Selección de Fusibles - Tesis

 

\EHSLR^HMJM J\]ÞEIGJ ML E\LSI ALÞE CJN\A]JM CJN\A]J M ML HEKLEHLRÇJ HEKLEHLRÇJ GLNÊEHNJ X LAÈN]RHNJ MHSH^HÞE ML L^]\MHI^ ML TI^KRJMI

RLSH^HÞE RLSH^H ÞE ML AJ ]J ]JBA BA J ML C\^HBAL^ X ML AI^ NRH]LRHI^ ML ^LALNNHÞE, TJRJ AJ TRI]LNNHÞE TRI]LNNHÞE ML BJENI^ ML ]RJE^CIRGJMIRL^ ]RJE^CIRGJMIR L^ LE A AJ^ J^ RLML^ ML MH^]RHB\NHÞ MH^]RHB\NHÞE E JÈRLJ^

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HEK. LERHZ\ LERHZ\L L A\H^ NLRSJE]L^ FJRJGHAA FJRJ GHAAI I HEK. JRH^]Þ]LAL^ JRH^]Þ]LAL^ GIE]LELKRI GIE]LELKRI JSJAI^ JSJA I^ H

RLTIR]L RLTIR] L CHEJA

LE ITNHÞE ITNHÞE JA KRJMI ML AJ A J L^TLNHJAHMJM L^TLNHJAHMJ M LE TRI]L TRI]LNNHÞE NNHÞE ML ^H^]LGJ^ LAÈN]RHNI^ ML TI]LENHJ   ^JE EHNIAÊ^ ML AI^ A I^ KJRVJ, E\LSI ALÞE J 28 ML F\A F\AHI HI ML 24 244< 4<

 

\EHSLR^HMJM J\]ÞEIGJ ML E\LSI ALÞE CJN\A]JM CJN\A]J M ML HEKLEHLRÇJ HEKLEHLRÇJ GLNÊEHNJ X LAÈN]RHNJ

MHSH^HÞE ML L^]\MHI^ ML TI^KRJMI

RLSH^HÞE RLSH^H ÞE ML AJ ]J ]JBA BA J ML C\^HBAL^ X ML AI^ NRH]LRHI^ ML ^LALNNHÞE, TJRJ AJ TRI]LNNHÞE TRI]LNNHÞE ML BJENI^ ML ]RJE^CIRGJMIRL^ ]RJE^CIRGJMIR L^ LE A AJ^ J^ RLML^ ML MH^]RH MH^]RHB\NHÞE B\NHÞE JÈRLJ^

TIR

HEK. LERHZ\ LERHZ\L L A\H^ NLRSJE]L^ FJRJGHAA FJRJ GHAAI I HEK. JRH^]I]LAL^ JRH^]I]LAL^ GIE]LELKRI GIE]LELKRI JSJAI^ JSJA I^ RLTIR]L RLTIR] L CHEJA

LE ITNHÞE ITNHÞE JA KRJMI ML AJ A J L^TLNHJAHMJM L^TLNHJAHMJ M LE TRI]L TRI]LNNHÞE NNHÞE ML ^H^]LGJ^ LAÈN]RHNI^ ML TI]LENHJ   ^JE EHNIAÊ^ ML AI^ A I^ KJRVJ, E\LSI ALÞE J 28 ML F\A F\AHI HI ML 24 244< 4<

 

 

\.^.J. :004 He it`lr jppahn jppahn jthies cir pjtlets gjml by gl, H `jvl s`iwe j sjclty sjclty mlvhnl cir prlvlethek je jbeirgja jbeirgja caiw ic nurrlet t`riuk` jey brjen` ic j nhrnuht. ]`hs sjclty mlvhnl mlvhnl niesh sts ic j phlnl ic vlry sgjaa niemuntir hetlrpislm he t`l gjhe niemunti rs ic j `iusl. ]`hs sgjaa niemuntir `js sun` mlkrll ic niemunthvhty js ti rljmhay rljmhay jaaiw cir t `l pjssjkl ic t`l jgiuet ic nurrlet mlshkejtlm cir hts pjrthnuajr brjen`, but ei girl. Hc cir jey rljsie w`jtlvlr je jbeirgja jgiuet ic nurrlet hs mhvlrtlm t`riuk` t`l brjen`, t`l sgjaa sjclty whrl blnigls `ljtlm jem glats jwjy, brljohek t`l ivlraijm nhrnuht.

]`igjs J. 22;223 Lmhsie Tjtlet Ei. Gj =, :00 004 4

 

 

 

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HE]RIM\NNHÞE

ML^NRHTNHÞE MLA TRIBALGJ. TRIBA LGJ. Mlsml la hehnhi ml aj mhstrhbunhþe ml aj lelrkçj laèntrhnj le la guemi, aj

nuja sl aalvþ j njbi le aj nhumjm ml ^je Crjenhsni, Njahcirehj, L.\.J., le la júi ml :0;8? aj pritlnnhþe ml ajs hestjajnhiels laèntrhnjs glmhjetl cushbals `j shmi uej prênthnj klelrja jmiptjmj pir ajs lgprlsjs ml sughehstri laèntrhni mlbhmi j su shgpahnhmjm, lnieigçj, njrjntlrçsthnjs ml rêphmj rlspulstj y njrlenhj ml gjetlehghleti. gjetlehghle ti. Aj jpahnjnhþe ml cushbals `j shmi hetleshvj sibrltim sibrltimii le la njsi ml aj pritlnnhþe ml ais bjenis ml trjescirgjmirls hestjajmis le ajs rlmls ml mhstrhbunhþe ml glmhj tleshþe, mjmj aj krje njethmjm y shghahtum ml ajs hestjajnhiels qul sie elnlsjrhjs ml pritlklr? jsç nigi tjgbhèe ml ajs göathpals vletjfjs qul rlprlsletj su usi, pir ai qul mlsml `jnl gun`is júis njsh timjs ajs lgprlsjs ml sughehstri laèntrhni `je eirgjahzjmi aj slalnnhþe mla thpi y aj njpjnhmjm ml ais cushbals lgpaljmis pjrj aj pritlnnhþe ml ais bjenis ml trjescirgjmirls ml glmhj tleshþe, glmhjetl aj hgpajetjnhþe mla usi ml ‑]jbajs ml Cushbals‗, ajs nujals `je shmi mlsjrriaajmjs yj slj pir la cjbrhnjetl ml ais lquhpis, la cjbrhnjetl ml ais cushbals? i le aj gjyirçj ml ais njsis, pir aj priphj lgprlsj ml sughehstri laèntrhni. Letrl ajs prhenhpjals vletjfjs qul rlprlsletj la usi ml ‑]jbajs ml Cushbals‗ sibrlsjale ajs shkuhletls6 j)

Lstjemjrhzjnhþe Lstjemjrhzjnhþe ml ais nrhtlrhis ml pritlnnhþe pritlnnhþe..

b)

Mhsgheun Mhsgheunhþe hþe mla eöglri y thpi ml ais cushbals j lgpaljr.

 

 

n)

2

Mhsgheunhþe mla eöglri ml cushbals mjújmis pir gjaj slalnnhþe mla cushbal.

m)

Mhsgheunhþe mla eöglri ml trjescirgjm trjescirgjmirls irls mjújmis pir gjaj slalnnhþe mla cushbal.

l)

^hgpahchnjnhþe ^hgpahch njnhþe mla trjbjfi mla plrsieja ml njgpi lenjrkjmi ml aj hestjajnhþe cushbals eulvis, i ml aj rlpishnhþe ml ais cushbals mjújmis.

c)

Glfirj ml aj niechjbhahmjm mla slrvhnhi le la ehvla ml bjfj tleshþe, mlbhmi j aj mhsgheunhþe mla eöglri ml hetlrrupnhiels privinjmjs pir cushbals mjújmis pir uej slalnnhþe hejmlnujmj, jsç nigi tjgbhèe ml ajs hetlrrupnhiels privinjmjs pir trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe mjújmis pir aj ghsgj njusj.

:.2

IBFL]HSI. La ibflthvi mla prlsletl Rlpirtl Cheja ls mlsjrriaajr uej rlvhshþe ml aj

‑]jbaj ml Cushbals‗ y ml ais Nrhtlrhis ml ^lalnnhþe jntujagletl jntujagletl le jpahnjnhþe le aj Mhvhshþe ml Mhstrhbunhþe Kiaci Eirtl (MMKE), ml aj Nighshþe Clmlrja ml Lalntrhnhmjm (NCL), pjrj aj pritlnnhþe ml ais bjenis ml trjescirgjmirls le ajs rlmls ml mhstrhbunhþe jèrljs ml glmhj tleshþe? y le njsi ml lenietrjr mhsnrlpjenhjs

i

glfirjs,

pripielr

sus

njgbhis

i

jmlnujnhiels.

Jmhnhiejagletl, aj henaushþe nigi pjrtl ml lstl Rlpirtl Cheja ml aj rlniphajnhþe, lxtrjnti y trjmunnhþe ml aj hecirgjnhþe niesuatjmj, slrvhrê nigi ue minugleti ml jpiyi pjrj nigprlemlr ais nienlptis, nrhtlrhis y ahghtjnhiels le qul lstê bjsjmi la mlsjrriaai y aj jpahnjnhþe ml uej ‑]jbaj ml Cushbals‗.

:.>

F\^]HCHNJNHÞE. Ei ibstjetl qul la lstjbalnhghleti y aj jpahnjnhþe ml lstj piaçthnj mla

usi ml ‑]jbajs ml Cushbals‗ pjrj aj pritlnnhþe ml trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe le ajs rlmls jèrljs ml glmhj tleshþe als `j pripirnhiejmi lxnlaletls rlsuatjmis j ajs lgprlsjs sughehstrjmirjs ml lelrkçj laèntrhnj, ls elnlsjrhi lclntujr su rlvhshþe y jntujahzjnhþe nie uej plrhimhnhmjm jmlnujmj ml ja gleis njmj trls i nheni júis? yj qul gjetlehèemiajs hegutjbals mlsml

 

 

>

su nrljnhþe, i bhle murjetl ajrkis plrçimis ml thlgpi, pumhlsle le jakueis njsis ei slr ajs hmþeljs mlbhmi j jakuej i vjrhjs ml ajs shkuhletls njusjs6 j)

La usi ml trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunh mhstrhbunhþe þe cjbrhnjmis nie gjtlrhjals ml njrjntlrçsthnjs y priphlmjmls mhclrletls, tjeti le la jhsajghleti nigi le la eönali.

b)

La mlsjrriaai ml eulvis thpis y njpjnhmjmls ml cushbals nie glfirls njrjntlrçsthnjs ml nigpirtjghleti y pritlnnhþe.

n)

Aj gimhchnjnhþe u ipthghzjnhþe ml ais mhslúis ml ais trjescirgjmirls, trjescirgjmirls, lclntujmis yj slj pir ais cjbrhnjetls nie la pripþshti ml glfirjr su lnieigçj y nigplththvhmjm? i bhle, mlbhmi j aj gimhchnjnhþe ml ajs lsplnhchnjnhiels lclntujmjs lclntujmjs pir ajs ghsgjs lgprlsjs sughehstrjmirjs. sughehstrjmirjs.

m)

Aj gimhchnjnhþe gimhchnjn hþe ml ajs eirgjs i ml ais nrhtlrhis pjrj aj pritlnnhþe ml ais lquhpis, yj slje ml ejturjalzj priphj ml aj lgprlsj sughehstrjmirj, i ml irkjehsgis kublrejgletjals i hetlrejnhiejals.

l)

La njgbhi ml ais nrhtlrhis pjrj aj njrkj hehnhja y aj sibrlnjrkj ml ais trjescirgjmirls trjescirgjm irls ml mhstrhbunhþe.

c)

La njgbhi mla thpi y nigpirtjghleti nigpirtjghleti ml aj njrkj ml ais usujrhis (usi ml nigputjmirjs, nigputjmirj s, aêgpjrjs cauirlsnletl cauirlsnletls, s, `ireis ml ghnriiemjs, ltn.).

k)

La rlqulrhghlet rlqulrhghleti i pir pjrtl ml ais usujrhis ml uej gjyir nietheuhmjm y njahmjm mla slrvhnhi, sibrltimi le la njsi ml hetlrrupnhiels i jbjthghletis ml aj tleshþe mlbhmis j cjaajs gigletêeljs (gleirls ml ue gheuti le la njsi ml aj NCL).

`)

Aj pèrmhmj i la mlsnieinhghl mlsnieinhghleti eti ml ais nrhtlrhis glmhjetl ais nujals culrie lajbirjmjs ajs ‑]jbajs ml Cushbals‗ le jpahnjnhþe. Ja >: ml mhnhlgbrl ml 244=, aj Mhvhshþe ml Mhstrhbunhþe Kiaci Eirtl, ml aj

Nighshþe Clmlrja ml Lalntrhnhmjm, tleçj hestjajmis le sus rlmls ml mhstrhbunhþe ml glmhj tleshþe ue titja ml ::< 02; trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe, nie uej njpjnhmjm titja ml = =20 =2> oSJ? glmhjetl ais nujals als pripirnhiejbj la

 

 

=

slrvhnhi ml lelrkçj laèntrhnj le bjfj tleshþe j 2 : :8; usujrhis rlshmlenhjals y niglrnhjals. Tir nuyi githvi, sl nieshmlrþ nievlehletl lclntujr nigi Rlpirtl Cheja ml aj lsplnhjahmjm ml Tritlnnhþe ml ^hstlgjs ml Titlenhj, aj rlvhshþe ml aj ‑]jbaj ml Cushbals‗ y ml ais Nrhtlrhis ml ^lalnnhþe jntujagletl jntujagletl le jpahnjnhþe pir aj Mhvhshþe ml Mhstrhbunhþe Kiaci Eirtl, pjrj aj pritlnnhþe ml ais bjenis ml trjescirgjmirls le ajs rlmls ml mhstrhbunhþe jèrljs, mjmj aj gjkehtum l hgpirtjenhj ml lstjs hestjajnhiels, jsç nigi tjgbhèe ml ajs rlplrnushiels lnieþghnjs tjeti `jnhj aj lgprlsj nigi tjgbhèe `jnhj ais usujrhis qul hgpahnj su bule cuenhiejghleti? jmlgês ml qul `jnl gês ml nheni júis qul ei sl `j aalvjmi j njbi uej rlvhshþe ml aj ‑]jbaj ml Cushbals‗ jntujagletl le usi.

:.=

GL]IMIAIKÇJ.

Aj gltimiaikçj lgpaljmj pjrj aalvjr j njbi aj rlvhshþe ml aj ‑]jbaj ml Cushbals‗ jntujagletl le usi pir aj Mhvhshþe Kiaci Eirtl, pjrj aj pritlnnhþe ml sus bjenis ml trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe jèrlis ml glmhj tleshþe, slrê aj shkuhletl6 j)

Jeêahshs ml ais rlqulrh rlqulrhghletis, ghletis, nrhtlrhis y eirgjs jpahnjbals pjrj aj pritlnnhþe ml ais trjescirgjmirls trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe jèrlis.

b)

Jeêahshs ml ais thpis ml cushbal cushbalss le usi i mhspiehbals le la glrnjmi pjrj aj pritlnnhþe ml ais trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe jèrlis.

n)

Jeêahshs ml ajs vletjfjs y mlsvletjfjs ml aj ‑]jbaj ml Cushbals‗ pjrj aj pritlnnhþe ml ais trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe jèrlis, jntujagletl le usi pir aj Mhvhshþe ml Mhstrhbunhþe Kiaci Eirtl.

m)

Tripulstj ml uej eulvj ‑]jbaj ml Cushbals‗ pjrj aj pritlnnhþe ml ais trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe jèrlis le aj Mhvhshþe ml mhstrhbunhþe Kiaci Eirtl, sibrl aj bjsl ml itris nrhtlrhis ml pritlnnhþe i mla usi ml itris thpis i njpjnhmjm njpjnhmjmls ls ml cushbals.

 

 

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RLNITHAJNHÞE RLNITHAJ NHÞE ML A J HECIRGJNHÞE. Aj hecirgjnhþe prhenhpja j rlniphajr slrê aj shkuhletl y slrê ibtlehmj ml

culetls ml aj Nighshþe Clmlrja ml Lalntrhnhmjm (NCL), mla Hesthtutl ic Lalntrhnja jem Lalntriehns Lekhellrs (HLLL), mla Jglrhnje Ejthieja ^tjemjrm Hesthtutl (JE^H), ml aj Ejthieja Lalntrhn Gjeucjnturhek Hesthtutl (ELGJ)? y ml ais cjbrhnjetls ml cushbals Lalgletis Laèntrhnis, ^.J. ml N.S., Nirpirjthvi Jmrhêe, ^.J. ml N.S., ^&N Lalntrhn Nigpjey, Niiplr Tiwlr ^ystlgs y @ubblaa/N`jenl Tiwlr ^ystlgs, Hen6 j)

Bjenis ml ]rjescirgjnhþe6  

•

Nielxhiels lgpaljmjs6  

Mlatj/lst Mlatj/lstrlaaj rlaaj jtlrrhzjmj.

 

Mlatj jbhlrtj/mlatj jbhlrtj jtlrrhzjmj.

 

Lstrlaaj henigpaltj/ henigpaltj/lstrlaaj lstrlaaj henigpaltj jtlrrhzjmj.

 

Itrjs.

−

−

−

−

b)

]rjescirgjmirls6  

Rlajnhiels ml trjescirgjnhþ trjescirgjnhþe. e.

 

Njpjnhmjmls.

 

Hgplmjenhjs.

 

Rlajnhþe ml pèrmhmjs.

 

]hpi ml niestrunnhþe ml trjescirgjm trjescirgjmirls irls gieicêshnis. gieicêshnis.

 

^ibrlnjrkj gêxhgj.

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•

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n)

]jbaj ml Cushbals le \si6  

Nietlehmj le ajs Eirgjs ml Niestrunnhþe ml Rlmls Jèrljs.

 

Tjrthnuaj Tjrthnuajrr ml aj MMKE.

•

•

m)

Cushbals ml Tritlnnhþe ml Bjenis ml ]rjescirgj ]rjescirgjnhþe6 nhþe6  

Gjrnjs.

 

]hpis.

 

Njpjnhmjmls.

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•

 

Nurvjs gçehgj ml cushþe y gêxhgj ml jplrturj jplrturj..

 

 

l)

3

Ainjahzjnhþe ml Jpjrtjrr Jpjrtjrrjyis6 jyis6  

•

c)

Ehvlals ml Nirti Nhrnuhti le Bjrrjs ml ^ublstjnhiels ml Glmhj ]leshþe6  

Nirti nhrnuhti trhcêshni y gieicêshni gêxhgi ml sublstjnhþe

 

urbjej. Nirti nhrnuhti trhcêshni y gieicêshni gçehgi ml sublstjnhþe urbjej.

 

Nirti nhrnuhti trhcêshni y gieicêshni gêxhgi ml sublstjnhþe rurja.

 

Nirti nhrnuhti trhcêshni y gieicêshni gçehgi ml sublstjnhþe rurja.

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k)

Tritlnnhþe Tritlnn hþe ml ais Jahgletjmirls le aj ^ublstjnhþe ^ublstjnhþe66  

Jfustl mla mhspjri hestjetêeli.

 

Jfustl mla mhspjri ml thlgpi.

 

]hpi ml nurvj ml thlgpi.

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•

•

   

•

`)

Ajmi culetl i ajmi njrkj ml ais nirtjnhrnu nirtjnhrnuhtis htis cushbals cushbals..

Rlajnhþe ml trjescirgjmirls ml nirrhletl. Eöglri ml rlnhlrrls l hetlrvjais letrl rlnhlrrls.

Tritlnnhþe mla Nhrnuhti mla Glmhj ]leshþe le aj Rlm6  

•

Njpjnhmjmls y thpi ml ais cushbals le ais rjgjals prhenhpjals urbjeis.

 

•

Njpjnhmjmls y thpi ml ais cushbals le ais rjgjals prhenhpjals rurjals

 

Njpjnhmjmls y thpi ml ais cushbals le ais rjgjals slnuemjrhis

 

urbjeis. Njpjnhmjmls y thpi ml ais cushbals le ais rjgjals slnuemjrhis

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•

rurjals. h)

Njrjntlrçsthnjs mla Nhrnuhti Trhgjrhi6  

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Aiekhtum gêxhgj, thpi ml niemuntir y njahbrl gçehgi ml aj trienja urbjej.

 

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Aiekhtum gêxhgj, thpi ml niemuntir y njahbrl gçehgi ml aj trienja rurja.

 

 

;

 

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Aiekhtum gêxhgj, thpi ml niemuntir y njahbrl gçehgi mla rjgja prhenhpja urbjei.

 

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Aiekhtum gêxhgj, thpi ml niemuntir y njahbrl gçehgi mla rjgja prhenhpja rurja.

 

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Aiekhtum gêxhgj, thpi ml niemuntir y njahbrl gçehgi mla rjgja slnuemjrhi urbjei.

 

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Aiekhtum gêxhgj, thpi ml niemuntir y njahbrl gçehgi mla rjgja prhenhpja rurja.

 f)

Tritlnnhþe mla ^lnuemjrhi llee la Bjeni ml ]rjescir ]rjescirgjnhþe6 gjnhþe6  

Tiaçthnj ml uthahzjnhþe.

 

]hpi ml pritlnnhþe.

 

Jfustls.

 

Eöglri ml rlnhlrrls l hetlrvjais letrl rlnhlrrls.

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o)

Njrjntlrçsthnjs mla Nhrnuhti ^lnuemjrhi6  

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Aiekhtum gêxhgj, thpi ml niemuntir y njahbrl gçehgi ml aj trienja urbjej.

 

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Aiekhtum gêxhgj, thpi ml niemuntir y njahbrl gçehgi ml aj trienja rurja.

 

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Aiekhtum gêxhgj, thpi ml niemuntir y njahbrl gçehgi mla rjgja urbjei.

 

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a)

Aiekhtum gêxhgj, thpi ml niemuntir y njahbrl gçehgi mla rjgja rurja

Lxplrhlenhjs ml Iplrjnhþe6  

•

Tèrmhmj ml niirmhejnhþe le trjescirgjmirl trjescirgjmirlss prþxhgis j aj sublstjnhþe.

 

Cushbals cuemhmis pir sibrlnjrkjs.

 

Cushbals cuemhmis pir nirrhletls ml jvjajen`j (gjkelthzjnhþe, (gjkelthzjnhþe,

•

•

njrkj crçj i njrkj njahletl).  

Cushbals cuemhmis pir mlsnjrkjs jtgiscèrhnjs.

 

]rjescirgj ]rjescirgjmirls mirls mjújmis pir sibrlnjrkjs. sibrlnjrkjs .

 

]rjescirgj ]rjescirgjmirls mirls mjújmis pir mlsnjrkjs jtgiscèrhnjs. jtgiscèrhnj s.

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0

 

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]rjescirgjmir ]rjescirgjmirls ls mjújmis pir jatjs nirrhletls ml nirti nhrnuhti slnuemjrhi.

 

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]rjescirgjmir ]rjescirgjmirls ls mjújmis pir bjfjs nirrhletls ml nirti nhrnuhti slnuemjrhi.

 

Jatj rlpishnhþe ml cushbals she mjúi jpjrletl jpjrletl..

 

Hmielhmjm ml aj ]jbaj ml Cushbals le usi.

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g)

Eulvjs Tiaçthnjs j Hgpalgletjr Hgpalgletjr le la Nirti Tajzi6  

Njgbhi mla thpi ml cushbal le usi.

 

Hestjajn Hestjajnhþe hþe mla jpjrtjrrjyi le la ajmi njrkj mla nirtjnhrnuhti nirtjnhrn uhti cushbal

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y prþxhgi j aj biquhaaj mla trjescirgjmir.  

Cushbals le la slnuemjrhi mla trjescirgjmir.

 

Tritlnnhþe slnuemjrhj hetlrej le la trjescirgjmir. trjescirgjmir.

 

Tritlnn Tritlnnhþe hþe slnuemjrhj lxtlrej le la trjescirgjmir.

 

Itrjs.

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e)

Minugletjnhþe Minugletjn hþe Rlqulrhmj6  

Eirgj ml Niestrunn Niestrunnhþe hþe ml Rlmls Jèrljs jntujahzjmj.

 

Eirgj ml ]rjescirgjm ]rjescirgjmirls irls jntujahzjmj (O4444).

 

JE^H ^tjemrjrm N>;.=3, ^plnhchnjthie ^plnhchnjthiess cir Tiwlr Cusls jem Cusl

•

•

•

Mhsnieelnthek ^whtn`ls.  

•

JE^H ^tjemjrm N;.8:-:8;2

Kuhml

cir

Tritlnthvl

Rlajy

Jppahnjthies ti Tiwlr ]rjescirglrs.  

•

HLLL N Kuhml cir Ahquhm Hgglrslm ]rjescirglr ]`riuk`-Cjuat Nurrlet Murjthie.

 

•

Nurvjs gçehgjs ml cushþe y gêxhgj ml jplrturj ml ajs gjrnjs y thpis ml ais cushbals le usi.

 

•

i)

@ifjs ml niirmhejnhþ niirmhejnhþe. e.

Hemhnjnhiels i ^uklrlenhj ^uklrlenhjss pjrj Aalvjr j Njbi la Lstumhi.

 

 

2

8

NRH]LRHI^ NRH]LRHI^ TJRJ AJ TRI]LNN TRI]LNNHÞE HÞE ML ]RJE^CIRGJMIRL^ ML MH^]RHB\NHÞE  JÈRLI^  JÈR LI^

2.:

HE]RIM\NNHÞE. Aj

pritlnnhþe

ml

ais

trjescirgjmirls

ml

mhstrhbunhþe

jèrlis

klelrjagletl klelrjagl etl njl le mis vjstjs najshchnjnhiels6 j)

Aj pritlnnhþe nievlenhieja nievlenhieja,, le aj nuja ais mhspishthvis ml pritlnnhþe lstêe gietjmis lxtlrejgletl ja trjescirgjmir (Chk.2.:j)? y

b)

Aj pritlnnhþe nigpaltjgle nigpaltjgletl tl jutiprit jutipritlkhmj, lkhmj, le aj nuja ais mhspishthvis ml pritlnnhþe lstêe mletri mla tjequl mla trjescirgjmir (Chk.2.:b). Aj pritlnnhþe nievlenhieja ls lclntujmj glmhjetl nirtjnhrnuhtis nirtjnhrnuhtis cushbals

ais nujals jçsaje ja trjescirgjmir ml aj culetl prhgjrhj le la lvleti ml uej sibrlnjrkj i ml aj cjaaj mletri ml aj ziej ml pritlnnhþe mla cushbal prhgjrhi mla trjescirgjmir. trjescirgjm ir. Jmhnhiejagletl, aj Eirgj ml Niestrunnhþe ml Rlmls Jèrljs ml aj NCL lstjbalnl qul pjrj lstl thpi ml pritlnnhþe sl mlblrêe hestjajr hetlrruptirls tlrgigjkeèthnis nujemi aj nirrhletl ml nirti nhrnuhti ml cjsl j elutri ja cheja mla slnuemjrhi slj gleir qul la mibal ml aj nirrhletl eigheja mla cushbal ml aj Eirgj. Le aj pritlnnhþe nigpaltjgletl jutipritlkhmj la cushbal prhgjrhi lstê shtujmi mletri mla tjequl mla trjescirgjmir y mlbhmi j qul sus njrjntlrçsthnjs sie mhclrletls ml jqulaajs mla cushbal prhgjrhi lxtlrei, ls rlclrhmi nigi ue lsajbþe i cushbal crêkha. Jmlgês ls privhstj uej pritlnnhþe jmhnhieja glmhjetl

 

 

:4

ue hetlrruptir le la ajmi slnuemjrhi, la nuja niirmhej nie la lsajbþe crêkha, le la lvleti ml uej sibrlnjrkj i cjaaj le la ajmi slnuemjrhi. Ais jpjrtjrrjyis lstêe gietjmis culrj mla tjequl nielntjmis j su tlrgheja prhgjrhj, pir ai qul aj nirrhletl ml mlsnjrkj mla jpjrtjrrjyi ei nhrnuaj j trjvès mla cushbal.

j). Tritlnnhþe nievlenhieja.

b). Tritlnnhþe nigpaltjgletl jutipritlkhmj.

Chk.2.:. Tritlnnhþe nievlenhieja y nigpaltjgletl jutipritlkhmj ml trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe jèrlis.

]igjemi le nieshmlrjnhþe qul jntujagletl njsh aj titjahmjm ml ais trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe jèrlis ml aj NCL lstêe pritlkhmis glmhjetl nirtjnhrnuhtis ml mhstrhbunhþe, la prlsletl ]rjbjfi Cheja siajgletl nigprlemlrê la jeêahshs ml aj pritlnnhþe nievlenhieja.

2.2

^LALNNHÞE MLA C\^HBAL C\^HBA L ML TRI]LNNHÞE TRHGJRHI. Nigi sl glenhieþ jetlrhirgletl le la Njpçtuai : Hetrimunnhþe, mis ml

ajs prhenhpjals njrjntlrçsthnjs ml ais cushbals qul `je mltlrghejmi su jgpahi usi nigi mhspishthvis ml pritlnnhþe ml sibrlnirrhletl sie su shgpahnhmjm y lnieigçj. ^he lgbjrki, nujemi sie uthahzjmis pjrj aj pritlnnhþe prhgjrhj mla trjescirgjmir, su slalnnhþe mlbl nugpahr nie mhclrletls lxhklenhjs pjrj aj pritlnnhþe mla shstlgj, mla priphi trjescirgjmir y ml aj njrkj? jakuejs ml ajs nujals rlsuatje jetjkþehnjs letrl sç. Aj slalnnhþe ml ais mhclrletls thpis y njpjnhmjmls ml ais cushbals ml pritlnnhþe prhgjrhis mla trjescirgjmir `j shmi

 

 

::

uej gjtlrhj ml nieshmlrjbal nigpalfhmjm, la cushbal ml pritlnnhþe prhgjrhi þpthgi mla trjescirgjmir, mlbl tigjr le nieshmlrjnhþe timis ais shkuhletls cjntirls jsinhjmis nie su jpahnjnhþe6 j)

]leshþe mla shstlgj.

b)

Nirrhletl ml cjaaj mhspiehbal.

n)

Njrkj prikrjgjmj eirgja jethnhpjmj mla trjescirgjm trjescirgjmir, ir, henauylemi njrkjs phni mhjrhjs i rlplththvjs, y njrkjs phni ml lglrklenhj.

m)

Nirrhletl ml jvjajen`j mla trjescirgjmir (herus`), henauylemi ais lclntis nigbhejmis ml aj nirrhletl ml jvjajen`j ml gjkelthzjnhþe mla trjescirgjmir y ml njrkj jsinhjmjs nie aj rllelrkhzjnhþe ml ue trjescirgjmir njrkjmi shkuhlemi uej pèrmhmj gigletêelj i priaiekjmi ml aj tleshþe ml aj culetl.

l)

Krjmi ml pritlnnhþe privhsti pjrj la trjescirgjmir trjescirg jmir nietrj ajs sibrlnirrhletls mjúhejs.

c)

Niirmhejnhþ Niirmhejnhþee nie ais itris mhspishthvis ml pritlnnhþe ml sibrlnirr sibrlnirrhletl hletl le la ajmi slnuemjrhi, tjgbhèe nigi le la ajmi prhgjrhi mla trjescirgjmir.

k)

Tritlnnhþe nietrj ajs sibrlnirrhlet sibrlnirrhletls ls mjúhejs ml ais niemuntirl niemuntirlss i njbals le la ajmi slnuemjrhi, tjgbhèe nigi le la ajmi prhgjrhi mla trjescirgjmir. Le vhstj ml qul `jy uej guathtum ml njpjnhmjmls mhspiehbals ml

tleshiels, nirrhletls hetlrrupthvjs ml nirti nhrnuhti y njpjnhmjmls gêxhgjs ml nirrhletl, sl mlbl slalnnhiejr la cushbal prhgjrhi gês lnieþghni qul sjthscjkj tjeti ais rlqulrhghletis prlsletls y cuturis. Jmlgês, ml aj jgpahj vjrhlmjm ml njpjnhmjmls ml jgplrls y vlainhmjmls mhspiehbals, sl mlbl slalnnhiejr la cushbal prhgjrhi qul pripirnhiel aj pritlnnhþe þpthgj pjrj la trjescirgjmir nietrj cjaajs le la ajmi slnuemjrhi.

 

 

:2

2.2.: NJTJNHMJM NJTJNHMJ M ML ]LE^HÞE ]LE^HÞE Aj njpjnhmjm ml tleshþe gêxhgj ml mhslúi mla cushbal prhgjrhi mla trjescirgjmir mlbl hkujajr i lxnlmlr ja ehvla ml aj tleshþe gêxhgj ml cjsl j cjsl ml iplrjnhþe mla shstlgj. ^he lgbjrki, le la njsi ml trjescirgjmirls gieicêshnis hestjajmis le nhrnuhtis ml uej cjsl j elutri le shstlgjs sþahmjgletl jtlrrhzjmis (guathjtlrrhzjmis), aj tleshþe eigheja gêxhgj mla cushbal prhgjrhi siajgletl elnlshtj hkujajr i lxnlmlr ja ehvla ml tleshþe gêxhgi mla shstlgj ml cjsl j elutri mla shstlgj, tlehlemi nuhmjmi ml qul aj njpjnhmjm mla ehvla bêshni ml jhsajghleti ja hgpuasi (EBJH) y aj mhstjenhj ml cukj j thlrrj mla cushbal slje suchnhletls pjrj aj jpahnjnhþe. Ajs rlkajs pjrj slalnnhiejr aj njpjnhmjm ml tleshþe ml ue cushbal ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl sie klelrjagletl nieshstletls nie ajs pjutjs ibslrvjmjs jetlrhirgletl. ^he lgbjrki, jakuejs vlnls ls mlsljbal, mlbhmi j lnieigçj, eirgjahzjnhþe, y j rlqulrhghletis ml lspjnhi, uthahzjr cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl nie njpjnhmjm ml açelj j elutri pjrj pritlklr trjescirgjmirls trhcêshnis. Ais cushbals pulmle slr usjmis le trjescirgjmirls lstrlaaj jtlrrhzjmj/lstrlaaj jtlrrhzjmj, lstrlaaj jtlrrhzjmj/mlatj y lstrlaaj henigpaltj/mlatj jbhlrtj tlehlemi nuhmjmi qul ajs shkuhletls niemhnhiels slje sjthscln`js6 j)

Ls guy bjfj aj pribjbhahmjm ml uej cjaaj she jtlrrhzjr ml açelj j açelj i trhcêshnj.

b)

Aj nirrhletl ml cjaaj ls ai suchnhletlgletl suchnhletlg letl jatj pjrj jslkurjr qul mis cushbals iplrjrêe shguatêeljgletl pir cushþe le gleis ml 4,2 s.

n)

Aj njrkj lstê prlmighejetlgletl jtlrrhzjmj.

m)

Ls lgpaljmi ue hetlrruptir slnuemjrhi pjrj hetlrrugphr pir sibrlnjrkjs. Ais cushbals ml lxpuashþe ei sie ml ‑tleshþe nrçthnj‗, pulsti qul laais ei

primunle sibrltleshiels, y pir nieshkuhletl, pulmle slr jpahnjmis le nujaquhlr tleshþe ml iplrjnhþe mla shstlgj hkuja i gleir qul aj njpjnhmjm ml tleshþe gêxhgj ml mhslúi mla cushbal. Le nietrjstl, ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl mlsjrriaaje he`lrletlgletl uej sibrltleshþe murjetl aj hetlrrupnhþe

 

 

:>

ml aj nirrhletl ml cjaaj. Lstj sibrltleshþe rlstrhekl tçphnjgletl aj jpahnjnhþe ml ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl j aj ghsgj najsl ml tleshþe mla shstlgj s hstlgj qul aj njpjnhmjm gêxhgj ml tleshþe mla cushbal ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl, j che ml lvhtjr aj lxpishnhþe ml ajs nigpieletls mla shstlgj tjals nigi jpjrtjrrjyis y trjescirgjmirls trjescirgjm irls mla thpi slni ml mjúis ml tleshiels lxnlshvjs.

2.2.2 NJTJNHMJM NJTJNHMJ M HE]LRR\T HE]LRR\T]HSJ ]HSJ ML NIR]I NHRN\H]I. NHRN\H]I. Aj njpjnhmjm hetlrrupthvj ml nirti nhrnuhti shgètrhnj mla cushbal prhgjrhi mla trjescirgjmir mlbl hkujajr i lxnlmlr j aj nirrhletl ml cjaaj gêxhgj mhspiehbal le aj ainjahzjnhþe mla cushbal y mlbl slr slalnnhiejmj nie la gjrkle suchnhletl pjrj tlelr njpjnhmjm jethnhpjmj pir henrlgletis le su rèkhgle hetlrrupthvi mlbhmi ja nrlnhghleti mla shstlgj. Ml eulvi, mjmi qul ais cushbals lstêe mhspiehbals nie uej jgpahj vjrhlmjm ml njpjnhmjmls hetlrrupthvjs, sl mlbl slalnnhiejr ue cushbal prhgjrhi tlehlemi uej njpjnhmjm hetlrrupthvj siajgletl tje krjeml nigi slj elnlsjrhj pjrj sjthscjnlr sus rlqulrhghletis prlsletls y cuturis. Nujemi sl mltlrghel aj njpjnhmjm hetlrrupthvj mla cushbal prhgjrhi, sl mlbl nieshmlrjr aj rlajnhþe P/R mla shstlgj le aj ainjahzjnhþe mla cushbal, pulsti qul ais cushbals pulmle tlelr njpjnhmjmls hetlrrupthvjs shgètrhnjs gjyirls qul aj eigheja pjrj jqulaajs jpahnjnhiels le mieml aj rlajnhþe P/R ls gleir qul la vjair ml :< lsplnhchnjmi le aj Eirgj JE^H N>;.=3, ^plnhchnjthies cir Tiwlr Cusls jem Cusl Mhsnieelnthek ^whtn`ls. Nigi rlsuatjmi sl pulml usjr ue cushbal prhgjrhi gleis nistisi tlehlemi uej njpjnhmjm hetlrrupthvj shgètrhnj eigheja gleir. Tjrj jqulaajs njpjnhmjmls hetlrrupthvjs shgètrhnjs ml nirti nhrnuhti gês jatjs, `jbrê qul rlclrhrsl j ajs rlniglemjnhiels mla cjbrhnjetl. Le la njsi ml aj Nighshþe Clmlrja ml Lalntrhnhmjm, ajs Eirgjs pjrj Niestrunnhþe ml Hestjajnhiels Jèrljs y ^ubtlrrêeljs pjrj Mhstrhbunhþe ml Lelrkçj Laèntrhnj le Glmhj y Bjfj ]leshþe, lstjbalnle la usi ml nirtjnhrnuhtis cushbals ml :44 J ml nirrhl nirrhletl etl eigheja y nie nirrhletls he hetlrrupthvj tlrrupthvjss gêxhgjs

 

 

:=

eighejals jshgètrhnjs ml 0 444 J, 3 444 J y 2 444 J? pjrj tleshiels gêxhgjs ml mhslúi ml :< oS, 2; oS y >0 oS? rlsplnthvjgletl.

2.2.>

NJTJNHMJM NJTJNHMJ M TJRJ AI^ EHSLAL^ ML NJRKJ L^TLRJMI^. Le klelrja, la cushbal prhgjrhi mla trjescirgjmir mlbl slr slalnnhiejmi

pjrj6 j)

]lelr njpjnhmjm pjrj jethnhpjr aj njrkj prikrjgjmj eirgja mla trjescirgjmir.

b)

]lelr njpjnhmjm pjrj sipirtjr ajs njrkjs phni mhjrhjs i rlplththvjs rlplththvjs,, pjrj la trjescirgjmir le la nuja lstê jpahnjmi.

n)

]lelr njpjnhmjm pjrj sipirtjr ajs njrkjs phni ml lglrklenhj, pjrj la trjescirgjmir le la nuja lstê jpahnjmi.

2.2.>.: 2.2.>. : NJRKJ^ EIRGJAL^ NIE]HE\J^. NIE]HE\J^. ]imis ais cushbals gimlreis sie mhslújmis pjrj qul pulmje aalvjr

nietheujgletl nietheujgle tl su nirrhletl eigheja sh sie jpahnjmis le ainjahzjnhiels le mieml ajs niemhnhiels ml aj tlgplrjturj jgbhletl ei lxnlmje ais vjairls lsplnhchnjmis le ajs eirgjs, lsplnçchnjgle lsplnçchnjgletl, tl, >4 ¶N pjrj ais cushbals ml pitlenhj y 2< ¶N ¶ N pjrj ais nirtjnhrnuhtis cushbals ml mhstrhbunhþe. 2.2.>.2 ^IBRLNJ ^IBRLNJRKJ^ RKJ^ ML NIR]I ]HLGTI. 

Ais trjescirgjmirls y ajs nigpieletls mla nhrnuhti ml mhstrhbunhþe thlele he`lrletlgletl jakuej njpjnhmjm ml sibrlnjrkj ml nirti thlgpi qul pulml slr usjmj pir nievlehlenhj le aj pajeljnhþe ml aj lnieigçj gêxhgj ml ais shstlgjs ml mhstrhbunhþe ml lelrkçj lelrkçj laèntrhnj. Lstjs sibrlnjrkjs sibrlnjrkjs pulmle slr mlbhmjs shgpalgletl j aj jvjajen`j ml jrrjequl ml krjemls gitirls le ue nhrnuhti ml pripþshti klelrja, i ja jrrjequl ml turei le uej pajetj hemustrhja krjeml, i j aj nihenhmlenhj ml njrkjs ml jhrl jniemhnhiejmi i ml njalcjnnhþe murjetl ue nahgj jeirgja. Le lstis njsis, aj njpjnhmjm ml sibrlnjrkj ml nirti n irti thlgpi (mhjrhj) mla cushbal mlbl lxnlmlr aj gjkehtum y murjnhþe ml aj niemhnhþe ml sibrlnjrkj.

 

 

:<

2.2.>.> NJRKJ THNI ML LGLRKLENHJ.

]jgbhèe pulmle inurrhr niemhnhiels murjetl ajs nujals la cushbal slrê njrkjmi bjstjetl le lxnlsi mla prikrjgj eirgja ml njrkj. ]jals njrkjs phni ml lglrklenhj inurrle tçphnjgletl nujemi ls rlqulrhmi uei ml mis trjescirgjmirls (pir lflgpai, le uej sublstjnhþe mupalx), bjfi niemhnhiels ml lglrklenhj pjrj aalvjr aj njrkj ml jgbis trjescirgjmirls murjetl ue nirti plrçimi ml thlgpi. Le mieml sie nietlgpajmjs njrkjs phni ml lglrklenhj, la cushbal chejagletl slalnnhiejmi mlbl tlelr uej njpjnhmjm ml njrkj phni ml lglrklenhj hkuja i gjyir qul aj gjkehtum y murjnhþe ml aj njrkj phni ml lglrklenhj. Ls hgpirtjetl rlnirmjr qul ais cushbals mlble slr slalnnhiejmis pjrj tlelr njpjnhmjm „ ei pjrj hetlrrugphr  „   „ j ajs njrkjs phni ml lglrklenhj. Lstl rlqulrhghleti pulml rlsuatjr le aj slalnnhþe ml uej njpjnhmjm ml jgplrls mla cushbal gjyir qul aj qul slrçj rlqulrhmj pjrj ue trjescirgjmir öehni ml njpjnhmjm shghajr hestjajmi sþai, y pir nieshkuhletl, pulml slr rlmunhmi la krjmi ml pritlnnhþe mla trjescirgjmir privhsti pir la cushbal. 2.2.>.= NJT NJTJNHMJ JNHMJML^ ML^ NIE]HE\J, ML NJRK NJRKJ J THNI ML NIR]I ]HLGTI X ML LGLRKLENHJ.

Ajs njpjnhmjmls nietheuj, ml njrkj phni ml nirti thlgpi (mhjrhj) y ml njrkj phni ml lglrklenhj pjrj ais lsajbiels cushbals ml mhstrhbunhþe y ais cushbals ml pitlenhj sie pubahnjmjs pir ais cjbrhnjetls ml cushbals, tçphnjgletl le cirgj tjbuajr. Lstis vjairls rlprlsletje la vjair ml aj nirrhletl gêxhgj qul uej uehmjm cushbal mjmj, uehmjm ml rlpulsti, i lsajbþe cushbal pulml aalvjr she mjúi sistlehmi plrgjeletl ja lalgleti cushbal, glmhi i pjetjaaj jmyjnletl ml lxthenhþe mla jrni, i ja ghsgi tubi cushbal. Tjrj pripþshtis ml haustrjnhþe, le aj ]jbaj 2.: sie gistrjmis ais vjairls ml njpjnhmjm ml njrkj phni nietheuj y ml lglrklenhj ml 0 `irjs pjrj Lsajbiels Cushbals Tishtria ml lalgleti ml pajtj ^&N Slainhmjm ‑O‗ y ^&N Slainhmjm ‑]‗. Lstis vjairls ml njpjnhmjm ml njrkj phni nietheuj y ml lglrklenhj gistrjmis le aj ]jbaj 2.: lstêe bjsjmis le uej tlgplrjturj jgbhletl priglmhi ml 2= `irjs ml 2< ¶N. Tir njmj krjmi nletçkrjmi qul aj tlgplrjturj jgbhletl priglmhi lstl jbjfi  ml 2< ¶N, ais vjairls leahstjmis pulmle slr henrlgletjmis   pir 4,=%. Tir njmj krjmi

 

 

:3

nletçkrjmi qul aj tlgplrjturj jgbhletl lstè jrrhbj  ml 2< ¶N, ais vjairls leahstjmis mlble slr mhsgheuhmis  4,=%. Jmlgês, usujagletl ls rlniglemjmi qul ais lsajbiels cushbals ei slje njrkjmis j ais vjairls ml aj njpjnhmjm ml njrkj phni ml lglrklenhj ml 0 `irjs gês ml :4 vlnls murjetl aj vhmj mla lsajbþe cushbal. ^l mlbl niesuatjr ja cjbrhnjetl mla cushbal sibrl hecirgjnhþe lsplnçchnj ml aj njpjnhmjm ml njrkj phni. Njpjnhmjm ml Njrkj Thni, Jgplrls Slainhmjm-‑O‗ Sla i n h m jm -‑ O ‗

S Slainhmjm-‑]‗ la i n h m jm -‑ ]‗

Njpjnhmjm,  Jgp lrls

Ni e t h e u j

Lg lr k le n h j 0 - @irjs @irjs

Njpjnhmjm,  Jgp lrls

Ni e t h e u j

Lglr k le n h j 0 - @irj @irjss

3O 0O :4O :2O : >: >;

:: := :; 22 23 >< =2

3] 0] :4] :2] :3

0,0 :2 :< :0 2< >: =:

>4O =4O 4] =4] 4 vlnls aj nirrhletl eigheja lchnjz, lchnjz, ghletrjs qul pjrj ais trjescirgjmirls ml sublstjnhþe gun`i gês krjemls aj jvjajen`j phni slrê gleir, plri aj murjnhþe ml aj nirrhletl ml jvjajen`j slrê gês priaiekjmj.

 

 

:0

m)

Aj nirrh letl ml cjaaj cjaaj mhspieh bal. Mlbhmi j aj njçmj ml tleshþe j trjvès

ml aj hgplmjenhj ml aj culetl murjetl la plrçimi ml jvjajen`j, aj nirrhletl ml jvjajen`j slrê gleir nujemi la trjescirgjmir lstê jahgletjmi mlsml uej culetl mèbha qul nigpjrjmi nie uej culetl culrtl.

Chkurj 2.2. Jvjajen`j ml gjkelthzjnhþe pjrj ue trjescirgjmir ml mhstrhbunhþe gieicêshni plqulúi.

Tulsti qul lstis pjrêgltris sie mlsnieinhmis l henietriajbals, la cushbal mlbl slr mhgleshiejmi pjrj rlshsthr j aj jvjajen`j gêxhgj qul pulml inurrhr bjfi la plir njsi ml lelrkhzjnhþe. \ej lsthgjnhþe nieslrvjmirj mla lclnti mla njaletjghleti hetlkrjmi sibrl la cushbal prhgjrhi nigi ue rlsuatjmi ml lstj nirrhletl ml jvjajen`j, aj nuja `j shmi eirgjahzjmj hetlrejnhiejagletl, ls nieshmlrjr la lclnti mla njaletjghleti mla cushbal nigi lquhvjaletl j uej nirrhletl tlehlemi ajs shkuhletls gjkehtumls6  

:2 vlnls aj nirrhletl ml njrkj eigheja murjetl 4,: slkuemis, y

 

2< vlnls aj nirrhletl eigheja murjetl 4,4: slkuemis.

•

•

Le

la

Trinlmhghleti

pjrj

Niirmhejnhþe

ml

Tritlnnhiels

ml

^ibrlnirrhletl ml ^hstlgjs ml Mhstrhbunhþe ml aj NCL-:88;, sl lstjbalnle vjairls ml 0 He pjrj trjescirgjmirls ml 4 gheutis ml murjnhþe shkuhlemi j uej rllelrkhzjnhþe. Lstl cleþglei inurrl pulsti qul ajs krjemls njrkjs laèntrhnjs tjals nigi jhrls jniemhnhiejmis, rlcrhklrjmirls, y

 

 

2>

njaletjmirls laèntrhnis sie nietriajmis tlrgistêthnjgletl y pjsje pir nhnais mletri y culrj le thlgpis ja jzjr rlajthvis uei j itri tja qul siajgletl uej crjnnhþe ml aj njrkj titja pishbal lstê nielntjmj ja sshstlgj hstlgj le nujaquhlr thlgpi. Mlspuès ml uej pèrmhmj ml pitlenhj priaiekjmj, gun`is gês ml ais mhspishthvis nietriajmis tlrgistêthnjgletl tlrgistêthnjgletl lstjrêe culrj ml su açghtls ml jfustl nie la rlsuatjmi qul, tje prieti nigi aj pitlenhj ls rlstjurjmj, la tlrgistjti mlgjemjrê pitlenhj pjrj su lquhpi nietriajmi. Tjrj lvhtjr uej iplrjnhþe she mjúi mla cushbal prhgjrhi mla trjescirgjmir, èstl mlbl slr njpjz ml rlshsthr aj nirrhletl ml jvjajen`j ml gjkelthzjnhþe mla trjescirgjmir suplrpulstj nie aj sibrlnirrhletl trjeshtirhj jsinhjmj nie aj rlnuplrjnhþe ml njrkj crçj, aj nirrhletl ml sibrlnjrkj lsplrjmj jsinhjmj nie ais oSJ titjals nielntjmis. La lclnti mla njaletjghleti hetlkrjmi le la thlgpi mla plrcha ml aj nirrhletl ml njrkj crçj le ais mhspishthvis tèrghnjgletl sleshbals, tjals nigi cushbals, ls klelrjagletl rlprlsletjmi rlprlsletjmi pir ais shkuhletls göathpais lquhvjaletls ml aj njpjnhmjm ml nirrhletl ml njrkj eigheja mla trjescirgjmir6  

3 vlnls aj nirrhletl ml njrkj eigheja murjetl ue slkuemi,

 

> vlnls aj nirrhletl ml njrkj eigheja murjetl :4 slkuemis, y

 

2 vlnls aj nirrhletl ml njrkj eigheja murjetl :< gheutis (844 s).

•

•

•

Le

la

Trinlmhghleti

pjrj

Niirmhejnhþe

ml

Tritlnnhiels

ml

^ibrlnirrhletl ml ^hstlgjs ml Mhstrhbunhþe ml aj NCL-:88;, sl lstjbalnl ue vjair pjrj aj nirrhletl ml jvjajen`j ml rlnuplrjnhþe ml njrkj crçj lquhvjaletl ml : He pjrj njrkjs purjgletl rlshsthvjs y `jstj 3 He pjrj njrkjs jatjgletl hemunthvjs murjetl : s, y eheköe vja vjair ir pjrj ajs nirrh nirrhletls letls ml jvjajen`j jvjajen `j ml rlnuplrjnhþe ml njrkj crçj lquhvjaletls pjrj :4 y 844 s? ghletrjs qul le aj ]jbaj J: - Nirrhletl ml Gjkelthzjnhþe, ml aj Eirgj ERC-4244 s le shstlgjs nie njrkjs ml njalcjnnhþe nieshmlrjbals. Le aj Chk. 2.< sl gulstrje ais puetis mla vjair lchnjz (r.g.s.) lquhvjaletl ml aj nirrhletl ml jvjajen`j ml rlnuplrjnhþe ml njrkj crçj eirgjahzjmis hetlrejnhiejagletl, ais nujals slrêe ais qul sl uthahzjrêe murjetl la mlsjrriaai mla prlsletl Rlpirtl Cheja.

2x

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:44    )   s    (

  i   p   g   l    h    ]

>x

:4

3x

: :

:4 Nirrhletl (p.u.)

:44

 

Chkurj 2. =,;< >,4 2,4

]jbaj 2.2. Njpjnhmjm ml njrkj tèrghnj ml nirti thlgpi.

Gieicêshni (oSJ)

]rhcêshni (oSJ)

Njpjnhmjm ml rlshstlenhj le Njpjnhmjm pir uehm jm ml aj nirrhletl bjsl (shgètrhnj)*

/ V@P:-2) P2

:,4 (V@P:-> / V@P:-2) @2

2,4 (V@P:-> / V@P:-2) P>

4

Cjaaj ^lnuemjrhj ml Cjsl j ]hlrrj

Chkurj 2.0. Rlajnhþe letrl ajs nirrhletls ml açelj ml ajmi prhgjrhi y ajmi slnuemjrhi  le pir uehmjm y ajs nirrhletls mla mlvjejmi mla trjescirgjmir le pir uehmjm pjrj ue trjescirgjmir ml mhstrhbunhþe gieicêshni, pjrj mhclrletls thpis ml cjaajs slnuemjrhjs. (ais vjairls ml ajs nirrhletls ml açelj y ajs nirrhletls ml ais mlvjejmis lstêe lxprlsjmjs le pir uehmjm ml sus vjairls vjair ls rls lnthvis lnthvis jrj uej cjaaj ml cjsl j cjsl ‑sþahmj‗ ‑sþahmj‗ .

 

 

>=

Nielxhþe Mla ]rjescirgjmir

Rlajnhþe Rl ajnhþe Letrl aj Nirrhletl ml Açelj mla Ajmi Trhgjrhi le T.\. y aj Nirrhletl mla Mlvjejmi mla ]rjescirgjmir le T.\.:  ]hpi ml Cjaaj Cjsl j Cjsl

Cjsl : j ]hlrr j

Cjsl > j ]hlrr j

:,4

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4,<

: Ais

vjairls ml aj nirrhletl ml açelj y ml aj nirrhletl mla mlvjejmi lstêe lxprlsjmis le pir uehmjm ml sus vjairls rlsplnthvis pjrj uej cjaaj ml cjsl j cjsl slnuemjrhj sþahmj.

]jbaj 2.=. Rlajnhþe letrl aj nirrhletl prhgjrhj ml açelj le pir uehmjm y aj nirrhletl mla mlvjejmi mla trjescirgjmir le pir uehmjm pjrj ais mis thpis ml cjaajs slnuemjrhjs gês niguels, ml ue trjescirgjmir ml mhstrhbunhþe gieicêshni.

Ml aj ]jbaj 2.=, lstê najri qul uej cjaaj slnuemjrhj ml cjsl j thlrrj le ue trjescirgjmir ml mhstrhbunhþe gieicêshni primunl ajs niemhnhiels gês mlgjemjetls pishbals, pulsti qul ajs nirrhletls ml açelj mla ajmi prhgjrhi le pir uehmjm sie gleirls qul ajs nirrhletls mla mlvjejmi slnuemjrhi mla trjescirgjmir le pir uehmjm. Tir ai tjeti, pjrj jslkurjr aj pritlnnhþe jmlnujmj mla trjescirgjmir pjrj lstj shtujnhþe, ls elnlsjrhi ‑mlspajzjr‗ aj nurvj ml pritlnnhþe ml cjaaj ml pjsi (tjgbhèe aajgjmj j vlnls aj nurvj njrjntlrçsthnj ml nirti thlgpi bêshnj mla trjescirgjmir) `jnhj aj hzquhlrmj (le tèrgheis ml nirrhletl) pir aj rlajnhþe ml aj nirrhletl ml açelj mla ajmi prhgjrhi le pir uehmjm j aj nirrhletl mla mlvjejmi slnuemjrhi mla trjescirgjmir le pir uehmjm leahstjmj le aj ]jbaj 2.=. Letienls aj nurvj ml pritlnnhþe ml cjaaj ml pjsi mla trjescirgjmir mlspajzjmj lstjrê le tèrgheis ml aj nirrhletl ml açelj mla ajmi prhgjrhi y, nigi tja, slrê nigpjrjbal mhrlntjgletl nie aj nurvj njrjntlrçsthnj ml thlgpi titja ml lahghejnhþe-nirrhletl mla cushbal prhgjrhi mla trjescirgjmir. Le aj Chkurj 2.8 aj nurvj ‑j‗ haustrj aj nurvj ml pritlnnhþe ml cjaaj ml pjsi jpahnjbal ja trjescirgjmir pjrj uej cjaaj slnuemjrhj ml cjsl j cjsl, ghletrjs qul aj nurvj ‑b‗ rlprlsletj j aj nurvj ‑j‗ jfustjmj pjrj rlcalfjr la ehvla ml nirrhletl rlmunhmi (4,< pir uehmjm), vhsti pir ais mis cushbals prhgjrhis murjetl uej cjaaj slnuemjrhj ml cjsl j thlrrj.

 

 

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23

mla mhslúi y jpahnjnhþe mla cushbal prhgjrhi, tja nigi sl mlsnrhbl pistlrhirgletl, aj nurvj njrjntlrçsthnj ml thlgpi ml lahghejnhþe titja-nirrhletl mla cushbal prhgjrhi tçphnjgletl nruzjrê j aj nurvj ml pritlnnhþe ml cjaaj ml pjsi mla trjescirgjmir le jaköe ehvla ml nirrhletl heclrhir. Hgplmjenhjs ml ais ]rjescirgjmirls ml Mhstrhbunhþe Gieicêshnis.  ]ja nigi sl gulstrj le ajs Chks. 2.:4 j 2.:2, ais cjbrhnjetls niestruyle j ais

trjescirgjmirls gieicêshnis yj slj le aj cirgj ml niaugej (nirl) i le aj cirgj jnirjzjmi (s`laa). Ais mhslúis ml aj cirgj niaugej prlvjalnhlrie `jstj jetls ml ais :834s? plri j`irj lstêe mhspiehbals tjeti ais mhslúis ml aj cirgj niaugej nigi ml aj cirgj jnirjzjmi. Ais trjescirgjmirls gieicêshnis mla thpi niaugej mlble tlelr ais mlvjejmis slnuemjrhis letrlajzjmis (la mhslúi bjfj-jatj-bjfj). Njmj phlrej slnuemjrhj thlel mis bibhejs, uej mlvjejmj jarlmlmir ml njmj uej ml ajs phlrejs mla eönali. Aj niechkurjnhþe bjajenljmj mla mhslúi letrlajzjmi plrghtl njrkjs mlsbjajenljmjs le njmj phlrej slnuemjrhj. ^he la letrlajzjmi, ajs njrkjs slnuemjrhjs mlsbjajenljmjs njahletje lxnlshvjgletl la tjequl. \ej njrkj slnuemjrhj mlsbjajenljmj nrlj ue caufi mlsbjajenljmi le la eönali ml `hlrri. Aj niestrunnhþe ml aj cirgj niaugej ei thlel uej trjylntirhj ml rltirei pjrj la caufi mlsbjajenljmi, pir ai qul la caufi rltirej culrj mla eönali ml `hlrri (le nietrjstl, aj niestrunnhþe le aj cirgj jnirjzjmi thlel uej trjylntirhj ml rltirei pjrj tja caufi). Jaki mla caufi ml mhsplrshþe sl leajzj j trjvès mla tjequl mla trjescirgjmir y njahletj ja tjequl. La mhslúi ml aj cirgj jnirjzjmi ei elnlshtj tlelr ais mlvjejmis letrlajzjmis, pir ai qul pulsti qul ls gês shgpal, aj niechkurjnhþe ei letrlajzjmj ls usjmj eirgjagletl le ais trjescirgjmirls ml aj cirgj jnirjzjmi. La slnuemjrhi ei letrlajzjmi thlel ml mis j nujtri vlnls aj rljntjenhj6 ais mlvjejmis slnuemjrhis lstêe slpjrjmis pir la mlvjejmi ml jatj tleshþe y la jhsajghleti letrl laais. La letrlajzjghleti rlmunl aj rljntjenhj pulsti qul ais mlvjejmis ml bjfj tleshþe lstêe fusti niethkuis j njmj itri.

 

 

>0

j).Cirgj niaugej, letrlajzjmi (tjequl pjrjalalpçplmi).

b). Cirgj jnirjzjmi, ei letrlajzjmi (tjequl nhaçemrhni).

Chk.2.:2. Gietjfls ml trjescirgjmirls ml mhstrhbunhþe gieicêshnis ml cirgj niaugej, letrlajzjmi (nirl) y ml cirgj jnirjzjmi, ei letrlajzjmi (s`laa).

\sjemi aj gjkehtum ml aj hgplmjenhj mla trjescirgjmir y ajs pèrmhmjs ml njrkj, sl pulmle lenietrjr aj rlshstlenhj y rljntjenhj mla trjescirgjmir le pir nhleti nigi6 R7

TN

(2.:)

:4 N

P 7 V2 „ R2

(2.2)

Le mieml6 R 7 rlshstlen rlshstlenhj hj mla trjescirgjmir (pir nhleti) TN  7 T]  - TS  7 Tèrmhmjs mlbhmjs j aj njrkj j ;< u 0< ¶N slköe nirrlspiemj ([) T]  7 pèrmhmjs titjals j aj njrkj eigheja ([) TS  7 pèrmhmjs le vjnçi j tleshþe y crlnulenhj eigheja (([) [) N 7 njpjnhmjm eigheja mla ttrjescirgj rjescirgjmir mir (oSJ) P 7 rljntjenh rljntjenhjj mla trjescirgjmir (pir nhleti) V 7 hgplmjenhj ml pajnj mla trjescirgjmir (pir nhleti)

 

 

>8

Aj hgplmjenhj ml pajnj ml ue trjescirgjmir gieicêshni ls aj hgplmjenhj mla mlvjejmi nigpalti, aj hgplmjenhj vhstj mlsml la prhgjrhi nujemi la mlvjejmi slnuemjrhi nigpalti ls nirti nhrnuhtjmi mlsml P: `jstj P>. Itrjs hgplmjenhjs sie tjgbhèe hgpirtjetls? sl elnlshtje ajs hgplmjenhjs ml ajs mis ghtjmls ml mlvjejmi pjrj ais nêanuais mla nirti nhrnuhti slnuemjrhi y pjrj ais nêanuais mla mlsbjajenl le la slnuemjrhi. \ej hgplmjenhj ls aj hgplmjenhj vhstj mlsml la prhgjrhi pjrj ue nirti nhrnuhti mlsml P: `jstj P2. Itrj ls mlsml P2 `jstj P>. Ajs hgplmjenhjs ml ajs ghtjmls ml mlvjejmi ei sie pripirnhiejmjs le aj pajnj ml mjtis? sl pulmle glmhr i uthahzjr ajs shkuhletls jprixhgjnhiels. Aj Chk. 2.:> gulstrj ue gimlai ml ue mlvjejmi slnuemjrhi pjrj usjrsl le ais nêanuais. Aj hgplmjenhj ml aj ghtjm mla mlvjejmi ml ue trjescirgjmir mlpleml le aj niestrunnhþe. Le la gimlai ml aj Chk. 2.:>, aj hgplmjenhj ml uej ml ajs ghtjmls ml mlvjejmi le pir nhleti ls hkuja j VJ + V:? aj itrj ls hkuja j VJ + V2. \e trjescirgjmir ml cirgj niaugej i jnirjzjmi nie ue mlvjejmi slnuemjrhi letrlajzjmi thlel uej hgplmjenhj le pir nhleti ml jprixhgjmjgletl6 (2.>)

V@P:-2 7 V@P2-> 7 :,< R + f :,2 P

Le mieml R y P sie ajs nigpieletls rlja y rljnthvj ml aj hgplmjenhj mla mlvjejmi nigpalti (@: j @2 y P: j P>) le pir nhleti. \e trjescirgjmir ml cirgj jnirjzjmi, ei letrlajzjmi thlel uej hgplmjenhj le pir nhleti ml jprixhgjmjgletl6 V@P:-2 7 V@P2-> 7 :,;< R + f 2,< P

 

(2.=)

Le ue trjescirgjm trjescirgjmir ir ei letrlajzjmi, ajs hgplmjenhjs ml ajs mis ghtjmls mla mlvjejmi ei sie hmèethnjs? aj hgplmjenhj mla mlvjejmi ml bjfj tleshþe hetlrei ls gleir qul aj hgplmjenhj mla mlvjejmi lxtlrei (la rjmhi ml aj slpjrjnhþe (kjp) letrl la mlvjejmi slnuemjrhi lxtlrei y la mlvjejmi prhgjrhi ls gjyir, pir ai qul aj slpjrjnhþe letrl ais mlvjejmis thlel gês êrlj).

 

 

=4

\ej cjaaj slnuemjrhj j trjvès ml ue mlvjejmi ml :24 S le ajs tlrghejals ml ue trjescirgjmir ei letrlajzjmi thlel uej nirrhletl jprixhgjmjgletl hkuja j aj nirrhletl ppjrj jrj uej cj cjaaj aaj j trjvès ml mlaa mlvjejmi ml 2=4 S. Le ue trjescirgjmir letrlajzjmi, aj gleir hgplmjenhj rlajthvj privinj nirrhletls shkehchnjthvjgletl gjyirls pjrj aj cjaaj ml :24 S. V J

@:

P:

V:

Hgplmjenhj mla mlvj mlvjejmi ejmi nigpalti 7 R + f P Mlvjejmi slnuem jrhi letrlajzj Mlvjejmi letrlajzjmi mi V J 7 4,< R + f 4,0 P V: 7 V2 7 R + f 4,= P

P2

Mlvjejmi slnuemjrhi ei letrlajzjmi Mlvjejmi letrlajzjmi V J 7 4,2< R - f 4,3 P @2

P>

V>

V: 7 :,< R + f >>,: ,: P (mlvjejmi hetlre i) V> 7 :,< R + f >,> >,> P (mlvjejmi lxtlrei lxtlrei))

 

Chkurj 2.:>. Gimlai ml ue mlvjejmi slnuemjrhi ml :24/2=4 S nie timjs ajs hgplmjenhjs le pir nhleti.

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.;.=2-:808. Slr aj ]jbaj >.:. Njpjnhmjm Gêxhgj ml ]leshþ ]leshþ e, oS

Njpjnhmjm ml Nirrhletl Njpjnhmjm Nietçeuj, Jgplrls

Njpjnhmjm Gêxhgj Hetlrrupthvj, oJ, Rgs ^hg.

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.:. Njpjnhmjmls pjrj nirtjnhrnuhtis cushbals ml mhstrhbunhþe thpi jbhlrti (Eirgj JE^H N>;.=2-:808 ‑Mhstrhbuthie Nutiuts jem Cusl Aheos „ ^plnhchnjthies‗).

 

 

 

33

Ais lsajbiels cushbal ml lxpuashþe sie nubhlrtis bjfi aj eirgj JE^H N>;.=>, aj nuja mlchel ajs njrjntlrçsthnjs njrjntlrçsthnjs pjrj ais shkuhletls thpis ml lsajbiels6 ]hpi E. La lsajbþe mlshkejmi ‑E‗ cul la prhglr hetleti ml eirgjahzjnhþe

ml ajs njrjntlrçsthnjs ml ais lsajbiels cushbal, aj eirgj mhntþ qul aalvjrçj :44 pir nhleti ml su nirrhletl eigheja nietheujgletl y qul sl cuemhrçj le gleis ml 2>4 pir nhleti ml su njpjnhmjm le nheni gheutis. Ml ai jetlrhir, ls mlchehmi pjrj aj N]N ue açghtl suplrhir le nheni gheutis. Tulsti qul öehnjgletl cul eirgjahzjmi la lxtrlgi ml bjfj nirrhletl, aj cirgj rlja ml aj N]N cul mltlrghejmj pir ais cjbrhnjetls ml cushbals y cul jatjgletl vjrhjbal. Le aj Chk. >.3 sl gulstrj aj N]N pjrj ue lsajbþe cushbal gjrnj ^&N, thpi :4E.

Chkurj >.3. Açghtl suplrhir eirgjahzjmi ml aj nurvjs ml ]hlgpi-Nirrhletl, pjrj ue lsajbþe cushbal thpi E.

]hpis O y ].  Ais lsajbiels O y ] „ thpis ‑rêphmi‗ y ‑aleti‗,

rlsplnthvjgletl „ culrie tjgbhèe mlchehmis pir eirgjs j prhenhphis ml ais :8. Aj rlajnhþe ml vlainhmjm ls aj rjzþe ml aj nirrhletl gçehgj ml cushþe j 4,: slkuemis, j aj nirrhletl gçehgj ml cushþe j >44 i

 

 

3;

344 slkuemis, mlplemhlemi le aj njpjnhmjm ml nirrhletl mla lsajbþe cushbal. \sjemi lstl shstlgj, sie lstjbalnhmis trls puetis pjrj mlsnrhbhr jmlnujmjgletl jmlnujmjgl etl aj nurvj mla cushbal6 4,: s, :4 s y >44 s (344 s pjrj ais lsajbiels ml :=4 y 244 J). Le aj Chk. >.; sl gulstrj aj rlajnhþe ml vlainhmjm pjrj ais lsajbiels cushbals gjrnj Oljrely, thpis O y ]. ]çphnjgletl, jmlgês ml lstis puetis, ls lsplnhchnjmj tjgbhèe aj nirrhletl nietheuj ml thlgpi ajrki ml ue lsajbþe cushbal. Lstj klelrjagletl slrçj :.;. Rlajnhþe ml vlainhmjm pjrj cushbals gjrnj Oljrely, thpis O y ].

Ajs nurvjs ml cushþe pjrj ais lsajbiels cushbals le jgbjs vlainhmjmls mlble pjsjr letrl mis vjairls ml nirrhletl lsplnhchnjmis le njmj uei ml trls vjairls mhclrletls ml thlgpi. Jmlgês, nigi sl ibslrvj le aj ]jbaj >.2 la jen`i ml aj ‑vletjej‗ ml aj nirrhletl vjrçj pjrj njmj uei ml ais vjairls ml thlgpi.

 

 

30

]hlgpi ]h lgpi

 Je n`i  Jen` i ml m l aj Slet jej ml m l Nirrh Nir rhlet letl l Tir Nhleti

>44 slkuemis

24%

:4 slkuemis

.2. Jen`i ml aj vletjej ml nirrhletl le pir nhleti, pjrj ais lsajbiels cushbals thpis O y ].

Aj

eirgj

lsplnhchnj

tjgbhèe

njpjnhmjmls

prlclrhmjs

y

ei

prlclrhmjs.(]jbaj >.>). ‑bêshnj‗ l ‑hetlrglmhj‗ pimrçje slr glfirls tèrgheis, pulsti qul ajs njtlkirçjs culrie lstjbalnhmjs prhenhpjagletl pjrj cjnhahtjr aj niirmhejnhþe ml rlkajs ml mlmi, y eheköe krupi ls jntujagletl prlclrhmi. Ajs rlkajs shgpals ml mlmi `je shmi cirguajmjs pjrj niirmhejr ais lsajbiels cushbals LLH-ELGJ mla ghsgi thpi y njtlkirçj. Tir lflgpai, usjemi lsajbiels ] prlclrhmis nie ] prlclrhmis, i lsajbiels O ei prlclrhmis nie O ei prlclrhmis. Ais lsajbiels O pulmle slr niirmhejmis sjthscjntirhjgletl letrl njpjnhmjmls jmyjnletls le aj ghsgj slrhl `jstj vjairls ml nirrhletl ml :> vlnls aj njpjnhmjm mla lsajbþe pritlkhmi. Ais lsajbiels ] pulmle slr niirmhejmis sjthscjntirhjgletl letrl njpjnhmjmls jmyjnletls `jstj ue vjair ml nirrhletl ml 2= vlnls aj njpjnhmjm mla cushbal pritlkhmi. \e lsajbþe :.2 C\^HBAL^ AHGH]JMIRL^ ML NIRRHLE]L. NIRRHLE]L. \e cushbal ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl ls mlchehmi le aj Eirgj JE^H N>;.=4-:88> nig nigi, i, ‑\ej uehmjm ccushbal ushbal qul, nujemi su lalgleti la lgleti ml rlspulstj j aj nirrhletl ls cuemhmi pir uej nirrhletl mletri mla rjeki lsplnhchnjmi ml ahghtjnhþe ml nirrhletl, hetrimunl jbruptjgletl uej jatj rlshstlenhj pjrj rlmunhr aj gjkehtum y murjnhþe ml aj nirrhletl rlsuatjemi le uej hetlrrupnhþe subslnuletl ml aj nirrhletl. ‑Tjrj nirrhletls mlbjfi ml ue vjair lsplnhchnjmi ml ugbrja, ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl hetlrrugple ja nhrnuhti le ue nlri ejturja ml nirrhletl „ lsti ls mlnhr, qul ei iplrje ue uej gimjahmjm ml ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl. Lstl vjair ml ugbrja ls j ue ghsgi thlgpi cênha ml mltlrghejr, y vjrçj ml cushbal j cushbal. ^he lgbjrki, jrrhbj ml lstl vjair ml nirrhletl, lstis cushbals iplrje le ue gimi ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl primunhlemi uej tleshþe ml jrni jatj j trjvès ml sus tlrghejals. Ja `jnlrai ml lstj cirgj, ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl hetlrrugple le gleis ml aj ghtjm ml ue nhnai. Ml aj ghsgj cirgj qul ais cushbals ml lxpuashþe, ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl pulmle slr ml uej cirgj klelrja najshchnjmis yj slj nigi cushbals ml mhstrhbunhþe i cushbals ml pitlenhj. Ajs lsplnhchnjnhiels pjrj ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl ml mhstrhbunhþe lstêe mltjaajmjs le aj Eirgj JE^H N>;.=;-:80:. Ajs uehmjmls cushbals hemhvhmujals pulmle slr hmlethchnjmjs pir uej njpjnhmjm ‑N‗, aj nuja ls mlchehmj nigi shkul6 Njpjnhmjm ‑N‗.  La lalgleti cushbal mlbl cuemhrsl le : 444 slkuemis

nie uej nirrhletl lchnjz mletri mla rjeki ml :;4% j 2=4% ml aj njpjnhmjm ml nirrhletl nietheuj ml aj uehmjm cushbal. Aj njpjnhmjm ‑N‗ lsplnhchnj siajgletl ue pueti sibrl aj nurvj ml cushþe. Tir ai tjeti, mlbl tlelrsl nuhmjmi nujemi sl hetlrnjgbhle cushbals ml njpjnhmjm ‑N‗ ml ue cjbrhnjetl nie itri pulsti qul ajs

 

 

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njrjntlrçsthnjs thlgpi-nirrhletl pulmle slr mhclrletls. Ls uej bulej hmlj niechrgjr qul aj niirmhejnhþe jpriphjmj jue lxhstl tjeti nie ais mhspishthvis ml pritlnnhþe ajmi culetl y ajmi njrkj. Njpjnhmj Nj pjnhmjm m ‑ L‗ . La lalgleti cushbal pjrj njpjnhmjmls :44L jgplrls y

gleirls sl mlbl cuemhr le >44 slkuemis nie uej nirrhletl lchnjz mletri mla rjeki ml 244% j 2=4% ml aj njpjnhmjm ml nirrhletl nietheuj ml aj uehmjm cushbal, uehmjm ml rlpulsti, i lsajbþe cushbal. Tjrj njpjnhmjmls jrrhbj ml :44L jgplrls, la lalgleti cushbal sl mlbl cuemhr le 344 slkuemis nie uej nirrhletl lchnjz mletri mla rjeki ml 224% j 23=% ml aj njpjnhmjm ml nirrhletl nietheuj ml aj uehmjm cushbal, uehmjm ml rlpulsti, i lsajbþe cushbal. Jakuejs vlnls ais cushbals ml pitlenhj ml njpjnhmjm ‑L‗ sie rlclrhmis nigi cushbals ml Slainhmjm ‑L‗. Jmlg Jmlgês, ês, mlbhmi j qul aj mls mlshkejnhþe hkejnhþe ‑L ‑L‗‗ lstê bjsjmj bjsj mj le siajgletl ue pueti le aj nurvj thlgpi-nirrhletl, ls pishbal mhslújr uehmjmls cushbals, uehmjmls ml rlpulsti, i lsajbiels cushbals nie cirgjs ml nurvjs ml njpjnhmjm gçehgj ml cushþe mhclrletls, qul timjvçj sjthscjkje aj mlchehnhþe bêshnj. Tir lflgpai, ais cushbals ml pitlenhj ml Slainhmjm ‑L‗ sie mhspiehbals ja gleis ml ue cjbrhnjetl nie njrjntlrçsthnjs ml Slainhmjm ‑Lstêemjr‗, Slainhmjm ‑Aletj‗, y Slainhmjm ‑Guy Aletj‗. Mlbl tlelrsl nuhmjmi nujemi sl hetlrnjgbhle cushbals ml njpjnhmjm ‑L‗ ml ue cjbrhnjetl nie itri pulsti qul ajs njrjntlrçsthnjs thlgpi-nirrhletl pulmle slr mhclrletls. Tir ai tjeti, ls uej bulej hmlj rlvlrhchnjr aj niirmhejnhþe. Njpjnhmj Nj pjnhmjm m ‑ R‗.  La lalgleti cushbal mlbl cuemhrsl le la rjeki ml :< j

>4 slkuemis nie uej nirrhletl lchnjz hkuja j :44 vlnls aj njpjnhmjm ‑R‗ mla cushbal. Jmlgês ml ajs najshchnjnhiels eirgjahzjmjs mhsnuthmjs jetlrhirgletl, ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl sie nieinhmis tjgbhèe pir eigbrls kleèrhnis qul mlsnrhble aj `jbhahmjm mla cushbal pjrj lahghejr ajs cjaajs ml bjfj gjkehtum, lsplnçchnjgletl ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl ml rjeki

 

 

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nigpalti, ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl ml pripþshti klelrja y ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl ml rjeki pjrnhja (rlspjami). Cushbals A/N ml Rjeki Nigpalti. \e cushbal ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl ml

rjeki nigpalti ls mlchehmi pir aj Eirgj HLLL N>;.=4-:88> nigi, ‑\e cushbal njpjz ml hetlrrugphr timjs ajs nirrhletls mlsml aj nirrhletl hetlrrugpthvj eigheja `jnhj jbjfi `jstj aj nirrhletl nietheuj gçehgj qul privinj aj cushþe mla lalgleti(s) cushbal(s), nie la cushbal jpahnjmi j aj tlgplrjturj jgbhletl gêxhgj lsplnhchnjmj pir la cjbrhnjetl mla cushbal‗. \e cushbal ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl ml rjeki nigpalti ei rlquhlrl pjrj su iplrjnhþe ml itri mhspishthvi slrhl y pulml pripirnhiejr pir sç ghsgi pritlnnhþe nigpaltj pjrj la nhrnuhti. Cushbals A/N ml Tripþshti Klelrja. \e cushbal ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl ml

pripþshti klelrja ls mlchehmi pir aj Eirgj HLLL n>;.=4-:88> nigi, ‑\e cushbal njpjz ml hetlrrugphr timjs ajs nirrhletls mlsml aj njpjnhmjm hetlrrugpthvj eigheja `jnhj jbjfi `jstj aj nirrhletl qul privinj aj cushþe mla lalgleti cushbal le ei gleis ml uej `irj‗. Mlplemhlemi le aj jpahnjnhþe, ue cushbal ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl ml pripþshti klelrja pulml i ei pulml rlqulrhr ue mhspishthvi ml pritlnnhþe slrhl pjrj jslkurjr su iplrjnhþe jmlnujmj sh pulml pritlklr ja nhrnuhti pir sç ghsgi. Ls guy hgpirtjetl qul ei lxhsthrêe ajs niemhnhiels mla nhrnuhti pjrj privinjr aj cushþe mla lalgleti(s) cushbal(s) pir uej nirrhletl gleir qul aj nirrhletl ml cushþe mla cushbal ml uej `irj. Cushbals A/N ml Rjeki Tjrnhja.  \e cushbal ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl ml

rjeki pjrnhja (rlspjami) ls mlchehmi pir aj Eirgj HLLL N>;.=4-:88> nigi, ‑\e cushbal njpjz ml hetlrrugphr timjs ajs nirrhletls mlsml aj nirrhletl hetlrrupthvj eigheja gêxhgj `jnhj jbjfi `jstj aj nirrhletl hetlrrupthvj eigheja gçehgj‗. Le klelrja, aj nirrhletl hetlrrupthvj gçehgj inurrhrê le thlgpis ml cushþe ml :4 slkuemis i gleis. Ais cushbals ahghtjmirls ml nirrhletl ml rjeki pjrnhja rlquhlrle ml itri mhspishthvi ml pritlnnhþe le slrhl (v.k. ue nirtjnhrnuhti cushbal i cushbal ml lxpuashþe, i ue nietjntir iplrjmi pir rlaès tèrghnis) njpjnls ml hetlrrugphr nirrhletls pir mlbjfi ml aj nirrhletl gçehgj ml hetlrrupnhþe. Ajs

 

 

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njrjntlrçsthnjs ml jgbis mhspishthvis mlble slr niirmhejmjs ml cirgj tja qul la mhspishthvi slrhl y la cushbal ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl ml rlspjami pritlfje j njmj itri le ajs nirrhletls gês jaaê ml sus njpjnhmjm njpjnhmjmls ls hetlrrupthvjs.

>..0, plrghtl uej niirmhejnhþe palej ml cushbal j cushbal, i ml cushbal nie la rlaè hestjetêeli ml aj sublstjnhþe, pjrj ais cushbals prþxhgis j ajs sublstjnhiels le mieml pulmle slr jatjs ajs nirrhletls ml nirti nhrnuhti? aj nuja klelrjagletl ei ls pishbal ml aikrjr glmhjetl la usi ml ais cushbals ml lxpuashþe. n)

Glfirj ml aj njahmjm ml aj lelrkçj.  Lahghej le gleis ml 0,> gs

(· nhnai) ajs cjaajs ml jatj gjkehtum prþxhgjs j aj sublstjnhþe gjyirls ml 2 444 jgplrls? ajs nujals pulmle jbjthr aj tleshþe le aj bjrrj ml aj sublstjnhþe tjgbhèe nigi le ais jahgletjmirls qul pjrtle ml lsj sublstjnhþe, murjetl la thlgpi suchnhletl pjrj privinjr aj mlsnielxhþe i la gja cuenhiejghl cuenhiejghleti eti mla lquhpi lalntrþehni sleshthvi. m)

Glfirj Gl firj ml aj pritlnnhþe m l ais trjescirgjmirls. trjescir gjmirls. Tlrghtl aj pritlnnhþe

gêxhgj mla trjescirgjmir nietrj crletls ml iemj ml tleshþe pir mlsnjrkjs jtgiscèrhnjs, ja ghehghzjr aj aiekhtum ml aj nielxhþe mlsml la

 

 

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jpjrtjrrjyi `jstj la mlvjejmi mla trjescirgjmir y `jnhj thlrrj? yj qul nujemi la jpjrtjrrjyi ls nielntjmi le su ajmi njrkj, ei jkrlkj ehekuej susnlpthbhahmjm j ajs iplrjnhiels hemlbhmjs mla cushbal injshiejmjs pir ais crletls ml iemj pir rjyis, yj qul pir aj jatj njpjnhmjm ml rlshstlenhj 2

j h t qul pisll, su pribjbhahmjm ml iplrjnhþe pir mlsnjrkjs jtgiscèrhnjs ls gleir ml :%, jöe le êrljs ml jati ehvla hsinlrêuehni.

Chkurj >.0. Niirmhejnhþe ahghtjmj mla cushbal mla trjescirgjmir nie ue cushbal ml rjgja y niirmhejnhþe nigpaltj nie ue cushbal ahghtjmir ml cjaaj ]jglr nie ue cushbal ml rjgja.

La Cushbal Ahghtjmir ml Cjaaj ]jglr nigbhej ue cushbal slrhl y ue ahghtjmir ml nirrhletl le ue pjqultl nievlehletl qul tja nigi sl gulstrj le aj Chk. >.8, sl gjelfj le uej cirgj shghajr qul ue nirtjnhrnuhti. Jmlgês lstl eulvi cushbal ls öehni le qul nujemi iplrj thlel uej mhshpjnhþe ml kjsls rlmunhmj shkehchnjthvjgletl y pir ai tjeti rlprlsletj uej jatlrejthvj pjrj ajs lgprlsjs sughehstrjmirjs qul sie jclntjmjs pir aj iplrjnhþe vhialetj ml ais nirtjnhrnuhtis cushbals nievlenhiejals murjetl uej iplrjnhþe nie cjaaj. Ais Cushbals Ahghtjmirls ml Cjaaj ]jglr lstêe mhspiehbals pjrj usjrsl tjeti le shstlgjs ml :< y 2< oS y sie hmljagletl jmlnujmis pjrj jpahnjnhiels le trjescirgjmirls gieicêshnis y le mieml la shstlgj lstê jtlrrhzjmi, pjrj

 

 

;<

bjenis trhcêshnis ml trls trjescirgjmirls gieicêshnis y trjescirgjmirls trhcêshnis.

Chkurj >.0. Cushbal Ahghtjmir ml Cjaaj ]jglr, ml :< oS eighejals.

>.>

N\RSJ^ NJRJN]LRÇ^]HNJ NJR JN]LRÇ^]HNJ^ ^ ML ]HLGTI-NIRRHLE]L. Ajs njrjntlrçsthnjs ml iplrjnhþe ml timis ais cushbals ml glmhj y jatj

tleshþe sie mlchehmjs pir mis nurvjs njrjntlrçsthnjs ml thlgpi-nirrhletl, aj nurvj gçehgj ml cushþe y aj nurvj ml jplrturj titja. Aj nurvj gçehgj ml cushþe hemhnj la thlgpi gçehgi qul uej sibrlnirrhletl ml uej gjkehtum mjmj pulml plrshsthr jetls ml qul inurrj aj cushþe mla lalgleti cushbal. Aj nurvj mla thlgpi titja ml jplrturj hemhnj la thlgpi gêxhgi qul al tigjrê ja cushbal pjrj lahghejr aj sibrlnirrhletl. Aj nurvj ml lahghejnhþe titja ls mltlrghejmj jkrlkjemi ais thlgpis ml jrquli mlrhvjmis ml prulbjs j aj nurvj gêxhgj ml cushþe? lstj öathgj nurvj shlemi shgpalgletl aj nurvj gçehgj ml cushþe mlspajzjmj j aj mlrln`j le tèrgheis ml nirrhletl pir aj tialrjenhj pubahnjmj. Ei ibstjetl qul ajs Eirgjs JE^H plrghtle uej tialrjenhj ml gleis 4%, gês 24% le tèrgheis ml nirrhletl, jakueis cjbrhnjetls slalnnhieje aj cjbrhnjnhþe ml cushbals nie uej tialrjenhj ml gleis 4%, gês :4%. Ajs tialrjenhjs gês jfustjmjs pulmle slr hetrimunhmjs pjrj pripirnhiejr glfir pritlnnhþe mla lquhpi y uej niirmhejnhþe gês prlnhsj.

 

 

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Tjrj thlgpis pir jrrhbj ml jprixhgjmjgletl 4,: slkuemi, la thlgpi ml jrquli ls mlsprlnhjbal. Tir ai tjeti, aj nurvj titja ml lahghejnhþe ls, pjrj timis ais pripþshtis prênthnis, hkuja j aj nurvj gêxhgj ml cushþe. Le aj Chk. >.8 sl gulstrje ajs nurvjs gçehgj ml cushþe y gêxhgj ml jplrturj pjrj ue lsajbþe cushbal ml mhstrhbunhþe tçphni, ml :4 jgplrls ml njpjnhmjm, thpi O. Crlnuletlgletl sl pulml gjaletlemlr la `ln`i jnlrnj ml ais cushbals ml glmhj y ml jatj tleshþe ml qul laais sie mhslújmis pjrj tlelr njpjnhmjm pjrj sibrlnjrkjs, ei pjrj hetlrrugphrajs. Tjrj aikrjr lstl che, ais cushbals ml glmhj y ml jatj tleshþe sie mhslújmis pjrj cuemhrsl j nirrhletls jprlnhjbalgletl gjyirls qul sus njpjnhmjmls le jgplrls. Tir lflgpai, la lsajbþe cushbal ml :4O gistrjmi le aj Chk. >.8 sl cueml j 24 J. ^hghajrgletl, ue lsajbþe cushbal ml 24O sl cuemhrê j =4 J.

Chkurj >.8. Nurvjs gçehgj ml cushþe y titja ml jplrturj pjrj ue lsajbþe cushbal ml mhstrhbunhþe tçphni, ml :4 jgplrls ml njpjnhmjm, thpi O.

 

 

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Aj ‑cirgj‗ ml aj nurvj gçehgj ml cushþe ml ue cushbal lstê mltlrghejmj cuemjgletjagletl pir aj aiekhtum   mla lalgleti cushbal le aj rlkhþe ml thlgpi priaiekjmi, y pir la mhêgltri  mla lalgleti le aj rlkhþe jmhjbêthnj. La tèrghei ‑jmhjbêthni‗‗ shkehchnj qul timi inurrl she pèrmhmj ml njair? lsti ls, uej nirrhletl ‑jmhjbêthni ml jatj gjkehtum ml uej murjnhþe ai suchnhletlgletl nirtj tja qul timi la njair primunhmi pir aj nirrhletl ls jbsirbhmi pir la lalgleti cushbal, y ejmj ls mhshpjmi `jnhj itrjs nigpieletls mla cushbal tjals nigi ajs tlrghejals, ajs vjrhaajs i njbals ml jrquli, aj pjetjaaj, la tubi mla cushbal, i aj jtgþsclrj. Aj pirnhþe ml jatj nirrhletl, nirtj murjnhþe (açelj rlntj) ml uej nurvj gçehgj ml cushþe ml ue cushbal ls nieshmlrjmj jmhjbêthnj. Sjrhjemi aj aiekhtum y la mhêgltri mla lalgleti cushbal, y le ue gleir krjmi, la ‑pjsi‗ ml aj bibhej `lahnihmja, pulmle slr primunhmjs uej vjrhlmjm ml vlainhmjmls ml N]N. Tjrj pripþshtis ml lflgpai, le aj Chks. >.:4, >.:: y >,:2 sie gistrjmjs jakuejs ml ajs mhclrletls vlainhmjmls ml cushbals cjbrhnjmis tjeti pir ^&N Lalntrhn Nigpjey, nigi tjgbhèe pir Niiplr Tiwlr ^ystlgs.

Chkurj >.:4. Sjrhlmjm ml vlainhmjmls ml N]N ml lsajbiels cushbals cjbrhnjmis pir ^&N Lalntrhn Nigpjey.

 

 

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Chkurj >.::. Sjrhlmjm ml vlainhmjmls ml N]N ml lsajbiels cushbals Oljrey cjbrhnjmis pir Niiplr Tiwlr ^ystlgs.

Chkurj >.:2. Sjrhlmjm ml vlainhmjmls ml N]N ml cushbals ahghtjmirls ml cjaaj ]jglr, cjbrhnjmis pir ^&N Lalntrhn Nigpjey.

 

 

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Ais lsajbiels cushbals ml vlainhmjm ‑O‗ y vlainhmjm ‑]‗ haustrjmis le aj Chks. >.:4, >.:: y >.:2 sie mhslújmis ml jnulrmi nie aj Eirgj JE^H N>;.=2:808, y jakuejs vlnls sie rlclrhmis rlsplnthvjgletl, nigi lsajbiels cushbals ml vlainhmjm ‑rêphmj‗ y ‑aletj‗. \ej jgpahj vjrhlmjm ml vlainhmjmls ml lsajbiels cushbals sie mhspiehbals ml ais cjbrhnjetls, njmj uej nie cirgjs öehnjs ml N]N pjrj jnigimjr uej cuenhþe pjrthnuajr ml pritlnnhþe i ml niirmhejnhþe. ]ja nigi sl gulstrj le aj Chk. >.:>, uej vlz qul `j shmi lstjbalnhmj aj cirgj bêshnj ml aj nurvj gçehgj ml cushþe, ls pishbal nrljr uej ‑cjghahj‗ ml cushbals tlehlemi mhclrletls njpjnhmjmls ml jgplrls.

Chkurj >.:>. Njpjnhmjmls le jgplrls ml uej cjghahj ml lsajbiels cushbals pjrj uej njrjntlrçsthnj ml vlainhmjm mjmj. Gistrjmj aj cjghahj ml vlainhmjm ‑O‗ (3O „ 244O).

 

 

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= =.:

CJN]IRL^ ML JTAHNJNHÞE JTA HNJNHÞE MLA C\^HBAL C\^HBA L HE]RIM\NNHÞE. Le klelrja, ais cushbals mlble slr slalnnhiejmis pjrj aj njpjnhmjm ml

tleshþe, aj nirrhletl ml cjaaj eigheja, y la rlqulrhghleti ml niemunnhþe ml nirrhletl nietheuj mla bjeni ml trjescirgjnhþe ja nuja vje j slr jpahnjmis. Tulsti qul `jy uej guathtum ml tleshiels, njpjnhmjmls hetlrrupthvjs ml nirti nhrnuhti, y njpjnhmjmls ml jgplrls gêxhgjs mhspiehbals, sl mlbl slalnnhiejr la cushbal gês lnieþghni qul sjthscjnlrê tjeti ais rlqulrhghletis prlsletls y cuturis. Jmlgês, ml aj jgpahj vjrhlmjm ml njpjnhmjmls ml jgplrls y njrjntlrçsthnjs ml vlainhmjm mhspiehbals, sl mlbl slalnnhiejr uej uehmjm cushbal, uehmjm ml rlpulsti, i lsajbþe cushbal pripirnhiejemi aj pritlnnhþe þpthgj pjrj la bjeni ml trjescirgjnhþe bjfi nieshmlrjnhþe. Nujemi sl slalnnhiej aj njpjnhmjm le jgplrls y aj njrjntlrçsthnj ml vlainhmjm mla cushbal, mlble slr nieshmlrjmis tjgbhèe vjrhis cjntirls jmhnhiejals jclntjemi j aj nurvj gçehgj ml cushþe mla cushbal, tjals nigi la jfustl pir tlgplrjturj jgbhletl, la jfustl pir prlnjrkj y aj pribjbhahmjm ml qul la cushbal iplrl mlbhmi j crletls ml iemj ml rjyis.

=.2

JF\^]L JF \^]L TIR ]LGTLRJ]\RJ ]LGTLRJ]\RJ JGBHLE]L JGB HLE]L.. Ml jnulrmi nie ais prinlmhghletis mlsnrhtis le aj Eirgj

JE^H N>;.=:-: N>;.=:-:88=, 88=, ajs nurvjs njrjntlrçsthnjs ml thlgpi gçehgi ml cushþe-nirrhletl pjrj ais cushbals lstêe bjsjmjs le prulbjs hehnhjemi nie la cushbal j uej tlgplrjturj jgbhletl ml 2< ¶N, y she njrkj hehnhja. Tir supulsti, nujemi lstêe le slrvhnhi, ais cushbals pulmle iplrjr le uej tlgplrjturj

 

 

0:

jgbhletl mhclrletl j 2< ¶N. Lstj mhclrlenhj le aj tlgplrjturj jgbhletl jclntjrê ahklrjgletl la thlgpi ml cushþe mla cushbal. Tjrj ais rlqulrhghletis tçphnis ml niirmhejnhþe pulml slr hkeirjmi lstl njgbhi le la thlgpi gçehgi ml cushþe mlbhmi j jatj i bjfj tlgplrjturj jgbhletl. ^he lgbjrki, le mieml sie lxtrlgis ais rjekis ml tlgplrjturj, pulml slr mlsljbal nieshmlrjr la njgbhi rlja le la thlgpi ml cushþe mla cushbal. Tjrj pripþshtis ml haustrjnhþe le aj Chk. =.: sl gulstrj aj krêchnj mla Cjntir ml Jfustl pir ]lgplrjturj Jgbhletl pjrj ue cushbal ml pitlenhj ^&N, thpi ^GM, :;.=:-: N>;.=:-:88=, 88=, ajs nurvjs njrjntlrçsthnjs ml thlgpi gçehgi ml cushþe-nirrhletl pjrj ais cushbals lstêe bjsjmjs le prulbjs hehnhjemi she njrkj.

 

 

02

Tir supulsti, nujemi lstêe le slrvhnhi, njmj cushbal aalvjrê uej njrkj qul pulml jprixhgjrsl i jöe lxnlmlr aj njpjnhmjm ml jgplrls. Lstj prlnjrkj lalvj aj tlgplrjturj mla lalgleti cushbal y pir nieshkuhletl rlmunl la thlgpi ml cushþe pjrj ue ehvla ml nirrhletl mjmi. Tjrj jslkurjr uej niirmhejnhþe lxjntj ml ais cushbals nie itris cushbals i nie rlstjurjmirls, ls elnlsjrhi qul slje jfustjmjs ajs nurvjs njrjntlrçsthnjs ml thlgpi gçehgi ml cushþe-nirrhletl pjrj aj niemhnhþe ml prlnjrkj lsplrjmj. Tjrj pripþshtis ml haustrjnhþe le aj Chk. =.2 sl gulstrj aj krêchnj mla Cjntir ml Jfustl pir Trlnjrkj pjrj ue cushbal ml pitlenhj ^&N, thpi ^GM, :, aj prênthnj nigöe ls mlspajzjr nieshkuhletl aj nurvj gçehgj ml cushþe `jnhj ;< pir nhleti mla thlgpi. Lstl mlspajzjghleti pripirnhiej ue gjrkle pjrj vjrhjbals ml iplrjnhþe tjals nigi6 j)

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H 7 Nirrhletl eigheja prhgjrhj mla trjescirgjmir  C 7 Njpjnhmjm eigheja eigheja mla cushbal, thpi uehvlrsja, nie vlainhmj vlainhmjm m lstêemjr ‑O‗ y crjnnhiejrhi

 

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H 7 Nirrh Nirrhletl letl eighe eigheja ja prhgjrhj mla trjescirg trjescirgjmir  jmir  C 7 Njpjnhmjm eigheja mla ccushbal, ushbal, thpi thpi uehvlrsja, uehvlrsja, nie nie vlainhmjm vlainhmjm lstêemjr ‑O‗ y crjnnhiejrhi

 

]jbaj = [

Gêx. Gçe. Gêx. Cj aaaa j C-C Jn ir ir j jzz jm jm i Gçe. Gêx. Nirrhletl ml  Niaugej Gçe. Nirti Nhrnuhti Gêx. Cjaaj C-]  Jni  Jnirj rjzjm zjm i Gçe.

Nirrhletl ml Niaugej Nirti Nhrnuhti

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284 J

 

:,2 oS y ;< oSJ. ]rjescirgjmir ]rjes cirgjmir ml Mhstrhbunhþe Gieicêshni - Cirgj Niaugej, Letrlajzjmi Njpjnhmjm   ;< oSJ ]leshþe   :>,2 oS @P:-> @P:-2 @P2-> Gç e h g j Gê x h g j Gç e h g j Gê x h g j Gç e h g j Gê x h g j Rlshstlenhj (%)   4,03   4,03   :,>4   :,>4   :,>4   :,>4 :,2>   2,0;   :,=;   >,=<   :,=;   >,=< Rljntjenhj Hgplmjenh j(%) (% (%))    :,,44   :,83   >,30   :,83   >,30 HNN  (T\)   >>,>>   33,3;   2;,:<     :3 8;4   >: 0;<   :3 8;4   >: 0;< H@NN  (J)   :08   >;8   : @P:-2 @P2-> Gç e h g j Gê x h g j Gç e h g j Gê x h g j Gç e h g j Gê x h g j Rlshstlenhj (%)   4,03   4,03   :,:   ;,;3 Hgplmjenh j (% (%))   :,,44   >,=2   ;,>=   >,3=   ;,84 HNN  (T\)   >>,>>   33,3;   :>,32   28,23   :2,3<   2;,=0 HPNN  (J)   :4 =:;   24 0>>   0 ;8   ;;   :33   ;2   :) y gun`i gjyirls qul ajs nirrlspiemhletls j ue trjescirgjmir ml cirgj jnirjzjmi, mlbhmi j qul la letrlajzjghleti rlmunl aj rljntjenhj ml sus mlvjejmis slnuemjrhis. Tjrj uej cjaaj ml cjsl j thlrrj le la ajmi slnuemjrhi ml ue trjescirgjmir ml cirgj jnirjzjmi, ei letrlajzjmi? ajs nirrhletls ml cjaaj slrêe ahklrjgletl mhclrletls mlplemhlemi ml aj cjsl cjaajmj (: þ >), mlbhmi j qul aj hgplmjenhj mla mlvjejmi slnuemjrhi hetlrei V:, ls ahklrjgletl gleir qul aj hgplmjenhj mla mlvjejmi slnuemjrhi lxtlrei V >  (Chks. 2.:4 y 2.:>).

Chkurj . Nurvj ml pritlnnhþe ml cjaaj ml pjsi ml ue trjescirgjmir ml mhstrhbunhþe gieicêshni, ml :>,2 oS y ;< oSJ.

 

 

8;

]ja nigi sl s l lxpahnþ le la pueti 2.2.,2 oS y ;< oSJ, mltlrghejmi nigi prlmighejetl ml ais trjescirgjmirls trhcêshnis hestjajmis le ajs rlmls ml mhstrhbunhþe ml aj MMKE, ais vjairls ml sus hgplmjenhjs V@P  nirrlspiemlrêe ja vjair gêxhgi y ja gçehgi lstjbalnhmi le aj ]jbaj 2.C Gçe. P Nirrhletl ml Nirti Gêx.   2,44 % Nhrnuhti Cjaaj C-] Gçe.    

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2,44 Hgplmj enhj (%) (%)   HNN (T\) HPNN (J) H@NN (J)

   

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