Sejarah Keperawatan Di Dunia Dan Trend Dan Issue

 

 Ofif

4 [fcsfj`cf @zzftuoo`sff

Egcfs

4 ^rlags` Ogrs X`omeft :

Iftf Euc`fb

4 Egpgrfwftfo D`wf

F. [gdfrf [gdfrfb b Egpgrfw Egpgrfwftf ftfo o H` Huo`f Huo`f [gdfrfb egpgrfwftfo h` huo`f h`fwfc` pfhf zfifo purjfefcf (^r`i`t`vg Kucturg) sfipf`  pfhf iuokucoyf Aclrgokg O`mbt`omfcg sgjfmf` pgclplr egpgrfwftfo yfom jgrfsfc hfr` @ommr`s. @ommr` s. ^gregijfomfo ^gregijfomfo egpgrwftfo sfomft h`pgomfrub` h`pgomfrub` lcgb pgregijfomfo pgregijfomfo struetur struetur hfo egifdufo pgrfhfjfo ifous`f. 6. Elotr`jus` Elotr`jus` Aclrgokg Aclrgokg jfm` pgregijfomfo pgregijfomfo egpgrfwftfo egpgrfwftfo f. Outr`s` Outr`s` igrupfe igrupfefo fo jfm`fo jfm`fo tgrpgot` tgrpgot`om om hfr` hfr` fsubfo fsubfo egpgrf"f egpgrf"ftfo. tfo.  j. Leupfs` hfo rgergfs` igrupfefo tgrfp` jfm` lrfom sfe`t k. Ifofd Ifofdgi gigo go Zuif Zuifb b [fe`t [fe`t h. Igomgi Igomgijfom jfomefo efo pgoh` pgoh`h`e h`efo fo egpgr egpgrfwf fwftfo tfo g. ^grfwftfo ^grfwftfo jgrh`r jgrh`r`` sgoh`r` sgoh`r` jgrjghf hgomfo prlags` prlags` eghletg eghletgrfo rfo a. ^goh`h` ^goh`h`efo efo jgrcfo jgrcfodut dut jfm` pgrfwf pgrfwft. t. :. Ogmfrf-ogmfrf Ogmfrf-ogmfrf yfom jgrpgomfr jgrpgomfrub ub hfcfi hfcfi pgregijfomf pgregijfomfo o egpgrfwftfo egpgrfwftfo d`wf f. ^gru Hfr` zfifo purjfefcf tgcfb tgrhfpft tfohf- tfohf yfom igouodueefo jfbwf  pfhf wfetu `tu ifous`f suhfb igomgofc hfo jgrusfbf igomljft` mfommufo  d`wf. H`tgiuefo jgjgrfpf tgomelrfe yfom h` cujfom`, iuome`o pfhf  pgohgr`tf pgoyfe`t fyfo ftfu yfom igouoduefo pgr`cfeu egegrfsfo hgomfo ifesuh uotue igomgcufrefo igomgcufrefo rlb dfbft. Egpgrkfyffo jfbwf mfommufo d`wf `tu t`ijuc efrgof ifsueoyf rlb ogoge ilyfom eg hfcfi tujub sgsglrfom cfcu igomufsf`oyf igrupfefo suftu bfc yfom uo`vgrsfc.

 

 j. Puofo` B`pplk B`p plkrft rftgs gs (81>-; (81>-;7= 7= I) yfom yfom sgefrf sgefrfom om h` fommfp fommfp sgjfmf` sgjfmf` jfpfe `c `ciu iu eghl eghlet etgr grfo foyf yfom om

tg tgrregof egofcc

efrg efrgof of

ru ruiu iuss

suipf uipfb b

hlet hletgr groy oyff

tgc gcfb fb

igom ig ommfi mfijfr jfref efo o mg mgdf dfcf cf-- mg mgdf dfcf cf igcf igcfok okblc blc`f `f hf hfo o jg jgrp rpgo gohf hfpft pft jf jfbwf bwf  pgoyfe`t fyfo `tu juefocfb suftu pgoyfe`t egrfift fefo tgtfp` igipuoyf`  pgoygjfj fcfi`fb sgpgrt` pgoyfe`t cf`o. Hfcfi eu`c-eu`c yfom h` pfef` sgjfmf` tgipft pgrfwftfo pfs`go hgomfo mfommufo d`wf h` muofefo bfwf sg sgmf mfr, r, f` f`rr iuro iuro`` hfo s` s`ofr ofr iftf iftfbf bfr` r` sg sgrt rtff ius` ius`e e yf yfom om ig igof ofr` r`e e hfcfi hfcfi  pgomljftfo pfrf pgohgr`tf `tu. Hfcfi dfifo rlifw` pfhf wfetu `tu h` cf cfeu euef efo o

pg pgom omgc gcuf ufrf rfo o

hf hfrf rfb b

hf hfo o

ifoh ifoh``

jg jgcg cgrf rfom om..

[g [gtg tgcf cfb b

df dftu tubo boyf yf

eg egju juhf hfyf yffo fo yu yuof ofo` o` hf hfo o rlif rlifw` w`,, hf hfo o `c `ciu iu eg eghl hlet etgr grfo fo igom igomfc fcfi fi`` egiuohurfo. ^gohgr`tf mfommufo d`wf h` `eft, h` euruom, h` pueuc` ftfu h`j`frefo egcfpfrfo. Fhf yfom h`ifsuefo eg hfcfi sgjufb tlom cfcu h` muc`omefo hfr` ftfs jue`t eg jf"fb fhf yfom h`kgipcuomefo eg hfcfi suomf` sgkfrf igohfhfe hfr` ftfs dgijftfo. k. Grlpf ^fhf fjfh eg -6= hfo 62 h` h`r`efo ruifb pgrfwftfo pgohgr`tf mfommufo  d`wf yfom h`ofifefo –ruifb fifc’ –ruifb elotrfe’ ftfu –sufef huo`fw`’. Kfrff pgomljf Kfr pgomljftfo tfo yfom yfom plpucgr plpucgr pfhf pfhf wfetu wfetu `tu `fc `fcfb fb pgomgcu pgomgcufrf frfo o hfrfb, hfrfb,  pgohgr`tf h` pfef`efo pfef`fo m`cf hfo h` kfijue  h. ^rfok`s ^fhf ^fhf fe feb` b`rr

rgvlc gvlcus us``

fjfh fjfh egeg-62 tgr grddfh` fh`

pgr pgrujfb ujfbfo fo hfc hfcfi tgipf gipftt

 pgofipuomfo pgohgr`tf mfommufo d`wf. ^B@CC@^G ^@OGC (6=87-62:1) igodfh` pgomfwfs ruifb sfe`t J`kgtrg (uotue pgohgr`tf pr`f) hfo egiuh`fo  pfhf [fcpgtr`grg (uotue pgohgr`tf wfo`tf). Eghufoyf h`buo` lcgb pgodfbft,  pgohgr`tf rgtrfhfs` igotfc hfo pgohgr`tf mfommufo d`wf. X`ohfefo pgrtfif  p`ogc `fcfb igcgpfsefo pgohgr`tf mfommufo d`wf hfr` jgcgommu igrgef.

 

J.

Xrgoh Hfo @su Hfcfi Egpgrfwftfo D`wf [gkfrf Mcljfc 6. Egkgohg Egkgohgruo ruomfo mfo [`tuf [`tufs` s` h` Grf Grf Mcljfc` Mcljfc`sfs sfs`` ^gregi ^gr egijfo jfomfo mfo @^XGE @^XGE yfom yfom jgm`tu jgm`tu kgpft kgpft hfo pgrhfm pgrhfmfomf fomfo o jgjfs jgjfs sgjfmf sgjfmf`` k`r k`r`` mcljfc mcl jfc`sf `sfs`, s`, fefo jgrhfi jgrhfipfe pfe pfhf sgiuf sgiuf afetlr afetlr tgr tgrifs ifsue ue egsgbf egsgbftfo tfo.. ^grfwf ^grfwftt h`tuotut sgofot`fsf igomegijfomefo `ciu hfo tgeolclm` h` j`hfom egpgrfwftfo ebususoyf ebusus oyf egpgrfwftfo d`wf. ^grfwft d`wf hfcfi grf mcljfc bfrus igijgefc` h`r` hmo jfbfsf jfbfsf `otgro `otgrofs` fs`lof lofc, c, egifip egifipufo ufo eliuo` eliuo`efs efs`` hfo pgifoa pgifoafft fftfo fo tgeolc tgeolclm` lm` eliuo`efs`, se`cc yfom t`omm` hfo d`wf. :. Mcljfc Mcljfc`sf `sfs` s` hfo ^gruj ^grujfbf fbfo o Lr`gotf Lr`gotfs` s` [gbft [gbft ^gomfru ^gom frub b mcljfc mcljfc`sf `sfs` s` tgrbfh tgrbfhfp fp pgregi pgregijfo jfomfo mfo pgcfyfo pgcfyfofo fo egsgbft egsgbftfo fo tgr tgrifs ifsue  ue  eg egpgr pgrfw fwft ftfo fo

fh fhfc fcfb fb

tg tgrs rsgh` gh`fo foyf yf

fc fctg tgro roft ft`a `a

pg pgcf cfyfo yfofo fo

hf hfo o

pg pgrs rsf` f`om omfo fo

 pgoygcgommfrffo pgcfyfofo. Agoligof ifsfcfb egsgbftfo d`wf, `oh`kftlr egswf h` ifsff igohft ifs igohftfom fom juefo juefo cfm` cfm` ifsfcf ifsfcfb b ec`o`s ec`o`s sgpgrt sgpgrt`` prgvfc prgvfcgos gos`` mfommuf mfommufo o d` d`wf, wf, igcf`oefo jgrlr`gotfs` pfhf elotges egb`hupfo sls`fc. Aleus egsgbftfo d`wf juefo bfoyf igofomfo` lrfom sfe`t, sfe`t, igcf`oefo igcf`oefo pfhf pgo`omeftfo pgo`omeftfo eufc`tfs eufc`tfs b`hup. Dfh` elosgp egsgbftfo d`wf juefo cfm` sgbft ftfu sfe`t, tgtfp` eloh`s` lpt`ifc yfom `hgfc hfcfi pgr`cfeu hfo egifipufo auoms` slk`fc ^frfh`mif sgbft ;. Igo`om Igo`omeft efteoy eoyff ^lst Xrfuif Xrfuift`k t`k [yohrl [yohrlig ig H`slrh H`slrhgr  gr  Xrfuif yfom eftfstrlp`e, yf`tu trfuif h` cufr rgotfom pgomfcfifo trfuif yfom uiui h` fcfi` ifous`f hfcfi egdfh`fo sgbfr`-bfr`. Igomfe`jftefo egfhffo strgss  jgregpfodfomfo hfo jgrusfbf uotue t`hfe igomfcfi` strgss yfom hgi`e`fo. Igrgef igodfh` ifous`f yfom `ovfc`h hfcfi eloh`s` egd`wffo hgomfo fe`jft feb`r igodfh` t`hfe t`h fe prlhuet prlhuet`a. `a. Xrfuif Xrfuif juefo juefo sgiftf sgiftf-sg -sgift iftff mgdfcf mgdfcf egd`wf egd`wffo fo yfom yfom jgrs`a jgrs`aft ft `oh`v`hufc, trfuif iuokuc sgjfmf` fe`jft sfc`om egtgref`tfo fotfrf `omftfo sls`fc hfo `omftfo pr`jfh` tgotfom pgr`st`wf pg r`st`wf yfom igommuokfom ges`stgos` egd`wffo.

 

8. Xrgoh Xrgoh Juoub Juoub H`r` H`r` pfhf pfhf Fofe Fofe hfo hfo Zgif Zgifdf df Juoub h`r` igrupfefo ifsfcfb ps`elclm`s huo`f yfom sfomft igomfokfi, fomef egdfh`fo tgrus igo`omeft hfo sfomft igomfokfi sgdfe tfbuo 6072, hfr` 6>>.>>>  pgohuhue Dgpfom :7 lrfom h`fotfrfoyf igo`ommfc fe`jft juoub h`r`. [ghfomefo uotue uot ue ogmfr ogmfrff Fustr Fustr`f `f,, Hgoi Hgoifr fre, e, hfo @o @ommr mmr`s `s,, rf rftf tf-r -rft ftff :7 lr lrfo fom. m. E` E`o` o` yfom yfom igomebfwft`refo trgoh juoub h`r` iucf` tfipfe igo`omeft tgrdfh` pfhf fofe-fofe  hfo rgifdf rgifdf.. H` Jgouf Jgouf Fs`f, Fs`f, Dgpfom Dgpfom hfo Elrgf tgr tgrifs ifsue ue Ogmfrf Ogmfrf yfom sgr`om sgr`om h`jgr`tfefo jfbwf wfrmfoyf igcfeuefo juoub h`r`. Hftf hfr` Jfhfo Egsgbftfo Huo`f (]BL) pfhf tfbuo :>>; igomuomefpefo jfbwf sftu dutf lrfom juoub h`r` hfcfi hfc fi sgt`fp sgt`fp tfbuooy tfbuooyff ftfu ftfu tgrdfh tgrdfh`` hfcfi hfcfi sgt`fp sgt`fp 8> hgt`eo hgt`eoyf. yf. Juou Juoub b h`r` h`r` dumf dumf tgrifsue sftu hfr` t`mf pgoygjfj utfif egift`fo pfhf us`f 67-;8 tfbuo, sgcf`o afetlr egkgcfeffo. Igtlhg Igtlhg yfom pfc`om pfc`om h`suef` igommuofefo p`stlc, igommfotuom igommfotuom h`r` hfo i`oui rfkuo. Egjgrbfs`cfo JH ph pr`f cgj`b jfoyfe ; x hr wfo`tf. Juoub h`r` 4 suftu t`ohfefo igokfjut oyfwf sgoh`r` hgomfo sgomfdf (dfcfo potfs yfom h`eutue h`eut ue Xubfo). Xubfo). Cftfr jgcfefomoyf jgcfefomoyf jgrfmf jgrfmfi i sgpgrt` sgpgrt` fsifrf, fsifrf, pgegrdffo, pgegrdffo, kge-kle  kge-kle  ruifb tfommf, geloli`, pgrfsffo ifcu hfo tgrc`c`t utfom. 7. Ifsfcf Ifsfcfb b Gelo Geloli` li` hfo Egi`se Egi`se`of `ofo o ^gomfommurfo tgcfb igoygjfjefo rfeyft `ohlogs`f sgife`o tgrpurue. Hfyf jgc` cgifb, cgi fb, pgoh`h pgoh`h`ef `efo o rgohfb rgohfb,, c`omeu c`omeuomfo omfo jurue, jurue, eurfom eurfom m`z`, m`z`, iuhfb iuhfb tgr tgrfm` fm`tfs tfs`, `, egegjfc egeg jfcfo fo igouru igouruo o hfo `oarfs `oarfstru truetu eturr yfom yfom ifs`b ifs`b rgohfb rgohfb igoygjf igoygjfjefo jefo jfoyfe  jfoyfe  rfeyft rfe yft igomfc igomfcfi` fi` mfommuf mfommufo o d`wf. d`wf. Ifsfcf Ifsfcfb b geloli geloli`` pfc`om pfc`om hli`of hli`ofo o igodfh igodfh``  pgokgtus mfommufo d`wf h` @ohlogs`f. Bfc `o` j`sf h`juet`efo jfbwf sfft tgrdfh` egof`efo JJI sgcfcu h`sgrtf` hgomfo pgo`omeftfo huf efc` c`pft fomef mfommufo  d`wf. Bfc `o` h`pgrpfrfb hgomfo j`fyf sgelcfb yfom ifbfc, j`fyf pgomljftfo tfe  tgrdfomefu hfo pgommusurfo yfom egrfp tgrdfh`.

 

K. Xrgoh hfcfi hfcfi ^gcfyfo ^gcfyfofo fo Egpgrfwft Egpgrfwftfo fo Igotfc Igotfc ^s`e`ft ^s`e`ftr` r` 6. [gbujuom [gbujuomfo fo hgomfo trgoh trgoh ifsfcfb ifsfcfb egsgbftfo egsgbftfo utfif utfif hfo pgcfyfof pgcfyfofo o egsgbft egsgbftfo fo d`wf sgkfrf mcljfc, ifef aleus pgcfyfofo egpgrfwftfo d`wf suhfb sfftoyf jgrjfs`s pfhf eliuo`tfs (kliiuo`ty jfsgh kfrg) yfom igijgr pgogefofo pfhf prgvgot`a hfo  prlilt`a. :. [g [gbuj bujuom uomfo fo hg hgomf omfo o pg pgo` o`om omef eftf tfo o `ciu `ciu pg pgom omgt gtfb fbuf ufo o hf hfo o tg tgeo eolc lclm lm`` yf yfom om sf sfom omft ft kgpf kgpftt,

pgr pgrcu

pgo` pgo`om omef eftf tfo o

hfc hfcfi

j`hf j`hfom om

`c `ci iu

pgom pgomgt gtfb fbuf ufo o

hgom hgomfo fo

kf kfrf rf

igomgi igo mgijfo jfomefo mefo `ost`t `ost`tus` us` pgoh`h` pgoh`h`efo efo yfom yfom tgc tgcfb fb fhf hfo igomfh igomfhfef fefo o prlmrf prlmrfi i spgs`fc`sfs` egpgrfwftfo d`wf. ;. Hfcf Hfcfi i rf rfome omeff igod igodfmf fmf iutu iutu pg pgcf cfyf yfof ofo o yf yfom om h` h`jg jgr` r`ef efo o hf hfo o uotue uotue igc` igc`ohu ohuom om`` elosuigo, suhfb sfftoyf fhf –c`kgokg’ jfm` pgrfwft yfom jgegrdf h` pgcfyfofo. 8. [gbu [gbuju juom omfo fo hg hgom omfo fo fh fhfo foyf yf pg pgrj rjgh ghff ffo o cf cftf tfrr jg jgcf cfef efom om ju juhf hfyf yf e` e`tf tf hg hgom omfo fo ofrfsuijgr, yfom hfcfi bfc `o` e`tf ifs`b igomfku pfhf Ogmfrf-ogmfrf Jfrft tgrutf tgrutfif if Figr`e Figr`ef, f, ifef ifef pgrcu pgrcu uotue uotue igoyfr igoyfr`om `om elosgp elosgp-elo -elosgp sgp egpgrf egpgrfwft wftfo fo igotfc ps`e`ftr` yfom h`hfpftefo hfr` cufr. H. @ssug ^gcfyfofo ^gcfyfofo Egpgrfwftfo Egpgrfwftfo Igotfc Igotfc ^s`e`ftr` ^s`e`ftr` 6. ^gcfyf ^gcfyfofo ofo egpgrf egpgrfwft wftfo fo Igotfc Igotfc ^s`e`ft ^s`e`ftr`, r`, eurfom eurfom hfpft hfpft h`pgrt h`pgrtfom fommuom muom dfwfjefo dfwfjefo efrgof ifs`b eurfomoyf bfs`c-bfs`c r`sgt egpgrfwftfo D`wf Ec`o`e. :. ^grfwf ^grfwftt ^s`e`f ^s`e`ftr` tr`,, eurfom eurfom s`fp igombfhf igombfhfp` p` pfsfr jgjfs efrgof efrgof pgoh`h`ef pgoh`h`efo o yfom rgohfb hfo jgcui fhfoyf c`kgokg uotue prfetge yfom h`feu` sgkfrf `otgrofs`lofc. ;. ^gijghffo ^gijghffo pgrfo pgrfwft pgrfwft d`wf d`wf jgrhfsfr jgrhfsfrefo efo pgoh`h`efo pgoh`h`efo hfo pgomfcf pgomfcfifo ifo sgr`om sgr`om efc` the dgcfs dgcfs –^ls`t –^ls`t`lo `lo hgskr` hgskr`pt` pt`lo.’ lo.’ dlj rgsplo rgsplos` s`j`c j`c`ty `ty hfo s`stgi s`stgi rgwfrh rgwfrh h` hci  pgcfyfofo. 8. Igod Igodfh fh`` pg pgrf rfwf wftt ps ps`e `e`f `ftr tr`` ju juef efoc ocfb fb p` p`c` c`bf bfo o jf jfm` m` pg pgsg sgrt rtff h` h`h` h`e e (ifb (ifbfs fs`s `swf wf egpgrfwftfo).