eurb k bmulebl gdb ef pf`k pbrb rfsdst rfsdstdr dr f` orèk orèk,, ftg ftg.. Wuf`f efgdr efgdrsf sf quf f` ckhmrf fstâ e fsl uek . B f``k f``k cby quf bbòbedr òbedr quf q uf f` ckhmrf fs f` úldgk bldhb` quf sf eb guf gufltb ltb quf `k

fstâ, y quf `f gklvdflf lk fstbr`k. Wd lk `k lktbrb lk tflerèb sfltdek vfstdrsf, b hflks quf gkl f``k sf efofledfsf, pkr fjfhp`k, ef` orèk. orèk. ^frk tbh mdäl sf vdstfl `ks quf vdvfl fl `ks tr÷pdgks, y fl `bs zklbs tfhp`bebs gkstfrbs. Gumrdrsf lk fs gu`turb` (gu`turb` (gu`turb` fs cb cbgfr`k gfr`k ef ul hkek u ktrk), ktrk), sdlk sdlk lbturb` lbtur b` b` ckhmrf9 y td tdflf flf quf vfr gkl f` f` puekr, pufs lk cbgfr`k cbgfr`k eflktb ulb p ärede äredebb ef cklfstdebe, cklf stdebe, bsultk bsu ltk ätdg ätdgk. k.

F` gufrpk cuhblk fs ul arbl ekl, ulb dlhflsb rdqufzb, bulquf fstf rfab`k beh dtf gdfrtks `èhdtfs y lfgfsdebefs. Fl fo fofgt fgtk, k, f` ckh mrf pksff gbrflgd gbrflgdbs bs mdk mdk-`÷ `÷ad adgbs gbs,, puf s fstâ gk rpkrb`h fltf lfgfsdtbek, dleftfrhdlbe k, y, y, sdl fhmbr fhmbrak, ak, hf edbltf `b vfrsbtd`debe ef su gu frpk -y, skmr skmrff tkek, gkl su dltf`daflgdbdltf`daflgdb- pufef gumrdr sus lfgfsdebefs cbstb gdfrtk pultk. F` ckhmrf pufef fjfrgfr hfedbltf su gufrpk tkebs bquf``bs oulgdklfs ef gbrb b `bs quf fstâ fspfgdodgbek f` gufrpk bldhb`, bulquf lk h frgfe b` s÷` s÷`k k gufrpk, sd sdlk lk b `k quf bòbe f b su gufrpk h fedbltf su dltf` dltf`daf daflgd lgdb. b.

7. Hblks, rkstrk rkstrk y gbmfzb Fstbs Fst bs pbrtfs gkr gkrp÷rfbs p÷rfbs cuhb lbs aub rebl tkebvèb hâs rbsaks eds edstdltd tdltdvks vks gkl f` rfstk ef `ks bldh bldhb`fs. b`fs. •

Hblks.

@b odlurb ef `b pdf` fl `bs hblks dledgb hâs s flsdm d`debe , hâ s pksdmd`debe ef gbptbr hbtdgfs ef `b rfb`debe sflsdm`f. @bs hblks lk fstâl fspfgdb`dzbebs ld eftfrhdlbebs pbrb ulb sk`b oulgd÷l, sdlk quf pufefl rfb`dzbr`bs tkebs. ^kr f``k Brdst÷t f``k Brdst÷tf`fs f`fs `bs ``bh÷ f` "dlstru h fltk ef `ks dlstruh fltks fltks"" (Wkmrf f` b`hb, 2. DDD DD,, gbp gbp.. 3).Gk 3).Gkl l f`` f``bs bs pkef pkefhk hk s cb cbgfr gfr gub gub`qudfr `qudfr bbgtdv gtdv debe deb e prâgtdgb. Fstâl cfgcbs pbrb pb rb tf lf r y cbgfr, fs e efgd fgdr, r, pbrb usbr, hblfjbr gksbs lbturb`fs, y p brb obmrdgbr brtdod brt dodgdb` gdb`fs. fs. Wkl susgfpt susgfptdm`fs dm`fs ef pfrgdmdr hugc h ugc ks h btdgfs ef `k rrfb`, fb`, y tbhmdäl ef gklokrhbr g klokrhbr fsks tklks tklks.. ^dälsfsf, ^dälsf sf, pkr fjfhp`k, fl `bs `bs hblks ef ul pdbldstb.

Wkl pfrofgt pfrofgtbhfltf bhfltf gkhpbtd gkhpbtdm`fs m`fs tbhmdäl gkl f` `flaubjf, pufs bgkh pbòbl gkl sus afstks af stks `b fxprfsd÷l ef `k quf ul k ``fvb efltrk, y y,, pkr gklsdaudfltf, gkl f` pfl sbr y gkl f` qufr qufrfr. fr. ^kr fsk fsk,, lk sdrvfl s÷`k pbrb u sbr k gklst gklstrudr, rudr, sdl sdlk k quf tbhmdäl s drvf drvfl l pb pbrb rb ebr, ko korf rfgf gfr. r.

 

Hbldofstbgd÷l ef bofgtk fs, fl hugcks pbèsfs, ebr ul mufl bprft÷l ef hblks9 hufstrb ef fltrfab fltfrdzb fs, pkr fjfhp`k y fl tkebs `bs `btdtuefs, su bekptbr ulb pksdgd÷l krbltf, ftg.

T tbhmdäl, y oulebhfltb`hfltf, `bs hblks hbldodfstbl f` bgfptbr pfrsklb`

cuh blk, pk rquf fl f` ckhmrf fs prd prdhfrk hfrk y h âs dhpkrtbltf bgfptbr quf eb ebr. r. @bss hblks s kl h @b huy uy fxprfsdvbs. Wus afst afstks ks skl hu y sdald sdaldodg odgbtdv btdvks, ks, y be h dtfl ul sdl odl odl ef h keb`debefs. »T `ks mrbzks; Ruf fstâl bmdfrtks b vbrdks usks fs pb`hbrdk: tflds, fsgb`beb, lbtbgd÷l, eblzb, tbrfbs barègk`bs, brtfsblb`fs, tägldgbs, ef gklstruggd÷l, ftg. Ub` vfz `k hâs fxprfsdvk quf sf pufeb cbgfr gkl f``ks sfb, bsdhdshk, bgfptbr. Cf bcè f` sfltdek ef` bmrbzk pbtfrlk, pbtf rlk, ef` bgu lbr hbtfrlk, ftg ftg..

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]kstrk

@b gbrb edgf Ju`dâl Hbrèbs fs "u lb sdlau `br bmrfvdbtu rb ef `b rfb`de be pfrsklb` fl su dltfardebe" (Bltrkpk`kaèb hftboèsdgb, 24  2417 17). ). F Fss hâs fxprfsdvb b úl quf `bs hblks. F` rforâl pkp u`b r bgdfrt bgdfrtbb b` sfltbr qu f "`b gbrb fs f` fspfj fspfjk k ef` b`hb", bulquf lk s÷`k `b gbrb, sdlk tkek f` gufrpk. Brhkldzbebs `bs edvfrsbs pbrtfs obgdb`fs pufefl fxprfsbr b`farèb, trdstfzb, ek`kr, flobek, ftg. F` rkstrk cuhblk fs pktflgdb`hfltf khldfxprfsdvk. -

@b mkgb fstâ prkv dstb ef odlks `bmdks pb rb cbm `br k skl sklrfè rfèr. r.

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^ksffhks edfl tfs quf lk skl fspfgè fspfgèod odgks gks pbrb efsa brrbr k ruhdbr, sdlk pbrb gkhfr ef tke k, pb rb cbm`br, fftg tg..

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F` guf``k cuh blk fstâ fstâ ektbek ef hkvdh dfltks lkrhb`fs lkrhb`fs,, ld râpdeks --gkhk gkhk `ks ef `bs bvfs-, p ufs ästk ästkss lks dh dhpfe pfe drèbl pflsbr, ld `flt `fltks, ks, gkhk f` ggbhbbhb`f `f÷l, ÷l, pkrquf sfrèbl ulb rähkrb p brb pfrgdmd pfrgdmdrr hfjk hfjkrr f` hfedk bhmdfltf fl f` quf lks hk vfh vfhks ks y ef` quf be qudrdh ks gklkgdhdf gklkgdhdfltks ltks..

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Lu fstrb `fla ub lk fs pfsbeb, gkhk `b ef` gbhf` gbhf``k, `k, pk r fjfhp`k fjfhp`k99 k efhbsdbek fstrfgcb y odlb, gkhk `b ef `bs sfrpdfl tfs, `k gub` lks pfrh pfrhdtf dtf brtdgu`br `b vkz.

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@k @kss húsgu`k s ef `bs h fjd``b s rfgumrfl mbstbltf pbrtf ef `bs hb leèmu`bs, ef h kek quf lk tkek sfb mkgb mkgb,, gkhk fl `ks rfptd`fs rfptd`fs,, ft ftg. g.,, sdlk quf pfrh dtfl afstdgu`br y hbldofstbr hugcks fstbeks ef âldhk. Fl fofgtk, fsks húsgu`ks skl `dafrks, y pkr f``k pfrhdtfl cbm`br, sklrfèr, trblshdtdr trdstfzb, blaustdb, ek`kr, tfhkr, ftg.

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@b pksdgd÷l ef luf strb lb lbrdz rdz fs dlofrdkr b `b ef `ks kjks kjks,, y ff`` k`obtk quf f``b pfrhdtf, dlvf rsbhfl tf b` ef `ks ttdmurklfs, dmurklfs, pk r fjfhp fjfhp`k, `k, lk sup frb fl gklk-

 

gdhdfltk b` ef luf strb vdstb, gdhdfltk vdstb, `k gub` sfòb`b sfòb`b `b sup frdkrde be ef fstf ú`tdhk sfltdek skmrf f` prfgfefltf. -

F` quf `ks `ks kjks kjks kgupfl u l `uabr supfrdkr b `ks kèeks fl f` f` ckhmrf, b edof edof   rflgdb ef` gbmb``k gbmb``k pk r fjfhp`k, dledgb qu quff fl lksk lksktrks trks `b vdstb fs f` sfltdek

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supfrdkr, f` quf hâs lks pfrhdtf gklkgfr, sdflek bsè quf rfb`hfltf fs f` sfltdek h âs gkalksgdtdvk. gkalksgdtdvk. -

Befhâs, `ks `ks pârp bek s, `bs `bs gfjbs, gfjbs, ftg ftg., ., lk s÷ s÷`k `k pksffl ulb odlb`debe md mdk`÷ad k`÷ad-gb, gkhk `b ef fvdtbr `b fltrbeb ef pk`vk k suekr fl `ks kjks, sdlk quf gkl sus hkvdhdfltks sf fxprfsb btflgd÷l, pfrp`fjdebe, pdgbreèb, ftg.

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Lk tflfh ks `ks kjks kjks b `ks `ks `beks e f `b `b gb gbrb, rb, gkhk `bs bvfs, bvfs, `ks blodmdks blodmdks,, ftg. ftg.,, ld oulgdklbl dlef pfle dfltfs ulk ef ktrk, gkhk `k `kss ef `bs rblbs, sdlk ef`bltf pbrb hdrbr ef orfltf, y kmjftdvbr b` ulèsklk, pkrquf fsk obgd`dtb gfltrbr `b btflgd÷l ef lufstrk pflsbr. pflsbr.

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@b orflt orf ltff fs rfgtb, rfgtb, vfrtdgb vfrtdgb`, `, b edofrflgdb ef `b ef `ks hkl ks, y lk sdrvf pbrb pb rb flabstbr flabs tbr gufrlks, gkhk gkh k fl f` gbsk gbsk ef `ks tkrks k `bs gbmrbs, gbmrbs, sdlk pbrb pbr b b`mfr   abr hâs h âs hbsb h bsb gfrfmrb`. gfrfmrb`.

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Gbmfzb

Lufstrk grâlfk kgupb ulb pksdgd÷l vfrtdgb` skmrf `b gk`uhlb vfrtfmrb`, pbrb h drbr ef orfltf. @b pksdgd÷l ef` grâlfk grâlfk ef `ks gub erú pfe ks fs ckrdzkltb` rfs  pfgtk ef su gufrpk, fl edspksdgd÷l edspksdgd÷l c b e b f` su suf`k f`k,, ekl ef fl gufl trbl f` b`dhfl   tk y su câmdtbt. Fl f` lufstrk, f` gf gfrfmrk rfmrk kgupb `b hb ykr p brtf e f `b gbpbgdebe grblfblb9 grblfbl b9 fl `ks bldhb`fs, fl gbhmdk, fs s÷`k u lb p fqu fòb pbrtf. ^dälsfsf ^dälsfsf fl `ks pfrrks, gbmb``ks, ftg. Lufstrk gfrfmrk edspklf befhâs ef hâs lfurklbs `dmrfs, fs efgd efgdr, r, ef bquä``bs bquä``bs quf gbrfgfl gbrfgfl ef ulb ou l e ÷ l md mdk`÷a k`÷adgb dgb eftfrhdl beb (dlfrvbrr f` fst÷h bak, `ks (dlfrvb `k s kjks, kjks, ftg.) ftg.).. F` sfr cuhblk tbhmdäl fs f` úldgk bldhb` quf sf pfdlb, quf sf brrfa`b ef ul hkek u ktrk f` gbmf``k, `b gbmfzb, f` rkstrk. ^rfsfltbrsf ef ul hkek u ktrk fstâ ``flk ef sdaldodgbeks pfrsklb`fs.

5. @bs oulgdklfs bòbedebs b` gufrpk cuhblk cuh blk Musqufhks bckrb f` sfltde k ef `b fltfrb Musqufhks fltfrb gkrpkrfdebe cuh blb pbrb efsgumrdr quf fsf sfltdek lk fs gkrp÷rfk, sdlk sdlk pfrsklb`. F` gufrpk c uh blk fs f` gufrpk hâs bmdfrtk b hâs pksdmd`debe fs. L k fstâ fstâ eftfrhdlbek b lbeb, bulq uf pufef cbgfr`k cbgf r`k tkek. tkek. Lk fst fstââ cf cfgck gck pbrb bebptbrsf, sdlk sdlk pbrb be bptb r f` hu lek b su lfgfsdeb lfg fsdebe e mdk`÷adgb. mdk`÷adgb.

 

F` gufrpk cuhbl k fs fxprfsdvk fxprfsdvk ef h u`tdp`dg debe ef bsul tks quf lk skl hfrbhfltf rbh fltf mdk` mdk`÷adg ÷adgks. ks. ^klabhks b`aulks fjfhp`ks: - @b `dhp `dhpdfzb dfzb e eff lufstrk gufrpk tdflf ul sdald sdaldodgbek odgbek ss÷`k ÷`k cuh blk, pufs lk `b

gudebhks s÷`k pkrquf tflfhks hflks efoflsbs bltf pbrâsdtks, sdlk pkrquf fs hâs barbebm`f cuhblbhfltf. Juabr, eblzbr, m mbd`br bd`br lk tdflfl ul fxg fxg`us `usdvk dvk od odl l mdk`÷adgk, sdlk quf skl, pkr fjfhp`k, sfòb` ef rfakgdjk pfrsklb`. F` gufrpk cuhblk pfrhdtf juab juabr, r, y sb`tb b `b vdstb quf f` jufak fs hâs quf u ulb lb l lfgfsdebe fgfsdebe odsdk`÷a sdk `÷adg dgb. b. Brrk Brrked``brsf, ed``brsf, dledgb pdfebe. @b sfxub` sfxub`debe debe lk fs s÷`k md mdk`kaè k`kaèb, b, p`bgfr k bofgtdvdebe, bofgtdvdebe, sdlk fxprfsd÷l ef `b dltdh dltdhdebe debe pfrsklb`. - @b @bss hbl hblks ks fstâl bmd bmdfrtbs frtbs b h ú`td ú`tdp`f p`f s usks9 skl tbhmdäl fxprfsdvbs, y cbstb tb` pultk, quf gklstdtuyfl, pkr fjfhp`k, `b mbsf ef` `flaubjf pbrb skrekhueks, ulbb okrhb gklgrftb ef `flaubjf gklvf ul gklvflgdklb` lgdklb`,, ulk fltrf ktrks hugcks. Gkl `bs hblks lk s÷`k sf sb`ueb, sdlk quf tbhmdäl sf sfòb`b, sf flsfòb, sf bgbrdgdb, sf bgfptb (lk s÷`k bhb f` gkrbz÷l9 tbhmdäl `bs hblks pufefl sfr fxprfsd÷l ef` bhkr pfrsklb`), ftg. - Gkl `b gb gbrb rb ffxprfsbhks, xprfsbhks, tkebvèb hâs quf gkl `bs hblks, b`ak ef lksktrks hdshdshks, y lk s÷`k b`ak hfrbhfltf hfrbhf ltf mdk` mdk`÷adg ÷adgk. k. ]fèr fs ul prkpdk cuh blk, efgèbl `k `kss hfedfvb`fs.. Cby edvfrsks tdpks ef rdsb. Ktrb hbldofstbgd÷l ef júmd`k fs ggblt hfedfvb`fs bltbr. br. Ubhmdäl ``krbr, fxprfsbr bgfptbgd÷l, rfgcbzk, flobek, trdstfzb, ek`kr, tfrlurb, ftg., skl bsultks prkpdks ef` ckhmrf. Fl rdakr, tkebs `bs obgftbs ef` fspèrdtu sf pufefl trbs`ugdr gkl afstks obgdb`fs. T lk hbldofstbr`bs dledgb tbhmdäl ktrbs obgftbs ef` fspèrdtu: rdadefz, ob`tb ef `dmfrtbe ef fspèrdtu, sdhu`bgd÷l, ekm`fz, h flt fltdrb... drb... Ukeks `ks afstks obgdb`fs fstâl edsfòbe edsfòbeks ks pbrb bpf bpf`br `br b ktrb pfrsklb. Ldlaúl Ldl aúl bldhb` eb b fltfl fltflefr efr fsks h hflsbjf flsbjfss gkl `ks afstks ef `b gbr gbrb. b. F` ckhmrf sè. sè. F Fss f` úldg úldgk k bldhb` q quf uf pu pufef fef dh dtbr tkebs `bs rfb`debefs sflsdm sflsdm`fs `fs y tbhmdäl `bs cuhblbs. F``k eflktb quf fstâ bmdfrtk b trbväs ef su gufrpk b tkebs f``bs. ^frk dledgb, skmrf tkek, quf f` gufrpk fs bptk, p`âstdgk, pbrb hbldofstbr rfb`debefs fspdrd fspdrdtub`fs. tub`fs. - @k hâs eúgtd` ef `k gkrp÷rfk cuhbl cuhblk k fs `b vkz. Bulbr `ks edvfrsks ÷rablks obgdb` obg db`fs fs pbrb rfèr ffss ul b odlb`debe sk skmrfbò mrfbòbedeb bedeb b `b hfrbhfl hfrbhfltf tf mdk`÷a mdk`÷adgb dgb ef `ks hdshks. F` mfsk fs s÷`k cuhblk, bulquf cby hugcks hkeks ef mfsbr: ulks dledgbl sflsub`debe9 sflsub`debe 9 ktrks, bbhkr, hkr, y b úl ktrks trbdgd trbdgd÷l. ÷l. Dl Dlg`dl g`dlbr br `b gbmfzb dledgb rfvfrflgdb, pftdgd÷l ef pfre÷l, b vfgfs tdhdefz, ktrbs rfgcbzk, ftg.

L dlaú l bldh bldhb` b` rfvfr rfvfrflgdb flgdb b ktrk ktrk,, pkrqu pkrquff gbeb ul k ef f`` f``ks ks lk fstâ fl oulgd÷l ef ldla úl ktrk ktrk,, sd sdlk lk fl oulg d÷l ef `b fspfg fspfgdf. df. Fl gbhmdk, -gkhk bevfrtèb Ukhâs ef Bqudlk- fltrf `ks ckhmrfs sdfhprf fxdstf b`ak fl `b lbturb`fzb cuhblb pkr `k gub` pkefhks gklsdefrbr b `ks efh âs supfrdkrfs b lksktrks. Befh âs fs fsk k lk s÷`k kgurr kgurrff fl vdrt ue ef b`aulb ef sus gub`debefs lbturb`fs (b`turb, okrtb`fzb, sb`ue, mf``fzb, ftg.), sdlk

 

tbhmdäl ef `bs bequdrdebs -vde b b òbe deb-, fs ef efgd gdrr, `bs quf gklokrhbl gklokrhbl lúfstrb fsflgdb fsflgdb (obgd`debe (obgd`debe pbrb cbm`br, pbrb `ks dedkhbs, sdhpbtèb, sdh pbtèb, g`brdebe fl `b `b dltf`daflgdb, odrhfzb fl `b vk`ultbe, ftg.). Lk kmstbltf, gbeb pfrsklb fs -y sf efmfrèb rfgklkgfr rfgklkgfr bsè- supf supfrdkr rdkr b tkebs `bs gub`debefs ef su s u lbturb lbturb`fzb `fzb y

fsflgdb. Gkl tkek, f` ckhmrf pksff fl su lbturb`fzb tfleflgdbs efskreflbebs: `bs ef `ks `ks bpftdtks dlofrdkrfs dlofrdkrfs gublek ästks lk sf sf sumkredlbl sumk redlbl b `b rbz÷ rbz÷ll y b `b vdrtue ef `b vk`ultbe. ^kr f``k fs ulb `bhfltbm`f päredeb pbrb `b pfrsklb cuhblb quf ästb sf efjf ``fvbr `bs tfleflgdbsTefskreflbebs lbturb`fzb y, gklsfgufltfhfltf, quf sfpkr efspfrsklb`dgf. vdgfvfrsb, qufeffssuakzksk bevfrtdr gkhk `b pfrsklb tdrb cbgdb brrdmb ef su lbturb`fzb cuhblb, `b pfrsklb`dzb, fstk fs, sbgb pbrtdek ef f``b fl krefl b f`fvbr`b b` sfltdek lkvfeksk, pfrsklb` f drrfpftdmdff prkpdk, búl tdmd b úl fl `b flofrhfebe. flofrh febe. @b prdh prdhfrb frb bgtdtue, kmvdbhfltf, fs vdgd vdgdksb ksb99 `b sfauleb, fl gbhmdk, vdrtuksb, y bhmbs sf dlg`uyfl, pkr tbltk, fl f` âhmdtk ef `b ätdgb.

Wf pkerèbl hu`tdp`dgbr `ks fjfhp`ks pbrb rbstrfbr `bs oulgdklfs skmrfbòbeèebs b `bs edvfrsbs obgftbs ef `b gkrpkrfdebe cuhblb. »^kr quä tbltb dleftfrhdlbgd÷l k pktflgdb`debe fl f` gufrpk cuhblk;, »pkr »pk r quä tbltb pksdmd`d p ksdmd`debe ebe sdaldodgbtdvb fl ä`; ä`; @b gklg`usd÷ gklg`usd÷ll s÷` s÷`kk puf ef sfr ulb: f` gufrpk cuh blk fst fstââ cfgck pbrb fxprfsbr `b bpfrturb, `b `dmfrtbe `dmfrtbe,, qu quff gbeb pfrsk lb cu h blb bl b fs. fs. Wd f` gufrpk cuh blk lk fstuvdfrb ektbek ef fstb bpfrturb sfrèb dlgkhpbtdm`f gkl f` gbrâgtfr pfrsklb` ef gbeb ckhmrf: purb pu rb bpfrturb. Fsk tbhmdäl fs gkhpbtdm` gkhpbtdm`ff gkl ``bb bpfrtu bpfrturb rb ef `bs pktflgdbs supfrdkrfs ef `b pfrsklb cuhblb (dltf`daflgdb y vk`ultbe), quf fstâl bmdfrtbs b tkeb `b rfb`debe y b grfgfr sdfhprf hâs (lkgdklfs ef câmdtk y vdrtue). vdrtue). Bpfrturb Bpf rturb dledg dledgbb quf f` gufrpk cuh blk fstâ fspdrdtub`dzbe fspdrdtub`dzbek, k, quf f` ckhmrf, tbhmdäl gkl su gufrpk, fstâ bmdfrtk b `k fspdrdtub`: b ktrbs pfrsklbs y b Edks. Fstb bpfrturb bpfrtu rb b Edk Edkss vb fl gklsklblgdb gkl `b gkhprflsd÷l mèm` mèm`dgb dgb ef` sfr cuhblk gkhk grfbek b dhbafl y sfhfjblzb ef Edks, gbpbz ef edâ`kak gkl Ä`, gbpbz ef Edks (gbpbx Efd), lk s÷ s÷`k `k pkrquf ulb u lb krbgd÷l sf pufeb pufe b hu husdtbr sdtbr gkl `ks `ks `bmdks `bmdks k gksbs gksbs bsè, sdlk sdlk pkrquf pkrq uf `b pfrsklb pfrsk lb cuh cuhblb blb sdl s dl Edks fs fs dlgkhprflsdm`f. »Lk sfrâ quf f` ckhmrf, tbhmdäl gkl su gufrpk, fstâ cfgck pbrb Edks, pbrb hbldofstbr `k edvdlk; Ef sfr fstk bsè, bsè, gub`qudfr bgtdvdebe bgtdv debe gkrp÷rfb quf byue b yueff b `ks efhâs efh âs b bggfefr b Edks b trbväs ef f``b fs pfrsklb`, hdfltrbs quf gub`qudfr ktrb quf dhpdeb tb` bggfsk fs efspfrsklb`dzbltf. Ubl pbrb Edks fstâ cfgck f` gufrpk cuhblk quf sf pufef hbldofstbr `k edvdlk b trbväs ef` gufrpk cuhblk. Fl gbsk gkltrbrdk, `b Flgbrlbgd÷l ef` Cdjk ef Edks, Jfsugrdstk, Jfsug rdstk, lk sf cumdfsf pke pkedek dek ebr. ebr.

 

3=

6. F` sfltdek sfltdek ef `b sfxub`debe sfxub`debe

F` sfltdek ef `b sfxub sfxub`debe `debe cuh blb bl b efpfl ef pfl efrâ fsflgdb`hfltf ef` sfltd sfltdek ek prkoulek ef `b prkpdb vdeb cuh blb, ef `b gufstd÷l gufstd÷l bg bgfr frgb gb ef qudäl fs f` sfr cu-

hblk. Wdl efsgumrdr f` sfltdek ef `b pfrsklb cuhblb tbhpkgk sf efsgumrf f` sfltdek ef `b sfxub`debe, y tbh mdäl ef `b feugbgd÷l feu gbgd÷l sfxub sfxub`. `. ^kr fsk `b pfrsklb cuhblb fhpdfzb b cbgfrsf gbrak ef su sfxk gublek fs susgfptdm`f gfptd m`f ef efsgumrdr f` sfltdek ef su sfr pfrsklb`, kredlbrdbhfltf b pbrtdr ef `b pumfrtbe pum frtbe k `b juvfltue, juvfl tue, lk bltfs.

@b sfxub`debe cuhblb fs `b edstdltb tdpk`kaèb mdk`÷adgb ef flgb hbr `k lbturb` cuhbl k. F` sfxk sfxk cu cuhb hb lk fs ``bb hbldofstbgd÷l gkrp÷rfb ef quf fxdst fxdstfl fl eks   tdpks efltrk ef `k cuhblk: hujfr y vbr÷l. @bs edofrflgdbs gkrpkrb`fs fstâl bgkhpbòbebs pkr eds edstd tdlgdklfs lgdklfs psdgk`÷adgbs. @bs eks @bs e ks tdpk`kaèbs lbturb`fs lbturb`f s (gkrpkrb`fs (gkrpkrb`fs y psdgk`÷a psdgk`÷adgb dgbs) s) lb eb edgfl ef `b edaldebe pfrsklb`. T pkr f``k lbeb hâs `fjks ef ulb butältdgb bltrkpk`kaèb quf cbm`brr ef edsgrdhdlbgd÷l k efsdaub`e cbm`b efsda ub`e be fltrf `ks `ks sfx sfxks ks.. @b gufstd÷l ef `b eda-  hu fvf fl ul p`blk hâs b`tk, prfgdsbhfltf fl f` ldvf` ef `b ldebe pfrsklb` sf hufvf pfrsklb, ef gbeb qudäl, quf v vbb hâs b``â ef `b ttdpk`kaèb dpk`kaèb lbturb`. @b edspksdgd÷l sfxub`, sfxub`, fs ulb hbldofstbgd÷l gkrp÷rfb ef `b p pfrsklb. frsklb. Wdl ggkhkhprfl efr b oklek b `b pfrsklb cuh blb, lk pbrfgf quf sf pufeb fltflefr ld `b sfxub`debe sfxu b`debe ld su usk, fs e efg fgdr dr,, ``bb edspksdgd÷l ef` gufrpk cuh bl blk k qu quff pfrhdtf hbldofstbrr `b hby kr eklbgd÷l y bgfptbgd÷l bhkrksb lbturb` fltrf pfrsklbs. hbldofstb F` bhk r pfrsklb` pfrsk lb` fs ekl. Ef bquè sf efsprflef quf `b sfxub`debe cb c b ef e f tflfr fl gufltb sdfhprf f` gbrâgtfr gbrâgtfr ef pfrsklb pfrskl b b qudfl ulk sf eb k ef qudfl q udfl sf bgfptb. bgfptb. Gkhk `b sfxub`debe sf hbldodfstb y fxprfsb fl `b lbturb`fzb gkrpkrb` cuhblb, y ästb fs tdpk`÷adgb (mdk`÷adgb y psdgk`÷adgbhfltf), su sfltdek sfl tdek s÷`k sf rfb`dzb rfb`dzb fltrf vbr÷l v br÷l y hujfr. hujfr.

Lk fxdstf ebr pfrsklb` sdl bpfrturb b` ekl. Ef` hdshk hkek, tbhpkgk gbmf bgfptbr pfrsklb` sdl sfr bmdfrtk b` ekl. F` lbgdhdfltk ef ulb lufvb pfrsklb, flafl fl aflerbe erbe b b trbväs ef` fjf fjfrg rgdg dgdk dk ef `b sfxub`debe, lk s÷`k fs u l ekl, sdlk ff`` hbykr hb ykr e kl grfbek pksdm`f, pkrq uf lk fxdst fxdstff rfb`debe hâs lkm`f quf `b pfrsklb. ^kr fsk, `b sfxub`debe ``fvb gklsdak `b bpfrturb lbturb`, fsflgdb` y pfrsk-  lb` -kofrfltf -kofrfl tf y bgfptbltf- b` ekl ef` cdjk. Ubhmdäl pkr fstk `b bgtdvdebe sfxub` gfrrbeb fxp`ègdtbhfltf b flaflerbr vdeb lk bsuhf su sfltdek pfrsklb`, sflgd``bhfltf pkrquf ldfab vk`ultbrdbhfltf ef fltrbeb `b bgfptbgd÷l bgfptbgd÷l ef ulb u lb lufvb l ufvb pfrsklb, f` ekl pkr p kr fxgf`fl fxgf`flgdb gdb..

 

@b of`dg deb e tdflf hugck qu f vfr gkl `b gkhpb òèb. @b sk`f eb e fs `b lfabgd÷l ef `b pfrsklb, pkrqu f `b pfrskl b lk fs tb` sdl sdl bgfptbgd÷l pfrsklb` ef ul b pfrsklb edstdltb y sdl fltrfab fltrfab pfrsklb` b ul b pfrsklb edstdltb edstdltb.. @b sk`febe sf eb pkrq uf b` gfrrbrsf `b `b pfrskl b b` korfgdhdf korfgdhdfltk, ltk, tbhp kgk cby bgfptbgd÷l butältdgb.

3 7

@b gkhprkmbgd÷l gkhprkmbgd÷l prâgtdgb ef quf lk skl sdl÷ldhks of`dgdebe of`dgdebe y p`bgfr sfxub` fsfstrdmb fl quf fl f` p`bgfr gbmf cbstèk, cbstèk, efsprfgdk, f ddlg`usk lg`usk kedk, hdfltrbs quf qu f fl `b of`dgdebe lk. Ub` Ub` vfz pkr f``k sf fltdflef fltdfl ef ul pkgk hfjkr f` orbgbsk orbgbsk ef gdfrtbs uld÷lfs prfhbturbs k dlhbeurbs, gkhpbòèbs pbsbjfrbs, pbgtks mbsbeks fl f` p`bgfr fakèstb, vdk`flgdbs ef aälfrk, ftg. ftg.

@b pfrskl b fs bp frtu rb b ktrbs pfrsklbs. @b pfrsklb fs, pkr fsk fsk,, gklstdtutdvbhfl tf obhd`db. @b sfxub`de be tdflf u l sfltdek lftbh fltf obhd obhd`db `dbr, r, grfbekr ef ob obhd`db hd`db.. Fxprfsb sdl flabòks f` h utu k e brsf y bgfptbrsf ef `bs pfrsklb s b trbväs ef` sfx sfxk, k, ``k k gub` dhp`dgb dhp`dgb rfspk lsb md`de be pfrsklb` y ulb fltrfab pf rhblfltf, pkrquf gkhk b ul b p frsklb lk `b hdef f` tdfhpk oèsdg oèsdgk, k, f` bh kr cbgdb cbgdb f``bb lk puf ef sfr hk hf ltâlf k sdlk dlgfsbl f`` dlgfsbltf. tf. F` sfltdek ef `b sfxub`debe fs sdfhprf pfrsklb`. T pkr fsk sdfhprf fstâ prfsfltf (b` h flks flk s dlgkbtdvbhfltf) dlgkbtdvbh fltf) f` sfltdek obhd`dbr. Ru f `b obhd`db lk sf rfeu gf b `k mdk`÷a mdk`÷adgk dgk fs fvdefltf, pkrq uf l k sf orbaub u lb obhd`db gkl gub`qudfrb, sdlk gkl tb` p frsklb. Wd fl `b sfxub`debe sf musgb prdkrdtbrdbhfltf p rdkrdtbrdbhfltf f` p`bgfr, p`bgfr, hâs quf b `b pfrsklb, lk sf bhb butältdgbhfltf, pkrquf pkrqu f f` bhkr pfrsklb` pfrskl b` fs rfspfgtk rfspfgtk ef pfrsklbs, y f` p`bgfr musgbek gkhk kmjftd kmjftdvk vk prdlgdpb` lk bgkaf f` sfltdek pfrsklb` pfrskl b` ef ebr y bgfptb bgfptbr. r.

?. F` sfltdek sfltde k ef` pue puekr kr ^kr `dmfrbgd÷l sfxub` sf suf`f fltflefr efjbr rdfleb suf`tb b` bpftdtk sfxub`. Wf trbtb ef u lb supu fstb "`dmfrbgd÷l "`dmfrbgd÷l"" quf, pbr pbrbe÷jdg be÷jdgbhfltf, bhfltf, ld rfspklef l d rfspftb `b vfrebefrb `dmfrtbe pfrsklb`, pufs bgbmb skhftdeb b `b fsg`bvdtue ef `bs pbsdklfs pbsdklfs sflsdm`f sflsdm`fss (quf (quf kgu pbl u lb pksdgd÷l pksdgd÷l hâs mdfl hk efstb fl `b fsgb`b fsg b`b kltk`÷ad kltk`÷adgb gb cuhb lb). Fl fofgt fofgtk, k, `b `dmfrtbe fs ef` krefl ef `b pfrsklb. Wd `b sfxub`de be fs ef` âh mdtk ef `b h hbldofst bldofstbgd÷l, bgd÷l, ul b hbldofstbg h bldofstbgd÷l d÷l sfxub` dlgkhpbtdm`f dlgkhpbtd m`f gkl `b dltdh debe pfrsklb` lk fs bprkp dbeb pbrb `b pfrsklb, sdlk quf efspfrsklb`dzb. Efsef fsf fsf hkhfltk sf pufe f cbm`br ef efsfk, ef p`bgfr, p`bgfr, ef hfedk, ftg. ftg.,, pfrk lk ef bhkr pfrsklb`. @b pfrsklb fs gklsdefrbeb fl fsb tfsdturb gkhk kmjftk fl f` sfltdek ef dlstruhfltk (ef hkek sdhd`br b `b dlstruhfltbgd÷l aflätdgb, `b prkgrfbgd÷l brtdodgdb`, ftg.). Fl fsb bgtdtue lk sf btdflef b `b pfrsklb, sdlk b su lbtu-

 

35

rb`fzb, y b ästb efsvdlgu`beb ef bquä``b. K sd sf prfodfrf, sf k`vdeb f` sfr pfrsklb` quf gbeb qudäl fs, pufs ulb pfrsklb fs f` úldgk sfr drrfeugtdm`f b sfr kmjftk ef usk.

Fs vfrebefrk f` bhkr pfrsk lb` guble k f` mdfl ef` sfxk qufeb rfofrdek rfofrdek b` mdfl mdfl ef `bs pfrsklbs fl gubltk tb`fs y tfldflek fl gufltb su odl, su efstdlk.

@ks fspksks lk sf fltrfabl @ks fltrfa bl b` p`bgfr gkhk odlb`debe odlb`debe,, sdlk quf sf fltrf fltrfabl abl rfgèprkgbhfltf ulk b ktr ktrk k gkhk pfrsklbs, bsuhdfle bsuhdflek k f` p p`bgfr `bgfr sfxub sfxub`` fl tke tkebb su arblefzb y su sfltdek pfrsklb`. Befhâs, bmrfl `b sfxub`debe b su sfltdek lbturb`mdk`÷adgk (y pfrsklb`): `b pksdmd`debe ef flaflerbr ul cdjk.

F` puekr fs gub`debe pfrsklb` quf, ef hkek sdhd`br b` sfxk, tbhpkgk sf fltdflef sdl b`gblzbr f` sfltdek sfltdek ef `b dltdhdeb e ef gbeb qudäl. @b efspfrsklb`defspfrsklb`dzbgd÷l k f` efmd`dtbhdfltk ef` sfltdek ef `b pfrsklb pfrskl b gkl``fvb f` f` efmd`dtbhdfltk ef` sfltdek ef` puekr. Wd ulk lk gklk gklkgf gf su dltdhde dltdhdebe, be, f` ekl pf pfrsklb` rsklb` qu quff ulk fs fs,, »quä pke râ kor korfgfr fgfr k hbldofstbr b `ks efhâs; @b sfxub`debe lk fs b`ak sk`k fxtfrlk, ld gkrpkrb`-p`bgfltfrk, ld sk`k bofgtdvk-fstdhu`bltf. Lk fs f` b`ak dltfrgbhmdbm`f, ld ef gkhprbvfltb.

Ef kredlbrdk f` puekr suf`f rf`bgdklbrsf s÷`k gkl f` sfxk, y bsè gklsdefrbek vdflf b sfr `b `b bgtdtue ef g um rdr `b e fsl ue fz e f `ks ÷rablks afldtb`fs afldtb`fs k lk rfb` rfb`ddzbr gkl f``ks f``ks bgtk bgtkss dlefmdeks b` krefl ef `b lbtu rb`fzb cuh blb. ^frk f` f` pufek tdflf quf vfr gkl `b pfrsklb cuhblb. Wd lk sf gkhprflef ästb b sè hdshb, edoègd`hf edoè gd`hfltf ltf fltflefrâ f` sfltdek ef` puekr. Wd Wd ulk sf pfrgbtb ef su dl tdh deb e pfrsklb` sf eb gufltb ef quf gklvdflf rfspftbr`b, gudebr`b y prktfafr`b9 lk gklvdflf bdrfbr`b ef gub`qudfr hkek y bltf gub`qudfrb, pkr `b sflgd``b rbz÷l ef quf ld tkeks ld `b hbykr pbrtf pu fef l gkhprflefr`b ld byue br b flgkltrbr su butältdgk sfltdek. Rudfl lk gkhprfleb su dltdhdebe s÷`k pkerâ hbldofstbr su fxtfrdkrdebe9 y sd `b hbldodfstb dledsgrdhdlbebhfltf, hkstrbrâ dlhbeurfz, y pkgk sfltdek pfrsklb` ef su vdeb y ef su gufrpk.

1. F` tfl tflfr fr sf sfaúl aúl f` f` gufrpk. gufrpk. Cbmdtbr, trbm trbmbjk bjk y prkpdfebe Wd f` gufrpk cuhblk fstâ ef fltrbeb efsvb`dek y, b edofrflgdb ef` gufrpk ef `ks bldhb`fs, lk fs vdbm`f sdl bòbedeks fxtrèlsfgks, f``k dledgb quf f` gufrpk cuh blk fs dltrèlsfgbhfltf dltrèlsfgbhfltf pksffekr: fstâ cfgck pbr b tflfr tflfr.. Fs pksffekr pkr lfgfsdebe. B`aulbs pksfsdklfs skl lfgfsbrdbs pbrb su supfrvdvflgèb (b`dhfltk, vfstdek, vdvdfleb, ftg.), hdfltrbs quf ktrbs skl hâs mdfl `dmrfs, gkhp`fhfltbrdbs (brtf, okrhbs gu`turb`fs, ftg.).

 

Cbmdtbr. Vl hke hkekk ef besgrdmdr besg rdmdr pksfsdklfs b` gufrpk fs f` cbmdtb cbmdtbr. r. C bmdtbr fs f` hkek   ef fstbr ef` ckhmrf fl f` h ule ulekk ef bgufrek gkl f` dltfräs. Fl f` cbmdtbr sf trbtb ef` fstbr ef `b pfrsklb cuhblb cuh blb fl f` h ulek, ulek , lk ef su sfr, sfr, pkrquf `b pfrsklb cuhblb lk pfrtflfgf b` hulek y, pkr tbltk, f` dltfräs lk `b gklstdtuyf. ^kr fsk fsk f` prbahb prbahbtdshk tdshk fl bltrkpk`kaèb fs rfeugtdvk.

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F` ckh mrf cbmdtb, `ks bldh bldhb`fs b`fs lk. F` bldhb` bldh b` fs tfldek pk  pkrr f` hfedk. F` ckhmrf, fl gbhmdk, tdflf f` hfedk. hfedk. Hâs búl, búl , `k pfrsklb`d pfrsklb`dzb, zb, pufs pu fs hdfltrbs hdf ltrbs `ks bldhb`fs ef `b hdshb fspfgd fspfgdff dltfrbgtúbl ef` ef ` hdshk hkek h kek gkl f` f` hfedk, ldlaúl ckhmrf trbtb f` hfedk daub` da ub` quf ktr ktrk. k. Wdl fhmbrak, f` ckhmrf lk fs ul cbmdtbltf, sdlk quf fstâ fl ul `uabr cbmdtâlek`k, pksfy pksfyälek` älek`k. k. "Cbmdtbr fs fstbr fstbr fl ul `uabr tfldälek`k" (^k`k, @., Ätdgb, 244?). Vl sdtdk dlcbmdtbm`f fs bquä` ef` quf lk sf pufef puf ef edspklfr. edspklfr. Lk kmstbltf, f` f` ckhmrf ckh mrf lk sf rfeugf b edspklfr, pkrquf lk sf rfeugf b` fspbgdk fspbgdk y b` tdfhpk. ^rfgdsbhfltf pkr p kr fsk ekhdlb f` fspbgdk y f` tdfh-  pufef fef gkl f``k f``ks, s, `ks kreflb, `ks trbmbjb fl krefl kre fl b sbgbr s bgbr hâs orutk or utk ef f``k f``ks. s. pk, pu •

Urbmbjk.

F` ckhm ckhmrf rf bprkpdb b su gufrpk `bs gksbs fxtfrlbs fxdstfltfs fl `b lbturb`fzb pkr hfedk h fedk ef` trbm trbmbjk. bjk. Ruf f` ckhmrf fstä cfgck pbrb trbmbjbr (gor. Al., DD, 22) fs prkpdk ef `b fspfg fspfgdf, df, bulqu f rbedgb`h rbedgb`hfltf fltf efrdvb efr dvb ef gbeb qudäl, pkrquf pkrq uf fs gbeb pfrsklb pfrsklb `b quf bòbef b` hulek, pkrquf `b pfrsklb cuhbl b fs ul ek l quf skmrfpbsb `k huleblk, huleblk , y f``k f``k ``kk hbldodfstb hbldodfstb gublek gbeb ul k dhp dhprdhf rdhf fl bquf``k quf cbgf su tkquf pfrsklb`, f` sf``k ef` brtdstb, quf efmf sfr rfgklk   gdek y bgfptbek. Gkl f` trbmbjk sf tdflf, tdflf, fs efgdr, efgdr, sf sf bequ b equdfr dfrfl fl pksfsdklfs, tbltk fxtfrlbs gkhk dltfrlbs. @bs dltfrlbs skl defbs y câmdtks fl `b dltf`daflgdb y vdrtuefs fl `b vk`ultbe9 `bs fxtfrlbs `bs pksfsdklfs oèsdgbs: b`dhfltk, vfstdek, gbsb, ftg. Fl suhb, f` tflfr sf sf eub`dzb eub `dzb gkl f` ttrbmbj rbmbjk, k, sdflek f` edspklfr edspkl fr f` hdfhmrk hdfh mrk supfrdkr ef fsb eub`debe. B su vfz, f` tflfr dlofrdkr, f` fxtfrlk, sf eub`dzb gkl f` dltfrlk (defbs, (defbs, câmdt câmdtks ks y vdrtuefs) y efmf sumkredlbrs s umkredlbrsff b ä` ä`. •

^rkpdfebe.

@b prkpdfebe prkpdfe be (prdvbeb y púm púm`dg `dgb) b) fs ulb ul b fxdaflgdb ef `b gkrpkrfdebe. Eurbltf muflb pbrtf ef` s. SDS y SS `ks gk`fgtdvdshks y gkhuldshks ef guòk hbrxdstb, hbrxds tb, hbtfrdb`dstb, hbtfrdb`dstb, skstuvdfrkl `b `b supfrdk supfrdkrdebe rdebe ef `b prkpdfebe prkpdf ebe púm`dgb sskmrf kmrf `b prdvbeb. ^kr f` gkltrbrdk, `ks `ks `dmfrb`dshks rbedgb`fs ef e f bquf``b hdshb h dshb äpkgb cdst÷rdgb t÷r dgb,, quf efofleèbl fxtrfhksbhfltf `b prkpdfebe prk pdfebe prdvbe prdvbebb b gkstb gkstb ef `b púm`d púm`dgb, gb, skspfgcbmbl gkl rfgf rfgf`k `k ef fstb ú`tdhb, dltfltblek sfabr ef rb rbèz èz gub`qudfr mrktf

 

3?

ef fstbtb`dshk. fstbtb`dshk. Fsf efmbtf efgdhkl efgdhkl÷ldgk, ÷ldgk, quf sf prkpb`÷ fl muflb mu flb pbrtf pb rtf ef` h ulek eurbl eu rbl tf f` s. s. SS SS, sf pufef puf ef sk`ugdklbr btfledflek btfledf lek b `b gkrpkrfdebe cuhblb.

@b prk pdfe be púm`dgb fs tbl lbtu rb` gkhk `b prdvbeb. V lb y ktrb lk s÷ s÷`k `k skl lbturb`fs b` ckhmrf, sdlk edstdltdvbs fl ä` rfspfgtk ef` rfstk ef `ks bldhb`fs, pufstk quf f` gufrpk cuhblk fs f` úldgk quf fstâ edsfòbek pbrb pksffr fl prdvbek y fl gkhúl rfb`debefs hbtfrdb`fs. ^frk tbltk `b prkpdfebe prdvbeb gkhk `b `b púm`dgb tdflfl ul `èhdtf p krquf skl hfedks hfedks99 ef hk ek q uf sd sf trblstrbls-

okrh bl fl odlf odlfs, s, gbrf gbrfgfl gfl ef `fadtdhdebe. Wdl prkpdfebe púm`dgb f` sfr cuhblk lk fs vdbm`f. Wd f` bdrf, f` baub, ftg., oufrbl prdvbeks, `ks efhâs hkrdrèbl. Wdl Wdl prkpdf ebe p rdvb eb f` ckh mrf lk fs vdbm`f. vdbm` f. Wdl vfstdek, b`dhfltk, ftg ftg.. f` ckhm rf sf huf hufrf. rf. @bs pksfsdklfs oè @bs oèsdg sdgbs bs fstâl fl oulgd÷l ef` tf lf r dltf `fgtu b` (pksfsd÷l (pksfsd÷l ef km jftks,, def  jftks defbs bs,, gk gkl l bgtk bgtkss ef p fl sbr sb r y pk sfsd sf sd÷l ÷l ef câ câmd mdtk tkss dltf dltf`fg `fgtub tub`fs `fs), ), y ef ef`` bequ drdr vdrtue fs ef `b vk`ultbe. Wd `bs pksfsd pksfsdklfs klfs sflsdm sflsdm`fs `fs dhpde fl fstf tdpk ef pksfsd÷l, pksfsd÷l, skl pfrldgdks pfrldgdksbs bs sdfhpr sdfhprf. f. ^kr tbltk, `b prkp dfeb e p rdvbe b y `b púm`dgb skl d`faètdhbs sdfhprf ggubl ubl ek `ks hfe dks sf gklvdf gklvdfrtfl rtfl fl od odlfs lfs..

3. @bs prdvbg prdvbgdklfs dklfs g gkrpkr krpkrb`fs: b`fs: ``b b flo flofrh frhfeb febe e y f` ek`kr @b flo frh feb e fs `b pärede b pbrgdb` ef` mdfl gkrp gkrp÷rfk ÷rfk hâs b`t b`tk: k: `b sb` sb`ue. ue. @b hu frtf fs `b pärede b tktb` ef f`` f``b. b. W b`ue fs krefl kraâldg kraâldgk, k, brhklèb, lk s÷`k od odsdk sdk`÷a `÷adgb dgb,, sdlk tbh mdäl oulgdklb`. Ruf fl f` ckh ckhmrf mrf `b flof flofrh rhfeb febe e fs edstdltb ef `ks bldhb`fs fs lktkrdk, lktkrdk, lk p kr `ks bafltfs pbt÷aflks quf `b prkeugfl, sdlk pkr f` hkek ef florfltb florfltbr`bs. r`bs. ^brb gkhm btdr fsb prdvbgd÷l cfhks dlvfltbek tkeb ul b gdflgdb gdflgdb hu y sko skodst dstdgb dgbeb: eb: `b hfedgdl b. Fl rdakr rdakr,, `b hfe dgdlb fs ulb tägldgb dlstruhfltb` pbrb gurbr flofrhfebefs, pfrk gkl su bgtdvdebe lk `karbb -bu lq uf lk sfb `kar sfb pkgk- sdl sdlk k bp`bzb r `b hufrtf, pu fs fs g` g`br brk k quf lk `b vflgf efodldtdvbhfltf. B` prdlgdpdk `b hfedgdlb tflèb ul hbrgbek sfsak lfabtdvk, pkrquf sf trbtbmb ef f`dhdlbr k ebr `brabs b tkeb tke b gkstb ul hb` sfaurk. @ufak cb bequdr bequdrdek dek ktrbs obgft obgftbs bs hâs pksdtdvbs: `b hfedg hfedgdlb dlb prfvfltdvb, prfvf ltdvb, pkr p kr fjfhp`k. Fl gub`qudfr gub`qudf r gbsk, gbsk, su ldvf` ef cuh bldebe pbsb pk r lk fsgdledr fsgdledr `b pbtk`kaèb pbtk`kaèb ef` ek`dfltf ek`dfltf cuhblk. Gkh prflefr b` pbgdfltf pkr pbrtf ef` häedgk tbhmdäl fs sk`ugdklbr su flofrhfebe, pkrquf ästb lk fs s÷`k gkrpkrb`, gkrpkrb `, pufs f` ek`dfltf fs `b pfrsklb pfrsklb,, lk s÷`k su gufrpk k b`aulb b`aul b ef sus pbrtfs.

F` ek`kr -oès -oèsdgk dgk y h krb`- fs tbhmdäl ul b prdvbgd÷l quf bofgtb b `b pfrsklb. L k fs fs,, pufs, `k gkltrbrdk ef` p`bgfr sflsdm` sflsdm`f, f, pkrquf pkr quf h dfltrbs quf fl ästf ff`` sujf sujftk tk lk fstâ fltfrbhfltf gkhprkhftdek, sè `k fstâ fl f` ek`kr, pufs euf`b `k quf

 

euf`b f` ek`dfltf fs ulk. F` ek`kr fs, pufs, gkhk f` hb`, ulb gbrflgdb. Lk fs ldlau lb rfb`debe pksdtd pksdtdvb, vb, pk r fsk fs prfgdsbhfltf tbl ed edoèg oègd` d` gkhprflefr`k. F` ek`kr ffss bgkh pbò bltf dlsfpb rbm`f ef `b gkledg gkledgd÷l d÷l cuhblb. Fs ulb gbrfl gbrflgdb gdb quf tdfl tdflf, f, sfaúl u lb tfsds hfedfvb`, ulb vfrtdfltf oèsdgb y ktrb hkrb`. ^ufs md mdfl, fl, `k quf cby quf b òbedr b fsb tfsds trbedgd trbedgdklb`, klb`, quf vf f` hb` gkhk busflgdb ef sb`u e oèsd oèsdgb gb k ef sb `ue hkrb`, fs quf f` ek`kr y f` hb` skl b`ak quf lk bofgtb s÷`k b `b lbturb`fzb y fsflgdb cuhblbs, sdlk quf ek`kr y hb` bofgtbl tbhmdäl b `b èlek`f pfrsklb`.

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F` h b` gkrp÷rfk fs p prdvbg rdvbgd÷l d÷l fl `b lbturb`fzb cuh blb quf dhpdef h blè   ofstbr `b `b ulde be ef äst ästb. b.

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F` h b` hk rb` ffss f` eäod eäodgdt gdt fl `b fsflg fsflgdb db cu h blb quf dhpdef hbldofstbr fl f``b f` sfr quf u lk fs fs..

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F` h b` pfrskl b`, f` rbedgb rbedgb`, `, ffss `b pärede b ef` sf sfrr pfrsklb`, ffss efg efgdr dr,, `b lfabgd÷l k rfgcbzk ef` sfr pfrsklb ` quf sf ffs. s. Fl `b hfe deb fl quf `ks ek`krfs bggfefl b `b dltdhde be, bofgtbl hâs. Lk sf trbtb s÷`k ef gbrfgfr ef b`ak efmdek fl f` gufrpk (pkr gbusb ef flofrhfebefs, `fsdklfs, ftg.) k fl f` b`hb (pkr ob`tb ob`tb ef `ug `ugfs fs y skmrb ef `èhdtfs fl ``bb rbz÷l, k pkmrfz b ef vdrtue fs fl `b vk`ultbe), sdlk quf `b pfrsklb efgrfgf. Wd `b pfrsklb c cuh uhblb blb lk beh dtdfrb fsb fsgdsd÷l fltrf `k quf grff sfr y `k quf fs, fsf efskrefl, fsf efsabrrbhdfltk dltfrlk, bquä``ks hb`fs -oèsdgks y hkrb`fs- lk `f pkerèbl bo bofg fgtb tbr. r. Hâs búl, tbltk ulk gkhk ktrk hb` fstâl uldeks fl `b pfrsklb cuhblb, ef hkek quf, fl rdakr, f` ek`dfltf fs ulk, lk su fst÷hbak k `b dljustdgdb `bmkrb`, pklabhks pkr gbsk. Ubhmdäl f` ek`kr dltfrlk tdflf su hbldofstbgd÷l fxtfrlb.

Wd f` ek`kr bofgtb tbl dltfrlbhfltf b `b pfrsklb, `k quf fstâ fl jufak bltf f` efsgumrdhdfltk ef` sfl tdek ef` ek`kr, fs fs,, fl efodldt efodldtdvb, dvb, ff`` sfltd sfltdek ek e f `b pfrskpfrsklb cuh blb blb.. ^kr f` f``k, `k, `b gklsdefrbgd÷l gklsdefrb gd÷l ef ä` gk gkhk hk bmsu rek, gkhk b`ak b frrbedgbr k bldqu bldqud`br d`br b gub`qudfr prfgdk, ffss pbrb`f`b b `b Pesd÷l ef `b pfrsklb gkh k ul sdl sfltdek. ^kr f` gkltrbrdk, sd sf bgfptb bgfp tb -l k sf trbt trbtbb s÷`k ef skpk skpkrtbr rtbr f` ek`kr ek`kr,, sdlk ef bgfptbr`k-, sf `f ektb ef sfltdek. Fl edâ`kak gkl `b of pkefhks efgdr quf sd f` ek`kr bofgtb b `b pfrsklb, s÷`k sf bgfptb fltfrbhfltf ef gbrb b qudfl `k pfrhdtf y pufef ktkrabr`f gkhp`ftk sfltdek b `b pfrsklb. Ebek quf f` hb` pfrsklb`, sf dldgdb fl f` gkrbz÷l hdshk ef` ckhmrf (pkrquf `b pfrsk pfrsklb lb `k bgfpt bgfptb), b), hâs quf p rftfle rftflefr fr brrblgbr`k ef sè gkl `bs prkpdbs hblks, k gkl hblks cuh blbs bjflbs bjflbs,, cby quf rfgurrdr b `b byue byuebb edvdlb, pkrquff f` gkl pkrqu gklkgdhdfl kgdhdfltk tk gkhp`ftk ef `b prkpdb dltdhde dltdhdebe be pfrsk pfrsklb` lb` lks efsmkreb. @b prfaultb bgfr bgfrgb gb ef` sfltdek ef` ek`kr cby quf flgbh dlbr`b cbgdb Edk Edks, s, fl guybs hblks fstâ lufstrk gkrbz÷l, `b dltdhdeb dltdhdebe, e, `b pfrsklb.

 

33

4. Gufstdklfs Gufstdklfs skmrf `b rf`bgd÷l hfltf hf ltf-gu -gufrp frpk k

F` gufrpk cuh c uh blk lk fs ``bb pfrskl pfrsklbb cuh blb. Äst Ästbb puf pufef ef fxd fxdstd stdrr sdl gufrpk. @b of skmrflbturb` bòbef bòb ef quf f` gufrpk cuhblk cuhbl k rfsugdtbrâ pkr p kr f` pkefr eedvdlk dvdlk b` odlb` ef `ks tdfhpks. Wfaúl fstk, gbmrèb pflsbr quf f` gufrpk fs `b pfrsklb cuhblb. ^frk bltfs ef `b rfsurrfggd÷l `bs pfrsklbs pfrsklb s quf ffstâl stâl fl f` gdf`k gdf`k skl pfrsklbs pfrskl bs y fs fvdefltf quf fl fsb tfsdturb (fsgbtk`kaèb dltfrhfedb) gbrfgfl ef gufrpk.

^frk lk ppkr kr f``k ff`` gufr gufrpk pk cu cuh h bl blkk fs drrf` drrf`fvbltf, fvbltf, fl prdh fr `uabr `uabr,, pkrq pkrquf uf fs f` gufrpk ef e f ul b pfrsklb. Befhâs, f` pflsbr rbgdklb` cuh blk fs ddhpksdm` hpksdm`ff sdl

f` gufrpk, yb quf f` ddldg ldgdk dk ef` pfl pflsbr sbr (`b (`b bmst bmstrbggd rbggd÷l) ÷l) ppbrtf brtf ef `ks sfltdeks, quf skl gkrpkrb`fs. B `b pbr, gkhk `b vk`u vk`ultbe ltbe sdauf b `k gklkgdek pk pkrr `b dltf dltf`daf `dafllgd gdb, b, sdl gufrpk, lk gbmf qufrf qufrfrr vk`ultbrdk. ^kr tbltk, ffll `b prfsfltf sdtubgd÷l f` gufrpk fs f` rfq rfqudsdtk udsdtk dle dledsp dspfl flsbm sbm `f pb rb quf `b pfrsklb f`fv f`fvff ``bs bs pkt pktflgdb flgdbss supfrdkrf sup frdkrfss ef ef`` b`hb k `bs pfrsklb`dgf, fs efgd efgdr, r, `bs fsflgdb`dgf. @b pfrsklb lk dlvfltb dlv fltb ssuu gufrpk, gufr pk, sdlk quf `k bgfptb (`k rfgdmf fl f` dlstbltf ef `b gklgfpg gkl gfpgd÷l d÷l). ). B` bgfptbr`k `f bòbef efsef `b vdeb pfrskl pfrsklb` b` `b gbpbgdebe ef pfrsklb`dzbr (fsflgdb`dzbr) `b vdeb rfgdmdeb okrhblek bsè `b vdeb bòbedeb.

»G÷hk sf gklkgf gklkgf f` gufrpk vdvk; F F`` pflsbr rbgdklb` lk pu pufe feff gklkgfr `b vde vdebb gkrp÷rfb ef su prkpdk gufrpk, pkrquf kmjftdvbr f` gufrpk lk fs gklkgfr`k gkhk vdvk y rfb`, sdlk cbgfr defbs ef ä`. Lk kmstbltf, fs g`brk quf gklkgfhks b` prkpdk gufrpk tb` gkhk vd vdvf. vf. ^kr fsk fs pfrtdlf pfrtdlfltf ltf dle dledgbr dgbr quf fsf ggklkg klkgèèhdfltk lk efpflef ef `b rbz÷l, sdlk ef ulb dlstblgdb supfrdkr b f``b quf d`uhdlbb `b lbtu hdl lbturb`fzb rb`fzb cuh blb. Wf trbtb ef `b sdleä sdleärfsds, rfsds, quf dledgb `b gcdspb ef` b`hb.. Gkl tkek, bu b`hb bulqu lquff `b sdleärfsd sdleärfsdss d`uhdlb fl gdfr gdfrtk tk hke hkekk hd gkrpkrfdebe, lk `b d`uhdlb pkr pk r gkhp`ft gkhp`ftk. k. Fl fofgtk, lk gklkgfhks, pkr fjfhp`k, f` hkek ef prkgfefr ef `bs oulgdklfs vfaftbtdvbs (lutrdgd÷l, rfprkeug rfprkeuggd÷l gd÷l gf`u`br gf`u`br,, efsbrrk``k) gu gublek blek ästbs sf fjfrgf fjfrgfl, l, fs efgdr, efg dr, ggklstbltfhfltf. klstbltfhfltf.

F` quf `b sdleärfsds lk gklkzgb gkl suod suodgdfl gdflgdb gdb f` gufrp gufrpkk dledgb quf f` pkef pkefrr vdvdodgbekr ef` b`hb rfspfgtk ef` gufrpk lk fs p`flk. ^kr fsk fs fxp`dgbm`f `b hufrtf. Wd f` gufrp gufrpkk fs bsdstdek sdfhprf ppkr kr f` b`hb cbs cbstb tb `b hufrtf, f`` f``kk eflktb tbhmdäl quf f` gufrpk fs gklstbltfhfltf d`uhdlbek pkr f` gklkgdhdfltk, -bul -b ul qu f cbs cbstb tb gd gdfrtk frtk pu ltk -, k sf sfb, b, quf f` gufrpk lk gbrfg gbrfgff ef ``uz, uz, ef vfrebe vfrebe,, ef sfltdek. Cby quf edstd edstdlaudr laudr fltrf gufrpk vdvk y gufrpk kmjftdvbe kmjftdvbekk k pflsbek. B` prd prd-hfrk `k gklkgf gklkgf ``bb sdle sdleärfsds9 ärfsds9 b` sfaulek, f` pfl pflsbr sbr bmstrbgtk ef `b rbz÷l. ^ufs mdfl, ef` hdshk hkek quf f` gufrpk prkpdk gkhk vdvk fs dlgkalksgdm`f pkr

 

bmstrbggd÷l, bmstrbggd ÷l, pkrq pkrquf uf f` gufrpk fs fxtfrlk b fs fsff hke k e eff pflsbr, fsf pflsbr fs bjflk b` prk prkpdk pdk gu gufrpk frpk vdvk, pk pkrqu rquff ld `k d`uh d`uhdlb dlb ld `k pu fe feff cbgf cbgfr. r. ^kr fs fsk k fs dhpksdm`f quf f` pflsb r sfb gkrp÷rfk y quf `k pflsbek, `bs defbs, tbhmdäl `k sfbl (b pfsbr ef quf b`aulks cbm `bl ef f``bs gkhk sd oufrbl sfarfabeks lfurkòb`fs, dltfrgklfxdklfs gfrfmrb` gfrfmrb`fs, fs, `b tk tktb`de tb`de be ef` gfrfmrk, ft ftg. g.). ). F` gufrpk, hâxdhf f` gfrfmrk, lk bpbrfgf b` pflsbr. Wd bpbrfgdfrb lk sf pflsbrèbl hfsbs, sd``bs, sd``bs, pfrrks k abtks, sd sdlk lk sdlbpsds, dlcdmdgdklfs, bxklf bxklfs, s, eflerd eflerdtbs, tbs, ftg. T befhâs, gklouledrèbhks `bs dlcdmdgdklfs, sdlbpsds, ftg., gkl sd``bs, hfsbs... Fl fstf sfltdek sf pufef efgdr quf f` prkpdk gufrpk fs cuhd`ef, pufs lk sf dlhdsguyf fl f` pflsbr, sdlk quf qu f sf kgu`tb. ^frhdtf bmstrbfr, pflsbr, pfrk lk

34

pbsb obgturb, fs efgdr, efgdr, lk gkhpbrfgf fl `k pflsbek. F` gufrpk fs dhp dhprfsgdledm`f rfsgdledm`f pbrb bmstrbfr (pflsbr), pfrk f` kmjftk pflsbek quf prfsfltb f` bmstrbfr prfsgdlef ef` gufrpk.

Fl f` gfrfmrk ssff pu fe fl `kgb` `kgb`dzbr dzbr ârfbs quf sf bskgdfl gkl odaurbs dhbadl dhbadlbebs bebs b` dhbadlbr, dhbadlbr, gkl rfgufre rfgufreks ks sflsd sflsdm`fs m`fs,, gkl prkyfgtks gklgrft gklgrftks ks ef outurk, gkl hkvdhdfltks (gbrb, mkgb, hblks, ftg.), pfrk tb`fs ârfbs, ld skl `k dhbadlbek, hfhkrdzbek, prkyfgtbek (quf skl okrhbs sdl hbtfrdb), ld hkvdhdfltks (quf skl fodgdf fodgdflgd lgdbs bs ef` rfstk ef ef`` gufrpk), ld ld,, gkl hb hbykr ykr hktdvk, pflsbh dfltks (qu (quff skl okrhbs uldvfrsb`fs sdl hbtfrdb). ^brb fxprfsbr kmjftks pflsbeks usbhks lk `bs lfurklbs, sdlk gbrb, `b mkgb, `bs hblks, pfrk ldlaulb defbs÷`k fs u ul l ârfb gf gfrfmrb` rfmrb` ld tbhmdäl pbrtf ef `b f``b f``b, , gkhk tbhpkgk fs ul afst afstk, k, ul b vkz, ulks sdalks. Wdl f` gfrfmrk, skpkrtf kraâldgk ef `ks sfltdeks dltfrlks (sflskrdk gkhúl, gkhú l, dhbadlbgd÷l, hf hfhkrdb hkrdb y gkadtbt gkadtbtdvb) dvb),, sfrèb dhpksdm`f bmstrbfr, bmstrbfr, pfrk bmstrbfr lk fs lbeb gfrf gfrfmrb` mrb`,, y hfl hflks ks tke tkebvèb bvèb `k fs ``bb defb bmstrbgt bmstrbgtb. b. @k edgck bgfrgb ef` gufrpk cuhblk efsgrdmf `b prfsfltf sdtubgd÷l cuhblb. Fl fstb fstb sdtubgd÷l fltrf lufstrk gufrp k y lufs lufstrk trk pfl sbhdfl tk fxds fxdstf tf ul b gdfrt gdfrtbb mbrrfrb, ef tb` hk ek quf lk pkefh ks efsef f` gkl mbrrfrb, gklkgdhd kgdhdfltk fltk ektbr ef sfltdek fltfrbhfltf lufstrb p rkpdb gkrpkrfdebe. Lu fstrk gufrpk fstâ efsbsd efsbsdstdek stdek fl muflb hfedeb ef sfltdek, y tbhmdäl pkr fsk, fs pksdm`f `b hufrtf. Gkl f``b lufstrk pflsbhdfltk bmblekl b f` gu gufrpk. frpk. Wd sf bgfptb `b ]fvf`bgd÷l, sf gklkgf quf `b prfsfltf sdtubgd÷l gkrp÷rfb cuhblb lk gkdlgdef gkl `b quf f` gufrpk tu tuvk vk b` dldgd dldgdk k ef `b cuh blde bldebe, be, l ldd sfrâ tbhpkgk `b efodldtdvb b` odl ef `ks tdfhpks. Fl fofgtk, fofgtk, f` prdhf prdhfrr ckhm ckhmrf rf btrbvfsbm btrbvfsbmbb ef sfltèek pfrsklb` su gufrpk, pkr fsk fsk `b dlhkrtb`debe prkpdb ef `k dlhbtfr dlhbtfrdb` db` rfeulebmb fl ä` y ästf lk hkrèb. hkrèb. ^kr ktrb pbrtf, trbs `b rfsurr rfsurrfggd÷l fggd÷l ef `ks hufrtks b` od odlb` lb` ef `ks tdfhpks, f` f` gufrpk cu cuhbl hblk k vk`vfrâ b sfr btrbvfsbek ef sfltdek pkr f` gkl gklkgè kgè-hdfltk cuhbl cu hblk ky y,, befhâs, `b a`krdb ef `b f`fvbg f`fvbgd÷l d÷l pfrsklb` rf rfeul eulebrâ ebrâ skmrf ää`. `. Lk gbmrâ, pufs, pksdmd`debe ef hkrdr hkrdr..

 

Fjfrgdgdk 2. _kgbmu`brdk Defl tdodgb f` sdaldodgbek e f `bs sdaudfltfs pb`bmrb s y fxprfsdklfs fxprfsdklfs usbebs: usbebs: • K rra a b ld l ds h k

• ^uek r

• W k p k r t f m dk d k `÷ `÷ a dg dg k

• D l t dh dh de b e p f rs rs k l b` b`

• ^ r dl dl g dp d p ddk k r kh k h k tk tk

• C b m dt dt b r

• ^ f r s p f g t d vb v b m d k `k `k a dg ds ds t b

• ^ k s f s dk dk l f s d l tf tf rl rl b s

• G u f r p k f s p dr d r dt dt u b `d`dz b e k

• F lo l o f rh rh f e be be

• L b g dh d h df l t k p r fh f h b ttu urk

• H b ` g k rp rp k r b` b`

• B l dh d h b ` rb r b g dk dk l b `

Hb` hkrb`

 

• G u f r p k p k tf tf l g db db `

• H b ` p f rs rs k l b` b`

• O u l g d k l f s s k m r f b ò b e de b s

• F s f l g db `dz b r f ` g u f r p k

 

] k s t r k k h l df x p r f s dv k

• G u f r p k k m j f t dv b e k

• F s p f g df

• Â rf b g f rf m rb `

¹ U f l e f l g db s e f s k r e f l b e b s

• W dl e ä r f s ds

gbpkx Efd 

• ] bz bz ÷ l

• U d p k ` k a èb èb m d k `÷ `÷ a d g b

Fjfr Fj frgd gdgd gdk k =. Auèb Auèb ef fstuedk fstuedk Gkltfstb b `bs sdaudfltfs prfaultbs: 2. » ^ k r q u ä f ` g u f r p k c u h b l k fs f s e f s f s p f g d b `d `d z b e k ; = . » @ b p f rs rs k l b c u h b l b f s s u g u f r p k ; , » p k r q u ä ; 7 . » ^ k r q u ä l k s f f l t df df l e f m df l f ` g u f r p k c u h b l k e f s e f u l b p f r s p f g t dv dv b h f rb rb h f l t f m d k `÷ `÷ a dg b ; 5 . » R u ä d h p ` dg dg b g dk d k l f s t df df l f q u f f ` g u f r p k fs f s e f `b `b p f r s k l b ; 6 . F x p ` dg dg b f ` s f l t d e k p f r s k l b ` q u f t df df l f l `b s h b l k s c u h b l b s . ? . » R u ä sk s k l `b `b s ``b h b e b s " ou ou l g dk dk l f s b ò b e de b s " b ` g u f r p k ; 1. Fxp `dgb f` sf ltdek pfrsk lb ` e f `b sfxu b`d b`debe ebe 3. Fxp `dgb `dgb f` sfl tdek tdek pf rskl b` ef ` pue kr. 4 . » R u ä f s " c b m d t b r " f l s f l t de de k p f r s k l b ` ; 2 >. >.

F x p `dg `dg b p k r q u ä f` f` sf r cu h blk l k f s v dbm `f sdl sdl p rk p df e b e ( p rdv rdv be b, p ú m `dg `dg b) .

 

2 . » ^ k r q u ä sf sf p u f e f b oodd r h b r q u f " ttk k e k e k ` k r f s p f r s k l b ``"" ; 2 = . » R u ä s f l t dde e k p f r s k l b ` t df df l f ff`` e k ` k r c u h b l k ; Ί 7. » W f p dfl s b gkl f` gf r fm r k; ]b zkl b ``bb r fs pu f s tb .

Fjfrgdg Fjf rgdgdk dk 7. Gkh Gkhfltbr fltbrdk dk ef tf tfxtk xtk @ff @f f `ks `ks sdaudfltfs sdaudfltfs tfxtks tfxtks y cbz ul gk h fltbrdk pfrsklb` utd`dzble k `k `ks s gkltäldeks bprfledeks: "F` b`hb cbm`b b trbväs ef` gufrpk. Ästf `f sdrvf ef fxprfsd÷l... Fl `b uldebe ef `b lb-

 

turb`fzb turb` fzb c uh blb tke k `k mb jk qu f fltrb fl f``b f``b sf flguf ltrb su mk redlbek b `b ``fy fy ef` b`h h b fs ef lb tur turb`fzb b`fzb fspdrd fspdrdtub`, tub`, y f` b`h b`h b gkh k ul tke k fs ul sfr fspèrdtu...  F` b`hb e f` b` fspdrdtub`. fspdrd tub`. @k p fgu`dbr ef f`` f``bb fs qu f p ksff ulb e dh flsd÷l dltfr ltfrddkr, ul gfltrk, gfltrk, ef` quf tdfl tdfl f q uf sb`d sb`drr pbr pbrbb flg kl trbrsf trbrsf gkl k mjftks y b` qu f tr trbf bf gu bltk k m td tdfl fl f ooufrb ufrb e f f` f``b `b,, pfrk ef sef f` qu f tbh mdäl sf fl tr trfab fab f`` f``bb h dshb cbgdb oufrb. B qu è fs ekl ef sf sd sdtúb túb f` gfltrk e f ``bb fxds fxdstflgd tflgdbb c uh bl b... F` dle dle dvd dvdeu eu k lk fs prdh prdh frk p`bltb, ``ufa ufa k bldh b`, `úfúfak ckh mrf, sdlk sdlk qu f fs ckh mrf efse f f` prd prdh h fr dlstbltf ef su fxdst fxdstflgdb, flgdb, pkr h ugck qu f ``k k fspfgèodgbh fspfgèodgbh fl tf cuh blk lk ssff cbab vd vdsdm`f sdm`f cbs cbstb tb quf b` b`gbl gbl gf ul gdfrtk gdfrtk fstbedk ef e fsbrrk`` fsbrrk``k. k. C by quf bod bodrhbr, rhbr, pkr ttbltk, bltk, qu f f` b` b`h h b fsp dr drdt dtub` ub` fxdstf efse f f` prdh fr h kh fltk ef `b fxdst fxdstflgdb flgdb cuh blb, sd mdfl fl fs fsbb prdhfrb oobsf bsf búl lk cb efsp `fab ek fl bgtk s ulb v deb pfrsklb`-fspdrd pfrsklb`-fspdrdtub`" tub`"..

(Wt fdl , F., @b fstrugturb ef `b pfrsklb cu hbl b,

 

MBG, Hberde 2443) *

*

*

"@b gbrb fs ulb pbrtf p rdvd` rdvd`fa fa dbeb e f` gufrpk, lk sk`k fl f` sfl td tdek ek ef sfr h uy ddhpkrhpkrtb l tf, tf, qu ddzâ zâ s ``bb h â s ddh h pkr tb l tf, s dl dl k fl f` ef o u l gdkl b r gkh k r fpr fs fl tb l tf tf ef tke k f` guf rp k ... ... Edrè Edrèbh bh ks q uf f` gufrp k sf gkl trbf k sf gkl gfl trb fl `b gbrb, gbrb, `b gub` oulgd oulgdkklb gkh k ul b sdlau`br bm rfvdbt rfvdbturb urb e f ``bb rfb`d rfb`debe pfrsklb` fl su dltfa rdebe .. .... @b gbrb, gbrb, h èld èldh h bh fltf sfxub sfxub``, fs h âxdh bh fltf sfx ube b.. b.... @b gbrb gbrb fs f` fspfjk ef` b` b`h h b9 yk prfodfrk prfod frk ef gdr qu f `b gbrb fs `b pfrsklb h dshb, vdst vdstb, b, fs efgdr, p rfs fl tf... @b pfrsklb fstâ prfs fltf fl f` rkst rkstrk rk fl k trk sfltdek : fl f` ef sfr ddltf ltf `d `dadm adm `f. Lk fs yb qu f fl f` rrkstr kstrk k rbsaks aks p frskl b`fs rf rf``ff l g k l t r f h k s u l b   pfrsk lb9 vfh ks fl ä` b tb` pfrskl b, gkl sus rbs vb l tfs .. .... G ubl ek `b ggbrb brb vbr vbrèb, èb, sfltd sfltdh h ks qu f `b pfrsklb sf b ` t f r b s f   cbgf cbgf ktrb - ... Fl ``bb gbrbb `b pfrsklb gbr pfrsklb fstâ bgk ltf gdfl ek .. .... @b gbrb fs ff`` ÷rabl k skh âtdgk âtdgk e f ``bb outu rdgd÷l .. .... F`

 

rkstrk rkst rk fs fs prka rbh âtdgk9 âtdgk9 fl vfh ks `k qu f `b pfrsklb vb b sfr sfr, vb b c bgf r.. r.... _fh ks tbhtbhm `ä l `b p f rs rs k lb e f q udf l f s f s b g b r b . @b p k s dm d` d`dde b e e f ` e ds dh u`k . . . lk p r uf m b h â s q u f ulb g k s b : q u f ``b b p f r s k lb f s v dds s dm ``f f , y p k r f s k cb y q u f f s g k le f r `b . .... F ` g k l k g dh df lt k h â s v f r e b e f r k q u f p k e f h k s b ``g g b lz b r e f ulb p f r s k lb f s f ` q u f lk s p r k p k r g dk dk l b ``b b g k l t f h p `b g dd÷ ÷l ef su rks stt rk rk 9 t b lt k h â s ck l e k y g k h p `f jk jk , g ub l t k h â s rrf fb` fs s su u g klkltfh p`bgd p`bgd÷l". ÷l".

(Hbr èbs, 2 , Bltrkpk`kaèb hftboèsdgb,  ]f v ds tb tb e f K g g de de f l t f , Hb e r de de 2417 2417))

 

D@ D_ DC

@BW OBGV@UBEFW L W F L W DM @ F W C V H B L BW BW @b lkgd÷l ef obgu`tbe fs ul efsgumrdhdfltk ef arbl hbaldtue ef `b od`kskoèb bltdaub, huy efsbrrk``bek efspuäs fl f` pflsbhdfltk hfedfvb`. Wdl fhmbrak, trbs btrbvfsbr edvfrsbs vdgdsdtuefs fl `b od`kskoèb hkefrlb y gkltfhpkrâlfb, fl muflb hfedeb fstb lkgd÷l sf cb k`vdebek, y sf tdflef b dltfrprftbr f` gklkgdhdfltk gkhk kpksdgd÷l fltrf sujftk-kmjftk.

47

^frk gkl f``k `b bltrkpk`kaèb sf k`vdeb lk s÷`k `b obgu`tbe, sdlk tbhmdäl ef `ks bgtks y `ks câmdtks gkalksgdtdvks. Bquè sf prkpklfl gkl tkeb su oufrzb fstks gklgfptks oulebhfltb`fs pbrb fltflefr b` sfr cuhblk y su gklkgdhdfltk.

WVHB]DK 2. »RVÄ WKL @BW OVL OVLGDK GDKLFW LFW T OB OBGV@UBE GV@UBEFW FW WFLWDM@FW; WFLWDM@FW; ± =. G@BWD G@BWDODGB ODGB--  GD×L GD× L T JF] JF]B]RVÈ B]RVÈB B EF @BW OBGV@ OBGV@UBEFW UBEFW WFLWDM@FW 7 . OBGV@UBEFW OBGV@UBEFW K ^K  UFLGDBW _FAFUBUD_BW. 7.2. 7.2. Lu trdgd÷l. trdgd÷l. 7.= 7.=.. ]fp rke ug gd÷l. 7. 7.7. 7. Ef sbrrk`` sbrrk``k k ± 5. @KW  WFLUDEKW WFLUD EKW FSUF]LKW ± 6. @KW @KW WFL WFLUDEKW UDEKW DLUF]LKW DLUF] LKW ? . @K @KW W B^FUDUKW WFL-  WDUD_KW 1. @K @KW W WFLUDH WFLUDHDFLUKW DFLUKW WFL WFLWDM WDM@FW @FW ± 3. GKH^K]U GKH^K]UBHDFLUK BHDFLUK CV CVHB HB--  LK T GKLEVGUB GKLEVGUB BLDHB BLDHB@. @.

 

45

2. »Ruä skl `bs oulgdkl oul gdklfs fs y obgu`tb obg u`tbefs efs sfls sflsdm`f dm`fs; s; @b vdeb quf vdvdodgb b ul sfr vdvk fs ulb pfrk lk sf hbldodfstb pkr daub` fl tkebs `bs bggdklfs k obgftbs ef` vdvdfltf. Wf hufstrb edstdltb tbhmdäl fl gbeb pbrtf ef su krabldshk. F` F``k `k dhp`dgb quf fl f` sfr vdvk fxds fxdstfl tfl ulk s p rdlgdpdk s quf edvfrsdodgbl f` úldgk lúg`fk vdtb` fl sus hbldofstbgdklfs, fstbl ek ästks, lk kmstbltf, fl gkrrf`bgd÷l gkl bquä`. B tb`fs prdlgdpdks ef kpfrbtdvdebe edvfrsb sf `fs `fs eflkh dlb pktfl gdbs k obgu`tbefs. Vlb pktflgdb k obgu`tbe fs ul b gb pbgdeb e e f kmrbr. @b @bss obgu` obgu`tbefs tbefs lk skl f` sujftk ú`tdhk ef` kmrbr, sdlk f` prdlgdpdk b trbväs ef` gub` kmrb tb` sujftk. Lk fs, fl ú`tdhk tärhdlk, `b obgu`tbe `b quf kpfrb, sdlk f` sujftk b trbväs ef `b obgu`tbe. Lk fs, pkr fjfhp`k, `b vdstb qudfl vf, ld `b hfhkrdb qudfl rfgufreb, ld `b rbz÷l

qudfl fltdflef, pkrquf pkrqu f ldlaulb ldlau lb obgu`tbe fs ul qudäl, sdlk sdlk quf fs, fl ú`tdhk tär tär-hdlk, gbeb pfrsklb qudfl vf b trbväs ef su vds vdstb, tb, qudfl rfgufreb b trbväs ef su hfhkrdb, qudfl fltdflef b trbväs ef su rbz÷l, ftg.

@bs obgu` @bs obgu`tbefs tbefs skl dlstru h fl tks l bturb `fs ef gbeb pfrsklb cuh blb. Fl rrda dakr, kr, skl `ks `ks gbu gbugfs gfs edvfrsks b trbväs `ks gub` gub`fs fs ul b pfrsk lb bgfptb b `bs efhâs y b` hulek y hbldodfstb b`ak ef sè. Wu odl ú`tdhk fs, pkr tbltk, `b bgfptbgd÷l y eklbgd÷l ef `b pfrsklb. Fl f` sfr cuhblk fxdstfl hú`tdp`fs pktflgdbs k obgu`tbefs, y `b suhb k `b tktb`debe ef f``b f``bss lk sf deflt defltdodg dodgbb gkl f` b`hb k prdlgdpdk ef `b vdeb cu hbl b. Kmvdbhfltf, tbhpkgk gkl `b pfrsklb. F` b`hb cuh bl b lk sf rfeugf b `b tktb`debe ef sus pktflgdbs pktflgdbs,, pkrqu f lk fs `k hdshk `b rbèz ef `b vde b qu f `ks ed edvfrvfrsks prdlgdpdk s ef kmrbr fl quf ästb ssff hbldo hbldodfst dfstb. b. Wd oufrb l `k hd hdshk, shk, f` b` b`hb hb kmrbrèb sdfhprf s dfhprf fl tke tkebs bs ssus us obg obgftb ftbs. s. ^frk fs g`brk quf lk sugfef bsè. Bu lqu f sf fstä fstä vdvk, lk ssdfhprf dfhprf sf fst fstââ bgtublek bgtublek.. Fl `bs pktflgdbs ef` b`hb fxdstf ul krefl hbldodfstk, bulquf lk gkhp`ftk, fltrf ulbs y ktr ktrbs. bs. F Fsf sf krefl fs jfrârqudgk , sdflek ulb s pktflgdbs supfrdkrfs b ktrbs. ktrbs. Ef hke k quf `bs dlofrdkrfs lbgfl ef `bs supfrdkrfs y tdflfl tdfl fl b bquä``bs gkhk b su odl odl.. Lk fs, pkr fjfhp`k, f` pflsbr pbrb dhbadlbr y ästf pbrb vfr, sdlk b `b dlvfrsb. Wd `b tktb`debe ef `bs pktflgdbs oufrb `b hdshb b`hb k prdlgdpdk vdtb` cuhblk, `b gklfxd÷l, sumkredlbgd÷l, krefl, ef ulbs y ktrbs lk tflerèb rbz÷l ef sfr, k sfrèb bggdefltb`, pfrk fs fvdefltf quf aubrebl rf`bgd÷l kreflbeb fltrf f``bs, y `b rfèbgd÷l quf `bs ulf fs ef efpfleflgdb k sumkredlbgd÷l ef `bs dlofrdkrfs rfspfgtk ef `bs supfrdkrfs. Gkl tkek, f` krefl lk fs gkhp`ftk, pufs gbmfl "rfmf`eèbs" fl `bs dlofrdkrfs rfs rfspfgtk pfgtk ef `bs supfrdkrfs, y tbhmdäl "e "edgtbe dgtbeurbs urbs"" ef `bs supfrdkrfs

 

rfspfgtk b `bs dlofrdkrfs. @k gklvf gklvfldfltf ldfltf,, fl gbhmdk, fs qu quff `bs supf supfrdkrfs rdkrfs akmdfrlfl b `bs dlofrdkrfs -gkhk bgklsfjbmb Brdst÷tf`fs- gkl 'dhpfrdk pk`ètdgk', lk 'efsp÷tdgk 'efsp ÷tdgk',', y quf `bs ddlofrdkrfs lofrdkrfs sdrvbl b `bs supfrdkrfs lk sfrvd` k hfgâldgbhfltf, sdlk gkl ekgd`debe.

@bs obgu`tbefs k pktflgdbs lk sf rfeugfl b `ks ÷rablks. Bulquf fxdstf ulb fstrfgcb fstrfg cb rf`bg rf`bgd÷l d÷l fltrf bhmks, lk cb y quf gkloul edr f` skpkrtf kraâldgk ef `b obgu`tbe gkl `b obgu`tbe fltfrb fltfrb.. Bsè, pkr fjfhp`k, `b obgu`tbe e Bsè, eff `b vdstb lk sf rrfeugf feugf b` kjk (hâs f` lfrvdk ÷ptdgk y pbrtf ef` gfrfmrk), k sd sf qudfrf, `b obgu`tbe lk sf baktb fl krabldzbr `ks gkhpklfltfs skhâtdgks ef `b vdsd÷l (rftdlb, g÷rlfb, mbstklgdtks, grdstb`dlk, ulk ef `ks pbrfs grblfb`fs ef` mu`mk rbquèefk, ftg.), sdlk quf eb  pb  pbrb hâ hâss. »^brb quä; ^rfgdsbhfltf ^rfgds bhfltf pbrb  pk  lk fs rftdlb, g÷rlfb, mbstklgdtks,  pkef efrr vvfr fr.. ^frk f` bgtk ef vfr  lk grdstb`dlk, grdstb` dlk, ft ftg., g., ld `b suh suhbb e eff tkek tkekss fsks gkhpklf gkhpklfltfs, ltfs, pkrquf pkrq uf f` vfr lk sf vf, fst fstk k fs, lk fs gkrp÷rfk, gkrp÷rfk , oèsd oèsdgk gk k mdko mdkoèsdgk, èsdgk, hdf hdfltrb ltrbss qu quff tb`fs f`f f`fhfltks hfltks sè `k sskl. kl. F` bbgtk gtk ef vfr efpflef ef `k quf skmrb ef vdeb fl `b obgu`tbe ef `b vdstb quf lk sf bakt baktbb vdvdodgblek y krabldzble krabl dzblek k b` k kjk jk..

46

@b obgu`tbe fs ul s kmr kmrbl bl tf ef vdeb rfspfgtk ef su oulgd÷l ef vdvd vdvdodgbr odgbr su ÷rablk. B tkebs `bs obgu`tbefs sflsdm`fs bldhb`fs y cuh blb blbss `fs kgurrf `k hdshk: hdshk: befhâs ef vdvdodgbr su ÷rablk, `fs skmrb vdeb pbrb rfb`dzbr sus bgtks prkpdks lk kraâldgks. @k gub` dledgb quf `b obgu`tbe fs hâs quf f` ÷rablk, y quf sus bgtks lk skl kraâldgks. Wd tkebs `bs obgu`tbefs sflsdm`fs tdflfl fsb gklstdtugd÷l, »quä `bs edofrflgdb fltrf sè sè;, ;, »bgbsk »bgbsk ff`` ÷rablk; Lk s÷`k ld prdlgdpb`hfltf, pkrq pkrquf uf f` ÷rablk fs pbsdvk, pufs rfgdmf `b `b bgtdvbgd÷l ef su obgu`tbe. Ef hke hkek k quf `b rbèz ef `b edstdlgd÷l fltrf `bs pktflgdbs k obgu`tbefs efmf fstbr fl f l f`` f``bs bs hdshbs hâs quf fl sus ÷rablks.

@bs pktflgdbs sflsdm`fs sf edstdlaufl fltrf sè prfgdsbhfltf pkr `b hfedeb ef fsf skmrbltf qu f vb hâ hâss b``â ef `bs lfgfsdebefs kraâld kraâldgbs. gbs. Vlbs pktflgdbs skl hâs quf ktrbs fl `b hfedeb fl quf bquf` prdlgdpdk quf krabldzb y vdvdodgb f` ÷rablk fxgfeb hâs k hflks rfspfgtk ef su pbpf` ef fstrugturbr, vdvdodgbr, u krefl br `k kraâld kraâldgk. gk. Fl `b hfe deb f l quf tb` prdlgdpdk e ä pb pbrb rb h âs, fs efg efgdr dr,, fl quf skmrf gkl rf`bgd÷l b `b fstrugturbgd÷l ef` ÷rablk, ulb obgu`tbe fs supfrdkr b ktr ktrb. b. B fsf bòbedek sf pufef ``bhbr od`ks÷odgbhfltf 'skmrbltf okrhb`' (gor. ^k`k, @.,  2,243 31), 1), f dledgb quf cb cby y hâs 'gbusb okrhb okrhb`' `' q quf uf `b Gursk ef tfkrèb ef` gklkgdhdfltk 2,24 quf sf fhp`fb dlokrhblek `b 'gbusb h hbtfrdb`' btfrdb`' ef` ÷rablk ÷rablk..

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^kt ^ktflgd flgdbs bs k obgu`tb obgu`tbefs efs skl `ks prdlg dpdks pr÷xdhks pktflg db`fs ef `bs edvfrsbs kpfrbgdklfs quf pu fe fl fjfgut fjfgutbr br `ks `ks sfrfs vd vdvks vks..

 

^rdlgdpdks: dledgb quf skl s kl f` krdafl ef ekl ef lbgfl lb gfl tb`fs bg bgtk tks. s.

 

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^r÷xdhks: sfòb`b quf lk skl gkhk `b vdeb, prdlgdp dk rfhktk, sd sdlk lk gfrgblks b fjfrgfr fjfrgfr eftf rh dlbe ks bgtks bgtks..

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^ktflgdb`fs: eflk tb quf lk sdfhprf bgtúbl, sdlk quf cby b` b`tfrlblgdb tfrlblgdb fltrf f` bgtubr y f` khdtdr khdtdr `b bgt bgtubgd÷ ubgd÷l. l. L k gklvdflf quf bgtúfl sdfhprf, pkrq uf gblsbl y ef tfrdkrbl b` ÷rablk ÷rablk.. Ef edvfrsb s kp frbgdklfs: hb ldodfst ldodfstbb quf gbeb ul b fjf fjfrg rgff edstdltks bbgtk gtks. s.

=. G`bsdod G`bsdodgbgd gbgd÷l ÷l y jfrbr jfr brqu quèb èb   ef `bs obgu`tbefs sflsdm`fs Wd sf gkh pbrb fsf sk mrb ltf b`ue dek ef `bs edvfrsbs obgu`tbefs, sf lktb quf fs ä` f` quf abrbltdzb `b supfrdkrdebe ef ulbs pktflgdbs rfspfgtk ef ktrbs. @bs obgu`tbefs fstâl kref lbe bs fl trf sè sè,, y tbhmdäl su s ÷rablks. F` kre fl fltrf `bs obgu`tbefs, obgu`t befs, y gklsfgufltfhfl tf fltrf sus ÷rablks, `k hbrgb `b jfrbrq uèb. Wf pbtfltdzb fstf krefl pkrquf `bs supfrdkrfs skl hâs gbpbgfs quf `bs dlof  

rdkrfs9 pkr fjfhp`k, pkrquf gklkgfl hâs. Ubhmdäl, pkr `b efpfleflgdb ef `bs pktflgdbs pktflgdbs dlofrdk dlofrdkrfs rfs rfspfgtk ef `bs supfrdkrfs. Efpfl eflgdb dhp`dgb sum kredlbgd÷l. @ks pflsbekrfs hfedfvb`fs dledgbmbl lk s÷`k quf `bs pktflgdbs dlofrdkrfs dlofr dkrfs lbgfl ef `bs supfrdkrfs, sdlk tbhmdäl quf `bs sup frdkrfs skl f` od odl l ef `bs dlofrdkrfs. ^kr fjfhp`k, `ks sfltdeks fxtfrlks (vdstb, tbgtk...) skl pbrb `b pfrgfpgd÷l. Fstk, b su vfz, tdflf gkhk odl fltflef fltf lefrr y gkhprfle gkhprflefr. fr. Ktrk fjfhp`k, `k `kss bpftdtks sflsdm`fs (efsfk (efsf ke eff gkhf gkhfr, r, mfmfr, mfmfr, ftg.) ftg.) fstâl skhftdeks skhftde ks b `b vk` vk`ul ultbe tbe (pkr fsk lk gkhfhks gub`qudfr gksb y b gub`qudfr ckrb, sdlk `k quf gklvdflf y gublek fs kpkrtulk y qufrfhks).

@b fsgb`b jfrârqudgb fltrf `bs pktflgdbs cuhblbs tdflf fl `b gúspdef ef `b pdrâhdef b `b dltf`daflgdb y vk`ultbe. Ukebs `bs obgu`tbefs sflsdm`fs fstâl sumkredlbebs b f``bs, pufs fstâl fl oulgd÷l ef f``bs. Cby quf hbltflfr, fl gklsfguflgdb, gklsfgu flgdb, quf `ks sfltdeks y bpftdtks sflsdm`fs sflsdm`fs fxdstfl fl f` sfr cu hb lk lk ef hkek fltfrbhfltf dlefpfledfltf k but÷lkhk, sdlk fl oulgd÷l ef `b rbz÷l y vk`ultbe. @b hbyk r pbrtf e f pflsbekrfs edst edstdlauf, dlauf, ef hflks b hâs, fltr fltrff gubtrk arupks ef pktflgdbs cu hb lbs (quf lk gubtrk pktflgdb pktflgdbs), s), b sbm sbmfr: fr: `bs vfaftbtdvbs, `bs `kgkhktrdgfs, `bs `bs sfl sdtdvbs y `bs dltf`fgtd dltf`fgtdvbs9 vbs9 -

fl `bs sflsdt sflsdtdvbs dvbs f dltf` dltf`fgtd fgtdvbs vbs sf pu fe fl edstd edstdlaudr, laudr, eks aälf aälfrks: rks: gkalksgdtdvbs y tfleflgdb`fs9

 

fl `bs sflsdtdvbs sflsdtdvbs cby quf edstdlau dr fltrf gkalksg gkalksgdtdv dtdvbs bs sflsdm`fs y bpftd- 

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tdvbs sflsdm`fs9 ef` hdshk hkek, fl `bs dltf` dltf`fgtub`fs fgtub`fs cby quf edsgfrldr fltrf dltf`daflgdb   y vk`ultbe9

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efltrk ef `bs gkalks gkalksgdtd gdtdvbs vbs sflsd sflsdm`fs m`fs sf pu fe fl edstdlaudr, edstdlaudr, b su vfz, eks sumarupks: `ks sfltdeks fxtf fxtfrlks rlks y `ks dltfrlks9

 

edstdlgd÷l b `b gub` sdaufl tbhm däl eks tdpks ef bpftdtks sfls sflsdm` dm`fs: fs: f` bpf-   tdtk gklgupdsgdm`f y f` drbsgdm`f, tke tkek k f``k fl tfrh tfrhdlk`ka dlk`kaèb èb g`â g`âsdg sdgb. b.

@b g`bs g`bsdod dodgbg gbgd÷l d÷l ef `bs pktflgdbs y oulgdklfs cu h blb s qu f p bsb p kr trbedgdklb` (bulquf sf pk erèb ektbr ef bòbedeks), edstdlauf, e f hflks b hâs, `bs sdaudf sdaudflltfs: -

efltrk ef `bs vfaftbtdvbs trfs oulgdklfs oulgdklfs:: lutrdgd÷l, rfprkeuggd÷l y efsb-  rrk``k.

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tbgtk, k, austk, k`obtk, kèek y vdstb. fl `ks sfltdeks fxtfrlks, gdlgk obgu`tbefs: tbgt

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fl `ks dltfrlks, gubtrk: sflskrdk gkhúl k pfrgfpgd pfrgfpgd÷l ÷l sfl sdm`f, hfhkrdb, hfhkrdb, 

dhbadlbgd÷l y gkadtbtdvb (``bhbeb fstdhbtdvb fl `ks bldhb`fs). -

efl efltrk trk ef `bs bpftdtdv bs sflsdm` sflsdm`fs, fs, eks: bpftdtk gklgupdsgdm`f y bpftdtk  drbsgdm`f.

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fl `bs `kgkhktrdgfs lk suf`fl fstbm`fgfrs fstbm`fgfrsff edstdlgdklfs, bu bulq lquf uf skl pbtfltfs.

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pk r ú`tdhk, fl `bs dltf`fgtdvbs, eks: `b dltf`daflgdb y `b vk`ultbe.

7. Obgu`t Obgu`tbefs befs k pktflgdbs vfaf vfaftbtdv tbtdvbs bs Wd vdeb y b`hb skl fqudvb`flt fqudvb`fltfs, fs, `bs p`bltbs y ârmk`fs ârmk`fs tbh mdäl tdflfl b`hb b`hb.. @k quf pbsb fs quf sf trbtb ef ul b`hb pfg pfgu`db u`dbr, r, huy edstdltb -p kr dlofrdkr- ef `b sflsdm`f y sflsdm`f y,, pkr supufstk, quf `b cuh blb. @b vfaftbtd vfaftbtdvb vb fstâ gkl okrhbeb fxg fxg`u`usdvbhfltf pkr trfs oulgdklfs oulgdklfs:: lutrdgd÷l, rfprkeuggd÷l gf`u`br y efsbrrk``k. @b vdeb vfaftbtdvb fs u l hkvdhdfltk vdtb` quf trblsokrhb fl su prkpdb vdeb `k dlfrtf -lutrdgd÷l-, rfeup`dgb su prkpdb vdeb -rfprkeuggd÷l gf`u`br- y efsbrrk``bb su vdeb fspfgdb`dzâle rrk`` fspfgdb`dzâlek`b k`b fl eftfrh dlbebs oulgdklfs -efsbrrk``k-. Lk fs `b vdeb vfaftbtdvb ulb bggd÷l-rfbggd÷l gkhk `ks hkvdhdfltks oèsdgks, tb` gkhk sf eb, pkr fjfhp`k, fl f` dhpu`sk quf rfgdmf ulb pf`ktb ef tflds b` sfr ak`-

 

pfbeb pkr `b rbqu rbquftb ftb e ef` f` juabekr, sdlk ul ulbb dlgkrpkrbgd÷l ef `k fxtfrlk b sè sè,, trblsokrhâlek`k fl su s u prkp prkpdb db vdeb, y sbgblek e eff f``k hâs vdeb.

@bs oulgdklfs vfa vfaftbtdvbs ftbtdvbs skl `bs quf tdfl tdflfl fl pk r kmjft kmjftk k f` hdsh hdshk k gufrp gufrpk, k, sdflek ästf vdvdodgbek pkr f` b`hb b trbväs ef f``bs. Wf trbtb ef trfs oulgdklfs jfrârqudgbhfltf edstdltbs vdlgu`bebs fltrf sè pkr ulb lftb sumkredlbgd÷l ef `b dlofrdkr b `b supfrdkr.

7.2. Lutrdgd÷l

@b dlofrdkr ef `bs oulgdklfs vfaftbtdvbs fs `b lutrdgd÷l, b `b quf tbhmdäl sf ``bhb hftbm k`dsh k. G klsdstf klsdstf fl bs bsdh dh d`br b sè, b` prkpdk gufrp gufrpk, k, `k fxtfrlk pksdm`f ef sfr s fr bsdhd`bek. ^kr fsk lk rf rfspftb spftb `k ktrk fl su sf sfr, r, sdlk qu quff `k gbhmdb bhk`eâlek `k fl `b hfe deb quf p ufef b` hkek ef sfr pr prkpdk. kpdk. Fl fo fofg fgtk tk,, b` sf sfrr bsdhd`bek, `k dlkraâldgk fs trblsokrhbek, pkrquf pbsb b sfr kraâldgk, vdeb ef `b vde b e ef` f` sfr vdvk. @b lutrdgd÷ lut rdgd÷l l trbl trblsok sokrhb rhb `b èle èlek`f k`f e eff `k ooès èsdgk dgk.. Fs e efgd fgdr, r, pbrb quf f` b`dhfltk sf dlgkrpkrf b `b vdeb ef` sfr vdvk efmf efjbr ef sfr `b rfb`debe rfb`deb e dlfrtf k vdvb q quf uf fs fs.. @ks gkhpufstks quèhdg @ks quèhdgks, ks, pkr fjf fjfhp`k, hp`k, ef` sumsuf`k fl f` quf f` ârmk` cu culef lef sus rbègfs rbè gfs efjbl ef fstbr gkhk fstbmbl trbs bmskr bmskrmfr`k mfr`ks, s, y p pbsbl bsbl b dlgkrpkrbrsf b `b vdeb ef` vfaf vfaftb`9 tb`9 fl lufstrk gufrpk cby cdfrrk, pfrk lk fl `bs hdshbs gkledgdklf gkledgdklfss

quf fl `b rfb`debe oèsdgb, sdlk fl hfjkr edspksdgd÷l. @k quf frb hfrbhfltf dlfrtf cb pbsbek pbsbe k b fstbr vd vdvk. vk. @b hblzbl hblzblbb gkhdeb, pkr fjfhp`k, pkr u l f`fobltf ef efjb jb ef sfr `b lbturb`fzb vfaftb` quf frb pbrb trblsokrhbrsf fl `b prkpdb vdeb gkrp÷rfb ef` f`fobltf. Wdl fhmbrak, lk tkek sf bsdhd`b pkr daub` fl `b lutrdgd÷l. Befhâs, lk tkek tk ek sf bsdhd`b. ^kr fsk, `k quf skmrb sf fxpu`sb.

7.=. ]fprkeuggd÷l

@b rfprke uggd÷ l fs `b bgtdvd bgtdvdebe ebe hfedbltf `b gub` sf rfeu p`dgb u l krabldshk. Gkhk `ks vfaftb`fs y bldhb`fs fstâl ggbeb beb ul k ef f``ks fl ooulgd÷l ulgd÷l e eff `b fspfgd gdä, ä, ``bb rfprkeuggd÷l rfprkeug gd÷l fs f` hfedk p kr f` gub` fstks sfrfs sfrfs vdvks pfrvdv pfrvdvfl fl fl sus fspfgdf fspf gdfs, s, fs ef efgd gdr, r, f` hfe hfedk dk e ef` f` quf edspk lfl p brb pfrp ftubr sf fl f` tdfhpk. B edstdlgd÷l ef `b lutrdgd÷l, `b rfprkeu rfprkeuggd÷l ggd÷l rfs rfspf pftb tb `k ktrk gkhk ktrk, ktrk, lk gkhk b`dhfltk pbrb ulk. F` ktrk aflfrbek lk sf sumkredlb b ulk, gkhk fl f` gbsk ef` b`dhfltk b`dhfltk,, sdlk quf sf rrfspftb fspftb su rf`btdvb dlef pfl efl gdb, s u vdeb. Lk sf trbtb ef u lb vde b bds`beb, sdlk, sdlk, pk r bsè e efg fgdr dr,, ef ul b gk-vdeb, y  f``  f``k k tbltk fl `b rfprkeuggd÷l bsfxube bsf xube b gkhk fl `b sf sfxubeb. xubeb. Fl fofgtk fofgtk,, f` gkljultk ef `bs gä`u`bs ef ul krabldsh krabldshk k lk fs `b suhbtkrd suhbtkrdbb fxtrèlsfgb ef dledvdeuks dledvdeu ks q quf uf lbeb tflabl quf v vfr fr fltrf ssè, è, ssdlk dlk ul gklju gkljultk ltk uldtbrdk dltfrrf-

 

`bgdklbek kreflbebhfltf sfaúl ulb g`brb sumkredlbgd÷l ef `k dlofrdkr b `k supfrdkr. pfrdk r. @b okrhb vfaftbtdvb supf supfrdkr rdkr fl f` krabldsh krabldshk k vdvk fs f` sd sdstfhb stfhb lfrvdksk, pfrk ef ästf gbrfg gbrfgfl fl `ks vfaftb` vfaftb`fs. fs. B su vfz, `k dlofrdkr lbgf ef `k supfrdkr, tdflf b ästf gkhk gkhk b su od odl l y fs akmfrl akmfrlbek bek pk r ä` ä`.. ^kr su pbr pbrtf, tf, u ul l gkljultk ef bldhb`fs okrhbl okrhb l su fspfgdf fspfgdf99 ldlaul ldlaulk k fs bjflk k supf supfrdkr rdkr b f`` f``b, b, sd sdlk lk quf `b fspf fspfgdf gdf sf rfpbr  tf fltrf `ks dledvdeuks y tkeks fstâl fl oulgd÷l ef f``b.

7.7.

Efsbrrk``k

B` efsbrrk``k tbhm däl sf `f `f suf`f ``bhbr gkl ktrks l lkhmrfs: khmrfs: kltkaälfsds, frf-  gdhdfltk, ft ftg. g. F` efsbrrk``k k grfgdhdfltk fs `b oulgd÷ oulgd÷l l gfltrb` ef `b v deb vfaftbtdvb. tbtd vb. Fl sfltdek fstr fstrdgt dgtk, k, lk gklsdstf gklsdstf fl u l b uh fltk ef tbhbòk, fl sfr hâs b`tk, arufsk, ftg., ftg., sdlk qu f fs `b bggd÷l quf ``fvb b gbmk `b edstdl edstdlgd÷l gd÷l kraâld kraâldgb. gb. Ef` hbl tfldhdfl tk ef `ks ÷rablks rfspk lef `b lutrdgd÷l. lutrdgd÷l. Ef `b ookrhbgd÷l krhbgd÷l ef ktrks ef `b hdsh b èlek`f trbs `b hbe urbgd÷ l ef` prfgfefltf, `b rfpr rfprkeuggd÷l. keuggd÷l. Ef `b okrhbgd÷l ef edofrflgdbs fspfgèodgbs fl f` hdshk krabldshk sf kgupb f` grfgdhdfltk k efsbr efsbrrk``k. rk``k. @b lu lutrdgd÷ trdgd÷ l hbltdf hbltdflf lf `k quf cbmèb9 `b aflfrbgd÷l hbltdflf `k quf gklsdauf f` gr grfgd fgdhdflt hdfltk. k. H bltflfr f` pbsb ek fs dlofrdkr -tbhrfprkeug-  mdäl kraâldgbhfltf- b okrhbr f` outurk. ^kr fsk, `b lutrdgd÷l y `b rfprkeuggd÷l fstâl fl oulgd÷l ef` efsbrrk``k.

 }  

F` gr grfgdhdfltk fgdhdfltk sdaldo sdaldodgb dgb quf b pb pbrtdr rtdr e f `b fhmrdkaälfsds fh mrdkaälfsds (grfg (grfgdhdfltk dhdfltk edofrfledofrflgdbek) `bs gä`u`bs vdvbs quf sf hu`tdp`dgbl sf fspfgdodgbl ef hkek edvfrs edvfrsk kb pfsbr ef quf tkebs f` f``bs `bs aubre fl `b h hdshb dshb dlokrhbgd÷l fl f` g÷ g÷edak edak aflätd aflätdgk. gk. Bsè, b` grfgfr, ulbs dlcdmfl ulb pbrtf ef `b dlokrhbgd÷l ef` g÷edak aflätdgk y bgtdvbl ktrb. ktrb. Ktrbs, pkr su pbrtf, dlcdmfl y bgtdvbl pbrtfs edstdl edstdltbs. tbs. Ef fsf hkek gkltbhks gkl gä`u` gä`u`bs bs fspfgèod fspfgèodgbs gbs pbrb edvfrsb edvfrsbss oulgdklfs oulgdklfs:: ÷sfbs ÷sfbs,, husgu`brfs, lfrvdksbs, ef `b pdf`, pdf`, ef` p f`k ..., y bsè cbstb hâ hâss ef e f 1> md``klfs ef gä`u` gä`u`bs. bs.

»Wf edstdlaufl `bs oulgdklfs vfaftbtdvbs fl f` ckhmrf rfspfgtk ef `ks bldhb`fs; Efsef ul pu ltk ef vdstb md mdk`÷ k`÷adg adgk, k, sf ebl s÷` s÷`k k edofrflgd edofrflgdbs bs ef arbek, lk rbedgb`fs, b`aulbs vbrdbltfs fl fl f` g÷edak aflätdgk cuhblk gkhpbrbek gkl f` ef b`aulks bldhb`fs. @b krabldzbgd÷l ef `bs oulgdklfs vfaftbtdvbs ef` gufrpk cuhblk, fsk sè, fs hâs gkhp`dgbeb quf fl `ks bldhb`fs, pkr edvfrsdodgbgd÷l gf`u`br. Efsef `b pfrspfgtdv b ef `b bltrkpk`k bltrk pk`kaèb aèb od`ks od`ks÷o ÷odgb dgb,, sdl fhmbrak, sf pu fe feff gklkgfr quf `ks bldhb`fs fstâl fl oulgd÷l ef `b fspfgdf hdfltrbs quf fl f` ckhmrf sugfef `k gkltrbrdk, b sbmfr, sbmfr, quf gbe b ckh mrf sb`tb pkr pk r flgdh flgdhbb ef `k fs fspfgè pfgèodod-

 

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gk, ef hkek gk, hke k quf fstk ú`tdhk fstâ sumkr su mkredlb edlb ek b `k pfrsklb`. Fl `ks bldhb`fs bldhb `fs `b lutrdgd÷l y f` efsbrrk``k efsbrrk``k fstâl fl oulgd÷l ef `b rfprkeuggd÷l, rfprkeuggd÷l, h dfltrbs quf fl f` sfr sfr cuhbl k tkek fstâ fl oulgd÷l ef` efsbrrk``k. efsbrrk ``k. T fsk fs fs ulb edstdlgd÷l rbedgb`, lk s÷`k ef arbek. ^kr fsk f` ckhmrf lk tfrhdlb ef efsbrrk``brsf lulgb, hdfltrbs quf f` bldhb` fstâ efsbrrk``bek gublek yb cb b`gblzbek `b hbeurfz, bsultk skrprflefl tfhfl tf râpde k fl `b hbykrèb ef `bs fspf fspfgd gdfs. fs. Fl f` ckhmrf sdfhprf gbmfl u`tfrdkrfs efsbrrk``ks, pufs lk fstâ gfrrbek mdk`÷adgbhfltf jbhâs. ^kr fjfhp`k, b `b vfjfz, b ul sfòkr `f pufef ebr pkr pdltbr, y pbrb ``fvbr b gbmk tb` bgtdvdebe efmf efsbrrk``br fl `ks efeks ef sus hblks ulb cbmd`debe ef `b quf bltfs gbrf gbrfgèb gèb,, `k gub` supklf mdk` mdk`÷adgbhfltf ÷adgbhfltf ul efsbrrk``k y fspfgdodgbgd÷l gf`u`br eftfrhdlbeb.

5. @ks sfltdeks fxtfrlks fxtf rlks

@k pfgu`dbr ef `b vdeb vfaftbtdvb, vf aftbtdvb, efgèbhks, fstrdmb fl quf b` rf`bgdklbrsf rf`bgdklbrsf gkl f` hfedk fxtfrlk `k gbhmdb gbhmdb bpkefrâl eksf ef ä` y trblsokrhâlek`k fl su prkpdb vdeb. B` gkhfr gkhfr ulb hflfstrb, pkr fjfhp fjfhp`k, `k, ästb ef efjb jb ef sfr `k quf frb pb rb pbs pbsbr br b sfr pbrtf ef lufstrb lu fstrb lbturb lbturb`fzb `fzb kraâldg kraâldgb. b.

Fl gbhmdk, sfltdr lk b`tfrb b `tfrb `bs rfb`debefs rfb`deb efs fxtfrlbs sdlk bgkaf (pksff) (pksff) b`ak okrokr-

hb ` (lk hbtfrdb`) ef `b rfb`debe. rfb`debe. B` vfr ulb hfsb, pkr fjfhp`k, fjfhp`k, `ks `ks gkhpufstks hbtfrdb`fs ef `b hfsb, `b hbefrb hbefrb,, f` cdfrrk, ftg., ftg., lk fstâl h btfrdb`h fltf, p pkr kr suf sufrtf, rtf, fl f` kjk kjk.. @k quf fstâ fl f` bgtk ef vfr, fs `b okrh  okrhb b ef `b hfsb sdl `b hbtfrdb ef f``b.

@ks sfltdeks fxtfrlks skl bquf``bs obgu`tbefs sflsdm`fs quf befhâs ef vdvèodgbr b su prkpdk ÷rablk gkrp÷rfk, pfrhdtfl gklkgfr ef hkek sflsdm`f `bs rfb`debefs oèsdgbs pbrtdgu`brfs quf fstâl prfsfltfs. @ks sfltdeks fxtfrlks skl gdlgk, sfaú l `b trbedgdklb` @ks trbedgdkl b` g`bsdod g`bsdodgbgd gbgd÷l ÷l (bulquf (bulq uf sf pkerèb ektbr ef bòbedeks), fl btflgd÷l b `ks edvfrsks bgtks ef f``ks, y b `ks edvfrsks kmjftks kmjftks gklkgdeks pk r edgcks bg bgtks tks:: tbgt tbgtk, k, austk, k`obtk, kè kèek ek y vdstb. ^brb sfltdr, sfltdr, bpbrtf bpb rtf ef `b dlhutbgd÷l oèsd oèsdgb gb ef` ÷rablk pk r pbrtf ef `b rfb`debe oèsdgb, sf rfqudfrf ulb bgtdvbgd÷l dlhbtfrdb` ef `b pktflgdb. Wdl f``k lk cbmrèb gklkgdhdfltk, b` daub` daub ` quf lk tdflfl gklkgdhdfltk `bs pdfe rbs k `ks vfaftb`fs. vfaftb`fs. Fl `ks sfltdeks fxtfrlks sf pufefl edofrflgdbr eks arupks: b) `ks dlofrdkrfs: tbgtk, austk y k`obtk. Gklkgfl `b rfb`debe oèsdgb huy pfabeks b f``b. Wu skpkrtf kraâldgk lfgfsdtb sfr dlhutbek (tkgbek) pkr f`fhfltks oèsdgks.

 

m) `ks supfrdk rfs: kèek y vdstb. vdstb. Gklkgfl hâs "b edstblgdb", hâs okrhb`hfltf, fs efgdr efgdr,, sdl sfr tb l bofgtbeks ffl l su mbsf gkrp÷rfb pk pkrr `b rfb`debe rfb `debe oèsd oèsdgb gb ef` km jftk  jft k sfls sf lsdm dm`f `f (`fs bofgt bo fgtbb `b ` b `uz, `u z, `bs k l e b s sk sklk lkrb rbs). s). »Fl quf lks edofr edofrflgdbhks flgdbhks ef `ks bldhb`fs fl f` ldvf` ef `ks sfltdeks fxtfr fxtfrlks; lks; ^kr ulb p brtf lk tkeks `ks bldhb`fs prfsfl tbl tkeks `ks sfltdeks fxtfr fxtfrlks. lks. @ks @ks bldhb`fs hâs efsbrrk``beks prfsfltbl `ks gdlgk sfltdeks, pfrk fl prkpkrgdklfs gkalksgdtdvbs gkalksgdtdvbs hu y edvfrsbs. Cby bldhb`fs quf tdflf ulb jfrbrquèb edvfrsb b `b cuhblb9 pkr fjfhp`k, fl f` gbsk ef `ks rkfekrfs tdflfl f` k`obtk hâs efsbrrk``bek quf `b vdstb. @bs bvfs, pkr fjfhp` fjf hp`k, k, tdflfl ulb vdstb hugck hâs baueb ba ueb quf `b cuhblb, pfrk gkl ul gbhpk vdsub` hflks bhp`dk, bpflbs tdflfl k`obtk k`obtk,, ftg. ftg.

Fl f` ckhmrf sf ebl tk eks `ks sfltdeks sfltdeks fxtfrlks, fxtfrlks, y sf ebl hâs efsbrrk` efsbrrk``beks `beks `ks supfrdkrfs quf `ks dlofrdkrfs, pfrk aubreblek ulb gdfrtb prkpkrgd÷l, ef hkek quf f` gkljultk ef `k gbptbek fl `b sflsdmd`debe fxtfrlb rfsu`tb hâs brh÷ldgk y fqud`dmrbek, fqud`dmrbek, y h uy bhp`d bhp`dk. k.

6. @ks sfltdeks dltfrl dltfrlks ks

B` gklkgdhdfltk sflsdm`f quf pfrhdtfl `ks sfltdeks fxtfrlks sdauf f` ef `ks sfltdeks dltfrlks, quf gbptbl, k mdfl `ks bgtks ef lufstrks sfltdeks (sflskrdk gkhúl), k mdfl rftdflfl km jftks gklkgdeks pk r `b sflsdmd`debe fxtfrlb (hfhk-

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